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maintained. Speech often contains some paraphasic errors: phonemes and syllables will be dropped or transposed (e.g., "snowball" → "snowall", "television" → "vellitision", "ninety-five percent" → "ninety-twenty percent"). The hallmark deficit of this disorder, however, is in repetition. Aphasic people will show an inability to repeat words or sentences when asked by an examiner. After saying a sentence to a person with conduction aphasia, he or she will be able to paraphrase the sentence accurately but will not be able to repeat it. This is possibly because their "motor speech error processing is disrupted by inaccurate forward predictions, or because detected errors are not translated into corrective commands due to damage to the auditory-motor interface". When prompted to repeat words, the person will be unable to do so, and produce many paraphasic errors. For example, when prompted with "bagger", a person may respond with, "gabber". Recent summaries about the syndrome show similarities between defective speech and writing and their relatively good comprehension. The sudden speech of a conduction aphasic is fluent, yet it is
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comprehension, respectively), is affected. These two areas control speech and language in the brain. The arcuate fasciculus is a thick band of fiber that connects the two areas and carries messages between them. When this area is damaged, the person experiences damage to the auditory-motor integration system. This results in disruption to the delayed auditory feedback network, causing the individual to have difficulty correcting themselves on speech repetition tasks. Additionally, recent evidence suggests that conduction aphasia can also be caused by lesions in the left superior temporal gyrus and/or the left supramarginal gyrus.
40:
291:, leads to decreased local impairment. Furthermore, the plasticity of the brain may allow the recruitment of new pathways to restore lost function. For example, the right hemisphere speech systems may learn to correct for left-hemisphere damage. However, chronic conduction aphasia is possible, without transformation to other aphasias. These people show prolonged, profound deficits in repetition, frequent phonemic paraphasias, and repetitive self-correction during spontaneous speech.
345:. The Western Aphasia Battery assesses neurological disorders to discern the degree and type of aphasia present. The test also discerns a person's strengths and weaknesses, which can be used to treat the person better. Therapists should customize their treatment for each patient. The main focus for during speech therapy for conduction aphasia person is to strengthen correct word usage and auditory comprehension. A major goal is to focus on repetition.
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283:. Symptoms of conduction aphasia, as with other aphasias, can be transient, sometimes lasting only several hours or a few days. As aphasia's and other language disorders are frequently due to stroke, their symptoms can change and evolve over time, or simply disappear. If the cause is a stroke, people can make a good recovery but may have persistent deficits. This is because the healing in the brain after
413:, his mentor, who postulated that aphasias were due to perisylvian lesions. Meynert also distinguished between the posterior and anterior language systems, leading Wernicke to localize the two regions. Wernicke's research into the fiber pathways connecting the posterior and anterior regions lead him to theorize that damage to the fibers under the insula would lead to conduction aphasia.
116:. Affected people are fully capable of understanding what they are hearing, but fail to encode phonological information for production. This deficit is load-sensitive as the person shows significant difficulty repeating phrases, particularly as the phrases increase in length and complexity and as they stumble over words they are attempting to
268:. Repetitive self correction is commonly used by Aphasic people of conduction aphasia. Due to their relatively preserved auditory comprehension, conduction aphasics are capable of accurately monitoring, and attempting to correct, their own errors in speech output. For example, when prompted to repeat "
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proposed that damage to this bundle caused conduction aphasia; the characteristic deficits in auditory repetition were due to failed transmission of information between the two language centers. Studies showed that conduction aphasics had an intact 'inner voice', which discredited the central deficit
406:. He did not explicitly predict the repetition deficit, but did note that, unlike those with Wernicke's aphasia, conduction aphasics would be able to comprehend speech properly, and intriguingly, would be able to hear and understand their own speech errors, leading to frustration and self-correction.
