244:
physical characteristics of the site itself and the excavations it has endured are written down. In the case that a site is destroyed, thorough documentation can preserve the memory of how it once existed. Archeologists are turning to other methods to preserve sites and use excavation techniques that impact sites as little as possible and save their natural features. Partial excavations are currently being conducted in place of full excavations to answer research questions without causing unnecessary deterioration to sites. A previous technique involved reconstructed walls and other site features to resemble their original structure. However, this method has mostly fallen out of use, and archaeologists and conservators are now focused on preserving the site in its present state
203:
466:. Evans, a British archaeologist, excavated the site beginning in 1901 and was able to preserve and restore much of the original architecture. The restorations, carried out by three different architects, included the reinforcement and reconstruction of buildings, rooms and frescoes. Yet, these renovations have faced criticism throughout the years and "what is restored does not accurately reflect what was found. Instead, a grander, and more complete, experience is presented. For example, when you visit Knossos, because of the way it is reconstructed, it is very easy to believe that all that was ever found there was a Late
150:
427:
20:
39:, and if deemed appropriate, to restore it to its previous state. Considerations about aesthetic, historic, scientific, religious, symbolic, educational, economic, and ecological values all need to be assessed prior to deciding the methods of conservation or needs for restoration. The process of archaeology is essentially destructive, as excavation permanently changes the nature and context of the site and the associated information. Therefore, archaeologists and conservators have an ethical responsibility to care for and conserve the sites they put at risk.
397:
a large protest was held in this same canyon, which consisted of hundreds of people riding off-road vehicles through the canyon itself. Owing to the large number of people going through it in such a short amount of time, it is very possible that the protest itself caused further damage. While this was an example of people acting as physical forces, they can also act as other agents such as vandals/thieves or pollutants by stealing pieces of sites or artifacts, defacing the sites, or leaving waste/trash nearby.
442:
difficult it is to be confident in the reconstruction. Reconstruction should also be identifiable upon inspection as well as reversible. A common form of reconstruction is the re-plastering of floors and walls. Due to weathering, the plaster that originally protected surfaces has eroded away and left the surfaces vulnerable. The re-plastering then adds that layer of protection back and in many cases was at least the same technique as originally even if it is not exactly the same material.
1928:
401:
their deterioration if they are not careful. Such sites open to the public should educate and inform visitors of such impacts if they wish for them to be truly aware, as many are likely unaware of how easily they can become damaged. If there is a designated path, they should remain on the path and restrictions should be set for the distance between visitors and artifacts/movable parts of the site and they should be guarded well.
1939:
479:
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in Utah. In 2007, the United States Bureau of Land
Management (BLM) had to close access to the canyon to off-road vehicles due to the damage it was causing to local archaeological sites. However, several visitors ignored this closure and actually created a wider trail through the canyon. In May 2014,
252:
Conservators are the other leading voices for the advocacy and of archaeological site conservation. It is these specialists that are needed to formulate the most sustainable and effective plan for the successful preservation of sites and they do so using the help of the expertise of the archeologists
193:
states, "our very strong concern is because the looting of archaeological remains destroys those sites without any record whatsoever, let alone any record of the context from which artifacts are wrenched. It is as if a few particularly attractive pages were ripped from the books of a library, and the
166:
While development cannot be discontinued simply to protect archaeological sites, having a basic understanding of what might be impacted before development takes place could help protect sites and at least the information they can provide. The
Arizona Antiquities Act of 1960 is an example of some ways
709:
National policies for the protection of archaeological assets as sources of scientific and documentary evidence, in line with the principles of integrated conservation. Convention sets guidelines for the funding of excavation and research work and publication of research findings. It also deals with
441:
There is also debate on whether this is conservation work or not, due to potential over-reconstruction. The appropriateness of this technique is highly dependent upon the region, the amount of known knowledge of the site itself, as well as the actual condition of the site. The older a site, the more
450:
Re-creation/renovation is the "speculative creation of a presumed earlier state on the basis of surviving evidence from that place to other sites, and on deductions drawn from that evidence using new materials." This is the least favorable option as it is less likely to reinstate the originality of
437:
Reconstruction is "returning a place to a known earlier state; distinguished from restoration by the introduction of new material into the fabric." The aim of reconstruction is to "preserve and reveal the aesthetic and historic value of the monument and is based on respect for original material and
400:
To combat further damage, archaeological sites that are open to the public are given trails that do not impact the site while still giving visitors good views. It is important for visitors to understand their own impact on archaeological sites they visit and be mindful of how they can contribute to
391:
Visitors can have an impact on the conservation of archaeological sites themselves and not necessarily always positive ones. Their simple actions during visitation, even just visiting a site can be harmful to it, even serving as an agent of deterioration on their own. An example of this happened at
188:
Looting is the theft of artifacts from archaeological sites. Looting is often the main source of artifacts that enter into the antiquities market, in which objects are sold domestically or exported internationally. In the United States, there are laws for the protection of archaeological sites that
162:
site in
Arizona, that dates to AD 900–1350. It was damaged by construction activities while putting in a new road. After the damage was assessed, it was determined that the site was not eligible for the National Register of Historic Places. This determination was made due to construction activities
