240:
517:
669:
external appearance change of the 3D11 and 992, the keys were two tones of green with a fuller depth almost twice the old original style. making identification very easy. Also the lock release key (red) was moved from the upper right corner of the keyboard to the center and just below the 'one' keys so it could be thumb operated. On model K electrics the motor was turned on with a switch and ran continuously during use. The 992 had a micro switch which started the motor at the start of any key depression and shut off after key action competed. This reduced the motor wear to almost nil.
20:
355:
106:
193:
563:
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30:
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The ST (SuperTotalizer) has two display output registers and two additional levers that allow for the creation of intermediate results. Each key pressed by the operator is added to the top display register creating an intermediate result which is added to the bottom display register when the operator
468:
Described in patents 762,520 and 762,521, it introduces a new carry mechanism that reduces the power needed to operate the keys to one fourth of its predecessor's. It also introduces the duplex feature that allows for keys to be pressed simultaneously. And finally it introduces a simplified clearing
73:
Manufactured without interruption from 1887 to the mid-1970s, it was constantly improved. The mechanical versions were made faster and more reliable, then a line of electro-mechanical models was added in the 1930s. It was the first mechanical calculator to receive an all-electronic calculator engine
499:
Very few machines of this type were built, but all were made between 1913 and 1915. This was a transition machine that introduced the "Controlled-Key" safeguard, which was part of an error detection mechanism that blocked most of the keyboard if a key was not pressed enough to add its total to the
446:
The woodies had a three-part zeroing mechanism: a lever, a lever stop, and a knob. In order to reset the machine, first push the lever toward the stop, start rotating the knob and release the lever as soon as the result numbers start to move. Continue rotating the knob until all the result numbers
293:
In 1902, Felt and
Tarrant parted ways in creating a second company and decided to split the shares of both companies so that one would own the controlling interest of a company with 51% of the shares and the other would still share the profits with the remaining 49% of the shares. Felt became the
205:
Two years later, on June 11, 1889, he was granted a patent for the
Comptograph. A Comptograph is a comptometer with a printing mechanism making it more like a key-set calculating machine (even though the keys are registered as they are typed and not when a handle is pulled), therefore slower and
442:
Each row of keys is differentiated from the one above and the one below by a different tactile feel: the even rows have round and raised keys and the odd rows have flat and oblong keys. The keys of the first machines, with their metal rims, are similar to the typewriters keys of the same period.
668:
The models become lighter with the use of aluminum and more refined inner mechanical designs. Both mechanical and electric models are offered. Their outside is similar to the model M machines. The model 3D11 succeeds to the model M and the electric model 992 succeeds to the model K. The major
438:
Two major improvements happened during the first years of production: the first was the insertion of carry inhibit push buttons for quicker operations of subtraction and the second was the color grouping of the columns of keys (three by three except for the first two columns that represent
500:
result. When this mechanism was activated, all the columns of keys were blocked except for the one where the error occurred. Therefore, the operator could find the column in question, reenter the number and unlock the keyboard by pressing the release key in order to resume the operations.
61:
A key-driven calculator is extremely fast because each key adds or subtracts its value to the accumulator as soon as it is pressed and a skilled operator can enter all of the digits of a number simultaneously, using as many fingers as required, making them sometimes faster to use than
529:
Manufactured from 1920 until the beginning of World War II, these models incorporate all of the improvements of the previous machines. The
Comptometer logo is inscribed on their front and back panels and they have the red release key that was introduced with the previous two models.
469:
mechanism that only requires one lever, and one back and forth motion of it, to reset the machine. "The machine gun of the office" as it was called in some World War I advertisements, was starting to develop the form and mechanism that it would keep for the next forty years.
503:
Each key was supported by a metal plate that wrapped around it on three sides. This created a support that was used to block the key when the error detection mechanism was activated. The blocking mechanism was moved inside the box in the following models.
512:
The production of this model started in 1915 and lasted five years. The error detection mechanism is moved inside the box and the release key is red. This machine is the last machine without the
Comptometer logo inscribed on its front and back panels.