374:
Clinician: What brought you to the hospital? Patient: yes ... ah ... Monday ... ah ... Dad ... Peter Hogan, and Dad ... ah ... hospital ... and ah ... Wednesday ... Wednesday ... nine o'clock and ah
Thursday ... ten o'clock ... doctors two ... two ... an doctors and ... ah ... teeth ... yah ... and a
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Individuals with conduction aphasia are able to express themselves fairly well, with some word finding and functional comprehension difficulty. Although people with aphasia may be able to express themselves fairly well, they tend to have issues repeating phrases, especially phrases that are long and
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Conduction aphasics will show relatively well-preserved auditory comprehension, which may even be completely functional. All cases are individualized and unique to their own extent. Speech production will be fluent, grammatically, and syntactically correct. Intonation and articulation will also be
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Speech and language therapy are typically used as a treatment. There are no medical or surgical treatments. Treatment for
Aphasia is generally individualized, focusing on specific language and communication improvements, and regular exercise with communication tasks. Regular therapy for conduction
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Conduction aphasia is caused by damage to the parietal lobe of the brain, especially in regards to the area associated with the left-hemisphere dominant dorsal stream network. The arcuate fasciculus, which connects Broca's area and
Wernicke's area (important for speech and language production and
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model of Freud and
Goldstein. The Wernicke-–Lichtheim–Geschwind disconnection hypothesis thus became the prevailing explanation for conduction aphasia. However, recent reviews and research have cast doubt on the singular role of the arcuate fasciculus and the model of spoken language in general.
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However, aphasics recognize their errors and will repetitively try to correct them. Typically, an aphasic will make multiple attempts correcting errors until they are correct. This recognition is due to preserved auditory error detection mechanisms. Errors frequently fit a pattern of incorrect
390:, who had damage to the left posterior superior temporal lobe, which he named "the area of word images". These person could speak fluently, but their speech lacked meaning. They had a severe deficit in auditory comprehension. For example, "Clinician: What brings you to the hospital?
1166:
Anderson, J.M; Gilmore, R; Roper, S; Crosson, B; Bauer, R.M; Nadeau, S; Beversdorf, D.Q; Cibula, J; Rogish, M; Kortencamp, S; Hughes, J.D; Gonzalez Rothi, L.J; Heilman, K.M (1999). "Conduction
Aphasia and the Arcuate Fasciculus: A Reexamination of the Wernicke–Geschwind Model".
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postulated that spoken language was a central phenomenon, as opposed to a differentiated and disparate set of functionally distinct modules. To Freud and
Goldstein, conduction aphasia was thus the result of a central, core language breakdown; Goldstein labeled the disorder
402:. He was the first to distinguish the various aphasias in an anatomical framework, and proposed that a disconnection between the two speech systems (motor and sensory) would lead to a unique condition, distinct from both expressive and receptive aphasias, which he termed
328:(WAB) are two commonly used test batteries for diagnosing conduction aphasia. These examinations involve a set of tests, which include asking person to name pictures, read printed words, count aloud, and repeat words and non-words (such as
332:). Neuro-imaging should also be used to look for a stroke, tumor, infection, or another pathology in the setting of conduction aphasia. This can be done through a CT or MRI or the brain; these are the first imaging modality of choice.
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Recent research has pointed to multiple different explanations for conduction aphasia, which is based on newer models suggesting language is facilitated by "cortically based, anatomically distributed, modular networks."
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in repetition conduction aphasia whereas the other variant was assumed to reflect disrupted phonological encoding mechanism, affecting confrontation tasks such as repetition, reading and naming in a similar manner.
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and inadequately structured. Aphasic people have difficulty in finding words appropriate to context and in accurately pronouncing a word. Aphasic errors in naming, reading aloud, and repeating are recognized.
248:, comprehension, repetition, reading, writing, and naming. When asked to repeat something, the person will be unable to do so without significant difficulty, repeatedly attempting to self-correct (
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Comprehension is generally preserved, although there can be deficits in interpretation of complex sentences. In an extreme example, one of his person could only produce a single syllable, "Tan".
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would argue in 1891 that the old framework was inaccurate; the entire perisylvian area, from the posterior to the anterior regions, were equivalent in facilitating speech function. In 1948
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Bakheit, A.M.O; Shaw, S; Carrington, S; Griffiths, S (2016). "The rate and extent of improvement with therapy from the different types of aphasia in the first year after stroke".