545:
Required
Federal agencies to preserve "historical and archeological data (including relics and specimens) which might otherwise be irreparably lost or destroyed as the result of...any alteration of the terrain caused as a result of any Federal construction project of federally licensed activity or
175:
Vandalism is also a prominent force of damage to archaeological sites. A range of actions can be considered, including graffiti, carving, deconstruction, and burning. These can be intentional or unintentional. Intentional vandalism occurs when visitors know that there is an archaeological site and
140:
Climate projections also show that changes in rainfall (intensity and frequency), increases in temperature and frequency of heatwaves, rising sea levels and groundwater fluctuations, warmer seas and ocean acidification will also result in changes to flora and fauna, ground conditions (on and below
349:
Link the assessment of values, condition, and management context of sites through policies. Demas recommends that it is useful to develop policies in "programmatic" or "activity" areas such as "appropriate use, conservation intervention, visitation and interpretation, research and excavation, and
127:
Weathering is the source of most of the deterioration of archaeological sites. Wind, rain, freeze-thaw, and evaporation are extremely common and can cause erosion. Natural disasters, such as floods, fires, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions, can cause the complete destruction of a site. The most
417:
Restoration is the "returning of the existing fabric of a place to a known earlier state by removing accretions or by reassembling existing components without the introduction of new material." The biggest difficulty in this technique is the lack of introducing new material. Ideally, this is the
243:
The goal of archaeologists in the conservation of excavation sites is "to preserve the physical remains of our past and to employ them in perpetuating our historical heritage". This goal can be reached by ensuring that there is thorough documentation of archaeological sites, where details of the
330:
A Management
Assessment is conducted to assess any other matter that may affect the conservation of a site other than its physical condition. This may include: "legal/legislative context, financial base, power base, infrastructure, regional/local development context, visitor numbers/profile/and
288:
Demas reminds us that: "The mistake that can be made with this activity is to see it simply as compiling information for its own sake. Rather, the activity needs to be seen as strategic: the results will inform the assessments and contribute to establishing policies for research and excavation,
179:
To protect an archaeological site from vandalism requires a combination of techniques. The most effective course of action is educating the public. This does not just entail explaining the harms of vandalism—but to educate them on the importance of these sites, and what could be lost if it is
693:
All antiquities are property of the state of Egypt and thus protected. Any smuggling or removal of antiquities is prohibited and punishable by fine or imprisonment. Any piece of movable or immovable property should be reported to the state and registered. Failure to register property is also
581:
Provides greater protection for Native
American burial sites and more careful control over the removal of Native American human remains, funerary objects, sacred objects, and items of cultural patrimony. Excavation or removal of any such items also must be done under procedures required by
189:
contain penalties for those who choose to loot or cause disturbances. The act of looting serves as a disservice to both stolen objects and the sites themselves, as objects lose their historical context and sites lose record of even having that object in the first place. Archaeologist
486:
Relocation is a dramatic form of conservation which involves the physical movement of the site or part of the site itself. This should only take place if the site would be heavily damaged or even eliminated if it were to not be moved. A famous example of this is the move of the
610:
That embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction, or that represent the work of a master, or that possess high artistic values, or that represent a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual
60:
The site has fallen out of use or has been abandoned. Forces of nature, such as wind and water, may shift the site and cause instability. Dust and dirt may settle on top of the site. Animals and insects may settle into the site, feeding on and destroying organic
97:
Trained professionals assess the best method of conservation through thorough analysis, in order to preserve the site. Decisions during this phase should be made with the consideration of the cultural and historical value of the site prior to conservation
90:
Attempts are made to rebuild a site by non-professionals or professionals using inappropriate methods. This can result in further damage to the site. The use of incorrect materials or a lack of understanding of the prior state of the site can lead to
372:"Strategies" are the most detailed level of planning. It may be necessary to start from the assessment stage of a site's plan to form proper strategies for its conservation. Separate detailed plans may be formed for larger, more complex sites.
451:
the site, and many times includes destroying existing authentic materials in order to add new materials. It is deemed justifiable if it is the only form of effective conservation available, or if conservation measures prove to be unfeasible.
83:
Once again exposed to the elements, sites are vulnerable to deterioration. Archaeologists and conservators should take steps to avoid this secondary deterioration by building shelters, such as roofing, and removing delicate organic
253:
that know the sites up close and personally from their own excavations as well as their own experience and knowledge. Martha Demas (2004) has created an outline that conservators can rely on to create the most effective plan:
222:
is an example of an organized plan to protect the art and history of Europe from destruction at the hands of the Nazis. The
Monuments Men played a significant role in attempts to repatriate art stolen during World War II.
307:
Conservation is a value-driven practice: identify diverse values that make a site worth preserving. Usually "historical or artistic, research, natural, civil/social, spiritual/religious, symbolic/identity, or economic
157:
Modern development poses a great risk to archaeological sites. Vibrations from construction can cause instability and cracking of structures. An example of the effects of modern development can be found at an ancient
2613:
678:
Ensures that all objects of cultural significance remain in
Australia. The act also ensures the return of foreign cultural property that was stolen from other countries and imported into Australia.