294:
majority owner of the Felt & Tarrant
Manufacturing Company and Tarrant became the majority owner of the Comptograph Company. The Felt & Tarrant Manufacturing Company reabsorbed the Comptograph company at the beginning of World War I.
138:
in France in 1642. By just replacing the input wheels of the
Pascaline by the columns of keys of Hill's machine, the comptometer was invented. Addition is performed exactly the same way, and both the Pascaline and the Comptometer make use of the
85:, it could also do subtractions, multiplication and division. Its keyboard consisted of eight or more columns of nine keys each. Special comptometers with varying key arrays were produced for a variety of special purposes, including calculating
216:
The Felt & Tarrant
Manufacturing Company built both comptometers and comptographs throughout the 1890s. In 1902, the Comptograph Company was set up to manufacture comptographs exclusively, but was shut down at the beginning of
66:. Consequently, in specialized applications, comptometers remained in use in limited numbers into the early 1990s, but with the exception of museum pieces, they have all now been superseded by electronic calculators and
580:
Introduced just before World War II, it had a new box design which was more symmetrical and rounder in shape. The WM was manufactured during World War II with a less wasteful use of material for the mechanism.
672:
The most important new designs of this period came from the
Sumlock comptometer Ltd company that introduced the first all-electronic desktop calculators almost two years before the competition. They were the
162:
holidays of 1884. Because of his limited amount of money, he used a macaroni box for the outside box, and skewers, staples and rubber bands for the mechanism inside. It was finished soon after
584:
The WM had many aluminum parts which were more prone to failure so the use of steel was resumed as soon as steel again became available. While the machine was lighter, it was also weaker.
435:
The first machines were built using wooden boxes, which made them lighter but more fragile. They were called the "woodies", and about 6,500 machines were built in between 1887 and 1903.
559:
This electric model was introduced in the middle of the 1930s and had a very moderate success since the mechanical models were very easy to operate and less expensive to maintain.
465:
All the models, from this one on, have a metal casing, but the model A has a polished glass panel for the output display in the front. This model is produced from 1904 to 1906.
181:
workshop, gave Felt a salary of $ 6 a week, a bench to work on, and what would add up to $ 5,000 to build his first practical machine, which he finished in the autumn of 1886.
322:
bought the
British rights to the Comptometer design and trademark, and continued its development. In 1961, Sumlock, a division of the Bell Punch Company, was renamed
681:
and the ANITA Mark VIII, a slightly improved design, introduced at the same time, marketed in
Britain and the rest of the world. They both started shipping in 1962.
439:
hundredths). Felt continually improved his machine with seven patents filed during the first ten years. These included the patents that he took for the Comptograph.
544:
activates the front right lever (it also resets it). The bottom display register accumulates the intermediate results until it is cleared by using the left lever.
206:
more complicated to operate. It was the first printing-adding machine design to use individualized type impression which made its printed output very legible.
326:
and began marketing the first all-electronic desktop calculator, the ANITA Mark VII. The entire calculator division of the Bell Punch Company was bought by
202:
The original comptometer design was patented by the American Dorr E. Felt. The first two patents were granted on July 19, 1887 and on October 11, 1887.
1018:
209:
The first comptograph was sold to the Merchants & Manufacturers National Bank of Pittsburgh, PA. in December 1889. It was the first sale of a
224:
Forty years later, in the mid-1950s, the Comptometer Corporation reused the name Comptograph for a line of 10-key printing machines.
1013:
130:
The comptometer is the direct descendant of the key-driven machine of Thomas Hill patented in the United States in 1857 and of the
970:
78:
model released by Sumlock Comptometer. This created the link between the mechanical calculator industries and the electronic.
941:
655:
422:
143:
method for subtraction, but in the case of the comptometer it is the operator who must choose the right keys for the
958:
637:
477:
These models are built from 1907 to 1915. They all have the shoebox metal casing that will be used until the end of
404:
1003:
633:
400:
239:
1008:
947:
935:
629:
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159:
998:
269:
Felt and Tarrant signed a partnership contract on November 28, 1887. The partnership was incorporated as
763:
952:
338:
In 1961, the Comptometer Corporation merged with the Victor Adding Machine Company, and the two became
158:
began his work on the comptometer in 1882 and started building the first prototype during the American
944:– extensive history, model information, and Dorr Felt biography, archived - retrieved August 30, 2017.