264:) differ in at least one aspect that makes the substituted morpheme(s) semantically distinct. This repetitive effort to approximate the appropriate word or phrase is known as
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Hickok, Gregory; Buchsbaum, Bradley; Humphries, Colin; Muftuler, Tugan (2003). "Auditory–Motor
Interaction Revealed by fMRI: Speech, Music, and Working Memory in Area Spt".
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Several standardized test batteries exist for diagnosing and classifying aphasias. These tests are capable of identifying conduction aphasia with relative accuracy. The
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were able to differentiate two variants of this constellation: the reproduction and the repetition type. These authors suggested an exclusive deficit of auditory-verbal
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Sidiropoulos, Kyriakos; Ackermann, Hermann; Wannke, Michael; Hertrich, Ingo (2010). "Temporal processing capabilities in repetition conduction aphasia".
901:""Conduction Aphasia, Sensory-Motor Integration, and Phonological Short-Term Memory - an Aggregate Analysis of Lesion and FMRI Data." Brain and Language"
279:
Conduction aphasia is a mild language disability, and most people return to their normal lives. Broca's and
Wernicke's aphasia are commonly caused by
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Hickok, Gregory; Poeppel, David (2004). "Dorsal and ventral streams: A framework for understanding aspects of the functional anatomy of language".
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suggest that the sensory system aid in motor speech. Studies have suggested that conduction aphasia is a result of damage specifically to the left
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Baldo, J; Klostermann, E; Dronkers, N (2008). "It's either a cook or a baker: Patients with conduction aphasia get the gist but lose the trace".
593:
Sidiropoulos, Kyriakos; De Bleser, Ria; Ackermann, Hermann; Preilowski, Bruno (2008). "Pre-lexical disorders in repetition conduction aphasia".
226:, a deep white matter tract. Aphasic people are still able to comprehend speech as the lesion does not disrupt the ventral stream pathway.
1238:
Köhler, Kerstin; Bartels, Claudius; Herrmann, Manfred; Dittmann, Jürgen; Wallesch, Claus-W (1998). "Conduction aphasia—11 classic cases".
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aphasic may respond with, "rosenbrau... rosenbrauch... rosengrau... bro... grosenbrau... grossenlau, rosenkranz,... kranz... rosenkranz".
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The two disorders (expressive and receptive aphasias) thus seemed complementary, and corresponded to two distinct anatomical locations.
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773:
Behroozmand, Roozbeh; Phillip, Lorelei; Johari, Karim; Bonilha, Leonardo; Rorden, Chris; Hickok, Gregory; Fridriksson, Julius (2018).
214:. The classical explanation for conduction aphasia is a disconnection between the brain areas responsible for speech comprehension (
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Robert H. Brookshire. An
Introduction to Neurogenic Communication Disorders, 6e. volume. Mosby Year Book, St. Louis, 2003.
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Benson, D. Frank; Sheremata, W. A; Bouchard, R; Segarra, J. M; Price, D; Geschwind, N (1973). "Conduction
Aphasia".
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Tippett, Donna C; Hillis, Argye E (2016). "Vascular Aphasia Syndromes". In Hickok, Gregory; Small, Steven L (eds.).
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damage involving auditory regions often result in speech deficits. Lesions in this area that damage the
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sounds. They are also aware of their errors and will show significant difficulty correcting them.
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Frigilator ... no? how about ... frerigilator ... no frigaliterlater ... aahh! It's all mixed up!
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Conduction aphasia can also be seen in cases of cortical damage without subcortical extensions.
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Feinberg, T. E; Rothi, L. J. G; Heilman, K. M (1986). "'Inner Speech' in Conduction Aphasia".
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Bartha, Lisa; Benke, Thomas (2003). "Acute conduction aphasia: An analysis of 20 cases".
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Damasio, Hanna; Damasio, Antonio R (1980). "The Anatomical Basis of Conduction Aphasia".
