800:
225:
The Goa Daman and Diu
Agricultural Tenancy Act, 1964, passed in the 1964 by the then Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party government, extended the tenancy rights of the tenants to lands from the comunidade, for the payment of a quit-rent called the comunidade foro. This has resulted in most field property
221:
The sole official function of the comunidades, currently, is to parcel out their land at government-approved rates. However, supporters of the comunidade movement, have been waging a determined, if small, campaign to safeguard what they see as their rights, and continue to fight against the erosion
208:
The emergence of private property in land created a new set of socio-economic relationships at the village level, especially the comunidades and the ghar-bhaatt, the two principal forms of land tenure that came to characterise
Portuguese
184:
Over time and subject to conflicting land ownership and administration systems, the old institutions lost their original characteristics and comunidades are now mere societies of rights-holders who are members by birth.
233:
In the populous and well-developed central coastal parts of the state, almost all the land that once belonged to the comunidades has been allotted to tenants or taken over for industrial purpose by the government.
39:, where land-ownership is collectively held, but controlled by the male descendants of those who claimed to be the founders of the village, who in turn mostly belonged to upper caste groups. Documented by the
229:
Thus at present most of comunidade land is in the hills, which is either uncultivated or given over to cashew plantations, to tenants. Uncultivated comunidade land draws squatters who develop shanty towns.
43:
as of 1526, it was the predominant form of landholding in Goa prior to 1961. In form, it is similar to many other rural agricultural peoples' form of landholding, such as that of pre-Spanish
Bolivia and the
213:
The working of the comunidades is now tightly controlled by the Goa state government, which supporters of the comunidade movement say leaves little scope for them to act as self-governing units.
237:
There are provisions under Code of
Comunidade (a Legislative Enactment No. 2070 dated 15 April 1961) to take action against illegal encroachments, however action is usually not taken.
503:
Sonak, Sangeeta; Kazi, Saltanat; Sonak, Mahesh; Abraham, Mary (2006). "Factors affecting land-use and land-cover changes in the coastal wetlands of Goa". In Sonak, Sangeeta (ed.).
461:
Breves Notas sobre a
Historia das Comunidades de Goa com Diversos Mapas Anexes (A Short Note concerning the History of the Comunidades of Goa with Several Maps Attached
222:
of the comunidade system in Goa, by, for example, bringing land ownership lawsuits. In 2004, the Goa Su-Ray Party issued a polemic supporting the comunidades.
1169:
188:
After
Portuguese rule ended in Goa in 1961, the village development activities, which were once the preserve of the comunidades or more specifically the
96:
or village. This institution pre-existed the arrival of the
Portuguese, but was codified by them. The first of these codifications was contained in the
1541:
537:
Kamat, Pratima (2000), "Peasantry and the
Colonial State in Goa 1946-1961", in Borges, Charles J.; Pereira, Oscar Guilherme; Stubbe, Hannes (eds.),
1253:
907:
599:
1106:
396:
1248:
1222:
301:
1111:
56:
as the dualism of rural communities: the existence of collective land ownership together with private production on the land.
804:
548:
521:
788:
538:
728:
629:
513:
755:
897:
844:
766:
1243:
504:
262:. (translated from the original in Portuguese by Antonio Victor Couto). Panaji, Goa, India: Pereira. p. 1.
1536:
882:
1468:
1463:
1174:
1143:
1116:
1096:
1521:
1422:
1179:
1184:
864:
49:
17:
1499:
1189:
484:. (translated from the original in Portuguese by Antonio Victor Couto). Panaji, Goa, India: Pereira.
1194:
953:
887:
781:
1531:
1366:
1227:
854:
677:
Report of the
Committee of the Problems of Mundkars in the Union Territory of Goa, Daman and Diu
607:
1199:
976:
943:
1526:
1386:
1381:
1341:
1101:
327:
Agrawal, A. (2001). "Common property institutions and sustainable governance of resources".
1417:
1138:
849:
226:
of the comunidades passing into private hands, and erosion of the comunidades as a whole.
8:
1478:
1438:
1153:
774:
305:
115:
1126:
1065:
729:"Now that Your Land is My Land …. Does it matter? : A case study in Western India"
575:
502:
438:
371:
796:
340:
176:), or shares. The system applies equally to agricultural land and to village housing.
1356:
874:
859:
708:
680:
663:
544:
517:
485:
392:
263:
1361:
1296:
1209:
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430:
363:
336:
45:
1458:
1412:
1326:
1301:
928:
839:
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702:
475:
1473:
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1291:
1286:
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1217:
1004:
994:
989:
912:
824:
816:
735:
633:
195:
434:
1515:
1029:
938:
829:
512:. New Delhi: TERI Press, The Energy and Resources Institute. pp. 44–61,
120:
759:
1492:
1311:
1306:
1276:
1121:
1019:
1009:
712:
684:
667:
489:
267:
150:). The former are the members of the village, the latter were entitled to
1014:
999:
892:
579:
1391:
1371:
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902:
375:
442:
966:
961:
753:
199:
189:
159:
125:
105:
83:
77:
71:
65:
53:
707:. Panaji: Government of Goa, Daman & Diu. 1969. pp. 56–57.
