Alternative medicine

3622:"The phrase complementary and alternative medicine is used to describe a group of diverse medical and health care systems, practices, and products that have historic origins outside mainstream medicine. Most of these practices are used together with conventional therapies and therefore have been called complementary to distinguish them from alternative practices, those used as a substitute for standard care. ... Until a decade ago or so, 'complementary and alternative medicine' could be defined as practices that are neither taught in medical schools nor reimbursed, but this definition is no longer workable, since medical students increasingly seek and receive some instruction about complementary health practices, and some practices are reimbursed by third-party payers. Another definition, practices that lack an evidence base, is also not useful, since there is a growing body of research on some of these modalities, and some aspects of standard care do not have a strong evidence base." 3288:

practitioners do not. Funding for research is also sparse making it difficult to do further research for effectiveness of CAM. Most funding for CAM is funded by government agencies. Proposed research for CAM are rejected by most private funding agencies because the results of research are not reliable. The research for CAM has to meet certain standards from research ethics committees, which most CAM researchers find almost impossible to meet. Even with the little research done on it, CAM has not been proven to be effective. Studies that have been done will be cited by CAM practitioners in an attempt to claim a basis in science. These studies tend to have a variety of problems, such as small samples, various biases, poor research design, lack of controls, negative results, etc. Even those with positive results can be better explained as resulting in false positives due to bias and

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widely used branch of alternative or complementary medicine is 'phytotherapy'. These are the tablets, powders and elixirs, otherwise known as herbal medicine, that are sold in most countries, through health shops and pharmacies as 'nutritional supplements'. ... Only a tiny minority of these remedies have been shown to have mild-to moderately beneficial health effects ... So why are affluent, otherwise rational, highly educated people (for this is the average user profile) so hungry for phytotherapy? ... people still believe that 'natural' equals good and safe despite plenty of evidence to the contrary. ... as far as the human body is concerned, 'natural' is meaningless ... Equally, what's so safe about consuming substances that need meet no standards of contents?

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have also been recorded by generations of herbal doctors, relating therapeutic properties of diverse medicinal plants to their utility in treating specific symptoms. Yet most of the foundational concepts in the traditional medical systems—for example, the concepts of yin versus yang and cold versus hot in traditional Chinese medicine—are disconnected from the modern descriptions of normal and disease states in the language of physiology and molecular biology. The lack of modern scientific and clinical evidence for safety, efficacy and action mechanisms further prevented those holistic herbal medicine prescriptions from being accepted beyond their culture of origin.

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classified by their cultural origins or by the types of beliefs upon which they are based. Methods may incorporate or be based on traditional medicinal practices of a particular culture, folk knowledge, superstition, spiritual beliefs, belief in supernatural energies (antiscience), pseudoscience, errors in reasoning, propaganda, fraud, new or different concepts of health and disease, and any bases other than being proven by scientific methods. Different cultures may have their own unique traditional or belief based practices developed recently or over thousands of years, and specific practices or entire systems of practices.

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practices and therapies that are proven safe and effective become accepted as the "mainstream" healthcare practices...Alternative medicine is commonly categorized together with complementary medicine under the umbrella term "complementary and alternative medicine". Complementary medicine refers to therapies that complement traditional western (or allopathic) medicine and is used together with conventional medicine, and alternative medicine is used in place of conventional medicine. Alternative medicine refers to therapeutic approaches taken in place of traditional medicine and used to treat or ameliorate disease.

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modes of care. In a study that assessed access to care in rural communities of Latin America, it was found that discrimination is a huge barrier to the ability of citizens to access care; more specifically, women of Indigenous and African descent, and lower-income families were especially hurt. Such exclusion exacerbates the inequities that minorities in Latin America already face. Consistently excluded from many systems of westernized care for socioeconomic and other reasons, low-income communities of color often turn to traditional medicine for care as it has proved reliable to them across generations.

1898: 3695:(2002) of the White House Commission on Complementary and Alternative Medicine Policy states: "The Commissioners believe and have repeatedly stated in this Report that our response should be to hold all systems of health and healing, including conventional and CAM, to the same rigorous standards of good science and health services research. Although the Commissioners support the provision of the most accurate information about the state of the science of all CAM modalities, they believe that it is premature to advocate the wide implementation and reimbursement of CAM modalities that are yet unproven." 2500:

readers to set a rating. These studies found that, for CAM, 38.4% concluded positive effect or possibly positive (12.4%), 4.8% concluded no effect, 0.7% concluded harmful effect, and 56.6% concluded insufficient evidence. An assessment of conventional treatments found that 41.3% concluded positive or possibly positive effect, 20% concluded no effect, 8.1% concluded net harmful effects, and 21.3% concluded insufficient evidence. However, the CAM review used the more developed 2004 Cochrane database, while the conventional review used the initial 1998 Cochrane database.

3658:"Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is a broad domain of resources that encompasses health systems, modalities, and practices and their accompanying theories and beliefs, other than those intrinsic to the dominant health system of a particular society or culture in a given historical period. CAM includes such resources perceived by their users as associated with positive health outcomes. Boundaries within CAM and between the CAM domain and the domain of the dominant system are not always sharp or fixed." 2174: 13474: 3251:. These alternative cancer cures have often been described as 'unproven,' suggesting that appropriate clinical trials have not been conducted and that the therapeutic value of the treatment is unknown." However, "many alternative cancer treatments have been investigated in good-quality clinical trials, and they have been shown to be ineffective.... The label 'unproven' is inappropriate for such therapies; it is time to assert that many alternative cancer therapies have been 'disproven'." 3239:. Individuals who spend large amounts of time and money on ineffective treatments may be left with precious little of either, and may forfeit the opportunity to obtain treatments that could be more helpful. In short, even innocuous treatments can indirectly produce negative outcomes. Between 2001 and 2003, four children died in Australia because their parents chose ineffective naturopathic, homeopathic, or other alternative medicines and diets rather than conventional therapies. 3047: 2404:

teaching includes such topics as doctor-patient communication, ethics, the art of medicine, and engaging in complex clinical reasoning (medical decision-making). Writing in 2002, Snyderman and Weil remarked that by the early twentieth century the Flexner model had helped to create the 20th-century academic health center, in which education, research, and practice were inseparable. While this had much improved medical practice by defining with increasing certainty the

13784: 2369:, which played the central role in fighting quackery in the United States, abolished its quackery committee and closed down its Department of Investigation. By the early to mid 1970s the expression "alternative medicine" came into widespread use, and the expression became mass marketed as a collection of "natural" and effective treatment "alternatives" to science-based biomedicine. By 1983, mass marketing of "alternative medicine" was so pervasive that the 2561: 78: 2170:, or phytotherapy, includes not just the use of plant products, but may also include the use of animal and mineral products. It is among the most commercially successful branches of alternative medicine, and includes the tablets, powders and elixirs that are sold as "nutritional supplements". Only a very small percentage of these have been shown to have any efficacy, and there is little regulation as to standards and safety of their contents. 3090:

the world and are regulated in a manner similar to that governing science-based medicine. In contrast, other approaches may be partially recognized and others have no regulation at all. In some cases, promotion of alternative therapies is allowed when there is demonstrably no effect, only a tradition of use. Despite laws making it illegal to market or promote alternative therapies for use in cancer treatment, many practitioners promote them.

2473:, the first university professor of Complementary and Alternative Medicine, characterized the evidence for many alternative techniques as weak, nonexistent, or negative and in 2011 published his estimate that about 7.4% were based on "sound evidence", although he believes that may be an overestimate. Ernst has concluded that 95% of the alternative therapies he and his team studied, including acupuncture, herbal medicine, homeopathy, and 2845:, access to essential medicines is severely restricted by lack of resources and poverty. Traditional remedies, often closely resembling or forming the basis for alternative remedies, may comprise primary healthcare or be integrated into the healthcare system. In Africa, traditional medicine is used for 80% of primary healthcare, and in developing nations as a whole over one-third of the population lack access to essential medicines. 1436:(though some alternative medicine promoters may use the loose terminology to give the appearance of effectiveness). Loose terminology may also be used to suggest meaning that a dichotomy exists when it does not (e.g., the use of the expressions "Western medicine" and "Eastern medicine" to suggest that the difference is a cultural difference between the Asian east and the European west, rather than that the difference is between 1910: 2739:, Edzard Ernst stated: "The present popularity of complementary and alternative medicine is also inviting criticism of what we are doing in mainstream medicine. It shows that we aren't fulfilling a certain need-we are not giving patients enough time, compassion, or empathy. These are things that complementary practitioners are very good at. Mainstream medicine could learn something from complementary medicine." 2778: 2438: 1749:

and "holistic medicine" do not refer to any medicine at all. Others say that alternative medicine cannot be precisely defined because of the diversity of theories and practices it includes, and because the boundaries between alternative and conventional medicine overlap, are porous, and change. Healthcare practices categorized as alternative may differ in their historical origin, theoretical basis,

1643:(WHO) Global Report on Traditional and Complementary Medicine states that the terms complementary and alternative medicine "refer to a broad set of health care practices that are not part of that country's own traditional or conventional medicine and are not fully integrated into the dominant health care system. They are used interchangeably with traditional medicine in some countries." 3222:

molecule of the original active (and possibly toxic) ingredient is likely to remain. They are, thus, considered safe on that count, but "their products are exempt from good manufacturing practice requirements related to expiration dating and from finished product testing for identity and strength", and their alcohol concentration may be much higher than allowed in conventional drugs.

1361: 3211:, whereas alternative therapies, in general, are not subjected to such testing at all. Any treatment – whether conventional or alternative – that has a biological or psychological effect on a patient may also have potential to possess dangerous biological or psychological side-effects. Attempts to refute this fact with regard to alternative therapies sometimes use the 3020:

necessity of placing patient values and lifestyle habits at the core of any design and delivery of quality care at the end of life. If the patient desired complementary therapies, and as long as such treatments provided additional support and did not endanger the patient, they were considered acceptable." The non-pharmacologic interventions of complementary medicine can employ

3670:"It is time for the scientific community to stop giving alternative medicine a free ride. There cannot be two kinds of medicine – conventional and alternative. There is only medicine that has been adequately tested and medicine that has not, medicine that works and medicine that may or may not work ... speculation, and testimonials do not substitute for evidence." 3307:, and if a treatment had been rigorously tested and found safe and effective, science-based medicine will adopt it regardless of whether it was considered "alternative" to begin with. It is possible for a method to change categories (proven vs. unproven), based on increased knowledge of its effectiveness or lack thereof. Prominent supporters of this position are 1986:(called Vata, Pitta and Kapha), and states that a balance of the doshas results in health, while imbalance results in disease. Such disease-inducing imbalances can be adjusted and balanced using traditional herbs, minerals and heavy metals. Ayurveda stresses the use of plant-based medicines and treatments, with some animal products, and added minerals, including 1778:: "The truth is there's no such thing as conventional or alternative or complementary or integrative or holistic medicine. There's only medicine that works and medicine that doesn't. And the best way to sort it out is by carefully evaluating scientific studies—not by visiting Internet chat rooms, reading magazine articles, or talking to friends." 2896:

some form of complementary and alternative medicine." Americans spend many billions on the therapies annually. Most Americans used CAM to treat and/or prevent musculoskeletal conditions or other conditions associated with chronic or recurring pain. In America, women were more likely than men to use CAM, with the biggest difference in use of

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steadfastly resist change, often for centuries or even millennia, unaffected by scientific advances in the understanding of physiology or disease. Incredible explanations invoking modern physics are sometimes offered for how alternative therapies might work, but there seems to be little interest in testing these speculations scientifically.

2325:. Before the 1970s, western practitioners that were not part of the increasingly science-based medical establishment were referred to "irregular practitioners", and were dismissed by the medical establishment as unscientific and as practicing quackery. Until the 1970s, irregular practice became increasingly marginalized as 1277:). This is further exacerbated by the tendency to turn to alternative therapies upon the failure of medicine, at which point the condition will be at its worst and most likely to spontaneously improve. In the absence of this bias, especially for diseases that are not expected to get better by themselves such as cancer or 13034: 3368:, a genome researcher and computational biologist at the University of Maryland, as saying "One of our concerns is that NIH is funding pseudoscience." They noted that the vast majority of studies were based on fundamental misunderstandings of physiology and disease, and had shown little or no effect. 3493:

CAM is also often less regulated than conventional medicine. There are ethical concerns about whether people who perform CAM have the proper knowledge to treat patients. CAM is often done by non-physicians who do not operate with the same medical licensing laws which govern conventional medicine, and

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Many alternative medical treatments are not patentable, which may lead to less research funding from the private sector. In addition, in most countries, alternative therapies (in contrast to pharmaceuticals) can be marketed without any proof of efficacy – also a disincentive for manufacturers to fund

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reported that the impending national discussion about broadening access to health care, improving medical practice and saving money was giving a group of scientists an opening to propose shutting down the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine. They quoted one of these scientists,

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Forms of alternative medicine that are biologically active can be dangerous even when used in conjunction with conventional medicine. Examples include immuno-augmentation therapy, shark cartilage, bioresonance therapy, oxygen and ozone therapies, and insulin potentiation therapy. Some herbal remedies

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by their proponents. Alternative seems to define a culture rather than a field of medicine—a culture that is not scientifically demanding. It is a culture in which ancient traditions are given more weight than biological science, and anecdotes are preferred over clinical trials. Alternative therapies

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The alternative medicine lobby has successfully pushed for alternative therapies to be subject to far less regulation than conventional medicine. Some professions of complementary/traditional/alternative medicine, such as chiropractic, have achieved full regulation in North America and other parts of

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Paul Offit proposed that "alternative medicine becomes quackery" in four ways: by recommending against conventional therapies that are helpful, promoting potentially harmful therapies without adequate warning, draining patients' bank accounts, or by promoting "magical thinking". Promoting alternative

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Mind-body interventions: Explore the interconnection between the mind, body, and spirit, under the premise that they affect "bodily functions and symptoms". A connection between mind and body is conventional medical fact, and this classification does not include therapies with proven function such as

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When adopted outside its traditional or root culture, traditional medicine is often classified as a form of alternative medicine (AM), for example by Western professional medical organizations, insurers and healthcare systems. This problematically leads to lack of regulation (e.g., in the U.S. where

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Science-based medicine has one rigorous standard of evidence, the kind .... CAM has a double standard. They gladly accept a lower standard of evidence for treatments they believe in. However, I suspect they would reject a pharmaceutical if it were approved for marketing on the kind of evidence they

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had 145 CAM-related Cochrane systematic reviews and 340 non-Cochrane systematic reviews. An analysis of the conclusions of only the 145 Cochrane reviews was done by two readers. In 83% of the cases, the readers agreed. In the 17% in which they disagreed, a third reader agreed with one of the initial

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An analysis of trends in the criticism of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in five prestigious American medical journals during the period of reorganization within medicine (1965–1999) was reported as showing that the medical profession had responded to the growth of CAM in three phases,

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Substance based practices use substances found in nature such as herbs, foods, non-vitamin supplements and megavitamins, animal and fungal products, and minerals, including use of these products in traditional medical practices that may also incorporate other methods. Examples include healing claims

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to different cultures, whether explicable or not, used in the maintenance of health as well as in the prevention, diagnosis, improvement or treatment of physical and mental illness." When used outside the original setting and in the absence of scientific evidence, TM practices are typically referred

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Traditional medicine (TM) refers to certain practices within a culture which have existed since before the advent of medical science, Many TM practices are based on "holistic" approaches to disease and health, versus the scientific evidence-based methods in conventional medicine. The 2019 WHO report

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writes that there is a contrast between the circumstances of alternative medicine practitioners and disinterested scientists: in the case of acupuncture, for example, an acupuncturist would have "a great deal to lose" if acupuncture were rejected by research; but the disinterested skeptic would not

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Sampson has also pointed out that CAM tolerated contradiction without thorough reason and experiment. Barrett has pointed out that there is a policy at the NIH of never saying something does not work, only that a different version or dose might give different results. Barrett also expressed concern

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any alternative cancer cure is bogus by definition. There will never be an alternative cancer cure. Why? Because if something looked halfway promising, then mainstream oncology would scrutinize it, and if there is anything to it, it would become mainstream almost automatically and very quickly. All

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Alternative medicine may discourage people from getting the best possible treatment. Those having experienced or perceived success with one alternative therapy for a minor ailment may be convinced of its efficacy and persuaded to extrapolate that success to some other alternative therapy for a more

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The use of alternative medicine in the US has increased, with a 50 percent increase in expenditures and a 25 percent increase in the use of alternative therapies between 1990 and 1997 in America. According to a national survey conducted in 2002, "36 percent of U.S. adults aged 18 years and over use

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and fraud, as western medicine increasingly incorporated scientific methods and discoveries, and had a corresponding increase in success of its treatments. In the 1970s, irregular practices were grouped with traditional practices of nonwestern cultures and with other unproven or disproven practices

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Lack of evidence for effectiveness. Unwanted outcomes, such as death and disability, "have occurred when faith healing was elected instead of medical care for serious injuries or illnesses". A 2001 double-blind study of 799 discharged coronary surgery patients found that "intercessory prayer had no

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Traditional medicine is considered alternative when it is used outside its home region; or when it is used together with or instead of known functional treatment; or when it can be reasonably expected that the patient or practitioner knows or should know that it will not work – such as knowing that

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Alternative medicine consists of a wide range of health care practices, products, and therapies. The shared feature is a claim to heal that is not based on the scientific method. Alternative medicine practices are diverse in their foundations and methodologies. Alternative medicine practices may be

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Although the initial development of these holistic traditional herbal prescriptions predated modern science, the process was based on thousands of years of phenotype-based and personalized human clinical trials. Meanwhile, meticulous descriptions of disease symptoms and systematic medical theories

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in alternative medicine. Edzard Ernst has said that most researchers into alternative medicine are at risk of "unidirectional bias" because of a generally uncritical belief in their chosen subject. Ernst cites as evidence the phenomenon whereby 100% of a sample of acupuncture trials originating in

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toward conventional medicine and pharmaceutical companies, mistrust of traditional authority figures, such as the physician, and a dislike of the current delivery methods of scientific biomedicine, all of which have led patients to seek out alternative medicine to treat a variety of ailments. Many

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Why is it so popular, then? Ernst blames the providers, customers and the doctors whose neglect, he says, has created the opening into which alternative therapists have stepped. "People are told lies. There are 40 million websites and 39.9 million tell lies, sometimes outrageous lies. They mislead

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A patient who receives an inert treatment may report improvements afterwards that it did not cause. Assuming it was the cause without evidence is an example of the regression fallacy. This may be due to a natural recovery from the illness, or a fluctuation in the symptoms of a long-term condition.

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Placebos do not have a physical effect on diseases or improve overall outcomes, but patients may report improvements in subjective outcomes such as pain and nausea. A 1955 study suggested that a substantial part of a medicine's impact was due to the placebo effect. However, reassessments found the

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Prominent members of the science and biomedical science community say that it is not meaningful to define an alternative medicine that is separate from a conventional medicine because the expressions "conventional medicine", "alternative medicine", "complementary medicine", "integrative medicine",

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Traditional medicine is defined as the ways of protecting and restoring health that existed before the arrival of modern medicine. It is underestimated part of healthcare that finds in almost every country in the world. Traditional medicine has been being used in the maintenance of health and the

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An exception to the normal thinking regarding side-effects is homeopathy. Since 1938, the FDA has regulated homeopathic products in "several significantly different ways from other drugs." Homeopathic preparations, termed "remedies", are extremely dilute, often far beyond the point where a single

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have proposed adopting a prize system to reward medical research. This stands in opposition to the current mechanism for funding research proposals in most countries around the world. In the US, the NCCIH provides public research funding for alternative medicine. The NCCIH has spent more than US$

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The history of alternative medicine may refer to the history of a group of diverse medical practices that were collectively promoted as "alternative medicine" beginning in the 1970s, to the collection of individual histories of members of that group, or to the history of western medical practices

1536:. However, these descriptive definitions are inadequate in the present-day when some conventional doctors offer alternative medical treatments and introductory courses or modules can be offered as part of standard undergraduate medical training; alternative medicine is taught in more than half of 7384:

Science-based medicine, with its emphasis on controlled study, proof, evidence, statistical significance and safety is being rejected in favour of 'alternative medicine' – an atavistic portmanteau of anecdote, hearsay, rumour and hokum. ... Probably the most commercially successful and

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Traditional medicine, as defined by the World Health Organization, is the sum total of the knowledge, skills, and practices based on the theories, beliefs, and experiences indigenous to different cultures, whether explicable or not, used in the maintenance of health as well as in the prevention,

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And lastly there's the cynicism and disappointment and depression that some patients get from going on from one alternative medicine to the next, and they find after three months the placebo effect wears off, and they're disappointed and they move on to the next one, and they're disappointed and

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or by practitioners attempting to manage chronic pain in patients. Integrative medicine is considered more acceptable in the interdisciplinary approach used in palliative care than in other areas of medicine. "From its early experiences of care for the dying, palliative care took for granted the

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In Latin America, inequities against BIPOC communities keep them tied to their traditional practices and therefore, it is often these communities that constitute the majority of users of alternative medicine. Racist attitudes towards certain communities disable them from accessing more urbanized

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argues that alternative treatments should be treated as a placebo, rather than as medicine. Almost none have performed significantly better than a placebo in clinical trials. Furthermore, distrust of conventional medicine may lead to patients experiencing the nocebo effect when taking effective

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Complementary and alternative healthcare and medical practices (CAM) is a group of diverse medical and health care systems, practices, and products that are not presently considered to be part of conventional medicine. The list of practices that are considered as CAM changes continually as CAM

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in the US has generally not included alternative medicine as a teaching topic. Typically, their teaching is based on current practice and scientific knowledge about: anatomy, physiology, histology, embryology, neuroanatomy, pathology, pharmacology, microbiology and immunology. Medical schools'

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described Integrative medicine as "a synonym for 'alternative' medicine that, at its worst, integrates sense with nonsense. At its best, integrative medicine supports both consensus treatments of science-based medicine and treatments that the science, while promising perhaps, does not justify"

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Zeller, T.; Muenstedt, K.; Stoll, C.; Schweder, J.; Senf, B.; Ruckhaeberle, E.; Becker, S.; Serve, H.; Huebner, J. (2013-03-01). "Potential interactions of complementary and alternative medicine with cancer therapy in outpatients with gynecological cancer in a comprehensive cancer center".