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Wernicke predicted the existence of conduction aphasia in his landmark 1874 monograph,
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Der Aphasische Symptomenkompleks: Eine Psychologische Studie auf Anatomischer Basis
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120:. People have frequent errors during spontaneous speech, such as substituting or
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361:. These person had lesions in the anterior perisylvian region (now known as
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Later work and examination of brain structures, however, implicated the
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Inability to repeat speech despite being able to perceive and produce it
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approximations. These common errors typically occur in morphemes that
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Gazzaniga, Michael S.; Ivry, Richard B.; Mangun, George R. (2002).
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of the brain, which are also terms for different types of aphasia
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complex. During an assessment of aphasia, the clinician usually
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aphasics has been shown to result in steady improvement on the
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Howard, H. (2017, October 7). Cerebral cortex. Retrieved from
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expanded on Wernicke's work, although he labeled the disorder
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Ardila, Alfredo (2010). "A Review of Conduction Aphasia".
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Ninety-seven. No ... sevinty-sine ... siventy-nice...
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Now, I want you to say some words after me. Say 'boy'.
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Upper dorsal pontine syndrome/Raymond–Céstan syndrome
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1021:. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 29 June 2019.
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991:. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 29 June 2019.
745:. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. pp. 93–44.
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260:) share one or more similarly located phonemes but
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1045:Introduction to Neurogenic Communication Disorders
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743:Introduction to Neurogenic Communication Disorders
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84:, is an uncommon form of difficulty in speaking (
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510:http://www.asha.org/Glossary/Conduction-Aphasia/
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556:Cognitive neuroscience: the biology of the mind
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1269:. Hillsdale, N.J: L. Erlbaum. pp. 28–29.
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1217:. Hillsdale, N.J: L. Erlbaum. pp. 25–26.
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1148:http://www.tulane.edu/~howard/BrLg/Cortex.html
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716:. Hillsdale, N.J: L. Erlbaum. pp. 40–42.
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1325:Love, Tracy; Brumm, Kathleen (2012-12-31),
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508:Conduction Aphasia. (n.d.). Retrieved from
171:Let's try another one. Say 'refrigerator'.
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1466:Carlson, Neil R.; Heth, C. Donald (2007).
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1060:Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports
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899:Buschbaum, Bradley R; et al. (2011).
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521:Carlson, Neil R.; Heth, C. Donald (2007).
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1331:Cognition and Acquired Language Disorders
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222:). This is due to specific damage to the
1474:(4th ed.). Pearson Education Inc.
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529:(4th ed.). Pearson Education Inc.
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1840:Lateral medullary syndrome/Wallenberg
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322:Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination
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1576:Topics related to Conduction aphasia
1304:10.1001/archneur.1986.00520060053017
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962:10.1001/archneur.1973.00490230075011
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1470:Psychology the science of behaviour
525:Psychology the science of behaviour
246:examine the person's verbal fluency
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1852:Medial medullary syndrome/Dejerine
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649:10.1016/B978-0-12-407794-2.00073-0
559:. New York: W. W. Norton. p.
375:doctor an girl ... and gums, an I.
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1365:Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
1019:"Conduction Aphasia." StatPearls
989:"Conduction Aphasia." StatPearls
218:) and that of speech production (
88:). It is caused by damage to the
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1047:. Jones & Bartlett Learning.
791:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.10.014
100:, it is characterised by intact
1621:associated with lesions of the
1406:10.1016/j.cognition.2003.10.011
1327:"Language processing disorders"
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1913:Internuclear ophthalmoplegia
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1503:10.1016/j.bandc.2010.05.003
1443:10.1016/j.bandl.2007.12.007
1043:Manasco, M. Hunter (2014).
1013:Acharya, Aninda B. (2019).
983:Acharya, Aninda B. (2019).
917:10.1016/j.bandl.2010.12.001
451:
409:Wernicke was influenced by
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353:In the late 19th century,
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2011:Upper motor neuron lesion
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1880:Lateral pontine syndrome
1115:10.1177/0269215507078452
737:Manasco, Hunter (2017).
641:Neurobiology of Language
484:Wernicke-Geschwind model
2043:Complications of stroke
1918:One and a half syndrome
1894:Millard–Gubler syndrome
1890:Medial pontine syndrome
1265:Kohn, Susan E. (1992).
1213:Kohn, Susan E. (1992).
1103:Clinical Rehabilitation
712:Kohn, Susan E. (1992).