367:
933:
40:
1133:
1080:
1039:
1034:
1024:
704:
Annual administration report [Goa, Daman and Diu (India)]
421:
Potekhin, Ivan I. (1963). "Land relations in
African countries".
281:
Vanjari, Shrikrishna (1968). "Feudal Land Tenure System in Goa".
1396:
1316:
1070:
1060:
1055:
984:
82:
is derived from the name for those who compose it, that is the
566:
Goswami, Rahul (2008). "The Konkan Packaging Company of Goa".
1331:
1321:
1281:
97:
36:
694:
543:, New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company, pp. 133–159,
808:
32:
124:
system of managed wetlands in Goa is an offshoot of the
397:"Ownership and inheritance in an American Indian tribe"
299:
563:
today the 223 comunidades of Goa are moribund at best
130:
system, but now quite distinct from the comunidades.
726:
662:. Panaji: Government of Goa, Daman & Diu. 1964.
632:. Goa Su-Ray Party. 12 November 2004. Archived from
280:
506:Multiple dimensions of global environmental change
473:
356:The Journal of Land & Public Utility Economics
253:
76:(ग्रामसंस्था)). Some scholars argue that the term
420:
35:are a form of land association developed in Goa,
1513:
1254:National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research
158:, which is a dividend paid by the comunidade to
458:
354:Weeks, David (1947). "Land tenure in Bolivia".
565:
536:
782:
59:
674:
353:
1107:Church and Convent of St. Francis of Assisi
754:Association of Componentes of Comunidades.
326:
64:Comunidades are a variant of the system of
789:
775:
679:. Panaji, Goa: Government Printing Press.
463:(in Portuguese). Goa: Tipografia Nacional.
391:
293:
660:Report of the Goa Land Reforms Commission
594:
592:
540:Goa and Portugal: History and Development
300:Mascarenhas, Nascimento (25 April 2010).
1542:1520s establishments in Portuguese India
600:"In Agonda, rain makes life a nightmare"
133:
14:
1514:
589:
138:Members of the comunidades are called
770:
752:A non-neutral statement of position:
423:The Journal of Modern African Studies
179:
24:
1249:National Institute of Oceanography
720:
304:. Saligao Serenade. Archived from
100:of Afonso Mexia in 1526. The term
25:
1553:
746:
1112:Church of Our Lady of the Rosary
798:
758:. Goa-World.com. Archived from
622:
556:
530:
496:
216:
606:. 31 July 2001. Archived from
467:
452:
414:
385:
347:
320:
274:
256:Goa: Hindu temples and deities
247:
13:
1:
1469:Kadamba Transport Corporation
727:Mukhopadhyay. Pranab (2002).
652:
568:Economic and Political Weekly
341:10.1016/s0305-750x(01)00063-8
283:Economic and Political Weekly
1097:Churches and Convents of Goa
200:
190:
160:
126:
118:word for "communities". The
106:
84:
78:
72:
66:
7:
1423:Dr. Rajendra Prasad Stadium
908:Fire and Emergency Services
474:Pereira, Rui Gomes (1978).
254:Pereira, Rui Gomes (1978).
10:
1558:
194:, became entrusted to the
60:Codified by the Portuguese
50:Southwestern United States
1487:
1451:
1431:
1405:
1349:
1340:
1262:
1236:
1208:
1162:
1089:
1048:
975:
952:
921:
873:
815:
693:is a tenant or landbound
435:10.1017/s0022278x00000707
289:(22). New Delhi: 843–844.
1195:Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary
756:"The Comunidades of Goa"
459:Menezes, Maximo (1961).
240:
1367:Churchill Brothers S.C.
1117:Church of St. Augustine
585:(subscription required)
448:(subscription required)
410:(subscription required)
381:(subscription required)
110:refers to the village.
88:; i.e. those who make (
865:1967 status referendum
1537:Social history of Goa
1387:Sporting Clube de Goa
1382:Sesa Football Academy
1102:Basilica of Bom Jesus
675:Mazarelo, S. (1966).
574:(6): 10–12, page 11.
134:Members and dividends
1418:Tilak Maidan Stadium
1163:Wildlife sanctuaries
888:Legislative Assembly
630:"Comunidades of Goa"
302:"Comunidades de Goa"
1479:Mormugao Port Trust
1439:Goa Football League
1154:Shanta Durga Temple
855:Liberation movement
845:Portuguese conquest
701:"III Comunidades".