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Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is not as well researched as conventional medicine, which undergoes intense research before release to the public. Practitioners of science-based medicine also discard practices and treatments when they are shown ineffective, while alternative

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of Adelaide University, Australia regarding a patient who almost bled to death on the operating table after neglecting to mention that she had been taking "natural" potions to "build up her strength" before the operation, including a powerful anticoagulant that nearly caused her death.

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noted in 2010: "Flexner pointed out that the scientific method of thinking applied to medical practice. By scientific method, he meant testing ideas with well-planned experiments to establish accurate facts. The clinician's diagnosis was equivalent to the scientist's hypothesis: both

2477:, are "statistically indistinguishable from placebo treatments", but he also believes there is something that conventional doctors can usefully learn from the chiropractors and homeopath: this is the therapeutic value of the placebo effect, one of the strangest phenomena in medicine. 7515:

Aviles, Jennifer M.; Whelan, Sr Ellen; Hernke, Debra A.; Williams, Brent A.; Kenny, Kathleen E.; O'Fallon, W. Michael; Kopecky, Stephen L. (December 2001). "Intercessory Prayer and Cardiovascular Disease Progression in a Coronary Care Unit Population: A Randomized Controlled Trial".

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One of the few growth industries in contemporary Britain is alternative medicine. An apparently endless stream of books, articles, and radio and television programmes urge on the public the virtues of treatments ranging from meditation to drilling a hole in the skull to let in more

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Shang, Aijing; Huwiler-Müntener, Karin; Nartey, Linda; Jüni, Peter; Dörig, Stephan; Sterne, Jonathan AC; Pewsner, Daniel; Egger, Matthias (2005), "Are the clinical effects of homoeopathy placebo effects? Comparative study of placebo-controlled trials of homoeopathy and allopathy",

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cancer patients, who are encouraged not only to pay their last penny but to be treated with something that shortens their lives." At the same time, people are gullible. It needs gullibility for the industry to succeed. It doesn't make me popular with the public, but it's the truth.

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diagnosis, improvement, or treatment of physical and mental illness. Some traditional medicine systems are supported by huge volumes of literature and records of the theoretical concepts and practical skills; others pass down from generation to generation through verbal teaching.

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There are also reasons why a placebo treatment group may outperform a "no-treatment" group in a test which are not related to a patient's experience. These include patients reporting more favourable results than they really felt due to politeness or "experimental subordination",

3490:, defined alternative medicine as a "set of practices that cannot be tested, refuse to be tested, or consistently fail tests." Dawkins argued that if a technique is demonstrated effective in properly performed trials then it ceases to be alternative and simply becomes medicine. 3742:

In 1991 the Senate Appropriations Committee responsible for funding the National Institutes of Health (NIH) declared itself "not satisfied that the conventional medical community as symbolized at the NIH has fully explored the potential that exists in unconventional medical

2281:, but is a usage newly coined by NCCIH in the primary source used for this article. "Biology-based" as coined by NCCIH may refer to chemicals from a nonbiological source, such as use of the poison lead in traditional Chinese medicine, and to other nonbiological substances.) 1924:(TCM), Ayurveda in India, or practices of other cultures around the world. Some useful applications of traditional medicines have been researched and accepted within ordinary medicine, however the underlying belief systems are seldom scientific and are not accepted. 2802:. Related to this are vigorous marketing of extravagant claims by the alternative medical community combined with inadequate media scrutiny and attacks on critics. Alternative medicine is criticized for taking advantage of the least fortunate members of society. 2865:

That alternative medicine has been on the rise "in countries where Western science and scientific method generally are accepted as the major foundations for healthcare, and 'evidence-based' practice is the dominant paradigm" was described as an "enigma" in the

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In November 2011 Edzard Ernst stated that the "level of misinformation about alternative medicine has now reached the point where it has become dangerous and unethical. So far, alternative medicine has remained an ethics-free zone. It is time to change this."

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Practitioners of complementary medicine usually discuss and advise patients as to available alternative therapies. Patients often express interest in mind-body complementary therapies because they offer a non-drug approach to treating some health conditions.

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reactions in a very few individuals. Many medications may cause minor but bothersome symptoms such as cough or upset stomach. In all of these cases, patients may be seeking out alternative therapies to avoid the adverse effects of conventional treatments.

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Anything classified as alternative medicine by definition does not have a proven healing or medical effect. However, there are different mechanisms through which it can be perceived to "work". The common denominator of these mechanisms is that effects are

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points to confusions in the general population – a person may attribute symptomatic relief to an otherwise-ineffective therapy just because they are taking something (the placebo effect); the natural recovery from or the cyclical nature of an illness (the

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basis of disease, a single-minded focus on the pathophysiological had diverted much of mainstream American medicine from clinical conditions that were not well understood in mechanistic terms, and were not effectively treated by conventional therapies.

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Bases of belief may include belief in existence of supernatural energies undetected by the science of physics, as in biofields, or in belief in properties of the energies of physics that are inconsistent with the laws of physics, as in energy medicine.

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Research into alternative therapies has been criticized for "diverting research time, money, and other resources from more fruitful lines of investigation in order to pursue a theory that has no basis in biology." Research methods expert and author of

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Alternative therapies do not "complement" (improve the effect of, or mitigate the side effects of) functional medical treatment. Significant drug interactions caused by alternative therapies may instead negatively impact functional treatment by making

2013:. A 2015 study of users in the United States also found elevated blood lead levels in 40 percent of those tested. Other concerns include the use of herbs containing toxic compounds and the lack of quality control in Ayurvedic facilities. Incidents of 1515:

Some other definitions seek to specify alternative medicine in terms of its social and political marginality to mainstream healthcare. This can refer to the lack of support that alternative therapies receive from medical scientists regarding access to

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China had positive conclusions. David Gorski contrasts evidence-based medicine, in which researchers try to disprove hyphotheses, with what he says is the frequent practice in pseudoscience-based research, of striving to confirm pre-existing notions.

2379:) pointed to "an apparently endless stream of books, articles, and radio and television programmes urge on the public the virtues of (alternative medicine) treatments ranging from meditation to drilling a hole in the skull to let in more oxygen". 42:

AM, complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), complementary medicine, heterodox medicine, integrative medicine (IM), complementary and integrative medicine (CIM), new-age medicine, pseudomedicine, unconventional medicine, unorthodox medicine,

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in America, and among users of it, 58 percent described it as at least "sort of scientific", when it is not at all scientific. In 2002, at least 60 percent of US medical schools have at least some class time spent teaching alternative therapies.

3335:'s Subcommittee on Public Health and Safety, which had deplored the lack of critical thinking and scientific rigor in OAM-supported research, had been signed by four Nobel Laureates and other prominent scientists. (This was supported by the 3389:

that, just because some "alternatives" have merit, there is the impression that the rest deserve equal consideration and respect even though most are worthless, since they are all classified under the one heading of alternative medicine.

3105:(FDA), has issued online warnings for consumers about medication health fraud. This includes a section on Alternative Medicine Fraud, such as a warning that Ayurvedic products generally have not been approved by the FDA before marketing. 2900:

including prayer specifically for health reasons". In 2008, more than 37% of American hospitals offered alternative therapies, up from 27 percent in 2005, and 25% in 2004. More than 70% of the hospitals offering CAM were in urban areas.

2603:– Standard treatment is "complemented" with something that interferes with its effect. This can both cause worse effect, but also decreased (or even increased) side effects, which may be interpreted as "helping". Researchers, such as 3299:, a neurologist at Yale School of Medicine, wrote that government-funded studies of integrating alternative medicine techniques into the mainstream are "used to lend an appearance of legitimacy to treatments that are not legitimate." 1765:

is deceptive because it implies that the treatment increases the effectiveness of (complements) science-based medicine, while alternative medicines that have been tested nearly always have no measurable positive effect compared to a

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Alternative medicine is another concern. As used here, alternative medicine refers to all treatments that have not been proven effective using scientific methods. A scientist's view of the situation appeared in a recent book (Park

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have been investigated in good-quality clinical trials, and they have been shown to be ineffective. The label "unproven" is inappropriate for such therapies; it is time to assert that many alternative cancer therapies have been

2452:, and their effectiveness is either unproved or disproved. Many of the claims regarding the efficacy of alternative medicines are controversial, since research on them is frequently of low quality and methodologically flawed. 2861:

had given out grants of around $ 105 million each year for several years. Testing alternative medicine that has no scientific basis (as in the aforementioned grants) has been called a waste of scarce research resources.

2591:– an individual is convinced that standard treatment will not work, and that alternative therapies will work. This decreases the likelihood standard treatment will work, while the placebo effect of the "alternative" remains. 2719:

In addition to the social-cultural underpinnings of the popularity of alternative medicine, there are several psychological issues that are critical to its growth, notably psychological effects, such as the will to believe,

2456:, marked differences in product quality and standardisation, and some companies making unsubstantiated claims call into question the claims of efficacy of isolated examples where there is evidence for alternative therapies. 1972:, traditional use of herbs and other substances found in China, a belief that the tongue contains a map of the body that reflects changes in the body, and an incorrect model of the anatomy and physiology of internal organs. 1281:, multiple studies have shown significantly worse outcomes if patients turn to alternative therapies. While this may be because these patients avoid effective treatment, some alternative therapies are actively harmful (e.g. 3763:

and hypothesis required the test of an experiment. Flexner argued that mastery of the scientific method of problem solving was the key for physicians to manage medical uncertainty and to practice in the most cost-effective

2424:

who have attended one of the established medical schools there have usually graduated Doctor of Medicine (MD). All states require that applicants for MD licensure be graduates of an approved medical school and complete the

2387:, rising consumerism, and the establishment of the USA Office of Alternative Medicine (later National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine, currently National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health). 13011: 2238:(NCCIH) has created a classification system for branches of complementary and alternative medicine that divides them into five major groups. These groups have some overlap, and distinguish two types of energy medicine: 3198:

disillusioned, and that can create depression and make the eventual treatment of the patient with anything effective difficult, because you may not get compliance, because they've seen the failure so often in the past.

13021: 12991: 12981: 8947: 3000:. Ayurvedic medicine remedies are mainly plant based with some use of animal materials. Safety concerns include the use of herbs containing toxic compounds and the lack of quality control in Ayurvedic facilities. 8087: 6050:

these approaches are at best relegated to the nutraceutical market largely outside the FDA sphere of regulation) and a lack of fidelity to original formulations, dose schedules, delivery methods and indications.

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According to two writers, Wallace Sampson and K. Butler, marketing is part of the training required in alternative medicine, and propaganda methods in alternative medicine have been traced back to those used by

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and in their relationship to the medical mainstream. Under a definition of alternative medicine as "non-mainstream", treatments considered alternative in one location may be considered conventional in another.

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Regulation and licensing of alternative medicine ranges widely from country to country, and state to state. In Austria and Germany complementary and alternative medicine is mainly in the hands of doctors with

3007:, the most commonly used complementary and alternative medicines (CAM) supported by the NHS in the UK are: acupuncture, aromatherapy, chiropractic, homeopathy, massage, osteopathy and clinical hypnotherapy. 1567:(piercing the body with needles to influence the flow of a supernatural energy) might be believed to increase the effectiveness or "complement" science-based medicine when used at the same time. Significant 1492:, using scientific methods to establish the effectiveness of that practice. Unlike medicine, an alternative product or practice does not originate from using scientific methods, but may instead be based on 10515: 3217:

fallacy, i.e., "That which is natural cannot be harmful." Specific groups of patients such as patients with impaired hepatic or renal function are more susceptible to side effects of alternative remedies.

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Where alternative therapies have replaced conventional science-based medicine, even with the safest alternative medicines, failure to use or delay in using conventional science-based medicine has caused

2467:) gets misattributed to an alternative medicine being taken; a person not diagnosed with science-based medicine may never originally have had a true illness diagnosed as an alternative disease category. 1409:

are used interchangeably as having the same meaning and are almost synonymous in most contexts. Terminology has shifted over time, reflecting the preferred branding of practitioners. For example, the

3171:, which results in a delay of appropriate treatment, or in unreasonable expectations that discourage patients and their families from accepting and dealing effectively with their medical conditions;" 9761: 3231:

serious, possibly life-threatening illness. For this reason, critics argue that therapies that rely on the placebo effect to define success are very dangerous. According to mental health journalist

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Pelletier, K.R.; et al. (1997). "Current trends in the integration and reimbursement of complementary and alternative medicine by managed care, insurance carriers, and hospital providers".

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can cause dangerous interactions with chemotherapy drugs, radiation therapy, or anesthetics during surgery, among other problems. An example of these dangers was reported by Associate Professor

3773:"Kessler refers to a lack of efficacy but never pushes back at Hatch by enumerating the dangers that unregulated products pose to the public, the dangers that fill the pages of Offit's book." 2904:

A survey of Americans found that 88 percent thought that "there are some good ways of treating sickness that medical science does not recognize". Use of magnets was the most common tool in

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to reveal such effects, allowing physicians to offer a therapeutic solution best known to work. "Alternative treatments" often refuse to use trials or make it deliberately hard to do so.

2420:). Medical schools are responsible for conferring medical degrees, but a physician typically may not legally practice medicine until licensed by the local government authority. Licensed 2872:. A 15-year systematic review published in 2022 on the global acceptance and use of CAM among medical specialists found the overall acceptance of CAM at 52% and the overall use at 45%. 5930:

Whereas traditional medicine is based on analogical reasoning and a holistic approach to disease and health, conventional medicine rests on scientific knowledge and is evidence-based.

3098:, and half or more of the American alternative practitioners are licensed MDs. In Germany herbs are tightly regulated: half are prescribed by doctors and covered by health insurance. 2258:, which invokes physically undetectable or unverifiable energy. None of these energies have any evidence to support that they affect the body in any positive or health promoting way. 1448:

Alternative medicine is defined loosely as a set of products, practices, and theories that are believed or perceived by their users to have the healing effects of medicine, but whose

5762: 3574: 2747:

Alternative medicine is a profitable industry with large media advertising expenditures. Accordingly, alternative practices are often portrayed positively and compared favorably to

4828: 1346:" by supporters of alternative medicine. Billions of dollars have been spent studying alternative medicine, with few or no positive results and many methods thoroughly disproven. 2857:

2.5 billion on such research since 1992 and this research has not demonstrated the efficacy of alternative therapies. As of 2011, the NCCIH's sister organization in the NIC

1334:

practices become "alternative" when used outside their original settings and without proper scientific explanation and evidence. Alternative methods are often marketed as more "

6001:

Jansen, C.; Baker, J.D.; Kodaira, E.; Ang, L.; Bacani, A.J.; Aldan, J.T.; Shimoda, L.M.N.; Salameh, M.; Small-Howard, A.L.; Stokes, A.J.; Turner, H.; Adra, C.N. (March 2021).

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and that in each phase, changes in the medical marketplace had influenced the type of response in the journals. Changes included relaxed medical licensing, the development of

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states that withholding such treatment is unethical in most circumstances. Use of standard-of-care treatment in addition to an alternative technique being tested may produce

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According to research published in 2015, the increasing popularity of CAM needs to be explained by moral convictions or lifestyle choices rather than by economic reasoning.

2690:

write that "even if there were no true effect of placebo, one would expect to record differences between placebo and no-treatment groups due to bias associated with lack of

6678: 5817:"Magnitude and Determinant Factors of Herbal Medicine Utilization Among Mothers Attending Their Antenatal Care at Public Health Institutions in Debre Berhan Town, Ethiopia" 3117:

has studied the problematic side of the public's attitudes and understandings of science fiction, pseudoscience, and belief in alternative medicine. They use a quote from

2781:

Friendly and colorful images of herbal treatments may look less threatening or dangerous when compared to conventional medicine. This is an intentional marketing strategy.

9506:

Martin, Hélène; Debons, Jérôme (2015). "CAM and conventional medicine in Switzerland: divided in theory, united in practice". In Gale, Nicola K.; McHale, Jean V. (eds.).

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Unfortunately, the term 'holistic medicine' has been somewhat hijacked by alternative therapists and is often thought mistakenly to be at odds with conventional medicine.

2651:

All of these are reasons why alternative therapies may be credited for improving a patient's condition even though the objective effect is non-existent, or even harmful.

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of either effect or of no effect, alternative therapies reside outside of mainstream medicine and do not originate from using the scientific method, but instead rely on

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of biomedical treatments. Treatments for severe diseases such as cancer and HIV infection have well-known, significant side-effects. Even low-risk medications such as

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that they believe are centers of supernatural energies in the belief that these supernatural energies can transfer from the practitioner's palms to heal the patient.

1296:

The alternative medicine sector is a highly profitable industry with a strong lobby, and faces far less regulation over the use and marketing of unproven treatments.

4854: 2235: 1414: 7862: 5337: 3711:

the creator of homeopathy wrote: "Observation, reflection, and experience have unfolded to me that the best and true method of cure is founded on the principle,

2858: 2814:, which leads them to seek out lower-cost alternative medicine. Medical doctors are also aggressively marketing alternative medicine to profit from this market. 2293:

therapies are intended to influence energy fields that are purported to surround and penetrate the body. The existence of such energy fields have been disproven.

4529: 2897: 2284:

Manipulative and body-based practices: feature manipulation or movement of body parts, such as is done in bodywork, chiropractic, and osteopathic manipulation.

1131: 17: 2954: 4712: 2694:." Alternative therapies may also be credited for perceived improvement through decreased use or effect of medical treatment, and therefore either decreased 1949:

Traditional practices and beliefs from China, together with modifications made by the Communist party make up TCM. Common practices include herbal medicine,

1886:, or of basic chemistry, which shows that repeated dilution as practiced in homeopathy produces only water, and that homeopathy is not scientifically valid. 2930: 1266:), providing invalid results. History has shown that if a method is proven to work, it eventually ceases to be alternative and becomes mainstream medicine. 11780: 9884: 9647: 5042:"Complementary and Alternative Medicine in Cancer Treatment (PDQ®): Questions and Answers About Complementary and Alternative Medicine in Cancer Treatment" 5041: 4358: 2628:

A placebo is a treatment with no intended therapeutic value. An example of a placebo is an inert pill, but it can include more dramatic interventions like

8163: 6985: 2950: 2262:

Whole medical systems: Cut across more than one of the other groups; examples include traditional Chinese medicine, naturopathy, homeopathy, and ayurveda.

13820: 7945:

Winnick, T.A. (2009). "From Quackery to "Complementary" Medicine: The American Medical Profession Confronts Alternative Therapies". In Conrad, P. (ed.).

7117: 2299:-based therapies use verifiable electromagnetic fields, such as pulsed fields, alternating-current, or direct-current fields in a non-scientific manner. 12427:

This document is not a formal publication of the WHO. The views expressed in documents by named authors are solely the responsibility of those authors.

11551: 10152: 10026: 3385:(1996), have lambasted the lack of empirical evidence to support the existence of the putative energy fields on which these therapies are predicated. 3235:

in 2002, "unvalidated or scientifically unsupported mental health practices can lead individuals to forgo effective treatments" and refers to this as

2412:

By 2001 some form of CAM training was being offered by at least 75 out of 125 medical schools in the US. Exceptionally, the School of Medicine of the

2273:"Biology"-based practices: Use substances found in nature such as herbs, foods, vitamins, and other natural substances. (As used here, "biology" does 8685:

Katz, D.L.; et al. (2003). "The evidence base for complementary and alternative medicine: Methods of evidence mapping with application to CAM".

6003:"Medicine in motion: Opportunities, challenges and data analytics-based solutions for traditional medicine integration into western medical practice" 5389:"A Systematic Review of Systematic Reviews and a Pooled Meta-Analysis on Complementary and Integrative Medicine for Improving Cancer-Related Fatigue" 3679:"CAM is a group of diverse medical and health care systems, practices, and products that are not generally considered part of conventional medicine." 9739: 9697: 4855:

White House Commission on Complementary and Alternative Medicine Policy Staff; Dept. of Health and Human Services Staff United States (March 2002).