686:10.1093/brain/103.2.337
343:Western Aphasia Battery
326:Western Aphasia Battery
208:superior temporal gyrus
1986:Alternating hemiplegia
1181:10.1006/brln.1999.2135
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386:described person with
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102:auditory comprehension
1292:Archives of Neurology
950:Archives of Neurology
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129:
1333:, pp. 202–226,
1015:"Conduction Aphasia"
985:"Conduction Aphasia"
876:"Conduction Aphasia"
357:studied person with
189:Elizabeth Warrington
2006:Pseudobulbar affect
1960:Parinaud's syndrome
1951:ventral tegmentum,
1765:Parkinson's disease
1684:Hemispatial neglect
1491:Brain and Cognition
643:. pp. 913–22.
419:commissural aphasia
266:conduite d'approche
250:conduite d'approche
212:supramarginal gyrus
82:associative aphasia
33:Associative aphasia
1938:ventral peduncle,
1908:Locked-in syndrome
1898:Foville's syndrome
1798:Dysdiadochokinesia
1709:Cortical blindness
1689:Gerstmann syndrome
1664:Expressive aphasia
1615:Signs and symptoms
1431:Brain and Language
1267:Conduction aphasia
1215:Conduction aphasia
1169:Brain and Language
905:Brain and Language
831:Brain and Language
714:Conduction aphasia
459:Expressive aphasia
441:arcuate fasciculus
359:expressive aphasia
230:Signs and symptoms
224:arcuate fasciculus
78:conduction aphasia
25:Conduction aphasia
2025:
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2019:
2018:
1994:
1993:
1970:Claude's syndrome
1947:Benedikt syndrome
1813:Cerebellar ataxia
1772:Thalamic syndrome
1729:Cortical deafness
1704:Bálint's syndrome
1679:Receptive aphasia
1563:
1562:
1481:978-0-205-64524-4
1340:978-0-323-07201-4
752:978-1-284-10072-3
658:978-0-12-407794-2
536:978-0-205-64524-4
489:Speech repetition
464:Receptive aphasia
388:receptive aphasia
193:short-term memory
114:speech repetition
110:speech production
98:language disorder
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19:Medical condition
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1934:Weber's syndrome
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753:
735:
731:
724:
710:
701:
670:
666:
659:
637:
630:
601:(14): 3225–38.
591:
587:
582:
578:
571:
551:
544:
537:
519:
515:
507:
503:
498:
493:
479:Wernicke's area
454:
434:central aphasia
411:Theodor Meynert
404:Leitungsaphasie
351:
338:
324:(BDAE) and the
318:
309:
307:Pathophysiology
297:
274:German-speaking
232:
216:Wernicke's area
200:Left-hemisphere
135:
52:Wernicke's area
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2061:
2051:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1887:
1877:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1861:
1860:
1859:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1836:
1834:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1815:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1786:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1774:
1769:
1768:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1751:Basal ganglia
1748:
1746:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1731:
1725:Temporal lobe
1723:
1722:
1721:
1716:
1714:Anton syndrome
1711:
1706:
1698:
1697:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1675:Parietal lobe
1673:
1672:
1671:
1666:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1630:
1611:
1610:
1603:
1596:
1588:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1544:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1535:Classification
1528:
1527:External links
1525:
1524:
1523:
1497:(3): 194–202.
1486:
1480:
1463:
1426:
1400:(1–2): 67–99.
1389:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1339:
1317:
1282:
1275:
1257:
1246:(10): 865–84.
1230:
1223:
1202:
1151:
1136:
1093:
1066:(6): 499–503.
1050:
1032:
1002:
975:
940:
911:(3): 119–128.
891:
864:
814:
758:
751:
739:"The Aphasias"
729:
722:
699:
664:
657:
628:
585:
576:
569:
542:
535:
513:
500:
499:
497:
494:
492:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
469:Anomic aphasia
466:
461:
455:
453:
450:
429:Kurt Goldstein
350:
347:
337:
334:
317:
314:
308:
305:
296:
293:
231:
228:
159:Seventy-nine.