214:, including several palaces and other buildings dating back to before the 13th century. The prevention of destruction due to war is almost impossible without large-scale strategies. Efforts by the
180:
vandalized. Signage should be posted at the site to alert visitors. Another possible measure to prevent vandalism is the addition of barriers, patrols, or even full-time observation and security.
1281:
518:
Gives the
President the authority to set aside land for the protection of historic and prehistoric sites and objects of historic or scientific significance; to be labeled as "National Monuments."
194:
remainder burnt. In a word, the context is destroyed without record, so that most of the information vital to the fullest study and reconstruction of the past is irremediably lost to the world."
227:
is a book, turned documentary that explains the Nazi's systematic theft and destruction of art during the war, and the implications for international museums and art collectors that followed.
409:
The purpose of any technique used on an archaeological site is to strengthen its ability to resist damage and/or reinstate its cultural significance and ability to teach about its history.
3071:
896:
The Result of a Damage
Assessment and Limited Data Recovery Conducted at Site AZ-P-43-22 Located Near Pine Springs Wide Ruins Chapter, Fort Defiance Agency, Apache County, Arizona
3062:
2608:
176:
still choose to deface it in some way. Unintentional vandalism happens when the visitor vandalizes while not realizing they are at an archaeological site, such as accidents.
491:. The movement of these temples was expensive as well as challenging, but if the move did not take place they would be completely underwater due to the construction of the
210:
Throughout history, war has been the source of destruction of many archaeological and historical sites. During World War II, the Nazi's destroyed many buildings during the
2526:
2050:
1976:
3148:
710:
public access, in particular to archaeological sites, and educational actions to be undertaken to develop public awareness of the value of the archaeological heritage.
730:
2582:
2055:
2441:
319:
Condition Surveys are conducted to document and assess the physical state of an archaeological site. Documentation is crucial to a successful conservation effort.
2668:
2678:
2567:
569:
2603:
1023:
971:
2818:
2628:
2783:
2763:
2713:
660:
Regulation on the Classification, Registration, and Admission to the Museums of the Movable Cultural and Natural Assets Requiring Preservation (2009)
361:"Objectives" are considered clear targets that have measurable results. Difference between "objectives" and "strategies" needs to be established here.
3094:
3079:
2643:
2230:
2045:
585:
Encourages the in situ preservation of archaeological sites, or at least the portions of them that contain burials or other kinds of cultural items.
3117:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2813:
2673:
2562:
2557:
1092:
Reading 51: Preventive Conservation of Ruins: Reconstruction, Reburial and Enclosure (2007) in "Archaeological Sites: Conservation and Management"
3112:
3084:
2768:
2753:
2738:
2733:
2698:
2618:
1969:
786:
Reading 38: Short Story: The Demise, Discovery, Destruction and Salvation of a Ruin (2007) in "Archaeological Sites: Conservation and Management"
551:
531:
1282:"Regulation on the Classification, Registration, and Admission to the Museums of the Movable Cultural and Natural Assets Requiring Preservation"
3048:
2788:
2572:
2205:
1069:
827:
380:
It is suggested that the final plan be "holistic and integrated, short, concise, accessible, legally binding, and comparable with other plans."
77:
the integrity of the site, prior to formal excavation. If this is the case, crucial pieces of cultural and archaeological evidence may be lost.
2798:
2793:
2778:
2773:
2723:
2683:
2663:
2653:
2718:
3099:
2828:
2823:
2758:
2703:
2693:
2648:
141:
the surface) will affect archaeological deposits and structures. Human responses to the climate crisis also impact archaeological sites.
73:
The site is excavated by archaeologists and the findings are documented. Sites may be primarily explored by non-professionals. This may
3089:
1962:
215:
2803:
2748:
2728:
2160:
876:
625:
Encourages preservation and gain opportunities for specific grants, tax credits, preservation easements, and safety code alternatives
2808:
2658:
2633:
2598:
2060:
2743:
2688:
2547:
1884:
2708:
2623:
1135:
Reading 52: The Reconstruction of Ruins: Principles and Practices (2009) in "Archaeological Sites: Conservation and Management"
1053:
Demas, Martha (2012). "Reading 64: Planning of Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites: A Values-Based Approach".
3053:
1364:
2638:
738:
596:
331:
impact, structure of organization, staff resources and expertise, monitoring/maintenance systems, or research assessment."
277:
Can include: "Government agencies, groups with ancestral relationships to sites, local community members, tourist groups."
575:
Outlines treatment of cultural items, with which they can show a relationship of lineal descent or cultural affiliation.
2245:
768:
2975:
2265:
1505:
1027:
648:
Prohibits vandalism or removal of any earth or bricks from the site. Those who do not comply are subject to fines.
524:
Any artifacts collected must be curated in a museum or stored in a repository for preservation and public benefit.
3153:
2210:
2110:
2150:
1891:
1404:
345:
For what purpose is the site being conserved and managed? How are the values of the site going to be preserved?
153:
Pueblo Grande Ruin-Hohokam Village. Note the buildings in the background; this is in downtown Phoenix, Arizona.
132:
plan. Archaeologists and conservators should assess threats to the site and determine material susceptibility.
1295:
663:
Details how museums should classify and register objects of moveable culture when adding to their collections.
604:
That are associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of our history
3143:
2491:
2421:
2378:
2130:
2090:
211:
104:
In the instance that leaving a site exposed may cause it further harm, a decision is made to rebury the site.