7003: 3948:

Bombardieri, D; Easthope, G (October 2000). "Convergence between Orthodox and Alternative Medicine: A Theoretical Elaboration and Empirical Test".

2104: 10489: 7489: 12491:

Benedetti, F.; et al. (2003). "Open versus hidden medical treatments: The patient's knowledge about a therapy affects the therapy outcome".

12452: 9790: 3462:, spiritual beliefs, ignorance or misunderstanding of scientific principles, errors in reasoning, or newly conceived approaches claiming to heal. 2636:

is the concept that patients will perceive an improvement after being treated with an inert treatment. The opposite of the placebo effect is the

1774:

wrote that "there is really no such thing as alternative medicine, just medicine that works and medicine that doesn't", a notion later echoed by

525: 12092:

Committee on the Use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine by the American Public for the Board on Health Promotion and Disease Prevention,

2330:

that were not part of biomedicine, with the entire group collectively marketed and promoted under the single expression "alternative medicine".

13400: 13122: 12943: 12773: 2061:

have criticized the lack of empirical evidence to support the existence of the putative energy fields on which these therapies are predicated.

10624: 10594: 10176: 4550: 3718:

To cure in a mild, prompt, safe, and durable manner, it is necessary to choose in each case a medicine that will excite an affection similar (

2790:

Authors have speculated on the socio-cultural and psychological reasons for the appeal of alternative medicines among the minority using them

14346: 14243: 2754:

The popularity of complementary & alternative medicine (CAM) may be related to other factors that Ernst mentioned in a 2008 interview in

2515:

In the same way as for conventional therapies, drugs, and interventions, it can be difficult to test the efficacy of alternative medicine in

1534:"a group of diverse medical and health care systems, practices, and products that are not generally considered part of conventional medicine" 11339: 11078: 10222: 5741: 1242:

Some alternative practices are based on theories that contradict the established science of how the human body works; others appeal to the

7630:

Coulter, Ian D.; Willis, Evan M. (2004-06-07). "The rise and rise of complementary and alternative medicine: a sociological perspective".

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Use verifiable electromagnetic fields, such as pulsed fields, alternating-current, or direct-current fields in an unconventional manner.

1410: 11853:

A Consumer's Guide to "Alternative Medicine": A Close Look at Homeopathy, Acupuncture, Faith-healing and Other Unconventional Treatments

9934:"Acceptance and use of complementary and alternative medicine among medical specialists: a 15-year systematic review and data synthesis" 10390: 10339: 8341: 5610: 1587: 1124: 200: 12354:"Development and classification of an operational definition of complementary and alternative medicine for the Cochrane Collaboration" 10461:

Marty, A.T. (1999). "The Complete German Commission E Monographs: Therapeutic Guide to Herbal Medicines". Books, Journals, New Media.

1429:

as "natural" or "holistic", implicitly and intentionally suggesting that conventional medicine is "artificial" and "narrow in scope".

15351: 15292: 11365: 8545: 3409: 3401: 2794:

of conventional medicine. There are several socio-cultural reasons for the interest in these treatments centered on the low level of

245: 12419: 8116: 7915:

Winnick, T.A. (2005). "From quackery to "complementary" medicine: The American medical profession confronts alternative therapies".

3392:

Some critics of alternative medicine are focused upon health fraud, misinformation, and quackery as public health problems, notably

1709:

defines traditional medicine as "the sum total of the knowledge, skill and practices based on the theories, beliefs and experiences

13246: 11205: 6711: 5512: 5213:"Advising patients on the use of non-herbal nutritional supplements during cancer therapy: a need for doctor-patient communication" 4905: 3247:

There have always been "many therapies offered outside of conventional cancer treatment centers and based on theories not found in

3144: 2881: 2582:– an individual receives "alternative therapy" and is convinced it will help. The conviction makes them more likely to get better. 9675: 9092:

Sobel, D.S. (2000). "Chapter 28: The Cost-effectiveness of Mind-body Medicine Interventions". In Mayer, E.A.; Saper, C.B. (eds.).

7441:"According to a New Government Survey, 38 Percent of Adults and 12 Percent of Children Use Complementary and Alternative Medicine" 15256: 14225: 13813: 13232: 9533: 7559: 5793: 4192: 3037: 2001:

Safety concerns have been raised about Ayurveda, with two U.S. studies finding about 20 percent of Ayurvedic Indian-manufactured

1801: 1761:

Critics say the expression is deceptive because it implies there is an effective alternative to science-based medicine, and that

1647: 12332: 10541: 4740: 14120: 14069: 13709: 13458: 12990:

Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine. Aliso Viejo, California : InnoVision Communications, c1995- NLM ID: 9502013

11644:"Patient Perspectives: Barriers to Complementary and Alternative Medicine Therapies Create Problems for Patients and Survivors" 8138: 7228: 6891: 4249: 4035: 814: 120: 12907: 9257: 1432:

The meaning of the term "alternative" in the expression "alternative medicine", is not that it is an effective alternative to

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Young, J.H. (1998). "The Development of the Office of Alternative Medicine in the National Institutes of Health, 1991–1996".

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In 2003, a project funded by the CDC identified 208 condition-treatment pairs, of which 58% had been studied by at least one

2444:, an authority on scientific study of alternative therapies and diagnoses and the first university professor of CAM, in 2012 1787: 1541: 1168: 1117: 774: 339: 4933:

Complementary medicine, defined as health care which lies for the most part outside the mainstream of conventional medicine.

14702: 13279: 13240: 13139: 12829: 12718:

Mayo Clinic Book of Alternative Medicine: The New Approach to Using the Best of Natural Therapies and Conventional Medicine

9848:

Gorski, David; Novella, Steven (August 20, 2014). "Clinical trials of integrative medicine: testing whether magic works?".

8375: 7443:(Press release). NIH News. Bethseda, Maryland: National Center for Complementary and Integrative Medicine. 10 December 2008 769: 764: 615: 418: 10692:

Del Prete, A; Scalera, A; Iadevaia, M. D.; Miranda, A; Zulli, C; Gaeta, L; Tuccillo, C; Federico, A; Loguercio, C (2012).

9762:"Stated goals and grants of the Office of Alternative Medicine/National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine" 6620:

Ernst E (2001). "Rise in popularity of complementary and alternative medicine: reasons and consequences for vaccination".

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had spent $ 2.5 billion on investigating alternative therapies prior to 2009, with none being found to be effective.

14130: 13662: 10866: 10632: 4856: 1875:

A belief that a substance that causes the symptoms of a disease in healthy people cures similar symptoms in sick people.

1537: 1355: 725: 102: 11966: 11173: 8705: 2597:– Standard treatment is replaced with "alternative" treatment, getting rid of adverse effects, but also of improvement. 15305: 13806: 13734: 13528: 13393: 13115: 12621:

Demanding Medical Excellence: Doctors and Accountability in the Information Age, and its Relevance to CRNAs and Nursing

10901: 6571: 5442:

Greenlee, Heather; Zick, Suzanna M.; Rosenthal, David; Cohen, Lorenzo; Cassileth, Barrie; Tripathy, Debu (March 2015).

5362: 4080: 3561:, has stated that "it's become politically correct to investigate nonsense." A commonly cited statistic is that the US 3033: 831: 698: 9983:

Merrick, Janna (June 2003). "Spiritual Healing, Sick Kids and the Law: Inequities in the American Healthcare System".

11570: 10559: 8795: 8284: 6466: 4521: 3102: 3004: 2934: 2644:

study to have flawed methodology. This and other modern reviews suggest that other factors like natural recovery and

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of "alternative medicine" being an effective "alternative" to biomedicine, changing social attitudes about not using

1865:, and "scientific evidence does not support claims that naturopathic medicine can cure cancer or any other disease". 270: 13003: 12157:

Kasper, Dennis L; Fauci, Anthony S.; Hauser, Stephen L.; Longo, Dan L.; Jameson, J. Larry; Loscalzo, Joseph (2015).

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lose anything if its effects were confirmed; rather their change of mind would enhance their skeptical credentials.

14680: 14477: 14193: 3149:

According to the Institute of Medicine, use of alternative medical techniques may result in several types of harm:

3129:

Between homeopathy and herbal therapy lies a bewildering array of untested and unregulated treatments, all labeled

2946: 1103: 1073: 11770: 10595:"Fake healers: Why Australia's $ 1 billion-a-year alternative medicine industry is ineffective and out of control" 4134: 1254:

outcome probability. Research into alternative therapies often fails to follow proper research protocols (such as

15330: 15272: 14988: 14805: 14467: 13741: 13626: 13596: 13157: 13073: 7069:

Herbal Supplements: Efficacy, Toxicity, Interactions with Western Drugs, and Effects on Clinical Laboratory Tests

6418: 5053: 4656: 4250:"Chapter 7: Science and Technology: Public Attitudes and Public Understanding: Science Fiction and Pseudoscience" 4067: 3863: 3101:

Government bodies in the US and elsewhere have published information or guidance about alternative medicine. The

2421: 2311: 1740:, claiming to take into fuller account the "whole" person, in contrast to the supposed reductionism of medicine. 1035: 1015: 225: 109: 97: 13092: 9283:

Weisleder, P (January 2010). "Unethical prescriptions: alternative therapies for children with cerebral palsy".

9145: 6970: 3898: 2107:, thereby affecting health and disease. Vertebral subluxation is a pseudoscientific entity not proven to exist. 14324: 13616: 13493: 13310: 13020:

Complementary Therapies in Medicine. Edinburgh; New York : Churchill Livingstone, c. 1993 NLM ID: 9308777

11756: 8175: 6522: 6327: 3634:"An alternative medical system is a set of practices based on a philosophy different from Western biomedicine." 1343: 985: 853: 843: 732: 688: 11940: 7100: 3077: 15380: 15125: 13788: 13386: 13108: 13030: 10180: 7397:

De Smet, Peter A.G.M. (December 1997). "The Role of Plant-Derived Drugs and Herbal Medicines in Healthcare".

6757: 4880: 4708: 3336: 3182: 2539: 1088: 255: 215: 61: 13057: 11543: 10064:"Trends in alternative medicine use in the United States, 1990–1997: Results of a follow-up national survey" 10033: 9146:"Psychology and 'alternative medicine' social and judgmental biases that make inert treatments seem to work" 3646:"lternative medicine refers to all treatments that have not been proven effective using scientific methods." 2913:" was taught at more than 100 colleges and universities in 75 countries before the practice was debunked by 1578:

Several medical organizations differentiate between complementary and alternative medicine including the UK

1468:

used in biomedicine. "Biomedicine" or "medicine" is that part of medical science that applies principles of

1269:

Much of the perceived effect of an alternative practice arises from a belief that it will be effective, the

15337: 14592: 13621: 13606: 13564: 13498: 13448: 13212: 12176:

Kopelman, L. "The Role of Science in Assessing Conventional, Complementary, and Alternative Medicines". In

10540:"Appendix E: Model Guidelines for the Use of Complementary and Alternative Therapies in Medical Practice". 10295: 9889: 8487: 7632: 7603: 6345: 5878:

Che, C.-T.; George, V.; Ijinu, T.P.; Pushpangadan, P.; Andrae-Marobela, K. (2017). "Traditional Medicine".

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Belloni, Silvia; Bonucci, Massimo; Arrigoni, Cristina; Dellafiore, Federica; Caruso, Rosario (2023-01-01).

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that were labeled "irregular practices" by the western medical establishment. It includes the histories of

2267: 1944: 1921: 1902: 1810: 1663: 1025: 950: 930: 858: 804: 10516:"Complementary and Alternative Medicine Products and their Regulation by the Food and Drug Administration" 7720: 6368:

Nissen, N.; et al. (2013). "Researching alternative and complementary therapies: Mapping the field".

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curative "alternative cancer cures" are based on false claims, are bogus, and, I would say, even criminal.

2892:

laws regarding religion-based healing practices. Thirty-one states have child-abuse religious exemptions.

15358: 14948: 14665: 14218: 13611: 12029: 9725: 8306: 4254: 4245: 3114: 2942: 2481: 975: 893: 510: 393: 9222: 7026: 5312: 4504: 4502: 15344: 15075: 15018: 14542: 13453: 13295: 12433: 10290: 9783: 8566:"The HealthWatch Award 2005: Prof. Edzard Ernst: Complementary medicine: The good the bad and the ugly" 7493: 3713: 3024:

interventions designed to "reduce pain and concomitant mood disturbance and increase quality of life."

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to explain their effect or lack thereof. In others, the practice has plausibility but lacks a positive

515: 334: 260: 9509:

Routledge Handbook of Complementary and Alternative Medicine: Perspectives from Social Science and Law

7739: 5388: 2976:, Bach and other flower remedies, body work therapies including massage, Counseling stress therapies, 14958: 14405: 13601: 13423: 13269: 12522: 10961: 10138: 8421: 7917: 7180:"Lead, mercury, and arsenic in US- and Indian-manufactured Ayurvedic medicines sold via the Internet" 6311: 5541: 5049: 4499: 3208: 2884:(CAPTA) required that for states to receive federal money, they had to grant religious exemptions to 2683: 2099:

Chiropractic was based on the belief that manipulating the spine unblocks the flow of a supernatural

1982:

Traditional medicine of India. Ayurveda believes in the existence of three elemental substances, the

1771: 1640: 1616: 1559:(IM) is when alternative medicine is used together with mainstream functional medical treatment in a 1206:, propaganda, fraud, or other unscientific sources. Frequently used terms for relevant practices are 784: 398: 344: 12777: 8857: 6892:"Traditional Medicine and Pseudoscience in China: A Report of the Second CSICOP Delegation (Part 1)" 4857:"Overview of CAM in the United States: Recent History, Current Status, And Prospects for the Future" 3877: 2640:, when patients who expect a treatment to be harmful will perceive harmful effects after taking it. 2519:. In instances where an established, effective, treatment for a condition is already available, the 14916: 14810: 14776: 14660: 13657: 13569: 10640: 10602: 10430: 10184: 4558: 1063: 230: 10413: 10206: 8540: 4758:"A review of the incorporation of complementary and alternative medicine by mainstream physicians" 3295:

Alternative medicine may lead to a false understanding of the body and of the process of science.

1601:

Complementary and integrative interventions are used to improve fatigue in adult cancer patients.

15323: 15241: 14993: 14675: 14614: 14385: 13362: 13274: 12254: 11911: 11529: 11331: 11092: 8715: 8171: 7583:

Quack Medicine: A History of Combating Health Fraud in Twentieth-Century America, Eric W. Boyle,

7462:

Pearce, Alison; Simpson, Neil (March 1998). "A paediatrician's guide to complementary medicine".

6659: 6422: 5594: 5316: 4842: 3381: 3304: 2958: 2682:, and misleading wording of questions. In their 2010 systematic review of studies into placebos, 2371: 2334: 1858: 1579: 1437: 1148: 779: 737: 665: 545: 180: 14640: 11580: 4838: 4666: 3805:

Barrett, Stephen; Hall, Harriet; Baratz, Robert S.; London, William M.; Kroger, Manfred (2013).

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Sampson W, Atwood K (2005). "Propagation of the absurd: demarcation of the absurd revisited".

11251: 9559: 8976:"Is the placebo powerless? An analysis of clinical trials comparing placebo with no treatment" 8573: 8345: 7775: 7584: 7072: 15160: 15145: 15038: 14670: 14609: 14604: 14497: 14059: 13948: 13866: 12181: 12093: 11730: 10177:"Latest Survey Shows More Hospitals Offering Complementary and Alternative Medicine Services" 8291:. Center for Integrative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Maryland. Archived from 6692: 6355: 6319: 3579: 3486: 3421: 3376: 3342: 2938: 2798:

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Intended to influence energy fields that, it is purported, surround and penetrate the body.

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Naturopathic medicine is based on a belief that the body heals itself using a supernatural

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Research on alternative medicine is frequently of low quality and methodologically flawed.

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They told me if I took 1000 pills at night I should be quite another thing in the morning

1691: 1620: 1572: 1461: 715: 500: 413: 190: 9614: 7563: 3520:

criticized the low standard of evidence accepted by the alternative medicine community:

15316: 15215: 15190: 15028: 14978: 14853: 14687: 14635: 14522: 14502: 14257: 13988: 13978: 13963: 13958: 13652: 13346: 12834: 12716: 12607: 12517: 12412:

General Guidelines for Methodologies on Research and Evaluation of Traditional Medicine

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implies that an extreme result is more likely to be followed by a less extreme result.

2464: 2405: 2223:

significant effect on medical outcomes after hospitalization in a coronary care unit."

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Eisenberg DM (July 1997). "Advising patients who seek alternative medical therapies".

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Complementary & Alternative Medicine: Legal Boundaries and Regulatory Perspectives

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Bounding Biomedicine: Evidence and Rhetoric in the New Science of Alternative Medicine

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There is a general scientific consensus that alternative therapies lack the requisite

1607:

has described integrative medicine as an attempt to bring pseudoscience into academic

15278: 15251: 15180: 14848: 14836: 14788: 14744: 14650: 14292: 14282: 14110: 14064: 13898: 13428: 13305: 13300: 12954: 12921: 12892: 12873: 12852: 12805: 12760: 12750: 12727: 12699: 12689: 12683: 12667: 12657: 12640: 12632: 12599: 12570: 12530: 12477: 12442: 12396: 12375: 12338: 12317: 12298: 12279: 12260: 12236: 12217: 12194: 12162: 12129: 12103: 12097: 12078: 12056: 12037: 12014: 11857: 11851: 11832: 11752: 11736: 11700: 11696: 11665: 11624: 11506: 11468: 11463: 11446: 11432: 11390:"Book review: The Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark by Carl Sagan" 11301: 11257: 11224: 11155: 11143: 11135: 11056: 11046: 11023: 10988: 10824: 10789: 10779: 10725: 10674: 10662: 10565: 10555: 10443: 10351: 10312: 10214: 10085: 10000: 9965: 9906: 9865: 9830: 9579: 9571: 9513: 9488: 9443: 9438: 9421: 9390: 9356: 9331: 9300: 9195: 9178:

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Some commentators have said that special consideration must be given to the issue of

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Q: What do you call Alternative Medicine that survives double-blind laboratory tests?

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is any practice that aims to achieve the healing effects of medicine despite lacking

868: 625: 590: 495: 433: 381: 282: 12611: 11417: 11313: 10836: 10324: 10012: 9918: 9698:"NCCIH Strategic Plan 2016–2021, or: Let's try to do some real science for a change" 9632: 9455: 9312: 8882: 8775: 8662:

Healing, Hype, or Harm? A Critical Analysis of Complementary or Alternative Medicine

8518: 8452: 8371:"Ignore growing patient interest in alternative medicine at your peril - MDs warned" 8221: 7999: 7669: 7426: 6905: 6804: 6397: 5724: 5404: 5298: 5192: 4979: 4861:

White House Commission on Complementary and Alternative Medicine Policy Final Report

4821: 4621: 4492: 4415:"Ignore Growing Patient Interest in Alternative Medicine at Your Peril – MDs Warned" 4392: 4259: 3969: 2287:

Energy medicine: is a domain that deals with putative and verifiable energy fields:

1953:(insertion of needles in the body at specified points), massage (Tui na), exercise ( 1920:

Alternative medical systems may be based on traditional medicine practices, such as

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Patricia M. Barnes; Eve Powell-Grine; Kim McFann; Richard L. Nahin (May 27, 2004).

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Tyreman, Stephen (2011-05-01). "Values in complementary and alternative medicine".

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Theorizing Complementary and Alternative Medicines: Wellbeing, Self, Gender, Class

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patients lack access to contemporary medicine, due to a lack of private or public

2724:

that help maintain self-esteem and promote harmonious social functioning, and the

1342:" than methods offered by medical science, that is sometimes derogatorily called " 15236: 15204: 15090: 15065: 14754: 14719: 14714: 14630: 14562: 14482: 14455: 14445: 14440: 14375: 14023: 13871: 13861: 13729: 13591: 13523: 13167: 13061: 13038: 13025: 13015: 13007: 12995: 12985: 12512: 12471: 11984: 11726: 11503:

Indigenous Herbal Medicines: Tribal Formulations and Traditional Herbal Practices

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Orthodox and Alternative Medicine: Politics, Professionalization and Health Care

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prevention, diagnosis, improvement, or treatment of physical and mental illness.

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caused by alternative therapies may make treatments less effective, notably in

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More harm than good?: the moral maze of complementary and alternative medicine

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Treatments are not part of the conventional, science-based healthcare system.

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are increasingly willing to provide reimbursement for alternative therapies.

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attempt to combine alternative practices with those of mainstream medicine.

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The Role of Complementary and Alternative Medicine: Accommodating Pluralism

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Patients can be averse to the painful, unpleasant, and sometimes-dangerous

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Snake oil science: the truth about complementary and alternative medicine

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Further rebranding has given rise to the notion of 'integrated medicine'.