96:. An acquired
80:, also called
68:
67:
62:
56:
55:
44:
43:
35:
34:
31:
27:
26:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2060:
2049:
2048:Parietal lobe
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1971:
1968:
1964:dorsal, tumor
1963:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1925:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1850:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1773:
1770:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1735:
1734:Prosopagnosia
1732:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1695:
1694:Astereognosis
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1660:Frontal lobe
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1609:
1604:
1602:
1597:
1595:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1580:
1574:
1568:
1555:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1545:
1542:
1537:
1533:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1487:
1483:
1477:
1472:
1471:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1437:(2): 134–40.
1436:
1432:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1371:(5): 673–82.
1370:
1366:
1361:
1360:
1342:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1321:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1286:
1278:
1276:0-8058-0681-4
1272:
1268:
1261:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1234:
1226:
1224:0-8058-0681-4
1220:
1216:
1209:
1207:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1149:
1143:
1141:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1109:(10): 941–9.
1108:
1104:
1097:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1054:
1046:
1039:
1037:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1009:
1007:
998:
994:
990:
986:
979:
971:
967:
963:
959:
956:(5): 339–46.
955:
951:
944:
936:
932:
927:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
895:
881:
877:
871:
869:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
837:(1): 93–108.
836:
832:
825:
823:
821:
819:
810:
806:
801:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
769:
767:
765:
763:
754:
748:
744:
740:
733:
725:
723:0-8058-0681-4
719:
715:
708:
706:
704:
695:
691:
687:
683:
680:(2): 337–50.
679:
675:
668:
660:
654:
650:
646:
642:
635:
633:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
589:
580:
572:
570:0-393-97777-3
566:
562:
558:
557:
549:
547:
538:
532:
527:
526:
517:
511:
505:
501:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
456:
449:
446:
442:
437:
435:
430:
426:
425:Sigmund Freud
422:
420:
416:
412:
407:
405:
400:
394:
391:
389:
385:
384:Carl Wernicke
380:
376:
371:
370:
366:
364:
360:
356:
346:
344:
333:
331:
327:
323:
313:
304:
301:
292:
290:
286:
282:
277:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
253:
251:
247:
241:
238:
227:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
194:
190:
186:
180:
179:
176:
172:
170:
166:
164:
160:
158:
154:
152:
148:
146:
142:
140:
136:
133:
128:
127:For example:
125:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
90:parietal lobe
87:
83:
79:
75:
66:
63:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
36:
32:
28:
23:
1651:PCA syndrome
1646:MCA syndrome
1641:ACA syndrome
1547:
1494:
1490:
1469:
1434:
1430:
1397:
1393:
1368:
1364:
1344:, retrieved
1330:
1320:
1298:(6): 591–3.
1295:
1291:
1285:
1266:
1260:
1243:
1239:
1233:
1214:
1172:
1168:
1106:
1102:
1096:
1063:
1059:
1053:
1044:
1018:
988:
978:
953:
949:
943:
908:
904:
894:
883:. Retrieved
880:www.asha.org
879:
834:
830:
782:
778:
742:
732:
713:
677:
673:
667:
640:
598:
594:
588:
579:
555:
524:
516:
504:
474:Broca's area
438:
433:
423:
418:
408:
403:
395:
392:
381:
378:
373:
369:
368:For example:
367:
363:Broca's area
352:
339:
329:
319:
310:
302:
298:
285:inflammation
278:
265:
261:
257:
254:
249:
242:
233:
220:Broca's area
198:
185:Tim Shallice
182:
178:
174:
173:
168:
167:
162:
161:
156:
155:
150:
149:
144:
143:
138:
137:
131:
130:
126:
81:
77:
71:
48:Broca's area
1886:) (lateral)
1719:Pure alexia
1240:Aphasiology
1175:(1): 1–12.
382:Meanwhile,
122:transposing
112:, but poor
30:Other names
2032:Categories
1782:Cerebellum
1346:2020-04-26
885:2015-11-13
785:: 102–11.