1522:Comunidades of Goa
1127:St. Cajetan Church
604:The Times of India
393:Beaglehole, Ernest
1509:
1508:
1447:
1446:
1357:Goa football team
898:Political parties
860:Indian annexation
550:978-81-7022-867-7
523:978-81-7993-091-5
335:(10): 1649–1672.
329:World Development
180:Changes over time
168:, the holders of
16:(Redirected from
1549:
1362:Goa cricket team
1347:
1346:
1297:Konkani language
1244:Goans in science
1149:Mangueshi Temple
803:
802:
801:
791:
784:
777:
768:
767:
763:
762:on 19 July 2012.
742:
741:on 26 July 2007.
740:
734:. Archived from
733:
716:
688:
671:
646:
645:
643:
641:
626:
620:
619:
617:
615:
610:on 15 March 2006
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308:on 25 April 2019
297:
291:
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204:non-functional.
203:
198:, rendering the
193:
163:
146:(in Portuguese,
129:
109:
87:
81:
75:
69:
52:, identified by
46:Puebloan peoples
21:
1557:
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1552:
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1550:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1512:
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1505:
1483:
1464:Manohar Airport
1459:Dabolim Airport
1443:
1427:
1413:Fatorda Stadium
1401:
1336:
1327:Goans in sports
1258:
1232:
1204:
1200:Flora and fauna
1158:
1085:
1044:
971:
948:
929:Dudhsagar Falls
917:
883:Chief Ministers
869:
850:Portuguese rule
840:Goa Inquisition
835:Kadambas of Goa
811:
799:
797:
795:
749:
738:
731:
723:
721:Further reading
700:
658:
655:
650:
649:
639:
637:
636:on 9 April 2009
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401:Iowa Law Review
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368:10.2307/3158806
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1532:Economy of Goa
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1474:Konkan Railway
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1377:Salgaocar F.C.
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1292:Konkani cinema
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1287:Konkani people
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1218:Goa University
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1144:Mahadev Temple
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1090:Heritage sites
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913:Goa civil code
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825:History of Goa
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747:External links
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480:. Volume 2 of
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362:(3): 321–336.
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258:. Volume 1 of
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196:gram panchayat
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70:system called
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477:Goa: Gaunkari
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1527:Colonial Goa
1498:
1491:
1432:Competitions
1122:Se Cathedral
760:the original
736:the original
703:
690:
676:
659:
638:. Retrieved
634:the original
624:
612:. Retrieved
608:the original
603:
571:
567:
562:
558:
539:
532:
505:
498:
481:
476:
469:
460:
454:
429:(1): 39–59.
426:
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359:
355:
349:
332:
328:
322:
310:. Retrieved
306:the original
295:
286:
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276:
259:
255:
249:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
217:Limited role
212:
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107:gramasanstha
101:
93:
89:
73:gramasanstha
63:
28:
26:
1500:Wikiproject
1272:Comunidades
1000:Dharbandora
166:accionistas
112:Comunidades
48:now in the
29:Comunidades
1516:Categories
1392:Vasco S.C.
1372:Dempo S.C.
1302:Literature
1139:Fontainhas
903:Goa Police
893:State seal
875:Government
653:References
614:9 November
407:: 304–316.
116:Portuguese
41:Portuguese
18:Comunidade
1452:Transport
1210:Education
1175:Netravali
967:South Goa
962:North Goa
954:Districts
922:Geography
201:gaunkaris
191:gaunkaris
148:jonoeiros
54:Karl Marx
1493:Category
1223:Colleges
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995:Canacona
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312:17 April
161:gaunkars
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1277:Cuisine
1264:Culture
1237:Science
1228:Schools
1185:Cotigao
1134:Old Goa
1081:Old Goa
1040:Tiswadi
1035:Sattari
1030:Sanguem
1025:Salcete
977:Talukas
817:History
713:2335071
691:mundkar
685:7903841
668:5535970
640:4 March
514:page 46
490:6862661
376:3158806
268:6862661
172:(sing.
114:is the
85:gaunkar
1406:Stadia
1397:FC Goa
1342:Sports
1317:Shigmo
1190:Bondla
1170:Mollem
1071:Mapusa
1061:Margao
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1312:Music
1307:Media
1282:Goans
1076:Ponda
1015:Ponda
805:State
739:(PDF)
732:(PDF)
576:JSTOR
510:(PDF)
439:JSTOR
372:JSTOR
241:Notes
174:acção
154:, or
142:, or
98:Foral
37:India
709:OCLC
695:peon
681:OCLC
664:OCLC
642:2009
616:2005
545:ISBN
518:ISBN
486:OCLC
314:2013
264:OCLC
209:Goa.
164:and
156:jono
152:zonn
102:gram
94:gaun
27:The
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