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have been attributed to the use of these compounds in the United States.

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Do You Believe in Magic?: The Sense and Nonsense of Alternative Medicine

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The most common CAM therapies used in the US in 2002 were prayer (45%),

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There is no alternative medicine. There is only scientifically proven,

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Alternative therapies for developmental and learning disabilities

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less effective, such as interference by herbal preparations with

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panel, the number of RCTs focused on CAM has risen dramatically.

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8313:. University of Maryland School of Medicine. Archived from 7864:

Other Healers, Other Cures: A Guide to Alternative Medicine

6333: 6169:"Medical reductionism: lessons from the great philosophers" 5742:

WHO global report on traditional and complementary medicine

5613:

The Desktop Guide to Complementary and Alternative Medicine

4286: 4244: 2968:

In Britain, the most often used alternative therapies were

2242:

which involves scientifically observable energy (including

1879: 955: 809: 11856:. Consumer Health Library. Buffalo, New York: Prometheus. 11040: 9558:

Castro, Arachu; Savage, Virginia; Kaufman, Hannah (2015).

7514: 6569: 5877: 5441: 5130:

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine

3416:. Grounds for opposing alternative medicine include that: 3242: 2920: 2365:

of science-based medicine. At the same time, in 1975, the

1423:

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine

12912: 8684: 7177: 7036: 6885: 6707:"A systematic review of systematic reviews of homeopathy" 6547:

Clinical Naturopathy: An Evidence-based Guide to Practice

4998: 4755: 12977: 12256:

The Demon-Haunted World: Science As a Candle in the Dark

11907:"Evidence: "It Worked for My Aunt Tillie" is Not Enough" 10546:. The National Academies Press. 2005. pp. 298–308. 9330:. Exeter, UK: Imprint Academic. pp. 404, 439, 443. 8164:"Medical Student Education Program: Curriculum Overview" 8106:"How Becoming a Doctor Works: Medical School Curriculum" 7492:. American Cancer Society. June 15, 2009. Archived from 7067:

Dasgupta, Amitava; Hammett-Stabler, Catherine A (2011).

4555:

National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health

4274: 4070:. sciencebasedmedicine.org. (Retrieved March 25, 2022). 3382:

The Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark

2236:

National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health

2219:

There is a divine or spiritual intervention in healing.

1563:

that it improves the effect of treatments. For example,

1547: 1415:

National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health

12233:

Marginal to Mainstream: Alternative Medicine in America

12034:

Complementary Medicine: New Approaches to Good Practice

10892:"Alternative remedies 'dangerous' for kids says report" 10660: 8459: 7066: 5815:

Wake, Getu Engida; Fitie, Girma Wogie (29 April 2022).

5126:"What is Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM)?" 3921:

Suckers: How Alternative Medicine Makes Fools of Us All

3804: 3547: 2859:

Office of Cancer Complementary and Alternative Medicine

2130: 1961: 1528:. For example, a widely used definition devised by the 908: 12749:(Rev. ed.). Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books. 9319: 9019: 9017: 9015: 9013: 9011: 6923:. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. 4522:"Complementary Medicine – Alternative Medical Systems" 4193:"On Fringes of Health Care, Untested Therapies Thrive" 2538:

Contrary to much popular and scientific writing, many

2189: 1829:, is based on belief systems not grounded in science. 1273:, or from the treated condition resolving on its own ( 11243: 10661:

Roozbeh, J; Hashempur, M. H.; Heydari, M (Nov 2013).

10241: 9422:"Alternative medicine and common errors of reasoning" 8593:

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

7319: 6879: 6212: 6160: 6000: 5266:"Integrative medicine or infiltrative pseudoscience?" 4588:"Alternative medicine and common errors of reasoning" 2075:

Asserts that magnets can be used to defy the laws of

2005:

contained toxic levels of heavy metals such as lead,

1628:

has criticized the field of alternative medicine for

1594:

is used in addition to standard treatments" whereas "

12334:

Sixth Report: Complementary and Alternative Medicine

11505:. Jaipur, India: Aavishkar Publishers. p. 440. 9512:. London and New York: Routledge. pp. 271–291. 8973: 8904: 8900: 8898: 8896: 8894: 8892: 8123: 7740:"Cover Stories: Why New Age Medicine Is Catching On" 7300: 7298: 7229:"Ayurveda: Ancient Superstition, Not Ancient Wisdom" 6409: 6407: 5640:"Complementary and alternative therapies for cancer" 5630: 5628: 4638:

Saks, M. (1992). "Introduction". In Saks, M. (ed.).

4309:(2nd ed.). Amerst, New York: Prometheue Books. 3985:"Complementary and Alternative Healthcare in Israel" 3081:

Health campaign flyers, as in this example from the

2117:

Practitioners place their palms on the patient near

1512:, propaganda, fraud, or other unscientific sources. 10373: 10371: 10369: 10344:

The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association

9931: 9557: 9008: 8907:"Placebo interventions for all clinical conditions" 8541:"Alternative medicine and the psychology of belief" 7949:(8th ed.). New York: Worth. pp. 261–277. 7625: 7623: 7455: 7060: 7048: 5580: 3947: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3788: 3193:, MacLennan also gives another possible mechanism: 3121:to describe some issues with alternative medicine: 1293:) or actively interfere with effective treatments. 13049:Journal for Alternative and Complementary Medicine 12949:WHO Kobe Centre; Bodeker, G.; et al. (2005). 12865: 12742: 12715: 12516: 12391:. Translated by D. Wujastyk. London and New York: 12216:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 12209: 12161:(19th ed.). New York: McGraw Hill Education. 11879:"Alternative medicine remains an ethics-free zone" 11843: 11535: 11277: 10848: 10846: 9412: 9410: 9408: 9406: 9404: 7685: 7683: 7681: 7679: 7320:Rosa L, Rosa E, Sarner L, Barrett S (April 1998). 6121: 6117: 6115: 6113: 6111: 5871: 5264: 5258: 5256: 4128: 4126: 4124: 4122: 4120: 4118: 4116: 4114: 13010:. London: BioMed Central, 2001 NLM ID: 101088661 12128:. Vol. 1. New York & London: Routledge. 12126:Companion Encyclopedia of the History of Medicine 12055:. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press. 11967:"Conflicts of interest in science-based medicine" 11116:"Teach evidence based, not alternative, medicine" 10454: 10414:"Alternative and complementary cancer treatments" 10236:Sir Walton: Science and Technology Committee 2000 10057: 10055: 10053: 9526: 9069:"$ 2.5 billion spent, no alternative cures found" 9063: 9061: 9059: 9057: 9055: 8889: 8788: 8410: 8408: 7908: 7777:New Age Medicine, Encyclopedia of New Age Beliefs 7508: 7295: 6404: 5625: 5604: 5602: 4737:Sir Walton: Science and Technology Committee 2000 4112: 4110: 4108: 4106: 4104: 4102: 4100: 4098: 4096: 4094: 3808:Consumer health: a guide to intelligent decisions 3510:in their promotion of pseudoscience in medicine. 15372: 13055:Scientific Review of Alternative Medicine (SRAM) 12886: 11320: 10366: 10253: 10204: 10061: 9344: 9171: 8740:Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology 8589:"How Much of CAM Is Based on Research Evidence?" 8156: 7620: 7597: 7595: 7593: 7591: 7094: 7092: 6810: 6538: 6482:"There is no such thing as alternative medicine" 5994: 5908: 5608: 5157:Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology 4068:"Integrative medicine": A brand, not a specialty 3785: 3630: 3628: 2573:– the individual gets better without treatment. 2547: 13033:. New York: Hindawi, c. 2004 NLM ID: 101215021 12864:Trivieri, L. Jr. (2002). Anderson, J.W. (ed.). 12791: 11941:"Conflicts of Interest in Alternative Medicine" 11870: 11431:(2nd ed.). Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books. 10954: 10950: 10948: 10946: 10944: 10942: 10940: 10938: 10843: 9401: 9252: 9094:The Biological Basis for Mind Body Interactions 8414: 8006: 7814:British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.) 7773: 7715: 7713: 7676: 6307: 6305: 6303: 6108: 5784: 5782: 5253: 4996:May, J. (2011). "What is integrative health?". 4901:"Complementary medicine: Common misconceptions" 4848: 4509:Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 2015 4456: 3618: 3616: 3614: 3272:evidence-based medicine supported by solid data 2096:" which are claimed to put pressure on nerves. 12351: 11592: 11478: 11381: 11353: 11192: 10885: 10883: 10748:"Homeopathy: Real medicine or empty promises?" 10405: 10261:"Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM)" 10050: 9882: 9499: 9471: 9469: 9467: 9465: 9139: 9137: 9135: 9133: 9131: 9129: 9052: 8629: 8405: 8326: 8324: 8237:"Complementary medicine and medical education" 8182: 8055:"Commentary: Understanding the Flexner Report" 8012: 7780:. Harvest House Publishers. pp. 470–508. 7365: 7363: 7361: 7359: 7357: 6968: 6563: 6443: 6441: 6439: 5808: 5680: 5599: 5147: 4750: 4713:US Dept. of Health and Human Services (US HHS) 4240: 4238: 4236: 4234: 4091: 3982: 3941: 3850: 3767: 3698: 3687: 3685: 3666: 3664: 3454:Methods may incorporate or base themselves on 3176:Interactions with conventional pharmaceuticals 1796: 1456:, or whose theory and practice is not part of 1349: 14244:List of topics characterized as pseudoscience 14219: 13828: 13814: 13394: 13116: 12548: 12077:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 11849: 11762: 11366:National Council Against Health Fraud (NCAHF) 11283: 11167: 11165: 10806: 10282: 10205:Barnes, P.M.; Bloom, B.; Nahin, R.L. (2008). 10112:Advance Data from Vital and Health Statistics 9847: 9590: 9485:Advance Data from Vital and Health Statistics 8637:"Alternative Medicine: Think yourself better" 8277: 8188: 8043: 7629: 7588: 7562:. Backgrounders. NCCIH. 2005 . Archived from 7461: 7089: 6995: 6912: 6367: 6179:(9). Oxford University Press (OUP): 721–724. 5942:Li, Fu-Shuang; Weng, Jing-Ke (31 July 2017). 5634: 5503: 5501: 5499: 5497: 5495: 5262: 4943: 4941: 4891: 4889: 4585: 4356: 4232: 4230: 4228: 4226: 4224: 4222: 4220: 4218: 4216: 4214: 3625: 2825:can have potential to cause life-threatening 2460:The Scientific Review of Alternative Medicine 1892: 1125: 12937: 12889:The scientific basis of integrative medicine 12792:Snyder, Mariah; Lindquist, Ruth (May 2001). 12771: 12581: 12358:Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine 12297:. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan. 12207: 12102:. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. 11895: 11719: 11586: 11500: 11494: 11256:. University of Chicago Press. p. 215. 10935: 10800: 10337: 10331: 9876: 9505: 8969: 8967: 8782: 8687:Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine 8557: 8364: 8362: 7710: 7490:"Faith Healing – Making Treatment Decisions" 7433: 7173: 7171: 7071:. Hoboken NJ: John Wiley and Sons. pp. 6937: 6749: 6544: 6528: 6300: 6256: 6254: 6252: 6250: 5779: 4412: 4408: 4406: 4357:Coulter, Ian D; Willis, Evan M (June 2004). 3913: 3911: 3846: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3838: 3836: 3611: 3435:It is usually based on religion, tradition, 3157:, which results in adverse patient outcome." 2395:Mainly as a result of reforms following the 1632:the same practices as integrative medicine. 1615:referring to this with the pejorative term " 12710: 11107: 10880: 10859:Scientific Review of Mental Health Practice 10778:. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. p. 18. 10741: 10739: 10533: 10198: 10171: 10169: 10130: 9714: 9462: 9126: 9023: 8914:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 8838: 8836: 8532: 8471: 8321: 8228: 7552: 7354: 6473: 6436: 6055: 5935: 5736: 5734: 5611:"Author interview (Edzard Ernst, editor of 5034: 4633: 4631: 4027: 3720: 3682: 3673: 3661: 3654: 3652: 3642: 3640: 3314:Journal of the American Medical Association 2427:United States Medical Licensing Examination 1744:Challenges in defining alternative medicine 1411:United States National Institutes of Health 14226: 14212: 13821: 13807: 13401: 13387: 13123: 13109: 13001:BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 12868:Alternative Medicine: The Definitive Guide 12842: 12828:Stevens, P. Jr. (November–December 2001). 12159:Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 12091: 11676: 11576: 11525: 11445:Sampson, W. (2001). Grollman, A.P. (ed.). 11162: 10852: 10771: 10583: 9932:Phutrakool P, Pongpirul K (January 2022). 9416: 9350: 9276: 9143: 9085: 8711: 8580: 8465: 7579: 7577: 7575: 7573: 6845:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 6361: 6339: 5540:Caldwell, Elizabeth Frances (2017-07-03). 5492: 5367:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 5067: 4991: 4989: 4938: 4886: 4834: 4695: 4662: 4642:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 1–21. 4280: 4211: 4139:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 3983:Shuval, Judith T.; Averbuch, Emma (2012). 3015:Complementary therapies are often used in 1916:involves insertion of needles in the body. 1132: 1118: 201:Association for Research and Enlightenment 15352:The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience 15293:Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science 13051:New York : Mary Ann Liebert, c. 1995 12369: 12142: 11826: 11659: 11618: 11541: 11462: 11407: 11332:"Be Wary of "Alternative" Health Methods" 11218: 11198: 10982: 10719: 10709: 10429: 10411: 10391:"Complementary and alternative therapies" 10288: 10079: 9959: 9949: 9824: 9766:Scientific Review of Alternative Medicine 9664: 9622: 9437: 9374: 9372: 9282: 9246: 9150:Scientific Review of Alternative Medicine 8991: 8964: 8933: 8856: 8816: 8678: 8612: 8546:Scientific Review of Alternative Medicine 8500: 8434: 8388: 8359: 8260: 8073: 7833: 7803: 7801: 7799: 7797: 7337: 7278: 7203: 7168: 7151: 7098: 7001: 6962: 6918: 6835: 6833: 6831: 6732: 6698: 6684: 6613: 6572:"Evidence-based medicine and naturopathy" 6497: 6247: 6184: 6166: 6087: 6034: 5850: 5832: 5814: 5655: 5513:"Credulity about acupuncture infiltrates 5459: 5228: 5206: 5204: 5202: 5118: 5101: 5091: 4918: 4863:(Report). US Government Printing Office. 4775: 4693: 4691: 4689: 4687: 4685: 4683: 4681: 4679: 4677: 4675: 4603: 4514: 4474: 4430: 4403: 4340: 4010: 4000: 3976: 3908: 3876: 3833: 3420:Alternative therapies typically lack any 3410:The National Council Against Health Fraud 3402:Scientific Review of Alternative Medicine 2659: 2399:of 1910 medical education in established 2341:of the 1970s. This was due to misleading 1598:is used instead of standard treatments." 1590:(CDC), the latter of which states that " 1588:Center for Disease Control and Prevention 757: 13408: 13130: 12905: 12863: 12386: 12191:Scientific Basis for Ayurvedic Therapies 12177: 12175: 12050: 11931: 11929: 11768: 11249: 10767: 10765: 10736: 10616: 10513: 10487: 10247: 10166: 10096: 10027:"Definitions of Child Abuse and Neglect" 9645: 9599:"Glittering prizes for research support" 9596: 9220: 8974:Hróbjartsson A, Gøtzsche PC (May 2001). 8833: 8653: 8049: 7769: 7767: 7042: 6943: 6712:British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 6221:Journal of Social and Biological Systems 6068:International Journal of Health Sciences 5731: 5617:. Harcourt International. Archived from 5539: 5313:"Complementary and alternative medicine" 5080:Israel Journal of Health Policy Research 4906:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 4745: 4628: 4581: 4579: 4577: 4575: 4060: 4033: 3989:Israel Journal of Health Policy Research 3726:) to that against which it is employed." 3649: 3637: 3529: 3341: 3145:List of herbs with known adverse effects 3085:, warn the public about unsafe products. 3076: 2882:Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act 2776: 2559: 2484:(RCT), and 23% had been assessed with a 2436: 2172: 2023: 1908: 1896: 1800: 1359: 15257:Suppressed research in the Soviet Union 12851:(12): 1435–1440, discussion 1440–1441. 12827: 12774:"Where Do Americans Go for Healthcare?" 12618: 12596:10.7326/0003-4819-127-1-199707010-00010 12542: 12511: 12469: 11955: 11794: 11725: 11685:Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology 11444: 11326: 11034: 10999: 10908: 10745: 9982: 9800: 9672:"NCCIH Funding: Appropriations History" 9223:"Complementary therapies: The big con?" 8842: 8299: 8097: 7944: 7914: 7689: 7601: 7570: 7396: 7369: 7315: 7313: 6919:Lu, Gwei-Djen; Needham, Joseph (1980). 6839: 6619: 6479: 6447: 6413: 6315: 5794:American Board of Physician Specialties 5790:"Integrative Medicine Exam Description" 5686: 4986: 4322: 4132: 4034:Freedman, David H. (July–August 2011). 3917: 3263: 3038:Regulation and prevalence of homeopathy 2921:Prevalence of use of specific therapies 2875: 2770:medicine has been called dangerous and 2229: 1928:the practice is based on superstition. 1662:, Movement Therapies, Expressive Arts, 1648:American Board of Physician Specialties 1443: 14: 15373: 13710:Medicine in the medieval Islamic world 13459:Traditional healers of Southern Africa 12740: 12678: 12311: 12292: 12230: 12188: 12116: 12008: 11961: 11803:"The ethics of complementary medicine" 11387: 11113: 11079:"Science Envy in Alternative Medicine" 10914: 10889: 10139:"Alternative Medicine Goes Mainstream" 10136: 9985:American Journal of Law & Medicine 9819:(7274). Nature Publishing Group: 711. 9809:"Centre turns away from healing herbs" 9806: 9776: 9720: 9695: 9369: 9177: 8732: 8730: 8728: 8726: 8724: 8538: 8477: 8234: 8139:Stanford University School of Medicine 8103: 7860: 7794: 7774:Ankerberg, John; Weldon, John (1996). 7737: 7101:"Ayurveda: Putting the house in order" 7054: 6828: 6351: 6218: 6061: 5941: 5507: 5217:Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 5199: 5073: 4672: 4543: 4187: 4181: 4085:Official Journal of the European Union 3375:, a noted astrophysicist, advocate of 1637:complementary and alternative medicine 1306:complementary and alternative medicine 1167:to test plausible therapies by way of 51:Alternatives to science-based medicine 18:Complementary and alternative medicine 14207: 13802: 13382: 13104: 12249: 12069: 11977: 11935: 11926: 11876: 11800: 11735:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 11682: 11641: 11488: 11423: 11171: 11005: 10762: 10589: 10460: 10062:Eisenberg, D.M.; et al. (1998). 9759: 9564:Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública 9378: 9325: 9214: 9091: 8659: 8586: 8415:Goldrosen, M.H.; et al. (2004). 7969: 7807: 7764: 7304: 7140:Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 6767: 6704: 6281: 6260: 5263:Li, B; Forbes, T.; Byrne, J. (2018). 4947: 4895: 4572: 4452: 4450: 4398: 4301: 3494:it is often described as an issue of 3108: 3010: 2705: 1788:List of forms of alternative medicine 1646:The Integrative Medicine Exam by the 1635:CAM is an abbreviation of the phrase 1548:Complementary or integrative medicine 1159:or evidence of effectiveness. Unlike 12887:Wisneski, L.A.; et al. (2005). 12651: 12273: 11983: 11901: 11642:Fonfa, Anne E. (September 1, 2017). 11544:"Traditional Medicines: Definitions" 11483: 11206:CA – A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 11073: 10915:Miller, Gabriel (2 September 2014), 10772:Ernst, Edzard; Smith, Kevin (2018). 10622: 10475:10.1001/jama.281.19.1852-JBK0519-2-1 9807:Wadman, Meredith (7 December 2009). 9351:Singh, Simon; Ernst, Edzard (2008). 8845:CA – A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 8376:Canadian Medical Association Journal 8368: 8332:"Doctor of medicine profession (MD)" 7738:Wallis, Claudia (November 4, 1991). 7310: 7226: 7011:Indian Journal of History of Science 6946:Tongue Diagnosis in Chinese Medicine 5689:Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy 4794:American Journal of Health Promotion 4637: 4419:Canadian Medical Association Journal 3548:Use of health and research resources 3424:, and their effectiveness either is 3138: 3041: 2833: 2390: 2337:of the 1960s, as part of the rising 2131:Herbal remedies and other substances 2124:Lacks credible scientific evidence. 1817:Alternative medicine, such as using 1813:, an alternative medicine supplement 13663:Medieval medicine of Western Europe 12798:Online Journal of Issues in Nursing 12432: 12409: 12352:Wieland, L.S.; et al. 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According to a 2005 book by a US 2190:Religion, faith healing, and prayer 1809:", an early 19th-century satire on 1356:Terminology of alternative medicine 24: 15306:James Randi Educational Foundation 13529:Traditional Alaska Native medicine 12527:Snake Oil and Other Preoccupations 12463: 11298:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2005.tb00040.x 10698:Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 10667:Iranian Journal of Kidney Diseases 10309:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2003.tb05580.x 10211:National Health Statistics Reports 9903:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2004.tb06099.x 7727:. PBS Frontline. November 3, 2003. 7646:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2004.tb06099.x 7002:Deshpande, Vijaya (January 1987). 6857:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1996.tb23138.x 6167:Beresford, M. J. 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NCCIH. 2013 . 5768:from the original on 2022-07-29 5533: 5435: 5405:10.1016/j.clinthera.2022.12.001 5380: 5355: 5330: 5305: 5050:National Cancer Institute (NCI) 4719:from the original on 2005-12-08 4640:Alternative Medicine in Britain 4532:from the original on 2015-06-01 4073: 3864:New England Journal of Medicine 3480:English evolutionary biologist 3331:mentioned a 1997 letter to the 3202: 2880:In the United States, the 1974 2557:to the alternative treatment. 2312:History of alternative medicine 1524:, or inclusion in the standard 1452:has not been established using 1235:, with little distinction from 110:Alternative veterinary medicine 13617:Traditional Mongolian medicine 13494:Brazilian traditional medicine 12549:Downing AM, Hunter DG (2003). 12235:. Cambridge University Press. 8926:10.1002/14651858.CD003974.pub3 8664:. Imprint Academic, Societas. 8645:. 2011-05-19. pp. 83–84. 8311:University of Maryland website 8289:University of Maryland website 7746:. 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(December 1996). 10440:10.1634/theoncologist.1-3-173 10181:American Hospital Association 9102:10.1016/S0079-6123(08)62153-6 9038:10.1016/s0895-4356(97)00203-5 7476:10.1016/S0957-5839(98)80061-4 6818:"Homeopathy: An Introduction" 6789:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67177-2 6634:10.1016/S0264-410X(01)00290-0 5558:10.1080/09505431.2017.1316253 4964:10.1016/S0140-6736(94)90757-9 3779: 3337:National Institutes of Health 3243:Unconventional cancer "cures" 3027: 2805:There is also an increase in 2548:Perceived mechanism of effect 2540:alternative cancer treatments 2142:for non-vitamin supplements, 1275:the natural course of disease 1104:Wilson's temperature syndrome 1089:Multiple chemical sensitivity 216:Biological terrain assessment 15338:The Psychology of the Occult 14593:Traditional Chinese medicine 14468:Doktor Koster's Antigaspills 14325:Superseded scientific theory 13622:Traditional Tibetan medicine 13607:Traditional Chinese medicine 13565:Iranian traditional medicine 13499:Chumash traditional medicine 13449:Traditional African medicine 13213:Traditional Chinese medicine 13093:Resources in other libraries 11648:Integrative Cancer Therapies 10296:Medical Journal of Australia 10183:. 2008-09-15. Archived from 9890:Medical Journal of Australia 9862:10.1016/j.molmed.2014.06.007 9850:Trends in Molecular Medicine 8488:Medical Journal of Australia 8075:10.1097/ACM.0b013e3181c8f1e7 7633:Medical Journal of Australia 7227:Hall, Harriet (2017-12-14). 6758:Evidence Check 2: Homeopathy 6662:. 1 Nov 2008. Archived from 6549:. Elsevier Health Sciences. 6382:10.1080/01459740.2012.718016 6286:. HarperCollins Publishers. 6280:Also published in the UK as 6233:10.1016/0140-1750(79)90019-8 6007:Journal of Ethnopharmacology 5882:. Elsevier. pp. 15–30. 5657:10.1634/theoncologist.9-1-80 4777:10.1001/archinte.158.21.2303 4557:. 2015-04-07. Archived from 4364:Medical Journal of Australia 3563:National Institute of Health 3083:Food and Drug Administration 2996:, nutritional medicine, and 2869:Medical Journal of Australia 2742: 2702:towards standard treatment. 2367:American Medical Association 2268:cognitive behavioral therapy 1945:Traditional Chinese medicine 1922:traditional Chinese medicine 1903:traditional Chinese medicine 1664:Traditional Chinese Medicine 7: 14949:Electronic voice phenomenon 14806:Myers–Briggs Type Indicator 14666:Chemtrail conspiracy theory 13612:Traditional Korean medicine 13368:Anti-quackery organizations 12971: 12584:Annals of Internal Medicine 12476:. Oxford University Press. 12036:. Oxford University Press. 12030:British Medical Association 12013:. Oxford University Press. 11769:Holloway, R. (2003-02-14). 11654:(September 2007): 297–300. 