688:
introduced in 1965, still using cold-cathode switching tubes and that will be replaced in 1968 by the
985:- transcription of the first edition of the official Operating Manual for the Comptometer, from 1895.
979:– animated video describing in detail how the Model F Comptometer works, retrieved February 1, 2012.
443:
Plastic keys were also introduced very early on but their rows do not have that tactile difference.
236:
and its clones; but not immediately, it took almost three years to sell the first hundred machines.
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674:
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75:
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machine ever. This machine is now on display at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C..
167:
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327:
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140:
63:
51:
342:. After barely surviving the microprocessor revolution, it is still doing business today as
547:
These three models are the last of the shoebox design that was introduced in 1907 with the
8:
829:
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86:
19:
232:
The comptometer was the first machine in production to challenge the supremacy of the
726:
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695:
343:
163:
94:
330:
in 1973. They exited the calculator business in 1976 and shut down all operations.
171:
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992:
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803:
791:
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135:
750:
711:
478:
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233:
768:. Pub. under the direction of the American historical society. p. 52.
702:, introduced in the summer of 1964, also had a Comptometer type keyboard.
147:(each key has its 9's complement written in miniature letter next to it).
105:
218:
192:
562:
319:
144:
489:
450:
278:
155:
131:
55:
34:
Prototype of the first all-electronic desktop calculator marketed by
607:
494:
Model E "Controlled-Key" Comptometer with a white release key (1914)
374:
244:
Desktop Mechanical Calculators in production during the 19th century
277:
in their logo on both their machines as well as in print, with the
67:
955:– more photos and descriptions of models, retrieved April 11, 2007
29:
178:
930:
313:
587:
533:
120:
961:– Patents and articles on 19th-century mechanical calculators
916:, The Felt & Tarrant Mfg Co, advertisement page 54, 1918.
831:
Mechanical arithmetic, or The history of the counting machine
184:
By September 1887, eight production machines had been built.
684:
The last ANITA machine with a Comptometer keyboard was the
264:
166:, 1885. This prototype, called the macaroni box, is in the
273:
on January 25, 1889. The firm often used the abbreviation
39:
520:
Model F, 10 columns, red "controlled key" (1915–1920)
93:. The name comptometer was formerly in wide use as a
904:, page 149-157, Arno Press, 1972, reprint of 1921
333:
50:was the first commercially successful key-driven
990:
891:, page 125, Victor Comptometer Corporation, 1968
698:'s first all transistor desktop calculator, the
878:, page 112, Victor Comptometer Corporation,1968
865:, page 120, Victor Comptometer Corporation,1968
780:Histoire des instruments et machines à calculer
306:became public in 1947 and changed its name to
187:
177:Shortly after, Robert Tarrant, the owner of a
592:The ANITA mark VIII sold from 1962 in Britain
852:, page 75, Arno Press, 1972, reprint of 1921
314:Bell Punch Company – Sumlock Comptometer Ltd
271:the Felt & Tarrant Manufacturing Company
677:, first introduced in 1961 and marketed in
636:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
597:
403:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
249:
297:
285:as part of their official corporate name.
81:Although the comptometer was primarily an
1019:Inventions in the Smithsonian Institution
834:. Chicago: Washington Institute. p.
656:Learn how and when to remove this message
423:Learn how and when to remove this message
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586:
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532:
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265:Felt & Tarrant Manufacturing Company
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191:
119:
104:
28:
18:
953:Comptometers and Key-Driven Calculators
97:for this class of calculating machine.