2853:
2426:
2200:
2115:
2100:
1913:
1623:
1510:
326:
What are the current constraints and opportunities that affect the conservation and management of the site?
2506:
1846:
1689:
1618:
1459:
1111:
1260:
202:
2970:
2240:
1399:
163:
destroying any information that was important in prehistory or history that was remaining at the site.
1333:
1312:
3010:
2125:
2120:
1733:
1721:
1587:
1527:
1480:
1357:
224:
117:
74:
2275:
1755:
1648:
1597:
1547:
1537:
952:
3015:
3000:
2446:
2338:
2140:
2080:
2005:
1861:
1786:
1684:
1562:
1070:"Blanding: OHV riders, militia protest BLM, ride through Recapture Canyon; STGnews Photo Gallery"
989:
South, Stanley (1976). "The Role of the Archaeologist in the Conservation-Preservation Process".
937:
3107:
2511:
2368:
2333:
2085:
2015:
1906:
1896:
1816:
1811:
1781:
1760:
1633:
1628:
1592:
1381:
149:
1954:
3030:
2995:
2501:
2363:
2250:
2135:
1989:
1901:
1821:
1577:
1490:
1485:
1475:
426:
631:
Get a bronze plaque to distinguish property as being part of the Register of Historic Places
614:
That have yielded or may be likely to yield, information important in history or prehistory.
2471:
2416:
2328:
2155:
1931:
1831:
1826:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1582:
1572:
1500:
1429:
1424:
1350:
1242:
19:
8:
3122:
2985:
2885:
2466:
2383:
2358:
2348:
2255:
2180:
2070:
2040:
2010:
1726:
1711:
1613:
1419:
1409:
1389:
128:
effective way to protect archaeological sites from these larger events is to formulate a
36:
706:
Convention for the Protection of the Archaeological Heritage of Europe (Valletta, 1992)
2980:
2323:
2220:
2215:
2075:
1806:
1669:
488:
1224:
1170:
799:
Demas, Martha (2004). ""Site unseen": The Case for Reburial of Archaeological Sites".
268:
Important to establish a common ground between stakeholders and the lead organizations
2965:
2481:
2165:
2105:
2095:
1985:
1856:
1851:
1836:
764:
1206:
1188:
2960:
2870:
2552:
2190:
1841:
1776:
1743:
1454:
1439:
922:
918:
855:
808:
393:
190:
3025:
521:
Excavations and research on sites can only be done after a permit has been issued.
3020:
2930:
2905:
2895:
2890:
2486:
2401:
2373:
2145:
1679:
1532:
1434:
1152:
558:
509:
129:
3005:
2990:
2925:
2875:
2496:
2411:
2185:
2030:
1943:
1748:
1738:
1699:
1674:
1444:
812:
492:
430:
32:
230:
In recent times, the Taliban destroyed a sacred Buddha statue in Afghanistan.
67:
The site is identified by archaeologists or locals or other non-professionals.
3137:
2935:
2865:
2431:
2285:
2195:
1716:
564:
Outlined legal penalties that can be enforced on violators (such as looters).
2945:
2900:
2476:
2436:
1567:
1414:
455:
219:
2880:
2516:
2461:
2406:
2353:
2313:
2170:
2020:
1643:
1522:
1394:
1373:
1334:"Convention for the Protection of the Archaeological Heritage of Europe"
622:
Entered into a National Database that is easily searchable by the public
2940:
2920:
2451:
2318:
2308:
2260:
2065:
1706:
1638:
1024:"BLM Statement Regarding Proposed Illegal ATV Ride in Recapture Canyon"
763:. Los Angeles, California: Getty Conservation Institute. p. xiii.
467:
2950:
2303:
1694:
1653:
860:
847:
607:
That are associated with the lives of significant persons in our past
542:
Also known as the Archeological Recovery Act or the Moss-Bennett bill
315:
What is the condition of the site or structure; what are the threats?
159:
2955:
2915:
2910:
2456:
2280:
1449:
1026:. U.S. Department of the Interior Utah State Office. Archived from
515:
First United States law to provide protection of cultural heritage.
788:. Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute. pp. 353–364.
2343:
2025:
1515:
527:
Proved ineffective in the 1970s as prosecution of looters failed.
459:
108:
These phases may be repeated and may occur in a different order.
54:
The site is constructed and serves a function within the culture.
470:
palace", instead of a place that stood well into the Roman era.
2235:
2225:
1984:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1342:
1137:. Los Angeles: Getty Conservation Institute. pp. 514–527.
1094:. Los Angeles: Getty Conservation Institute. pp. 503–513.
731:"Preservation of Archaeological Sites: A Holistic Perspective"
418:
primary technique to strengthen the site from further damage.
2270:
2175:
1153:"Conservation vs. Restoration: the Palace at Knossos (Crete)"
628:
Get additional resources for care and maintenance of property
463:
303:
Why is the site important or valued and by whom is it valued?
284:
What is known about the site and what needs to be understood?
1041:
601:
To be listed, site must meet at least one of four criteria:
478:
2051:
Conservation and restoration of immovable cultural property
2035:
935:
909:
Haury, Emil (1960). "The Arizona Antiquities Act of 1960".