9536:. WHO. 2003. Archived from 8993:10.1056/NEJM200105243442106 8135:Stanford University website 7696:. Oxford University Press. 6978:Journal of Biocommunication 6948:. Seattle: Eastland Press. 6944:Maciocia, Giovanni (1995). 5283:10.1016/j.surge.2017.12.002 4255:National Science Foundation 4246:National Science Foundation 3924:. Random House. p. 8. 3887:10.1056/NEJM199809173391210 3568: 3115:National Science Foundation 2648:should also be considered. 2482:randomized controlled trial 2432: 1797:Unscientific belief systems 1350:Definitions and terminology 765:Alternative medical systems 394:Fabunan Antiviral Injection 160:Fringe medicine and science 10: 15402: 15345:The Ragged Edge of Science 15076:Igor and Grichka Bogdanoff 15019:Pseudoscientific metrology 14543:Miracle Mineral Supplement 13454:Traditional Hausa medicine 13265:Biologically based therapy 12722:. Parsippany, New Jersey: 12493:Prevention & Treatment 12387:Wujastyk, D., ed. (2003). 12259:. New York: Random House. 12051:Callahan, D., ed. (2004). 11091:(4): 21–23. Archived from 9951:10.1186/s13643-021-01882-4 9724:(September–October 2003). 8206:10.1001/archinte.162.4.395 7690:Whorton, James C. (2002). 6062:Tabish, Syed Amin (2008). 5821:Frontiers in Public Health 4806:10.4278/0890-1171-12.2.112 3962:10.1177/136345930000400404 3714:similia similibus curentur 3142: 3031: 2727:post hoc, ergo propter hoc 2667:regression toward the mean 2454:Selective publication bias 2309: 2305: 2193: 2134: 1893:Traditional ethnic systems 1785: 1701: 1672:Indigenous Medical Systems 1421:(OAM) and was renamed the 1353: 775:Biologically based therapy 335:Dental amalgam controversy 15265: 15229: 15056: 14959:Facilitated communication 14889: 14819: 14623: 14358: 14345: 14250: 14241: 14190: 14139: 14103: 14052: 13834: 13829:Medicinal herbs and fungi 13780: 13687: 13671: 13640: 13602:Traditional Thai medicine 13537: 13481: 13470: 13424:Ancient Egyptian medicine 13416: 13355: 13319: 13288: 13255: 13231: 13138: 13088:Resources in your library 12938:World Health Organization 12772:Rosenfeld, A. (c. 2000). 12505:10.1037/1522-3736.6.1.61a 12193:. Boca Raton: CRC Press. 11807:Journal of Medical Ethics 11729:(2003). Menon, L. (ed.). 11361:"NCAHF Mission Statement" 11220:10.3322/canjclin.49.6.362 10962:Journal of Medical Ethics 10890:Hughes, D. (2010-12-23). 10853:Lilienfeld, S.O. (2002). 10490:"Medication Health Fraud" 10350:(5 Supplement): S15–S20. 10303:(6 Supplement): S46–S48. 10137:Warner, J. (2006-07-20). 9997:10.1017/S0098858800002847 9784:Annual Report on CAM 2011 9144:Beyerstein, B.L. (1999). 8867:10.3322/canjclin.54.2.110 8752:10.1007/s00432-012-1336-6 8422:Nature Reviews Immunology 8104:Bianco, C. (April 2000). 6227:(1). 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(1996). 10395:www.cancerresearchuk.org 10081:10.1001/jama.280.18.1569 9297:10.1177/0009922809340438 9071:. Alternative Medicine. 8253:10.1136/bmj.322.7279.121 7826:10.1136/bmj.287.6388.307 7339:10.1001/jama.279.13.1005 7099:Valiathan, M.S. (2006). 6419:"complementary medicine" 6138:10.1001/jama.280.18.1618 5960:10.1038/nplants.2017.109 5751:(Report). Geneva. 2019. 4511:, p. 1, chpt. 14-E. 3605: 2277:refer to the science of 1957:), and dietary therapy. 1781: 1064:Candida hypersensitivity 246:Fake COVID-19 treatments 60:This article is part of 15324:The Demon-Haunted World 15242:Bourgeois pseudoscience 14676:COVID-19 misinformation 14615:Young blood transfusion 14386:Anthroposophic medicine 13363:Evidence-based medicine 11989:"Conflicts of interest" 10975:10.1136/jme.2003.007021 10623:Swan, N. (2000-10-02). 9597:Horrobin, D.F. (1986). 8809:10.2105/AJPH.92.10.1582 8172:Yale School of Medicine 8168:Yale University website 7939:10.1525/sp.2005.52.1.38 7931:10.1525/sp.2005.52.1.38 7602:Whorton, James (2003). 7518:Mayo Clinic Proceedings 6969:Camillia Matuk (2006). 6660:American Cancer Society 6656:"Naturopathic Medicine" 6588:10.1089/acm.2006.12.323 6576:J Altern Complement Med 6424:The Skeptics Dictionary 6282:Offit, Dr Paul (2013). 5317:National Health Service 4741:Chapter 1: Introduction 3451:, propaganda, or fraud. 3311:, former editor of the 2852:Commentators including 2372:British Medical Journal 2335:counterculture movement 1859:evidence-based medicine 1580:National Health Service 1496:, religion, tradition, 1438:evidence-based medicine 1400:unconventional medicine 1233:unconventional medicine 1186:, religion, tradition, 1174:, producing repeatable 1169:responsible and ethical 1149:biological plausibility 738:COVID-19 misinformation 666:Young blood transfusion 546:Orthomolecular medicine 511:Mind–body interventions 181:Anthroposophic medicine 121:Rise of modern medicine 15156:Corentin Louis Kervran 15024:Rapid prompting method 14912:Biodynamic agriculture 14902:Aquatic ape hypothesis 14760:Historical negationism 14463:Doctrine of signatures 14330:True-believer syndrome 14152:Doctrine of signatures 13648:Ancient Greek medicine 13555:Georgian folk medicine 13332:Complementary medicine 13280:Mind-body intervention 13241:Mind-body intervention 11993:Science-Based Medicine 11971:Science-Based Medicine 10289:Kellehear, A. (2003). 9702:Science-Based Medicine 9534:"Traditional medicine" 9326:Ernst, Edzard (2015). 8194:JAMA Internal Medicine 7861:Kruger, Helen (1974). 7810:"Alternative medicine" 7196:10.1001/jama.300.8.915 6480:Jeffery, Nick (2015). 6462:Science-Based Medicine 5638:; et al. (2004). 5522:Science-Based Medicine 4763:JAMA Internal Medicine 4586:Beyerstein BL (2001). 3918:Shapiro, Rose (2010). 3854:; et al. 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Archived from 4413:Kent Heather (1997). 4002:10.1186/2045-4015-1-7 3740: 3580:Conservation medicine 3536:conflicts of interest 3530:Conflicts of interest 3522: 3477:scientific research. 3422:scientific validation 3377:scientific skepticism 3345: 3268: 3256: 3195: 3123: 3080: 3032:Further information: 2939:chiropractic medicine 2915:a nine-year-old child 2780: 2762: 2563: 2536: 2490:Institute of Medicine 2450:scientific validation 2440: 2176: 2055:scientific skepticism 2024:Supernatural energies 2015:heavy metal poisoning 1912: 1900: 1827:conventional medicine 1804: 1680:Naturopathic Medicine 1466:scientific principles 1381:integrative medicine, 1363: 1099:Vertebral subluxation 1048:Alternative diagnoses 636:Thought Field Therapy 276:Vertebral subluxation 15381:Alternative medicine 15151:Robert F. Kennedy Jr 15111:Ignatius L. Donnelly 14782:Past life regression 14641:Arabian Judah theory 14588:Traditional medicine 14381:Alternative medicine 14310:Pathological science 14147:Alternative medicine 13762:Prehistoric medicine 13700:Alternative medicine 13410:Traditional medicine 13327:Alternative medicine 13289:Public-health issues 13218:Traditional medicine 13132:Alternative medicine 13079:Alternative medicine 12726:Home Entertainment. 12312:Taylor, Kim (2005). 11965:(16 November 2009). 11819:10.1136/jme.22.4.197 11045:. Edinburgh: Mosby. 10821:10.1056/NEJMra052270 9760:Green, Saul (2001). 9256:(October 19, 2013). 8285:"Cochrane CAM Field" 7888:Law, Donald (1975). 7496:on February 12, 2010 7380:10.1038/news990513-8 6628:(Suppl 1): S89–S93. 6370:Medical Anthropology 6186:10.1093/qjmed/hcq057 5595:Skeptic's Dictionary 5591:Integrative medicine 4262:on February 18, 2007 3456:traditional medicine 3353:A: Regular Medicine. 3333:United States Senate 3276:— P.B. Fontanarosa, 3264:Rejection of science 2959:mega-vitamin therapy 2931:breathing meditation 2876:In the United States 2684:Asbjørn Hróbjartsson 2521:Helsinki Declaration 2422:physicians in the US 2323:integrative medicine 2230:NCCIH classification 1964:, considerations of 1755:therapeutic practice 1751:diagnostic technique 1704:Traditional medicine 1684:Osteopathic Medicine 1676:Homeopathic Medicine 1596:Alternative medicine 1557:integrative medicine 1444:Alternative medicine 1373:alternative medicine 1332:Traditional medicine 1318:integrative medicine 1258:-controlled trials, 1163:, which employs the 1145:Alternative medicine 1069:Chronic Lyme disease 798:Traditional medicine 780:Manipulative methods 581:Postural Integration 444:Bach flower remedies 320:Craniosacral therapy 148:Therapeutic nihilism 93:Alternative medicine 70:Alternative medicine 36:Alternative medicine 15247:Demarcation problem 15081:Brigitte Boisselier 14710:Hollow Earth theory 14693:Generational theory 14391:Applied kinesiology 14070:Echigoshirayukidake 13356:Contrary viewpoints 12529:. London: Vintage. 12331:Walton J. (2000) . 12293:Sointu, E. (2012). 12231:Ruggie, M. (2004). 12009:Bivins, R. (2007). 11479:Coulter et al. 2004 11409:10.1038/nm0996-1042 11179:The Washington Post 10855:"Our raison d'ĕtre" 10711:10.1155/2012/837939 10265:NHS Careers website 9615:1986Natur.324..221H 9382:Physician Executive 9285:Clinical Pediatrics 9156:(2). Archived from 8605:10.1093/ecam/nep044 8539:Alcock, J. (1999). 8502:10.5694/mja11.10751 8478:Sarris, J. (2012). 7894:. Turnstone Press. 7464:Current Paediatrics 7106:. Guest Editorial. 6904:(4). Archived from 5587:Robert Todd Carroll 5074:Borkan, J. (2012). 4958:(8932): 1279–1281. 4751:Wieland et al. 2011 3756:Kenneth M. Ludmerer 3484:, in his 2003 book 3449:errors in reasoning 3360:The Washington Post 3347:Neil deGrasse Tyson 3329:Barrie R. Cassileth 3324:Writing in 1999 in 3305:scientific evidence 2970:Alexander technique 2898:mind-body therapies 2807:conspiracy theories 2796:scientific literacy 2359:cultural relativism 2105:Innate Intelligence 2090:Spinal manipulation 1837:Proposed mechanism 1692:Functional Medicine 1621:Robert Todd Carroll 1510:errors in reasoning 1462:scientific evidence 1392:unorthodox medicine 1314:integrated medicine 1262:and calculation of 1221:unorthodox medicine 1204:errors in reasoning 716:Vaccines and autism 706:Anti-vaccinationism 699:OPV AIDS hypothesis 501:Megavitamin therapy 414:Functional medicine 191:Applied kinesiology 87:General information 15317:Skeptical Inquirer 15216:Paul Joseph Watson 15191:Hans Alfred Nieper 15029:Statement analysis 14979:Intelligent design 14854:Reactionless drive 14688:Conversion therapy 14636:Ancient astronauts 14523:Leaky gut syndrome 14503:HIV/AIDS denialism 14258:Cargo cult science 14126:Japanese herbology 14104:Regional practices 13653:Byzantine medicine 13347:Skeptical movement 13311:Water fluoridation 13060:2010-08-22 at the 13037:2018-09-14 at the 13024:2018-06-12 at the 13014:2018-06-12 at the 13006:2015-09-24 at the 12994:2018-06-12 at the 12984:2018-06-12 at the 12835:Skeptical Inquirer 11945:Skeptical Inquirer 11905:(September 2015), 11801:Ernst, E. 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You can help by 3011:In palliative care 2994:Ayurvedic medicine 2951:diet-based therapy 2843:developing nations 2783: 2706:Use and regulation 2621: 2595:No adverse effects 2530:Cancer researcher 2506:prescription drugs 2465:regression fallacy 2446: 2406:pathophysiological 2297:Bioelectromagnetic 2187: 2148:Omega-3 fatty acid 2067:Bioelectromagnetic 1996:copper(II) sulfate 1970:Chinese numerology 1918: 1907: 1815: 1656:Biofield Therapies 1584:Cancer Research UK 1542:US health insurers 1538:US medical schools 1526:medical curriculum 1454:scientific methods 1369: 1084:Leaky gut syndrome 1059:Aerotoxic syndrome 996:Prophetic medicine 694:HIV/AIDS denialism 521:Myofascial release 429:Holistic dentistry 409:Feldenkrais Method 389:Estrogen dominance 315:Conversion therapy 15368: 15367: 15279:Cults of Unreason 15252:Scientific method 15181:Ministry of Ayush 15126:Nicholas Gonzalez 15052: 15051: 14989:Law of attraction 14969:Flat Earth theory 14849:Quantum mysticism 14789:Scientific racism 14745:Pseudoarchaeology 14651:Conspiracy theory 14349:characterized as 14293:Pseudomathematics 14283:Pseudoarchaeology 14201: 14200: 14121:Islamic herbology 14111:Chinese herbology 13979:Purple coneflower 13796: 13795: 13429:Tabernanthe iboga 13376: 13375: 13074:Library resources 12960:978-92-4-156286-7 12898:978-0-8493-2081-1 12879:978-1-58761-141-4 12756:978-0-87975-494-5 12733:978-1-933405-92-6 12695:978-0-14-022009-4 12663:978-0-520-04129-5 12536:978-0-09-942833-6 12483:978-0-19-531368-0 12448:978-92-4-159371-7 12402:978-0-14-044824-5 12344:978-0-10-483100-7 12323:978-0-415-34512-5 12304:978-0-230-30931-9 12285:978-1-4462-6536-9 12274:Saks, M. 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Barker Bausell 3555:Snake Oil Science 3412:and webmaster of 3139:Negative outcomes 3075: 3074: 3003:According to the 2911:Therapeutic touch 2834:Prevalence of use 2688:Peter C. Gøtzsche 2532:Andrew J. Vickers 2391:Medical education 2351:the establishment 2227: 2226: 2128: 2127: 2021: 2020: 1966:Chinese astrology 1890: 1889: 1720:Holistic medicine 1569:drug interactions 1490:clinical practice 1478:molecular biology 1384:holistic medicine 1327:holistic medicine 1291:hydrogen peroxide 1283:cyanide poisoning 1264:prior probability 1260:blind experiments 1225:holistic medicine 1165:scientific method 1142: 1141: 869:Chinese herbology 626:Scientific racism 591:Psychodermatology 496:Medical intuitive 476:Lightning Process 434:Hologram bracelet 382:Therapeutic touch 283:Christian Science 256:Cancer treatments 55: 54: 16:(Redirected from 15393: 15221:Andrew Wakefield 14922:Creation science 14881:Water-fueled car 14843:Perpetual motion 14765:Holocaust denial 14735:Nibiru cataclysm 14730:Nazi archaeology 14533:Macrobiotic diet 14356: 14355: 14228: 14221: 14214: 14205: 14204: 14182:Medicinal plants 14140:Related subjects 14131:Korean herbology 14116:Indian herbology 14075:Lingzhi mushroom 13823: 13816: 13809: 13800: 13799: 13786: 13785: 13514:Mapuche medicine 13476: 13403: 13396: 13389: 13380: 13379: 13125: 13118: 13111: 13102: 13101: 12964: 12933: 12928:. Archived from 12902: 12883: 12871: 12860: 12845:Respiratory Care 12839: 12824: 12822: 12821: 12812:. Archived from 12788: 12786: 12785: 12768: 12748: 12737: 12721: 12707: 12675: 12654:Magical Medicine 12648: 12615: 12578: 12540: 12520: 12508: 12487: 12459: 12457: 12440: 12429: 12424: 12417: 12406: 12383: 12373: 12348: 12327: 12308: 12289: 12270: 12246: 12227: 12215: 12204: 12185: 12172: 12153: 12139: 12113: 12088: 12066: 12047: 12024: 11997: 11996: 11985:Hall, Harriet A. 11981: 11975: 11974: 11959: 11953: 11952: 11933: 11924: 11923: 11922: 11920: 11899: 11893: 11892: 11874: 11868: 11867: 11847: 11841: 11840: 11830: 11798: 11792: 11791: 11789: 11788: 11771:"A callous view" 11766: 11760: 11746: 11723: 11717: 11716: 11680: 11674: 11673: 11663: 11639: 11633: 11632: 11622: 11590: 11584: 11574: 11568: 11562: 11560: 11559: 11539: 11533: 11523: 11517: 11516: 11498: 11492: 11476: 11466: 11442: 11421: 11411: 11385: 11379: 11378: 11376: 11375: 11357: 11351: 11350: 11348: 11347: 11324: 11318: 11317: 11281: 11275: 11274: 11272: 11270: 11247: 11241: 11240: 11222: 11196: 11190: 11189: 11187: 11186: 11169: 11160: 11159: 11111: 11105: 11104: 11102: 11100: 11071: 11065: 11064: 11038: 11032: 11031: 11003: 10997: 10996: 10986: 10952: 10933: 10932: 10931: 10929: 10912: 10906: 10905: 10887: 10878: 10877: 10875: 10874: 10850: 10841: 10840: 10804: 10798: 10797: 10769: 10760: 10759: 10754:. Archived from 10743: 10734: 10733: 10723: 10713: 10689: 10683: 10682: 10658: 10652: 10651: 10649: 10648: 10639:. Archived from 10620: 10614: 10613: 10611: 10610: 10601:. Archived from 10587: 10581: 10580: 10578: 10576: 10537: 10531: 10530: 10528: 10526: 10511: 10505: 10504: 10502: 10500: 10485: 10479: 10478: 10458: 10452: 10451: 10433: 10409: 10403: 10402: 10387: 10381: 10375: 10364: 10363: 10358:. Archived from 10335: 10329: 10328: 10286: 10280: 10279: 10277: 10276: 10257: 10251: 10245: 10239: 10233: 10227: 10226: 10202: 10196: 10195: 10193: 10192: 10173: 10164: 10163: 10161: 10160: 10134: 10128: 10127: 10125: 10123: 10109: 10100: 10094: 10093: 10083: 10059: 10048: 10047: 10045: 10044: 10038: 10031: 10023: 10017: 10016: 9980: 9974: 9973: 9963: 9953: 9929: 9923: 9922: 9880: 9874: 9873: 9845: 9839: 9838: 9828: 9804: 9798: 9797: 9795: 9788: 9780: 9774: 9773: 9757: 9751: 9750: 9748: 9747: 9718: 9712: 9711: 9709: 9708: 9693: 9687: 9686: 9684: 9683: 9668: 9662: 9661: 9659: 9658: 9643: 9637: 9636: 9626: 9624:10.1038/324221a0 9594: 9588: 9587: 9555: 9549: 9548: 9546: 9545: 9530: 9524: 9523: 9503: 9497: 9496: 9482: 9473: 9460: 9459: 9441: 9418:Beyerstein, B.L. 9414: 9399: 9398: 9376: 9367: 9366: 9348: 9342: 9341: 9323: 9317: 9316: 9280: 9274: 9273: 9271: 9270: 9263:The New Republic 9250: 9244: 9243: 9241: 9240: 9218: 9212: 9211: 9192:10.1136/bmj.k309 9175: 9169: 9168: 9166: 9165: 9141: 9124: 9123: 9089: 9083: 9082: 9079:Associated Press 9065: 9050: 9049: 9021: 9006: 9005: 8995: 8971: 8962: 8961: 8959: 8958: 8952: 8946:. Archived from 8937: 8911: 8902: 8887: 8886: 8860: 8840: 8831: 8830: 8820: 8786: 8780: 8779: 8734: 8719: 8709: 8703: 8702: 8682: 8676: 8675: 8657: 8651: 8650: 8633: 8627: 8626: 8616: 8584: 8578: 8577: 8572:. Archived from 8561: 8555: 8554: 8536: 8530: 8529: 8527: 8504: 8484: 8475: 8469: 8463: 8457: 8456: 8438: 8412: 8403: 8402: 8392: 8366: 8357: 8356: 8354: 8353: 8328: 8319: 8318: 8303: 8297: 8296: 8281: 8275: 8274: 8264: 8232: 8226: 8225: 8186: 8180: 8179: 8174:. Archived from 8160: 8154: 8153: 8151: 8150: 8141:. Archived from 8127: 8121: 8120: 8101: 8095: 8094: 8092: 8077: 8059: 8047: 8041: 8029: 8026:Merrymount Press 8010: 8004: 8003: 7967: 7961: 7960: 7942: 7912: 7906: 7905: 7885: 7879: 7878: 7858: 7852: 7851: 7837: 7805: 7792: 7791: 7771: 7762: 7761: 7759: 7758: 7735: 7729: 7728: 7717: 7708: 7707: 7687: 7674: 7673: 7627: 7618: 7617: 7615: 7614: 7599: 7586: 7581: 7568: 7567: 7556: 7550: 7549: 7512: 7506: 7505: 7503: 7501: 7486: 7480: 7479: 7459: 7453: 7452: 7450: 7448: 7437: 7431: 7430: 7394: 7388: 7387: 7367: 7352: 7351: 7341: 7317: 7308: 7302: 7293: 7292: 7282: 7250: 7244: 7243: 7241: 7239: 7224: 7218: 7217: 7207: 7175: 7166: 7165: 7155: 7131: 7125: 7124: 7122: 7105: 7096: 7087: 7086: 7064: 7058: 7052: 7046: 7045:, p. xviii. 7040: 7034: 7033: 7031: 7025:. Archived from 7008: 6999: 6993: 6992: 6990: 6975: 6966: 6960: 6959: 6941: 6935: 6934: 6916: 6910: 6909: 6886:Beyerstein, BL; 6883: 6877: 6876: 6837: 6826: 6825: 6814: 6808: 6807: 6771: 6765: 6764: 6762: 6753: 6747: 6746: 6736: 6702: 6696: 6682: 6676: 6675: 6673: 6671: 6652: 6646: 6645: 6617: 6611: 6610: 6608: 6607: 6598:. Archived from 6567: 6561: 6560: 6542: 6536: 6526: 6520: 6519: 6501: 6477: 6471: 6470: 6445: 6434: 6432: 6411: 6402: 6401: 6365: 6359: 6349: 6343: 6337: 6331: 6309: 6298: 6297: 6279: 6258: 6245: 6244: 6216: 6210: 6209: 6188: 6164: 6158: 6157: 6119: 6106: 6105: 6091: 6059: 6053: 6052: 6038: 5998: 5992: 5991: 5939: 5933: 5932: 5927: 5925: 5912: 5906: 5905: 5875: 5869: 5868: 5854: 5836: 5812: 5806: 5805: 5803: 5801: 5786: 5777: 5776: 5774: 5773: 5767: 5746: 5738: 5729: 5728: 5684: 5678: 5677: 5659: 5632: 5623: 5622: 5606: 5597: 5584: 5578: 5577: 5537: 5531: 5530: 5505: 5490: 5489: 5463: 5439: 5433: 5432: 5384: 5378: 5377: 5375: 5374: 5359: 5353: 5352: 5350: 5349: 5334: 5328: 5327: 5325: 5324: 5309: 5303: 5302: 5268: 5260: 5251: 5250: 5232: 5208: 5197: 5196: 5151: 5145: 5144: 5142: 5141: 5132:. Archived from 5122: 5116: 5115: 5105: 5095: 5071: 5065: 5064: 5062: 5061: 5038: 5032: 5031: 4993: 4984: 4983: 4945: 4936: 4935: 4922: 4893: 4884: 4878: 4873:. Archived from 4852: 4846: 4832: 4826: 4825: 4789: 4779: 4734: 4728: 4727: 4725: 4724: 4697: 4670: 4660: 4654: 4653: 4635: 4626: 4625: 4607: 4583: 4570: 4569: 4567: 4566: 4547: 4541: 4540: 4538: 4537: 4518: 4512: 4506: 4497: 4496: 4478: 4454: 4445: 4444: 4434: 4410: 4401: 4396: 4354: 4344: 4320: 4299: 4284: 4278: 4272: 4271: 4269: 4267: 4258:. Archived from 4242: 4209: 4208: 4207: 4205: 4185: 4179: 4178: 4130: 4089: 4088: 4077: 4071: 4064: 4058: 4057: 4055: 4053: 4031: 4025: 4024: 4014: 4004: 3980: 3974: 3973: 3945: 3939: 3938: 3915: 3906: 3905: 3903: 3880: 3860: 3848: 3831: 3830: 3802: 3774: 3771: 3765: 3752: 3746: 3733: 3727: 3724: 3723: 3709:Samuel Hahnemann 3702: 3696: 3689: 3680: 3677: 3671: 3668: 3659: 3656: 3647: 3644: 3635: 3632: 3623: 3620: 3408:, co-founder of 3371:Writers such as 3237:opportunity cost 3233:Scott Lilienfeld 3214:appeal to nature 3070: 3067: 3049: 3042: 2812:health insurance 2722:cognitive biases 2497:Cochrane Library 2495:As of 2005, the 2349:and challenging 2339:new age movement 2200: 2199: 2046:Biofield therapy 2032: 2031: 2003:patent medicines 1931: 1930: 1832: 1831: 1722: 1721: 1652:Manual Therapies 1518:research funding 1486:natural sciences 1388:natural medicine 1134: 1127: 1120: 884:Gill plate trade 646:Vaginal steaming 293:Colloidal silver 261:Charcoal cleanse 80: 57: 56: 32: 31: 21: 15401: 15400: 15396: 15395: 15394: 15392: 15391: 15390: 15371: 15370: 15369: 15364: 15261: 15237:Bogdanov affair 15225: 15205:Claude Vorilhon 15091:Robert Charroux 15066:Sucharit Bhakdi 15058: 15048: 14885: 14815: 14755:Genocide denial 14720:Japhetic theory 14715:Indigo children 14631:2012 phenomenon 14619: 14563:Patent medicine 14483:Energy medicine 14456:Colon cleansing 14441:Crystal healing 14376:Adrenal fatigue 14350: 14348: 14341: 14246: 14237: 14232: 14202: 14197: 14186: 14135: 14099: 14060:Almond mushroom 14048: 13830: 13827: 13797: 13792: 13776: 13735:herbs and fungi 13730:Herbal medicine 13683: 13667: 13636: 13592:Siddha medicine 13533: 13524:Navajo medicine 13477: 13468: 13464:Yorùbá medicine 13412: 13407: 13377: 13372: 13351: 13315: 13296:Dental amalgams 13284: 13251: 13227: 13168:Energy medicine 13134: 13129: 13099: 13098: 13097: 13082: 13081: 13077: 13070: 13062:Wayback Machine 13039:Wayback Machine 13026:Wayback Machine 13016:Wayback Machine 13008:Wayback Machine 12996:Wayback Machine 12986:Wayback Machine 12974: 12961: 12940: 12899: 12880: 12819: 12817: 12783: 12781: 12757: 12734: 12696: 12664: 12537: 12484: 12466: 12464:Further reading 12455: 12449: 12438: 12422: 12415: 12403: 12345: 12324: 12305: 12286: 12267: 12243: 12224: 12201: 12178:Callahan (2004) 12169: 12136: 12110: 12085: 12063: 12044: 12021: 12005: 12000: 11982: 11978: 11960: 11956: 11934: 11927: 11918: 11916: 11900: 11896: 11875: 11871: 11864: 11848: 11844: 11799: 11795: 11786: 11784: 11767: 11763: 11751:in 2004 US ed. 11743: 11724: 11720: 11681: 11677: 11640: 11636: 11591: 11587: 11577:IOM Report 2005 11575: 11571: 11563:Extracted from 11557: 11555: 11542:Xiaorui Zhang. 