353:
133:
96:
118:
84:
306:
223:
34:
276:, the British naval blockade was strangling French trade, while their own had recovered from the post 1739 decline and was expanding once again. This negated a key French objective of reducing the post-1713 expansion of British commercial strength, which they viewed as a threat to the European balance of power. Declaring war on the
363:
Sandwich also played a key role in the coup that brought
William of Orange to power in the Netherlands. Previously neutral, Newcastle viewed Dutch entry into the war as a way to boost the anti-French coalition in Flanders but it soon proved otherwise. The Dutch required massive British financial
427:
so easily. In France, there was enormous disquiet about returning their territorial gains in
Flanders, which cost so much, in return for so little. The phrase "as stupid as the Peace" became popular to express contempt for the terms agreed at Breda and Aix-la-Chapelle. In general, the Treaty
284:
The
Congress was an attempt to reach agreement between the two main protagonists and end the war but doing so was delayed by internal debates within the British government. They were also finding the financial burden hard to sustain, but the pro-war party led by the
344:
Unsatisfied by his performance, the French recalled
Puisieux and replaced him, giving Sandwich an opportunity to delay by demanding his replacement prove his accreditation. There were further delays when a Spanish delegate turned up, claiming to represent
280:
made the immediate situation worse, since the neutral Dutch had previously been the main carriers of French imports and exports. By 1747, the French financial system was on the verge of collapse, accompanied by severe food shortages.
333:. Negotiations proceeded slowly, since the British wanted to extend discussions long enough for their position in Flanders to improve. On the other side, France wanted to reach agreement immediately, the terms including making the
375:
Despite previously insisting negotiations must include all parties, the
British delegation now agreed to settle terms with France prior to confirmation by their allies. They arguably underestimated the impact of victory at
257:, by the end of 1742, this had largely reached stalemate. France declared war on Britain in March 1744, while Spain joined the conflict in Europe, hoping to regain possessions in Northern Italy lost to Austria and
349:, new king of Spain. The British were kept informed of French negotiating strategy, as letters to the French delegates were intercepted and copied by postmasters in British pay.
412:. Maria Theresa was outraged at British acceptance of the Prussian conquest of Silesia without any Austrians being present, a major element in the breakdown of the
261:
in 1713. With the help of
British subsidies, they repulsed Spanish troops from Northern Italy in late 1746; France was unable to continue funding Spain, while
771:
322:
88:
188:
offset by
British naval success. Both sides were concerned by the financial costs, although the French position was significantly worse, with the
372:
in
September. Newcastle berated himself for his "ignorance, obstinacy and credulity" and fully expected to be forced from office as a result.
207:
in
September led them to agree terms. These were imposed by France and Britain on their allies at Aix-la-Chapelle with minimal consultation.
776:
380:
in
October, which effectively ended French naval operations and put their entire colonial empire at risk. The North American fortress of
801:
796:
791:
786:
377:
356:
293:. Instead, it revealed the extent of their decline since 1713 while hopes of building an alliance with Spain after the death of
214:
began moving closer to France, after over 300 years where conflict between them was the dominant theme of European politics.
609:
408:
for all belligerents to confirm terms agreed between Britain and France at Breda. Peace was formally concluded with the 1748
766:
761:
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730:
711:
683:
664:
590:
318:
226:
100:
632:
409:
230:
174:
51:
781:
359:, October 1747; defeat forced France to suspend naval operations, putting their entire colonial empire in jeopardy
192:
blockade causing severe food shortages. The intention was to agree terms between France and Britain and end the
816:
369:
242:
204:
181:
55:
330:
420:
173:
from 1746 to 1748. The discussions led to the agreement of terms that later became the basis of the 1748
193:
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806:
352:
158:
138:
413:
338:
286:
250:
246:
199:
The British deliberately extended discussions, hoping to improve their position, but defeat at
17:
346:
184:
had effectively become a proxy contest between Britain and France, with French victories in
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8:
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234:
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704:
The Insatiable Earl: A Life of John Montagu, Fourth Earl of Sandwich, 1718-1792
277:
166:
69:
750:
389:
334:
262:
254:
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satisfied no one and failed to resolve the issues that led to war in 1740.
741:
Three Victories and a Defeat: The Rise and Fall of the First British Empire
326:
38:
16:
For the 1667 Treaty negotiated between England and the Dutch Republic, see
424:
381:
364:
support, while the Allied position further deteriorated with defeat at
189:
33:
273:
185:
196:
by presenting them to the other parties, who were not consulted.
393:
388:, captured by France in 1746; France agreed to withdraw from the
385:
337:
neutral territory in future conflicts; these were drawn up by
423:, although both he and Newcastle were attacked for giving up
170:
65:
50:
Britain and France agree peace terms for the subsequent 1748
289:
argued Dutch support provided an opportunity to recover the
210:
In the long-term, it marked the point at which the Austrian
522:
265:
wanted peace in order to restructure her administration.