779:NeuroImage
496:References
355:Paul Broca
289:hemorrhage
270:Rosenkranz
169:Clinician:
157:Clinician:
145:Clinician:
132:Clinician:
106:paraphasic
1825:Brainstem
1793:Dysmetria
1745:Subcortex
1627:brainstem
1619:syndromes
1394:Cognition
336:Treatment
316:Diagnosis
183:In 1970,
118:pronounce
74:neurology
65:Neurology
60:Specialty
2038:Aphasias
1927:Midbrain
1789:Lateral
1760:Dystonia
1511:20621742
1451:18243294
1414:15037127
1385:12965041
1197:12171982
1189:10534369
1131:25995618
1123:17981853
1088:14630539
1080:20711691
1027:30725691
997:30725691
935:21256582
859:18466425
851:12681350
809:29024793
623:18259127
615:18761023
452:See also
175:Aphasic:
163:Aphasic:
151:Aphasic:
139:Aphasic:
1902:basilar
1833:Medulla
1809:Medial
1656:Aphasia
1554:D018886
1312:3718287
970:4696016
926:3090694
800:5732035
694:7397481
349:History
330:shwazel
237:lengthy
92:of the
86:aphasia
1755:Chorea
1669:Abulia
1617:, and
1517:
1509:
1478:
1459:997735
1457:
1449:
1422:635860
1420:
1412:
1383:
1337:
1310:
1273:
1221:
1195:
1187:
1129:
1121:
1086:
1078:
1025:
995:
968:
933:
923:
857:
849:
807:
797:
749:
720:
692:
655:
621:
613:
567:
533:
295:Causes
153:Home.
147:Home.
1999:Other
1979:Other
1623:brain
1519:49270
1515:S2CID
1455:S2CID
1418:S2CID
1193:S2CID
1127:S2CID
1084:S2CID
855:S2CID
674:Brain
619:S2CID
272:", a
141:Boy.
94:brain
1884:AICA
1868:Pons
1845:PICA
1625:and
1549:MeSH
1507:PMID
1476:ISBN
1447:PMID
1410:PMID
1381:PMID
1335:ISBN
1308:PMID
1271:ISBN
1219:ISBN
1185:PMID
1119:PMID
1076:PMID
1023:PMID
993:PMID
966:PMID
931:PMID
847:PMID
805:PMID
747:ISBN
718:ISBN
690:PMID
653:ISBN
611:PMID
565:ISBN
531:ISBN
187:and
50:and
1953:PCA
1940:PCA
1857:ASA
1499:doi
1439:doi
1435:105
1402:doi
1373:doi
1300:doi
1248:doi
1177:doi
1111:doi
1068:doi
958:doi
921:PMC
913:doi
909:119
839:doi
795:PMC
787:doi
783:165
682:doi
678:103
645:doi
603:doi
561:389
287:or
252:).
72:In
2034::
1552::
1513:.
1505:.
1495:73
1493:.
1453:.
1445:.
1433:.
1416:.
1408:.
1398:92
1396:.
1379:.
1369:15
1367:.
1329:,
1306:.
1296:43
1294:.
1244:12
1242:.
1205:^
1191:.
1183:.
1173:70
1171:.
1154:^
1139:^
1125:.
1117:.
1107:21
1105:.
1082:.
1074:.
1064:10
1062:.
1035:^
1017:.
1005:^
987:.
964:.
954:28
952:.
929:.
919:.
907:.
903:.
878:.
867:^
853:.
845:.
835:85
833:.
817:^
803:.
793:.
781:.
777:.
761:^
741:.
702:^
688:.
676:.
651:.
631:^
617:.
609:.
599:46
597:.
563:.
545:^
436:.
108:)
76:,
1904:)
1900:(
1896:/
1892:/
1882:(
1607:e
1600:t
1593:v
1541:D
1521:.
1501::
1484:.
1461:.
1441::
1424:.
1404::
1387:.
1375::
1314:.
1302::
1279:.
1254:.
1250::
1227:.
1199:.
1179::
1133:.
1113::
1090:.
1070::
1029:.
999:.
972:.
960::
937:.
915::
888:.
861:.
841::
811:.
789::
755:.
726:.
696:.
684::
661:.
647::
625:.
605::
573:.
539:.
262:b
258:a
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