11540: 11536: 11526:IOM Report 2005 11524: 11520: 11513: 11499: 11495: 11487: 11482: 11477: 11443: 11439: 11422: 11395:Nature Medicine 11386: 11382: 11373: 11371: 11359: 11358: 11354: 11345: 11343: 11325: 11321: 11282: 11278: 11268: 11266: 11264: 11248: 11244: 11197: 11193: 11184: 11182: 11170: 11163: 11112: 11108: 11098: 11096: 11072: 11068: 11053: 11039: 11035: 11004: 11000: 10953: 10936: 10927: 10925: 10913: 10909: 10888: 10881: 10872: 10870: 10851: 10844: 10805: 10801: 10786: 10770: 10763: 10744: 10737: 10690: 10686: 10659: 10655: 10646: 10644: 10621: 10617: 10608: 10606: 10593:(2011-09-23) . 10588: 10584: 10574: 10572: 10562: 10539: 10538: 10534: 10524: 10522: 10512: 10508: 10498: 10496: 10486: 10482: 10459: 10455: 10410: 10406: 10401:. July 4, 2019. 10389: 10388: 10384: 10376: 10367: 10336: 10332: 10287: 10283: 10274: 10272: 10259: 10258: 10254: 10246: 10242: 10234: 10230: 10203: 10199: 10190: 10188: 10174: 10167: 10158: 10156: 10135: 10131: 10121: 10119: 10107: 10101: 10097: 10060: 10051: 10042: 10040: 10036: 10029: 10025: 10024: 10020: 9981: 9977: 9930: 9926: 9897:(11): 587–589. 9881: 9877: 9846: 9842: 9826:10.1038/462711a 9805: 9801: 9793: 9786: 9782: 9781: 9777: 9758: 9754: 9745: 9743: 9722:Atwood, K.C. IV 9719: 9715: 9706: 9704: 9694: 9690: 9681: 9679: 9670: 9669: 9665: 9656: 9654: 9644: 9640: 9595: 9591: 9556: 9552: 9543: 9541: 9532: 9531: 9527: 9520: 9504: 9500: 9480: 9474: 9463: 9415: 9402: 9377: 9370: 9363: 9349: 9345: 9338: 9324: 9320: 9281: 9277: 9268: 9266: 9254:Jerome Groopman 9251: 9247: 9238: 9236: 9228:The Independent 9219: 9215: 9176: 9172: 9163: 9161: 9142: 9127: 9112: 9090: 9086: 9067: 9066: 9053: 9022: 9009: 8972: 8965: 8956: 8954: 8950: 8920:(1): CD003974. 8909: 8903: 8890: 8858:10.1.1.521.2180 8841: 8834: 8787: 8783: 8735: 8722: 8712:IOM Report 2005 8710: 8706: 8683: 8679: 8672: 8658: 8654: 8635: 8634: 8630: 8585: 8581: 8562: 8558: 8537: 8533: 8525: 8482: 8476: 8472: 8466:IOM Report 2005 8464: 8460: 8436:10.1038/nri1486 8429:(11): 912–921. 8419:. Perspective. 8413: 8406: 8367: 8360: 8351: 8349: 8330: 8329: 8322: 8305: 8304: 8300: 8283: 8282: 8278: 8233: 8229: 8187: 8183: 8162: 8161: 8157: 8148: 8146: 8129: 8128: 8124: 8102: 8098: 8090: 8057: 8048: 8044: 8039:Wayback Machine 8011: 8007: 7968: 7964: 7957: 7943: 7918:Social Problems 7913: 7909: 7902: 7886: 7882: 7875: 7859: 7855: 7806: 7795: 7788: 7772: 7765: 7756: 7754: 7736: 7732: 7719: 7718: 7711: 7704: 7688: 7677: 7640:(11): 587–589. 7628: 7621: 7612: 7610: 7600: 7589: 7582: 7571: 7558: 7557: 7553: 7513: 7509: 7499: 7497: 7488: 7487: 7483: 7460: 7456: 7446: 7444: 7439: 7438: 7434: 7395: 7391: 7368: 7355: 7318: 7311: 7303: 7296: 7251: 7247: 7237: 7235: 7225: 7221: 7176: 7169: 7146:(26): 582–584. 7132: 7128: 7120: 7109:Current Science 7103: 7097: 7090: 7083: 7065: 7061: 7053: 7049: 7041: 7037: 7029: 7006: 7000: 6996: 6988: 6973: 6967: 6963: 6956: 6942: 6938: 6931: 6917: 6913: 6888:Wallace Sampson 6884: 6880: 6838: 6829: 6816: 6815: 6811: 6772: 6768: 6760: 6754: 6750: 6703: 6699: 6683: 6679: 6669: 6667: 6666:on 3 April 2015 6654: 6653: 6649: 6618: 6614: 6605: 6603: 6568: 6564: 6557: 6543: 6539: 6527: 6523: 6492:(12): 687–688. 6478: 6474: 6446: 6437: 6412: 6405: 6366: 6362: 6350: 6346: 6340:IOM Report 2005 6338: 6334: 6322:in 2004 US ed. 6310: 6301: 6294: 6276: 6259: 6248: 6217: 6213: 6165: 6161: 6120: 6109: 6060: 6056: 5999: 5995: 5940: 5936: 5923: 5921: 5914: 5913: 5909: 5898: 5876: 5872: 5813: 5809: 5799: 5797: 5796:. July 16, 2021 5788: 5787: 5780: 5771: 5769: 5765: 5759: 5744: 5740: 5739: 5732: 5685: 5681: 5636:Cassileth, B.R. 5633: 5626: 5607: 5600: 5585: 5581: 5538: 5534: 5506: 5493: 5440: 5436: 5385: 5381: 5372: 5370: 5361: 5360: 5356: 5347: 5345: 5336: 5335: 5331: 5322: 5320: 5319:. March 1, 2022 5311: 5310: 5306: 5261: 5254: 5209: 5200: 5152: 5148: 5139: 5137: 5124: 5123: 5119: 5072: 5068: 5059: 5057: 5040: 5039: 5035: 4994: 4987: 4946: 4939: 4894: 4887: 4871: 4853: 4849: 4835:IOM Report 2005 4833: 4829: 4790: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4735: 4731: 4722: 4720: 4699: 4698: 4673: 4663:IOM Report 2005 4661: 4657: 4650: 4636: 4629: 4584: 4573: 4564: 4562: 4549: 4548: 4544: 4535: 4533: 4520: 4519: 4515: 4507: 4500: 4476:10.1038/nri1486 4469:(11): 912–921. 4455: 4448: 4411: 4404: 4371:(11): 587–589. 4317: 4300: 4287: 4281:IOM Report 2005 4279: 4275: 4265: 4263: 4243: 4212: 4203: 4201: 4186: 4182: 4131: 4092: 4079: 4078: 4074: 4065: 4061: 4051: 4049: 4032: 4028: 3981: 3977: 3946: 3942: 3932: 3916: 3909: 3901: 3878:10.1.1.694.9581 3871:(12): 839–841. 3858: 3849: 3834: 3819: 3803: 3786: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3768: 3753: 3749: 3734: 3730: 3703: 3699: 3690: 3683: 3678: 3674: 3669: 3662: 3657: 3650: 3645: 3638: 3633: 3626: 3621: 3612: 3608: 3600:Siddha medicine 3595:Psychic surgery 3571: 3550: 3532: 3525:accept for CAM. 3496:non-maleficence 3482:Richard Dawkins 3406:Stephen Barrett 3394:Wallace Sampson 3366:Steven Salzberg 3352: 3350: 3285: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3266: 3245: 3228: 3226:Treatment delay 3205: 3178: 3147: 3141: 3111: 3071: 3065: 3062: 3055:needs expansion 3040: 3030: 3017:palliative care 3013: 2923: 2906:energy medicine 2878: 2836: 2788: 2757:The Independent 2745: 2713: 2708: 2675: 2665:The concept of 2662: 2626: 2617:clinical trials 2613:pharmacologists 2605:epidemiologists 2598: 2592: 2583: 2574: 2568:Misinterpreted 2565: 2550: 2517:clinical trials 2435: 2401:medical schools 2393: 2314: 2308: 2232: 2198: 2192: 2168:Herbal medicine 2139: 2137:Herbal medicine 2133: 2092:aims to treat " 2026: 1901:Ready-to-drink 1895: 1799: 1790: 1784: 1746: 1719: 1718: 1706: 1700: 1613:David Colquhoun 1550: 1446: 1434:medical science 1396:fringe medicine 1358: 1352: 1229:fringe medicine 1216:pseudo-medicine 1172:clinical trials 1161:modern medicine 1138: 1109: 1108: 1054:Adrenal fatigue 1049: 1041: 1040: 815:Southern Africa 800: 790: 789: 760: 758:Classifications 750: 749: 726:in chiropractic 684: 676: 675: 596:Quantum healing 586:Psychic surgery 461:Ionized jewelry 424:Herbal medicine 372:Esoteric energy 362:Energy medicine 330:Cupping therapy 325:Crystal healing 298:Colon cleansing 236:Bowen technique 206:Auriculotherapy 161: 153: 152: 88: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 15399: 15389: 15388: 15383: 15366: 15365: 15363: 15362: 15355: 15348: 15341: 15334: 15327: 15320: 15313: 15308: 15303: 15296: 15289: 15282: 15275: 15269: 15267: 15263: 15262: 15260: 15259: 15254: 15249: 15244: 15239: 15233: 15231: 15230:Related topics 15227: 15226: 15224: 15223: 15218: 15213: 15211:Randolph Stone 15208: 15198: 15193: 15188: 15186:Theodor Morell 15183: 15178: 15176:Joseph Mercola 15173: 15171:Jenny McCarthy 15168: 15163: 15158: 15153: 15148: 15143: 15138: 15136:Graham Hancock 15133: 15131:Goop (company) 15128: 15123: 15118: 15113: 15108: 15106:Vernon Coleman 15103: 15098: 15093: 15088: 15083: 15078: 15073: 15068: 15062: 15060: 15054: 15053: 15050: 15049: 15047: 15046: 15041: 15036: 15031: 15026: 15021: 15016: 15011: 15006: 15001: 14996: 14991: 14986: 14981: 14976: 14971: 14966: 14961: 14956: 14951: 14946: 14941: 14940: 14939: 14929: 14924: 14919: 14914: 14909: 14904: 14899: 14893: 14891: 14887: 14886: 14884: 14883: 14878: 14873: 14871:Teleportation‎ 14868: 14867: 14866: 14861: 14851: 14846: 14840: 14834: 14829: 14823: 14821: 14817: 14816: 14814: 14813: 14808: 14803: 14802: 14801: 14799:Melanin theory 14796: 14786: 14785: 14784: 14774: 14769: 14768: 14767: 14762: 14757: 14747: 14742: 14740:Parapsychology 14737: 14732: 14727: 14722: 14717: 14712: 14707: 14706: 14705: 14700: 14690: 14685: 14684: 14683: 14678: 14673: 14668: 14663: 14658: 14648: 14643: 14638: 14633: 14627: 14625: 14624:Social science 14621: 14620: 14618: 14617: 14612: 14607: 14602: 14597: 14596: 14595: 14585: 14580: 14575: 14573:Primal therapy 14570: 14565: 14560: 14555: 14550: 14545: 14540: 14538:Magnet therapy 14535: 14530: 14525: 14520: 14515: 14510: 14505: 14500: 14495: 14490: 14485: 14480: 14475: 14470: 14465: 14460: 14459: 14458: 14451:Detoxification 14448: 14443: 14438: 14433: 14428: 14423: 14418: 14413: 14408: 14403: 14398: 14393: 14388: 14383: 14378: 14373: 14368: 14362: 14360: 14353: 14343: 14342: 14340: 14339: 14336:Voodoo Science 14332: 14327: 14322: 14317: 14312: 14307: 14302: 14297: 14296: 14295: 14290: 14285: 14280: 14278:Fringe science 14270: 14265: 14260: 14254: 14252: 14248: 14247: 14242: 14239: 14238: 14231: 14230: 14223: 14216: 14208: 14199: 14198: 14191: 14188: 14187: 14185: 14184: 14179: 14174: 14169: 14164: 14159: 14154: 14149: 14143: 14141: 14137: 14136: 14134: 14133: 14128: 14123: 14118: 14113: 14107: 14105: 14101: 14100: 14098: 14097: 14092: 14090:Morel mushroom 14087: 14082: 14077: 14072: 14067: 14065:Chaga mushroom 14062: 14056: 14054: 14050: 14049: 14047: 14046: 14041: 14036: 14031: 14026: 14021: 14016: 14011: 14006: 14001: 13996: 13991: 13986: 13981: 13976: 13971: 13966: 13961: 13956: 13951: 13946: 13941: 13936: 13931: 13926: 13921: 13916: 13911: 13906: 13901: 13896: 13891: 13886: 13881: 13880: 13879: 13869: 13864: 13859: 13854: 13849: 13844: 13838: 13836: 13832: 13831: 13826: 13825: 13818: 13811: 13803: 13794: 13793: 13781: 13778: 13777: 13775: 13774: 13769: 13764: 13759: 13754: 13749: 13744: 13739: 13738: 13737: 13727: 13722: 13717: 13712: 13707: 13702: 13697: 13691: 13689: 13685: 13684: 13682: 13681: 13675: 13673: 13669: 13668: 13666: 13665: 13660: 13655: 13650: 13644: 13642: 13638: 13637: 13635: 13634: 13632:Unani medicine 13629: 13624: 13619: 13614: 13609: 13604: 13599: 13594: 13589: 13584: 13579: 13574: 13573: 13572: 13562: 13557: 13552: 13547: 13541: 13539: 13535: 13534: 13532: 13531: 13526: 13521: 13516: 13511: 13506: 13501: 13496: 13491: 13489:Aztec medicine 13485: 13483: 13479: 13478: 13471: 13469: 13467: 13466: 13461: 13456: 13451: 13446: 13441: 13436: 13431: 13426: 13420: 13418: 13414: 13413: 13406: 13405: 13398: 13391: 13383: 13374: 13373: 13371: 13370: 13365: 13359: 13357: 13353: 13352: 13350: 13349: 13344: 13339: 13334: 13329: 13323: 13321: 13317: 13316: 13314: 13313: 13308: 13303: 13301:Growth hormone 13298: 13292: 13290: 13286: 13285: 13283: 13282: 13277: 13272: 13270:Energy therapy 13267: 13261: 13259: 13253: 13252: 13250: 13249: 13244: 13237: 13235: 13229: 13228: 13226: 13225: 13223:Unani medicine 13220: 13215: 13210: 13205: 13200: 13195: 13190: 13185: 13180: 13175: 13170: 13165: 13160: 13155: 13150: 13144: 13142: 13136: 13135: 13128: 13127: 13120: 13113: 13105: 13096: 13095: 13090: 13084: 13083: 13072: 13071: 13069: 13068:External links 13066: 13065: 13064: 13052: 13046: 13041: 13028: 13018: 12998: 12988: 12973: 12970: 12969: 12968: 12959: 12946: 12939: 12936: 12935: 12934: 12932:on 2004-02-06. 12903: 12897: 12884: 12878: 12861: 12840: 12825: 12789: 12769: 12755: 12738: 12732: 12708: 12694: 12676: 12662: 12649: 12631:(6): 575–582. 12616: 12579: 12561:(2): 117–119. 12555:Manual Therapy 12546: 12535: 12509: 12488: 12482: 12465: 12462: 12461: 12460: 12447: 12430: 12407: 12401: 12384: 12349: 12343: 12328: 12322: 12309: 12303: 12290: 12284: 12271: 12265: 12247: 12241: 12228: 12222: 12205: 12199: 12186: 12173: 12167: 12154: 12140: 12134: 12114: 12108: 12089: 12083: 12067: 12061: 12048: 12042: 12025: 12019: 12004: 12001: 11999: 11998: 11976: 11954: 11925: 11894: 11869: 11862: 11842: 11813:(4): 197–198. 11793: 11761: 11741: 11718: 11691:(4): 405–409. 11675: 11634: 11585: 11569: 11534: 11518: 11511: 11493: 11457:(3): 248–250. 11437: 11380: 11352: 11330:(2004-02-10). 11319: 11276: 11262: 11242: 11213:(6): 362–375. 11191: 11161: 11106: 11066: 11051: 11033: 11014:(4): 250–253. 10998: 10969:(2): 156–159. 10934: 10907: 10879: 10842: 10815:(7): 731–739. 10799: 10784: 10761: 10758:on 2007-10-12. 10735: 10684: 10673:(6): 492–495. 10653: 10637:Radio National 10615: 10582: 10560: 10552:10.17226/11182 10532: 10506: 10480: 10453: 10431:10.1.1.493.434 10424:(3): 173–179. 10418:The Oncologist 10404: 10382: 10365: 10362:on 2008-12-01. 10330: 10281: 10252: 10240: 10228: 10197: 10165: 10129: 10095: 10049: 10018: 9991:(2): 269–299. 9975: 9924: 9875: 9856:(9): 473–476. 9840: 9799: 9775: 9752: 9713: 9688: 9663: 9638: 9589: 9550: 9525: 9518: 9498: 9461: 9432:(3): 230–237. 9400: 9368: 9361: 9343: 9336: 9318: 9275: 9245: 9213: 9170: 9125: 9110: 9084: 9051: 9007: 8963: 8888: 8851:(2): 110–118. 8832: 8781: 8746:(3): 357–365. 8720: 8704: 8677: 8670: 8652: 8628: 8579: 8576:on 2013-10-16. 8556: 8531: 8495:(5): 310–311. 8470: 8458: 8404: 8358: 8320: 8317:on 2010-03-23. 8298: 8295:on 2013-09-28. 8276: 8227: 8200:(4): 395–397. 8181: 8178:on 2013-10-04. 8155: 8122: 8096: 8068:(2): 193–196. 8051:Ludmerer, K.M. 8042: 8005: 7978:(2): 279–298. 7962: 7955: 7907: 7900: 7880: 7873: 7853: 7793: 7786: 7763: 7730: 7709: 7702: 7675: 7619: 7587: 7569: 7566:on 2016-05-22. 7551: 7507: 7481: 7454: 7432: 7405:(6): 801–840. 7389: 7353: 7309: 7294: 7265:(4): 303–307. 7245: 7219: 7190:(8): 915–923. 7167: 7126: 7088: 7081: 7059: 7047: 7035: 7032:on 2015-05-05. 6994: 6961: 6954: 6936: 6929: 6911: 6908:on 2009-10-04. 6878: 6851:(1): 188–197. 6827: 6809: 6766: 6748: 6719:(6): 577–582. 6697: 6685:Hahnemann 1833 6677: 6647: 6612: 6582:(3): 323–328. 6562: 6555: 6537: 6521: 6472: 6451:(2010-08-04). 6435: 6431:on 2013-09-27. 6417:(2011-05-14). 6403: 6360: 6344: 6332: 6299: 6292: 6274: 6246: 6211: 6159: 6107: 6054: 5993: 5934: 5907: 5896: 5870: 5807: 5778: 5757: 5730: 5695:(2): 209–217. 5679: 5644:The Oncologist 5624: 5621:on 2002-03-02. 5598: 5579: 5552:(3): 380–407. 5532: 5511:(2010-08-03). 5491: 5434: 5399:(1): e54–e73. 5379: 5354: 5344:. 4 April 2022 5329: 5304: 5277:(5): 271–277. 5252: 5223:(6): 887–896. 5198: 5163:(3): 357–365. 5146: 5117: 5066: 5033: 4985: 4937: 4913:(5): 244–247. 4885: 4877:on 2013-02-15. 4869: 4847: 4827: 4800:(2): 112–122. 4729: 4671: 4655: 4648: 4627: 4598:(3): 230–237. 4571: 4542: 4528:. 2014-01-14. 4513: 4498: 4446: 4402: 4335:(3): 248–250. 4315: 4303:Hines, Terence 4285: 4273: 4248:(April 2002). 4210: 4180: 4145:(1): 188–197. 4090: 4072: 4059: 4026: 3975: 3956:(4): 479–494. 3940: 3930: 3907: 3832: 3817: 3783: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3775: 3766: 3747: 3728: 3697: 3681: 3672: 3660: 3648: 3636: 3624: 3609: 3607: 3604: 3603: 3602: 3597: 3592: 3587: 3582: 3577: 3570: 3567: 3549: 3546: 3531: 3528: 3474: 3473: 3469: 3466: 3463: 3460:folk knowledge 3452: 3433: 3297:Steven Novella 3267: 3265: 3262: 3244: 3241: 3227: 3224: 3204: 3201: 3177: 3174: 3173: 3172: 3165: 3158: 3140: 3137: 3119:Robert L. Park 3110: 3107: 3073: 3072: 3052: 3050: 3029: 3026: 3012: 3009: 2922: 2919: 2877: 2874: 2854:David Horrobin 2835: 2832: 2787: 2786:Social factors 2784: 2744: 2741: 2712: 2709: 2707: 2704: 2700:nocebo effects 2674: 2671: 2661: 2658: 2646:reporting bias 2634:placebo effect 2625: 2624:Placebo effect 2622: 2578:Placebo effect 2570:natural course 2555:mis-attributed 2549: 2546: 2434: 2431: 2397:Flexner Report 2392: 2389: 2343:mass marketing 2310:Main article: 2307: 2304: 2303: 2302: 2301: 2300: 2294: 2285: 2282: 2271: 2263: 2244:magnet therapy 2231: 2228: 2225: 2224: 2220: 2217: 2210: 2209: 2206: 2203: 2191: 2188: 2135:Main article: 2132: 2129: 2126: 2125: 2122: 2115: 2109: 2108: 2097: 2087: 2081: 2080: 2073: 2070: 2063: 2062: 2051: 2048: 2042: 2041: 2038: 2035: 2025: 2022: 2019: 2018: 1999: 1980: 1974: 1973: 1958: 1947: 1941: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1894: 1891: 1888: 1887: 1876: 1873: 1867: 1866: 1855: 1848: 1842: 1841: 1838: 1835: 1798: 1795: 1783: 1780: 1745: 1742: 1699: 1696: 1573:cancer therapy 1549: 1546: 1445: 1442: 1351: 1348: 1271:placebo effect 1140: 1139: 1137: 1136: 1129: 1122: 1114: 1111: 1110: 1107: 1106: 1101: 1096: 1091: 1086: 1081: 1076: 1071: 1066: 1061: 1056: 1050: 1047: 1046: 1043: 1042: 1039: 1038: 1033: 1028: 1023: 1018: 1013: 1008: 1003: 998: 993: 988: 983: 978: 973: 968: 963: 958: 953: 948: 943: 938: 933: 928: 927: 926: 921: 916: 911: 906: 904:Pressure point 901: 896: 891: 886: 881: 876: 871: 866: 856: 851: 846: 841: 836: 835: 834: 829: 819: 818: 817: 812: 801: 796: 795: 792: 791: 788: 787: 785:Energy therapy 782: 777: 772: 767: 761: 756: 755: 752: 751: 748: 747: 746: 745: 735: 730: 729: 728: 723: 718: 713: 703: 702: 701: 691: 685: 682: 681: 678: 677: 674: 673: 671:Zero balancing 668: 663: 658: 656:Vision therapy 653: 648: 643: 638: 633: 628: 623: 618: 613: 608: 603: 598: 593: 588: 583: 578: 573: 571:Parapsychology 568: 563: 558: 553: 548: 543: 538: 533: 528: 523: 518: 513: 508: 503: 498: 493: 491:Manual therapy 488: 486:Magnet therapy 483: 478: 473: 468: 463: 458: 453: 448: 447: 446: 436: 431: 426: 421: 416: 411: 406: 401: 396: 391: 386: 385: 384: 379: 374: 369: 359: 354: 349: 348: 347: 340:Detoxification 337: 332: 327: 322: 317: 312: 307: 306: 305: 295: 290: 285: 280: 279: 278: 273: 263: 258: 253: 248: 243: 238: 233: 228: 223: 218: 213: 208: 203: 198: 193: 188: 183: 178: 173: 168: 162: 159: 158: 155: 154: 151: 150: 145: 144: 143: 133: 128: 123: 118: 117:(health fraud) 112: 107: 106: 105: 100: 89: 86: 85: 82: 81: 73: 72: 66: 65: 53: 52: 49: 45: 44: 39: 38: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15398: 15387: 15386:Pseudoscience 15384: 15382: 15379: 15378: 15376: 15361: 15360: 15356: 15354: 15353: 15349: 15347: 15346: 15342: 15340: 15339: 15335: 15333: 15332: 15328: 15326: 15325: 15321: 15319: 15318: 15314: 15312: 15309: 15307: 15304: 15302: 15301: 15300:Fortean Times 15297: 15295: 15294: 15290: 15288: 15287: 15283: 15281: 15280: 15276: 15274: 15271: 15270: 15268: 15264: 15258: 15255: 15253: 15250: 15248: 15245: 15243: 15240: 15238: 15235: 15234: 15232: 15228: 15222: 15219: 15217: 15214: 15212: 15209: 15206: 15202: 15199: 15197: 15194: 15192: 15189: 15187: 15184: 15182: 15179: 15177: 15174: 15172: 15169: 15167: 15164: 15162: 15159: 15157: 15154: 15152: 15149: 15147: 15144: 15142: 15139: 15137: 15134: 15132: 15129: 15127: 15124: 15122: 15119: 15117: 15114: 15112: 15109: 15107: 15104: 15102: 15099: 15097: 15096:Deepak Chopra 15094: 