546:
450:
534:
486:
325:. Sandwich and the British delegation were based near
313:
in July 1747 ended British hopes of regaining Flanders
229:
the chief British negotiator for much of the talks. A
438:
510:
392:, while both parties recognised Prussian control of
245:
began in 1740, Britain was focused on the 1739-1748
558:
23:
Peace negotiations between Great Britain and France
652:
620:
474:
462:
157:, were a series of bilateral negotiations between
676:1759: The Year Britain Became Master of the World
498:
384:, captured by Britain in 1745, was exchanged for
748:
129:
723:The Birth of a Great Power System, 1740-1815
580:
528:
341:, who shortly afterwards fell from favour.
772:Diplomatic conferences in the Netherlands
317:Discussions began in August 1746, led by
618:
540:
351:
304:
221:
114:
749:
701:
695:Montagu, John, fourth earl of Sandwich
692:
673:
655:The Rise of the Great Powers 1648–1815
641:
602:Britain as a Military Power, 1688-1815
583:Royal Discord: The Family of George II
564:
516:
504:
492:
720:
650:
599:
552:
480:
468:
456:
444:
419:Sandwich was rewarded by being made
297:in July 1746 also proved incorrect.
777:18th-century diplomatic conferences
644:Encyclopædia Americana: Volume VIII
13:
14:
828:
131:
116:
94:
82:
41:, used by the British delegation
32:
802:1748 in international relations
797:1747 in international relations
792:1746 in international relations
787:War of the Austrian Succession
581:Baker-Smith, Veronica (2010).
243:War of the Austrian Succession
182:War of the Austrian Succession
56:War of the Austrian Succession
1:
431:
217:
203:in July 1747 and the loss of
697:(2008 ed.). Oxford DNB.
399:
331:William IV, Prince of Orange
7:
646:. Deliver, Thomas & Co.
421:First Lord of the Admiralty
300:
10:
833:
767:1748 in the Dutch Republic
762:1747 in the Dutch Republic
757:1746 in the Dutch Republic
574:
194:Austrian War of Succession
15:
410:Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
268:Despite the victories of
175:Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
108:
75:
61:
52:Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
46:
31:
642:Lieber, Francis (1836).
368:in July and the loss of
263:Maria Theresa of Austria
619:Browning, Reed (1975).
414:Anglo-Austrian Alliance
404:A Congress was held at
253:; fought mostly in the
54:, ending the 1740-1748
743:. Penguin Books, 2008.
721:Scott, Hamish (2015).
674:McLynn, Frank (2008).
600:Black, Jeremy (1999).
378:Second Cape Finisterre
360:
357:Second Cape Finisterre
314:
238:
18:Treaty of Breda (1667)
817:Ferdinand VI of Spain
651:McKay, Derek (1983).
623:The Duke of Newcastle
355:
308:
225:
702:Rodger, NAM (1993).
693:Rodger, NAM (2004).
291:Austrian Netherlands
153:, also known as the
782:War of Jenkins' Ear
627:. Yale University.
459:, pp. 138–140.
323:Marquis de Puisieux
247:War of Jenkins' Ear
235:Thomas Gainsborough
89:Marquis de Puisieux
28:
706:. Harper Collins.
555:, pp. 97–100.
361:
315:
309:French victory at
239:
26:
611:978-1-85728-772-1
495:, pp. 41–44.
447:, pp. 58–60.
287:Duke of Newcastle
212:Habsburg monarchy
155:Breda peace talks
151:Congress of Breda
147:
146:
27:Congress of Breda
824:
812:History of Breda
807:1748 conferences
739:Simms, Brendan;
736:
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585:. Athena Press.
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329:lent to them by
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685:978-0099526391
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666:978-0582485549
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592:978-1847489296
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543:, p. 150.
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531:, p. 144.
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519:, p. 170.
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370:Bergen op Zoom
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278:Dutch Republic
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205:Bergen op Zoom
165:, held in the
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725:. Routledge.
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659:. Routledge.
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634:9780300017465
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604:. Routledge.
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541:Browning 1975
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39:Breda Castle
678:. Vintage.
565:McLynn 2008
517:Lieber 1836
505:Rodger 2004
493:Rodger 1993
76:Negotiators
751:Categories
553:Black 1999
481:Scott 2015
469:Scott 2015
457:McKay 1983
445:Scott 2015
432:References
425:Louisbourg
382:Louisbourg
218:Background
190:Royal Navy
400:Aftermath
255:Caribbean
241:When the
366:Lauffeld
321:and the
311:Lauffeld
301:Congress
295:Philip V
274:Flanders
259:Sardinia
201:Lauffeld
186:Flanders
169:city of
62:Location
575:Sources
394:Silesia
270:de Saxe
109:Parties
47:Context
729:
710:
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663:
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163:France
136:
124:France
121:
251:Spain
249:with
171:Breda
167:Dutch
66:Breda
727:ISBN
708:ISBN
680:ISBN
661:ISBN
629:ISBN
606:ISBN
587:ISBN
177:.
161:and
149:The
272:in
233:by
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