263:
What are the aims and expectations of the planning process?
826:
Meier, Hans-Rudolf; Petzet, Michael; Will, Thomas (2008).
539:
Archeological and Historic Preservation Act (AHPA) (1974)
2056:
Conservation and restoration of movable cultural property
1004:
Marshall, John. "Reading 9: Conservation Manual (1923)".
2442:
Digital repository audit method based on risk assessment
1261:"Regulation and Preservation Law on Great Wall of China"
1225:"Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act"
1055:
Archaeological Sites: Conservation and Management (2002)
3090:
Conservation-restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes
1113:
International Charters for Conservation and Restoration
991:
Preservation and Conservation: Principles and Practices
570:
Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act
1057:. Los Angeles: Getty Conservation Institute: 653–675.
972:"After 1,700 Years, Buddhas fall to Taliban dynamite"
898:. Farmington, NM: San Juan County Museum Association.
357:
What will be done to translate policies into actions?
206:
Taller Buddha of Bamiyan before and after destruction
1496:
Conservation and restoration of archaeological sites
1189:"Archeological and Historic Preservation Act (AHPA)"
29:
conservation and restoration of archaeological sites
1008:. Los Angeles: Getty Conservation Institute: 47–49.
801:
Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites
675:Protection of Movable Cultural Heritage Act (1986)
645:Regulation on protection for the Great Wall (2006)
289:
interpretation, conservation, and use of the site."
993:. Washington, D.C.: The Preservation Press: 35–43.
3149:Conservation and restoration of cultural heritage
3095:Conservation-restoration of the Statue of Liberty
2231:Mold control and prevention (library and archive)
2046:Conservation and restoration of cultural property
1296:"Protection of Movable Cultural Heritage Act, 11"
1207:"Archaeological Resources Protection Act of 1979"
1006:Archaeological Sites: Conservation and Management
848:"Climate Change and Archaeology. An Introduction"
761:Archaeological Sites: Conservation and Management
3135:
3118:Preservation Metadata: Implementation Strategies
3108:Conservation response to flood of Arno, Florence
3072:Conservation-restoration of Leonardo da Vinci's
462:, an archaeological site on the Greek island of
167:in which archaeological sites can be protected.
3113:Modern and Contemporary Art Research Initiative
3085:Conservation-restoration of the Shroud of Turin
1146:
1144:
825:
552:Archaeological Resources Protection Act of 1979
532:Archaeological Resources Protection Act of 1979
273:Who should be involved in the planning process?
3049:Conservation issues of Pompeii and Herculaneum
2206:Integrated pest management (cultural property)
758:
454:An example of this can be seen in the work of
1970:
1358:
783:
368:How will the objectives be put into practice?
47:Archaeological sites go through many phases.
1141:
690:Law on the Protection of Antiquities (1983)
35:, conservators, and visitors to preserve an
1313:"Law on the Protection of Antiquities, 117"
2614:Books, manuscripts, documents and ephemera
1977:
1963:
1365:
1351:
1017:
1015:
877:"Agents of Deterioration: Physical Forces"
845:
759:Sullivan, Sharon; Mackay, Richard (2012).
111:
2161:Disaster preparedness (cultural property)
1105:
1103:
1101:
859:
445:
2061:Conservation science (cultural property)
1128:
1126:
1089:
1067:
1021:
477:
425:
201:
148:
18:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1012:
829:Cultural Heritage and Natural Disasters
792:
3136:
1243:"National Register of Historic Places"
1109:
1098:
969:
950:
874:
588:Affects previously acquired artifacts.
578:Affects federally funded institutions.
1958:
1346:
1132:
1123:
1052:
988:
908:
893:
881:Canadian Heritage Information Network
798:
1076:
1003:
597:National Register of Historic Places
498:
31:is the collaborative effort between
784:Ashurst, John; Shalom, Asi (2012).
386:
13:
2246:Preservation (library and archive)
1150:
875:Marcon, Paul (22 September 2017).
482:Mid-move of the Abu Simbel Temples
14:
3165:
936:U.S. Department of the Interior.
728:
421:
238:
135:
42:
3100:Conservation-restoration of the
2976:Indigenous intellectual property
1937:
1927:
1926:
978:. Telegraph Media Group Limited.
735:The Getty Conservation Institute
503:
343:Establish Purpose and Policies:
2211:Inventory (library and archive)
2111:Cultural property documentation
1372:
1326:
1305:
1288:
1274:
1253:
1235:
1217:
1199:
1181:
1163:
1061:
997:
982:
970:Rashid, Ahmed (12 March 2001).
963:
944:
929:
282:Documentation and Description:
247:
2609:Bone, horn, and antler objects
2151:Digital photograph restoration
1119:(2 ed.). Germany: ICOMOS.
923:10.1080/00231940.1960.11757605
902:
887:
868:
839:
819:
777:
752:
722:
412:
301:Cultural Significance/Values:
257:Identification and description
144:
81:Post-Excavation Deterioration:
1:
2794:South Asian household shrines
2492:Reconstruction (architecture)
2422:Cultural property radiography
2379:Registrar (cultural property)
2131:Cultural resources management
2091:Collections management system
894:DeMar, David (May 15, 1996).