991:
761:
288:
902:Origin of Modern Calculating Machines
850:Origin of Modern Calculating Machines
983:Methods of Operating the Comptometer
942:Comptometer "Biography of a Machine"
827:
765:American Biography: A New Cyclopedia
634:adding citations to reliable sources
601:
401:adding citations to reliable sources
368:
948:www.rechenmaschinen-illustrated.com
54:, patented in the United States by
13:
340:the Victor Comptometer Corporation
14:
1030:
923:
524:
929:
914:The Soldiers' French Phrase Book
762:Cutter, William Richard (1931).
606:
472:
373:
16:Key-driven mechanical calculator
1014:Mechanical calculator companies
907:
894:
881:
868:
364:
965:Comptometer instruction manual
855:
842:
821:
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349:
334:Victor Comptometer Corporation
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973:, retrieved August 21, 2007.
7:
818:, filed on January 19, 1888
705:
324:The Sumlock Comptometer Ltd
308:the Comptometer Corporation
188:Comptometer and comptograph
10:
1037:
967:, retrieved April 11, 2007
751:Hill's Arithmometer patent
554:
507:
484:
460:
359:Keyboard of a woody (1895)
115:
100:
977:How the Comptometer Works
806:, filed on March 12, 1887
782:, page 125, Hermann, 1994
567:Model WM produced during
304:Felt & Tarrant Mfg Co
275:Felt & Tarrant Mfg Co
598:Post World War II models
250:Companies and trademarks
816:U.S. Patent No. 405,024
804:U.S. Patent No. 371,496
794:, filed on July 6, 1886
792:U.S. Patent No. 366,945
298:Comptometer Corporation
168:Smithsonian Institution
125:The macaroni box (1885)
110:An early machine (1887)
36:Sumlock Comptometer Ltd
1004:Mechanical calculators
828:Felt, Dorr E. (1916).
594:
572:
540:
521:
496:
457:
361:
328:Rockwell International
261:
246:
199:
151:The first comptometers
127:
112:
64:electronic calculators
43:
26:
727:Victor Technology LLC
722:Genericized trademark
590:
565:
536:
519:
492:
453:
357:
281:chosen over the word
257:
242:
195:
123:
108:
52:mechanical calculator
32:
22:
938:at Wikimedia Commons
692:, a 10 key machine.
630:improve this section
397:improve this section
1009:American inventions
778:(fr) Jean Marguin,
289:Comptograph Company
999:1887 introductions
679:Continental Europe
595:
573:
541:
522:
497:
458:
362:
320:Bell Punch Company
262:
247:
200:
197:Comptograph (1914)
128:
113:
87:currency exchanges
74:in 1961, with the
44:
27:
971:Comptometer photo
934:Media related to
717:Difference engine
666:
665:
658:
433:
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344:Victor Technology
174:, United States.
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259:Comptometer Pins
212:
211:recording-adding
172:Washington, D.C.
91:Imperial weights
37:
24:Model ST (1930s)
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924:External links
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900:Turck J.A.V.,
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889:It all adds up
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876:It all adds up
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863:It all adds up
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848:Turck J.A.V.,
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675:ANITA Mark VII
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700:CS-10A COMPET
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646:October 2022
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628:Please help
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479:World War II
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234:arithmometer
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160:Thanksgiving
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134:invented by
129:
95:generic name
89:, times and
80:
72:
60:
47:
45:
936:Comptometer
690:ANITA mk 11
686:ANITA mk 10
576:Model M, WM
447:are reset.
350:Development
228:Competition
219:World War I
48:Comptometer
993:Categories
887:Darby E.,
738:References
145:subtrahend
959:ami19.org
874:Darby E.,
861:Darby E.,
617:does not
384:does not
310:in 1957.
279:ampersand
156:Dorr Felt
132:Pascaline
68:computers
58:in 1887.
56:Dorr Felt
706:See also
638:removed
623:sources
555:Model K
549:B model
508:Model F
485:Model E
461:Model A
405:removed
390:sources
179:Chicago
116:Origins
101:History
38:of the
696:Sharp
569:WW II
346:LLC.
283:"and"
621:any
619:cite
388:any
386:cite
302:The
46:The
632:by
399:by
170:in
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40:UK
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