846:Fluck, H.; Guest, K. (2022).
716:
473:
404:
212:planned destruction of Warsaw
122:
3063:Conservation-restoration of
3054:Conservation-restoration of
2427:Detachment of wall paintings
2201:Intangible cultural heritage
2116:Cultural property exhibition
2101:Cultural heritage management
1511:electrical resistance survey
1090:Woolfitt, Catherine (2012).
669:
377:Synthesize and Prepare Plan
350:maintenance and monitoring."
233:
170:
7:
2507:Transfer of panel paintings
959:. Vol. 24, no. 3.
10:
3170:
2971:Heritage language learning
2241:Optical media preservation
1400:Johann Joachim Winckelmann
813:10.1179/135050304793137874
619:Benefits of being listed:
183:
115:
3039:
3011:Oral history preservation
2852:
2581:
2525:
2392:
2294:
2126:Cultural property storage
2121:Cultural property imaging
1996:
1922:
1874:
1769:
1662:
1606:
1555:
1546:
1481:Philosophy of archaeology
1468:
1380:
1171:"Antiquities Act of 1906"
938:"Looting & Vandalism"
700:
654:
118:Disturbance (archaeology)
3058:by ElĂas GarcĂa MartĂnez
2276:Sustainable preservation
1231:. National Park Service.
1213:. National Park Service.
1195:. National Park Service.
1177:. National Park Service.
1133:Price, Nicholas (2012).
1110:Petzet, Michael (2004).
1068:Kuzmanic, Joyce (2014).
1022:Crandall, Megan (2014).
953:"Archaeological Looting"
940:. National Park Service.
684:
639:
3016:Preservation of meaning
3001:Language revitalization
2669:Illuminated manuscripts
2447:Historic paint analysis
2339:Conservation technician
2141:Deaccessioning (museum)
2081:Collections maintenance
2006:Agents of deterioration
1229:NPS Archaeology Program
1211:NPS Archaeology Program
1193:NPS Archaeology Program
1175:NPS Archaeology Program
951:Miller, Arthur (1982).
883:. Government of Canada.
591:Continues to be amended
296:Assessment and Analysis
112:Agents of deterioration
3154:Methods in archaeology
3026:Tradition preservation
2679:Iron and steel objects
2568:Outdoor bronze objects
2512:UVC-based preservation
2369:Photograph conservator
2334:Conservation scientist
2086:Collections management
2016:Archaeological science
1247:National Park Services
483:
446:Re-creation/renovation
438:authentic documents."
434:
207:
197:
154:
58:Initial Deterioration:
24:
16:Process in archaeology
3031:Traditional knowledge
2996:Language preservation
2604:Ancient Greek pottery
2502:Textile stabilization
2364:Paintings conservator
2251:Preservation metadata
2136:Database preservation
1990:historic preservation
1491:Archaeological ethics
1486:Archaeological diving
1476:Archaeological theory
546:program (Section 1)."
481:
433:Reconstruction Effort
429:
205:
152:
95:Correct Conservation:
23:Temple of Athena Nike
22:
3144:Archaeological sites
2819:Time-based media art
2629:Copper-based objects
2543:Archaeological sites
2472:Mass deacidification
2417:Cradling (paintings)
2329:Conservator-restorer
2156:Digital preservation
1430:Augustus Pitt Rivers
1425:William Henry Holmes
1390:Archaeological sites
852:Internet Archaeology
835:. Germany: TUDpress.
458:at the ancient city
366:Develop Strategies:
324:Management Context:
313:Physical Condition:
3123:World Heritage Site
2986:Indigenous language
2886:Endangered language
2784:Shipwreck artifacts
2764:Photographic plates
2714:Musical instruments
2467:Lining of paintings
2384:Textile conservator
2359:Objects conservator
2349:Exhibition designer
2256:Preservation survey
2181:Found in collection
2071:Collection (museum)
2041:Calendar (archives)
2011:Archival processing
1420:John Lloyd Stephens
1410:Heinrich Schliemann
957:Expedition Magazine
37:archaeological site
2981:Indigenous culture
2324:Collection manager
2221:Media preservation
2216:Inventory (museum)
2076:Collection catalog
1944:History portal
1506:geophysical survey
1072:. St. George News.
694:punishable by law.
489:Abu Simbel temples
484:
435:
225:The Rape of Europa
208:
155:
25:
3131:
3130:
3080:Pompeian frescoes
2966:Heritage language
2856:cultural heritage
2644:Flags and banners
2589:cultural property
2553:Heritage railways
2533:cultural property
2482:Paleo-inspiration
2166:Film preservation
2106:Cultural property
2096:Cultural heritage
1986:Cultural heritage
1952:
1951:
1870:
1869:
1852:Pseudoarchaeology
1469:Method and theory
572:of 1990 (NAGPRA)
499:Laws and policies
52:Creation of Site:
3161:
3067:by Thomas Eakins
3065:The Gross Clinic
2961:Folklore studies
2871:Applied folklore
2844:Wooden furniture
2839:Wooden artifacts
2834:Woodblock prints
2814:Tibetan thangkas
2674:Insect specimens
2563:Outdoor artworks
2558:Historic gardens
2191:Heritage science
1979:
1972:
1965:
1956:
1955:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1930:
1929:
1777:Archaeoastronomy
1744:Paleoethnobotany
1553:
1552:
1455:Alfred V. Kidder
1440:Mortimer Wheeler
1367:
1360:
1353:
1344:
1343:
1338:
1337:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1317:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1148:
1139:
1138:
1130:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1107:
1096:
1095:
1087:
1074:
1073:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1050:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1035:
1019:
1010:
1009:
1001:
995:
994:
986:
980:
979:
967:
961:
960:
948:
942:
941:
933:
927:
926:
906:
900:
899:
891:
885:
884:
872:
866:
865:
863:
861:10.11141/ia.60.1
843:
837:
836:
834:
823:
817:
816:
807:(3–4): 137–154.
796:
790:
789:
781:
775:
774:
756:
750:
749:
747:
746:
737:. Archived from
729:Agnew, Neville.
726:
530:Replaced by the
456:Sir Arthur Evans
394:Recapture Canyon
387:Visitors' impact
355:Set Objectives:
191:Arthur G. Miller
88:Ignorant Repair:
3169:
3168:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3159:
3158:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3127:
3074:The Last Supper
3041:
3035:
3021:Primitive music
2931:Folk instrument
2906:Family folklore
2896:Ethnomusicology
2891:Ethnochoreology
2858:
2855:
2848:
2769:Plastic objects
2754:Performance art
2739:Panel paintings
2734:Painting frames
2699:Leather objects
2619:Ceramic objects
2591:
2588:
2586:
2585:and restoration
2584:
2577:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2529:and restoration
2528:
2521:
2487:Paper splitting
2402:Aging (artwork)
2394:
2388:
2374:Preservationist
2296:
2290:
2146:Digital library
1998:
1992:
1983:
1953:
1948:
1938:
1936:
1918:
1866:
1765:
1680:Archaeogenetics
1658:
1602:
1548:Sub-disciplines
1542:
1538:Post-excavation
1533:Lithic analysis
1464:
1435:Flinders Petrie
1376:
1371:
1341:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1315:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1298:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1151:German, Senta.
1149:
1142:
1131:
1124:
1116:
1108:
1099:
1088:
1077:
1066:
1062:
1051:
1042:
1033:
1031:
1020:
1013:
1002:
998:
987:
983:
968:
964:
949:
945:
934:
930:
907:
903:
892:
888:
873:
869:
844:
840:
832:
824:
820:
797:
793:
782:
778:
771:
757:
753:
744:
742:
727:
723:
719:
703:
687:
672:
657:
642:
559:Antiquities Act
510:Antiquities Act
506:
501:
476:
448:
424:
415:
407:
389:
250:
241:
236:
200:
186:
173:
147:
138:
130:risk management
125:
120:
114:
65:Identification:
45:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3167:
3157:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3069:
3060:
3051:
3045:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3006:Living history
3003:
2998:
2993:
2991:Language death
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2926:Folk etymology
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2876:Dance notation
2873:
2868:
2862:
2860:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2789:Silver objects
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2595:
2593:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2573:Outdoor murals
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2539:
2537:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2497:Rissverklebung
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2412:Arrested decay
2409:
2404:
2398:
2396:
2395:and techniques
2390:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2300:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2186:Heritage asset
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2031:Bioarchaeology
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2002:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1982:
1981:
1974:
1967:
1959:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1946:
1934:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1907:Assyriologists
1904:
1897:Archaeologists
1894:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1749:Zooarchaeology
1746:
1741:
1739:Geoarchaeology
1731:
1730:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1709:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1700:Paleopathology
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1675:Bioarchaeology
1672:
1666:
1664:
1663:Methodological
1660:
1659:
1657:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1559:
1557:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1465:
1463:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1445:Dorothy Garrod
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1395:Antiquarianism
1392:
1386:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1370:
1369:
1362:
1355:
1347:
1340:
1339:
1325:
1304:
1287:
1273:
1252:
1234:
1216:
1198:
1180:
1162:
1140:
1122:
1097:
1075:
1060:
1040:
1011:
996:
981:
962:
943:
928:
901:
886:
867:
838:
818:
791:
776:
769:
751:
720:
718:
715:
714:
713:
712:
711:
702:
699:
698:
697:
696:
695:
686:
683:
682:
681:
680:
679:
671:
668:
667:
666:
665:
664:
656:
653:
652:
651:
650:
649:
641:
638:
637:
636:
635:
634:
633:
632:
629:
626:
623:
617:
616:
615:
612:
608:
605:
594:
593:
592:
589:
586:
583:
579:
576:
567:
566:
565:
562:
549:
548:
547:
543:
537:
536:
535:
528:
525:
522:
519:
516:
505:
502:
500:
497:
493:Aswan High Dam
475:
472:
447:
444:
431:Huaca Pucllana
423:
422:Reconstruction
420:
414:
411:
406:
403:
388:
385:
384:
383:
382:
381:
375:
374:
373:
364:
363:
362:
353:
352:
351:
335:
334:
333:
332:
322:
321:
320:
311:
310:
309:
293:
292:
291:
290:
280:
279:
278:
271:Stakeholders:
269:
249:
246:
240:
239:Archaeologists
237:
235:
232:
199:
196:
185:
182:
172:
169:
146:
143:
137:
136:Climate change
134:
124:
121:
113:
110:
106:
105:
99:
92:
91:deterioration.
85:
78:
68:
62:
55:
44:
43:Site lifecycle
41:
33:archaeologists
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3166:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3075:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3038:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2936:Folk medicine
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2866:Ancient music
2864:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2851:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2799:Stained glass
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2779:Road vehicles
2777:
2775:
2774:Rail vehicles
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2724:New media art
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2684:Ivory objects
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2664:Human remains
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2654:Glass objects
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2580:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2534:
2531:of immovable
2524:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
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1405:Richard Hoare
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1045:
1030:on 2015-06-16
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976:The Telegraph
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770:9781606061244
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741:on 2023-09-12
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133:
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40:
38:
34:
30:
21:
3101:
3073:
3064:
3055:
2946:Folk process
2901:Ethnopoetics
2859:preservation
2719:Neon objects
2592:by item type
2583:Conservation
2542:
2536:by item type
2527:Conservation
2477:Overpainting
2437:Display case
2266:Repatriation
1782:Archaeometry
1756:Experimental
1690:Near Eastern
1649:Near Eastern
1644:Mesopotamian
1598:Contemporary
1495:
1415:Arthur Evans
1328:
1319:
1307:
1290:
1276:
1264:. Retrieved
1255:
1246:
1237:
1228:
1219:
1210:
1201:
1192:
1183:
1174:
1165:
1157:Smarthistory
1156:
1134:
1112:
1091:
1063:
1054:
1032:. Retrieved
1028:the original
1005:
999:
990:
984:
975:
965:
956:
946:
931:
917:(1): 19–24.
914:
910:
904:
895:
889:
880:
870:
851:
841:
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821:
804:
800:
794:
785:
779:
760:
754:
743:. Retrieved
739:the original
734:
724:
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344:
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248:Conservators
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220:World War II
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165:
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139:
126:
107:
101:
94:
87:
80:
70:
64:
57:
51:
46:
28:
26:
3102:H.L. Hunley
2881:Early music
2829:Vinyl discs
2824:Totem poles
2759:Photographs
2704:Lighthouses
2694:Lacquerware
2649:Fur objects
2587:of movable
2517:VisualAudio
2462:Leafcasting
2407:Anastylosis
2354:Mount maker
2314:Art handler
2171:Finding aid
2021:Archaeology
1862:Transgender
1787:Battlefield
1563:Prehistoric
1523:Burnt layer
1460:George Bass
1374:Archaeology
611:distinction
413:Restoration
145:Development
71:Excavation:
3138:Categories
2941:Folk music
2921:Folk dance
2854:Intangible
2452:Inpainting
2319:Auctioneer
2309:Art dealer
2261:Provenance
2066:Collecting
1999:and issues
1885:by country
1817:Industrial
1812:Indigenous
1761:Underwater
1707:Calceology
1629:Australian
1607:Geographic
1593:Historical
1528:Excavation
1034:2015-05-02
745:2022-05-05
717:References
474:Relocation
468:Bronze Age
405:Techniques
123:Weathering
116:See also:
84:materials.
61:materials.
3056:Ecce Homo
2951:Folk play
2804:Taxidermy
2749:Parchment
2729:Paintings
2304:Archivist
1822:Landscape
1695:Osteology
1578:Classical
670:Australia
234:Personnel
171:Vandalism
102:Reburial:
3042:projects
2956:Foodways
2916:Folk art
2911:Folklore
2809:Textiles
2659:Herbaria
2634:Feathers
2599:Aircraft
2457:Kintsugi
2281:Treasure
1932:Category
1914:Journals
1832:Mortuary
1827:Maritime
1802:Funerary
1797:Feminist
1792:Conflict
1770:Thematic
1685:Medieval
1639:Egyptian
1634:Oceanian
1619:American
1583:Medieval
1573:Biblical
1450:Max Uhle
561:of 1906.
512:of 1906
338:Response
308:values."
160:Puebloan
3040:Notable
2744:Papyrus
2689:Judaica
2548:Frescos
2393:Methods
2344:Curator
2026:Archive
1892:Periods
1727:Virtual
1712:Digital
1614:African
1516:Sondage
1382:History
554:(ARPA)
460:Knossos
218:during
184:Looting
75:disturb
2709:Metals
2624:Clocks
2236:Museum
2226:Midden
1997:Topics
1881:Sites
1807:Gender
1670:Aerial
1654:Nubian
1501:Survey
1320:UNESCO
854:(60).
767:
701:Europe
655:Turkey
534:(ARPA)
261:Aims:
2295:Roles
2271:Ruins
2176:Fonds
1875:Lists
1857:Queer
1837:Music
1624:Asian
1316:(PDF)
1299:(PDF)
1266:3 May
1117:(PDF)
833:(PDF)
685:Egypt
640:China
582:ARPA.
464:Crete
2639:Film
2036:Book
1988:and
1842:Nazi
1268:2022
911:Kiva
765:ISBN
27:The
919:doi
856:doi
809:doi
198:War
3140::
1318:.
1245:.
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1155:.
1143:^
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1014:^
974:.
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915:26
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748:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