15092: 15089: 15087: 15084: 15082: 15079: 15077: 15074: 15072: 15069: 15067: 15064: 15063: 15061: 15059:pseudoscience 15055: 15045: 15042: 15040: 15037: 15035: 15032: 15030: 15027: 15025: 15022: 15020: 15017: 15015: 15012: 15010: 15007: 15005: 15002: 15000: 14997: 14995: 14992: 14990: 14987: 14985: 14982: 14980: 14977: 14975: 14972: 14970: 14967: 14965: 14962: 14960: 14957: 14955: 14952: 14950: 14947: 14945: 14942: 14938: 14935: 14934: 14933: 14930: 14928: 14927:Cryptozoology 14925: 14923: 14920: 14918: 14915: 14913: 14910: 14908: 14905: 14903: 14900: 14898: 14895: 14894: 14892: 14888: 14882: 14879: 14877: 14874: 14872: 14869: 14865: 14862: 14860: 14857: 14856: 14855: 14852: 14850: 14847: 14844: 14841: 14838: 14835: 14833: 14830: 14828: 14827:Anti-gravity‎ 14825: 14824: 14822: 14818: 14812: 14809: 14807: 14804: 14800: 14797: 14795: 14792: 14791: 14790: 14787: 14783: 14780: 14779: 14778: 14775: 14773: 14770: 14766: 14763: 14761: 14758: 14756: 14753: 14752: 14751: 14750:Pseudohistory 14748: 14746: 14743: 14741: 14738: 14736: 14733: 14731: 14728: 14726: 14723: 14721: 14718: 14716: 14713: 14711: 14708: 14704: 14701: 14699: 14698:Generationism 14696: 14695: 14694: 14691: 14689: 14686: 14682: 14679: 14677: 14674: 14672: 14669: 14667: 14664: 14662: 14659: 14657: 14656:5G conspiracy 14654: 14653: 14652: 14649: 14647: 14646:Catastrophism 14644: 14642: 14639: 14637: 14634: 14632: 14629: 14628: 14626: 14622: 14616: 14613: 14611: 14608: 14606: 14603: 14601: 14598: 14594: 14591: 14590: 14589: 14586: 14584: 14581: 14579: 14576: 14574: 14571: 14569: 14566: 14564: 14561: 14559: 14556: 14554: 14551: 14549: 14546: 14544: 14541: 14539: 14536: 14534: 14531: 14529: 14526: 14524: 14521: 14519: 14516: 14514: 14511: 14509: 14506: 14504: 14501: 14499: 14496: 14494: 14493:FasciaBlaster 14491: 14489: 14486: 14484: 14481: 14479: 14476: 14474: 14471: 14469: 14466: 14464: 14461: 14457: 14454: 14453: 14452: 14449: 14447: 14444: 14442: 14439: 14437: 14434: 14432: 14431:Correactology 14429: 14427: 14426:Chromotherapy 14424: 14422: 14419: 14417: 14414: 14412: 14409: 14407: 14404: 14402: 14399: 14397: 14394: 14392: 14389: 14387: 14384: 14382: 14379: 14377: 14374: 14372: 14369: 14367: 14364: 14363: 14361: 14357: 14354: 14352: 14351:pseudoscience 14344: 14338: 14337: 14333: 14331: 14328: 14326: 14323: 14321: 14318: 14316: 14313: 14311: 14308: 14306: 14303: 14301: 14298: 14294: 14291: 14289: 14288:Pseudohistory 14286: 14284: 14281: 14279: 14276: 14275: 14274: 14273:Fringe theory 14271: 14269: 14266: 14264: 14261: 14259: 14256: 14255: 14253: 14249: 14245: 14240: 14236: 14235:Pseudoscience 14229: 14224: 14222: 14217: 14215: 14210: 14209: 14206: 14196: 14195: 14189: 14183: 14180: 14178: 14175: 14173: 14170: 14168: 14165: 14163: 14160: 14158: 14155: 14153: 14150: 14148: 14145: 14144: 14142: 14138: 14132: 14129: 14127: 14124: 14122: 14119: 14117: 14114: 14112: 14109: 14108: 14106: 14102: 14096: 14093: 14091: 14088: 14086: 14083: 14081: 14078: 14076: 14073: 14071: 14068: 14066: 14063: 14061: 14058: 14057: 14055: 14051: 14045: 14042: 14040: 14037: 14035: 14032: 14030: 14027: 14025: 14022: 14020: 14017: 14015: 14012: 14010: 14007: 14005: 14002: 14000: 13999:Summer savory 13997: 13995: 13992: 13990: 13987: 13985: 13982: 13980: 13977: 13975: 13972: 13970: 13967: 13965: 13962: 13960: 13957: 13955: 13952: 13950: 13947: 13945: 13942: 13940: 13937: 13935: 13932: 13930: 13927: 13925: 13922: 13920: 13917: 13915: 13912: 13910: 13907: 13905: 13902: 13900: 13897: 13895: 13892: 13890: 13887: 13885: 13882: 13878: 13875: 13874: 13873: 13870: 13868: 13865: 13863: 13860: 13858: 13855: 13853: 13850: 13848: 13845: 13843: 13840: 13839: 13837: 13833: 13824: 13819: 13817: 13812: 13810: 13805: 13804: 13801: 13791: 13790: 13779: 13773: 13770: 13768: 13765: 13763: 13760: 13758: 13755: 13753: 13750: 13748: 13745: 13743: 13740: 13736: 13733: 13732: 13731: 13728: 13726: 13723: 13721: 13720:Ethnomedicine 13718: 13716: 13713: 13711: 13708: 13706: 13703: 13701: 13698: 13696: 13693: 13692: 13690: 13686: 13680: 13679:Bush medicine 13677: 13676: 13674: 13670: 13664: 13661: 13659: 13656: 13654: 13651: 13649: 13646: 13645: 13643: 13639: 13633: 13630: 13628: 13625: 13623: 13620: 13618: 13615: 13613: 13610: 13608: 13605: 13603: 13600: 13598: 13595: 13593: 13590: 13588: 13585: 13583: 13580: 13578: 13575: 13571: 13568: 13567: 13566: 13563: 13561: 13558: 13556: 13553: 13551: 13548: 13546: 13543: 13542: 13540: 13536: 13530: 13527: 13525: 13522: 13520: 13519:Maya medicine 13517: 13515: 13512: 13510: 13507: 13505: 13502: 13500: 13497: 13495: 13492: 13490: 13487: 13486: 13484: 13480: 13475: 13465: 13462: 13460: 13457: 13455: 13452: 13450: 13447: 13445: 13442: 13440: 13437: 13435: 13432: 13430: 13427: 13425: 13422: 13421: 13419: 13415: 13411: 13404: 13399: 13397: 13392: 13390: 13385: 13384: 13381: 13369: 13366: 13364: 13361: 13360: 13358: 13354: 13348: 13345: 13343: 13342:Pseudoscience 13340: 13338: 13335: 13333: 13330: 13328: 13325: 13324: 13322: 13318: 13312: 13309: 13307: 13304: 13302: 13299: 13297: 13294: 13293: 13291: 13287: 13281: 13278: 13276: 13273: 13271: 13268: 13266: 13263: 13262: 13260: 13258: 13254: 13248: 13245: 13242: 13239: 13238: 13236: 13234: 13230: 13224: 13221: 13219: 13216: 13214: 13211: 13209: 13206: 13204: 13201: 13199: 13196: 13194: 13191: 13189: 13186: 13184: 13181: 13179: 13176: 13174: 13173:Faith healing 13171: 13169: 13166: 13164: 13161: 13159: 13156: 13154: 13151: 13149: 13146: 13145: 13143: 13141: 13137: 13133: 13126: 13121: 13119: 13114: 13112: 13107: 13106: 13103: 13094: 13091: 13089: 13086: 13085: 13080: 13075: 13063: 13059: 13056: 13053: 13050: 13047: 13045: 13042: 13040: 13036: 13032: 13029: 13027: 13023: 13019: 13017: 13013: 13009: 13005: 13002: 12999: 12997: 12993: 12989: 12987: 12983: 12979: 12976: 12975: 12967: 12962: 12956: 12952: 12947: 12945: 12942: 12941: 12931: 12927: 12923: 12919: 12915: 12914: 12909: 12904: 12900: 12894: 12891:. CRC Press. 12890: 12885: 12881: 12875: 12870: 12869: 12862: 12858: 12854: 12850: 12846: 12841: 12837: 12836: 12831: 12826: 12816:on 2017-02-03 12815: 12811: 12807: 12803: 12799: 12795: 12790: 12780:on 2006-05-09 12779: 12775: 12770: 12766: 12762: 12758: 12752: 12747: 12746: 12739: 12735: 12729: 12725: 12720: 12719: 12713: 12709: 12705: 12701: 12697: 12691: 12687: 12686: 12681: 12677: 12673: 12669: 12665: 12659: 12655: 12650: 12646: 12642: 12638: 12634: 12630: 12626: 12622: 12617: 12613: 12609: 12605: 12601: 12597: 12593: 12589: 12585: 12580: 12576: 12572: 12568: 12564: 12560: 12556: 12552: 12547: 12544: 12541:Reprinted in 12538: 12532: 12528: 12524: 12519: 12514: 12510: 12506: 12502: 12498: 12494: 12489: 12485: 12479: 12475: 12474: 12468: 12467: 12454: 12450: 12444: 12437: 12436: 12431: 12428: 12421: 12414: 12413: 12408: 12404: 12398: 12394: 12393:Penguin Books 12390: 12385: 12381: 12377: 12372: 12367: 12363: 12359: 12355: 12350: 12346: 12340: 12336: 12335: 12329: 12325: 12319: 12315: 12310: 12306: 12300: 12296: 12291: 12287: 12281: 12277: 12272: 12268: 12262: 12258: 12257: 12252: 12248: 12244: 12238: 12234: 12229: 12225: 12219: 12214: 12213: 12206: 12202: 12196: 12192: 12187: 12183: 12179: 12174: 12170: 12164: 12160: 12155: 12151: 12150: 12145: 12144:Hahnemann, S. 12141: 12137: 12131: 12127: 12123: 12119: 12115: 12111: 12105: 12101: 12100: 12095: 12090: 12086: 12080: 12076: 12072: 12068: 12064: 12058: 12054: 12049: 12045: 12039: 12035: 12031: 12026: 12022: 12016: 12012: 12007: 12006: 11994: 11990: 11986: 11980: 11972: 11968: 11964: 11963:Gorski, David 11958: 11950: 11946: 11942: 11938: 11937:Ernst, Edzard 11932: 11930: 11915: 11913: 11908: 11904: 11903:Hall, Harriet 11898: 11890: 11886: 11885: 11880: 11873: 11865: 11859: 11855: 11854: 11846: 11838: 11834: 11829: 11824: 11820: 11816: 11812: 11808: 11804: 11797: 11782: 11778: 11777: 11772: 11765: 11758: 11754: 11750: 11744: 11738: 11734: 11733: 11728: 11722: 11714: 11710: 11706: 11702: 11698: 11694: 11690: 11686: 11679: 11671: 11667: 11662: 11657: 11653: 11649: 11645: 11638: 11630: 11626: 11621: 11616: 11612: 11608: 11604: 11600: 11596: 11589: 11582: 11578: 11573: 11566: 11553: 11549: 11545: 11538: 11531: 11527: 11522: 11514: 11508: 11504: 11497: 11490: 11485: 11480: 11474: 11470: 11465: 11460: 11456: 11452: 11448: 11440: 11434: 11430: 11426: 11419: 11415: 11410: 11405: 11401: 11397: 11396: 11391: 11384: 11369: 11367: 11362: 11356: 11341: 11337: 11333: 11329: 11323: 11315: 11311: 11307: 11303: 11299: 11295: 11291: 11287: 11280: 11265: 11259: 11255: 11254: 11246: 11238: 11234: 11230: 11226: 11221: 11216: 11212: 11208: 11207: 11202: 11195: 11181: 11180: 11175: 11168: 11166: 11157: 11153: 11149: 11145: 11141: 11137: 11133: 11129: 11125: 11121: 11117: 11110: 11095:on 2019-09-17 11094: 11090: 11086: 11085: 11080: 11076: 11075:Hall, Harriet 11070: 11062: 11058: 11054: 11048: 11044: 11037: 11029: 11025: 11021: 11017: 11013: 11009: 11002: 10994: 10990: 10985: 10980: 10976: 10972: 10968: 10964: 10963: 10958: 10951: 10949: 10947: 10945: 10943: 10941: 10939: 10924: 10923: 10918: 10911: 10903: 10899: 10898: 10893: 10886: 10884: 10868: 10864: 10860: 10856: 10849: 10847: 10838: 10834: 10830: 10826: 10822: 10818: 10814: 10810: 10803: 10795: 10791: 10787: 10781: 10777: 10776: 10768: 10766: 10757: 10753: 10749: 10742: 10740: 10731: 10727: 10722: 10717: 10712: 10707: 10703: 10699: 10695: 10688: 10680: 10676: 10672: 10668: 10664: 10657: 10643:on 2008-03-06 10642: 10638: 10634: 10630: 10626: 10619: 10605:on 2012-03-15 10604: 10600: 10596: 10592: 10586: 10571: 10567: 10563: 10561:0-309-09270-1 10557: 10553: 10549: 10545: 10544: 10536: 10521: 10517: 10510: 10495: 10491: 10484: 10476: 10472: 10468: 10464: 10457: 10449: 10445: 10441: 10437: 10432: 10427: 10423: 10419: 10415: 10408: 10400: 10396: 10392: 10386: 10379: 10374: 10372: 10370: 10361: 10357: 10353: 10349: 10345: 10341: 10334: 10326: 10322: 10318: 10314: 10310: 10306: 10302: 10298: 10297: 10292: 10285: 10270: 10266: 10262: 10256: 10249: 10248:Wujastyk 2003 10244: 10237: 10232: 10224: 10220: 10216: 10212: 10208: 10201: 10187:on 2012-09-02 10186: 10182: 10178: 10172: 10170: 10154: 10150: 10146: 10145: 10140: 10133: 10117: 10113: 10106: 10099: 10091: 10087: 10082: 10077: 10073: 10069: 10065: 10058: 10056: 10054: 10035: 10028: 10022: 10014: 10010: 10006: 10002: 9998: 9994: 9990: 9986: 9979: 9971: 9967: 9962: 9957: 9952: 9947: 9943: 9939: 9935: 9928: 9920: 9916: 9912: 9908: 9904: 9900: 9896: 9892: 9891: 9886: 9879: 9871: 9867: 9863: 9859: 9855: 9851: 9844: 9836: 9832: 9827: 9822: 9818: 9814: 9810: 9803: 9792: 9785: 9779: 9772:(4): 205–207. 9771: 9767: 9763: 9756: 9741: 9737: 9733: 9732: 9727: 9723: 9717: 9703: 9699: 9692: 9677: 9673: 9667: 9653: 9649: 9642: 9634: 9630: 9625: 9620: 9616: 9612: 9609:(6094): 221. 9608: 9604: 9600: 9593: 9585: 9581: 9577: 9573: 9570:(2): 96–109. 9569: 9565: 9561: 9554: 9540:on 2008-07-27 9539: 9535: 9529: 9521: 9515: 9511: 9510: 9502: 9494: 9490: 9487:(343): 1–19. 9486: 9479: 9472: 9470: 9468: 9466: 9457: 9453: 9449: 9445: 9440: 9435: 9431: 9427: 9423: 9419: 9413: 9411: 9409: 9407: 9405: 9396: 9392: 9388: 9384: 9383: 9375: 9373: 9364: 9358: 9354: 9347: 9339: 9333: 9329: 9322: 9314: 9310: 9306: 9302: 9298: 9294: 9290: 9286: 9279: 9265: 9264: 9259: 9255: 9249: 9234: 9230: 9229: 9224: 9217: 9209: 9205: 9201: 9197: 9193: 9189: 9185: 9181: 9174: 9160:on 2011-10-12 9159: 9155: 9151: 9147: 9140: 9138: 9136: 9134: 9132: 9130: 9121: 9117: 9113: 9107: 9103: 9099: 9095: 9088: 9081:. 2009-06-10. 9080: 9076: 9075: 9070: 9064: 9062: 9060: 9058: 9056: 9047: 9043: 9039: 9035: 9031: 9027: 9020: 9018: 9016: 9014: 9012: 9003: 8999: 8994: 8989: 8985: 8981: 8977: 8970: 8968: 8953:on 2019-04-02 8949: 8945: 8941: 8936: 8931: 8927: 8923: 8919: 8915: 8908: 8901: 8899: 8897: 8895: 8893: 8884: 8880: 8876: 8872: 8868: 8864: 8859: 8854: 8850: 8846: 8839: 8837: 8828: 8824: 8819: 8814: 8810: 8806: 8802: 8798: 8797: 8792: 8785: 8777: 8773: 8769: 8765: 8761: 8757: 8753: 8749: 8745: 8741: 8733: 8731: 8729: 8727: 8725: 8717: 8713: 8708: 8700: 8696: 8692: 8688: 8681: 8673: 8667: 8663: 8656: 8648: 8644: 8643: 8642:The Economist 8638: 8632: 8624: 8620: 8615: 8610: 8606: 8602: 8598: 8594: 8590: 8583: 8575: 8571: 8567: 8560: 8552: 8548: 8547: 8542: 8535: 8524: 8520: 8516: 8512: 8508: 8503: 8498: 8494: 8490: 8489: 8481: 8474: 8467: 8462: 8454: 8450: 8446: 8442: 8437: 8432: 8428: 8424: 8423: 8418: 8411: 8409: 8400: 8396: 8391: 8386: 8382: 8378: 8377: 8372: 8365: 8363: 8348:on 2013-01-27 8347: 8343: 8339: 8338: 8333: 8327: 8325: 8316: 8312: 8308: 8302: 8294: 8290: 8286: 8280: 8272: 8268: 8263: 8258: 8254: 8250: 8246: 8242: 8238: 8231: 8223: 8219: 8215: 8211: 8207: 8203: 8199: 8195: 8191: 8190:Snyderman, R. 8185: 8177: 8173: 8169: 8165: 8159: 8145:on 2013-05-09 8144: 8140: 8136: 8132: 8126: 8118: 8114: 8112: 8111:HowStuffWorks 8107: 8100: 8089: 8085: 8081: 8076: 8071: 8067: 8063: 8056: 8052: 8046: 8040: 8036: 8033: 8027: 8023: 8019: 8015: 8009: 8001: 7997: 7993: 7989: 7985: 7981: 7977: 7973: 7966: 7958: 7952: 7948: 7940: 7936: 7932: 7928: 7924: 7920: 7919: 7911: 7903: 7897: 7893: 7892: 7884: 7876: 7870: 7866: 7865: 7857: 7850: 7845: 7841: 7836: 7831: 7827: 7823: 7819: 7815: 7811: 7804: 7802: 7800: 7798: 7789: 7783: 7779: 7778: 7770: 7768: 7753: 7749: 7745: 7741: 7734: 7726: 7722: 7716: 7714: 7705: 7699: 7695: 7694: 7686: 7684: 7682: 7680: 7671: 7667: 7663: 7659: 7655: 7651: 7647: 7643: 7639: 7635: 7634: 7626: 7624: 7609: 7608:PBS Frontline 7605: 7598: 7596: 7594: 7592: 7585: 7580: 7578: 7576: 7574: 7565: 7561: 7555: 7547: 7543: 7539: 7535: 7531: 7527: 7523: 7519: 7511: 7495: 7491: 7485: 7477: 7473: 7469: 7465: 7458: 7442: 7436: 7428: 7424: 7420: 7416: 7412: 7408: 7404: 7400: 7393: 7386: 7381: 7377: 7373: 7366: 7364: 7362: 7360: 7358: 7349: 7345: 7340: 7335: 7331: 7327: 7323: 7316: 7314: 7306: 7301: 7299: 7290: 7286: 7281: 7276: 7272: 7268: 7264: 7260: 7256: 7249: 7234: 7230: 7223: 7215: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7197: 7193: 7189: 7185: 7181: 7174: 7172: 7163: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7145: 7141: 7137: 7130: 7119: 7115: 7111: 7110: 7102: 7095: 7093: 7084: 7078: 7074: 7070: 7063: 7056: 7051: 7044: 7043:Wujastyk 2003 7039: 7028: 7024: 7020: 7016: 7012: 7005: 6998: 6987: 6983: 6979: 6972: 6965: 6957: 6951: 6947: 6940: 6932: 6926: 6922: 6915: 6907: 6903: 6899: 6898: 6893: 6889: 6882: 6874: 6870: 6866: 6862: 6858: 6854: 6850: 6846: 6842: 6836: 6834: 6832: 6823: 6819: 6813: 6806: 6802: 6798: 6794: 6790: 6786: 6782: 6778: 6770: 6759: 6752: 6744: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6726: 6722: 6718: 6714: 6713: 6708: 6701: 6694: 6690: 6686: 6681: 6665: 6661: 6657: 6651: 6643: 6639: 6635: 6631: 6627: 6623: 6616: 6602:on 2018-02-22 6601: 6597: 6593: 6589: 6585: 6581: 6577: 6573: 6566: 6558: 6552: 6548: 6541: 6534: 6530: 6529:O'Connor 1995 6525: 6517: 6513: 6509: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6491: 6487: 6484:. Editorial. 6483: 6476: 6468: 6464: 6463: 6458: 6456: 6450: 6444: 6442: 6440: 6430: 6426: 6425: 6420: 6416: 6415:Carroll, R.T. 6410: 6408: 6399: 6395: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6379: 6375: 6371: 6364: 6357: 6353: 6348: 6341: 6336: 6329: 6325: 6321: 6317: 6313: 6308: 6306: 6304: 6295: 6289: 6285: 6277: 6271: 6267: 6263: 6257: 6255: 6253: 6251: 6242: 6238: 6234: 6230: 6226: 6222: 6215: 6208: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6178: 6174: 6170: 6163: 6155: 6151: 6147: 6143: 6139: 6135: 6131: 6127: 6126: 6118: 6116: 6114: 6112: 6104: 6099: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6073: 6069: 6065: 6058: 6051: 6046: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6016: 6012: 6008: 6004: 5997: 5990: 5985: 5981: 5977: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5948:Nature Plants 5945: 5938: 5931: 5919: 5918: 5911: 5904: 5899: 5893: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5880:Pharmacognosy 5874: 5867: 5862: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5826: 5822: 5818: 5811: 5795: 5791: 5785: 5783: 5764: 5760: 5754: 5750: 5743: 5737: 5735: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5683: 5675: 5671: 5667: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5631: 5629: 5620: 5616: 5614: 5605: 5603: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5583: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5536: 5528: 5524: 5523: 5518: 5516: 5510: 5504: 5502: 5500: 5498: 5496: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5445: 5438: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5383: 5368: 5364: 5358: 5343: 5339: 5333: 5318: 5314: 5308: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5267: 5259: 5257: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5207: 5205: 5203: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5150: 5136:on 2005-12-08 5135: 5131: 5127: 5121: 5113: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5070: 5056:on 2012-12-15 5055: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5037: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5005: 5001: 5000: 4992: 4990: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4952: 4944: 4942: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4907: 4902: 4898: 4892: 4890: 4882: 4876: 4872: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4851: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4831: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4787: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4764: 4759: 4752: 4747: 4746:Kopelman 2004 4742: 4738: 4733: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4696: 4694: 4692: 4690: 4688: 4686: 4684: 4682: 4680: 4678: 4676: 4668: 4664: 4659: 4651: 4645: 4641: 4634: 4632: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4582: 4580: 4578: 4576: 4561:on 2015-06-01 4560: 4556: 4552: 4546: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4517: 4510: 4505: 4503: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4453: 4451: 4442: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4409: 4407: 4400: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4365: 4360: 4352: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4318: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4292: 4290: 4283:, p. 19. 4282: 4277: 4261: 4257: 4256: 4251: 4247: 4241: 4239: 4237: 4235: 4233: 4231: 4229: 4227: 4225: 4223: 4221: 4219: 4217: 4215: 4200: 4199: 4194: 4190: 4184: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4129: 4127: 4125: 4123: 4121: 4119: 4117: 4115: 4113: 4111: 4109: 4107: 4105: 4103: 4101: 4099: 4097: 4095: 4087:. 2004-04-30. 4086: 4082: 4076: 4069: 4063: 4047: 4043: 4042: 4037: 4030: 4022: 4018: 4013: 4008: 4003: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3979: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3944: 3937: 3933: 3927: 3923: 3922: 3914: 3912: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3879: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3865: 3857: 3853: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3839: 3837: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3814: 3810: 3809: 3801: 3799: 3797: 3795: 3793: 3791: 3789: 3784: 3770: 3762: 3757: 3751: 3744: 3738: 3732: 3725: 3717: 3715: 3710: 3707: 3701: 3694: 3688: 3686: 3676: 3667: 3665: 3655: 3653: 3643: 3641: 3631: 3629: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3610: 3601: 3598: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3585:Ethnomedicine 3583: 3581: 3578: 3576: 3573: 3572: 3566: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3545: 3542: 3537: 3526: 3521: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3509: 3505: 3499: 3497: 3491: 3489: 3488: 3483: 3478: 3470: 3467: 3464: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3450: 3446: 3445:pseudoscience 3442: 3438: 3434: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3418: 3417: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3390: 3386: 3384: 3383: 3378: 3374: 3369: 3367: 3362: 3361: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3327: 3322: 3320: 3316: 3315: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3301:Marcia Angell 3298: 3293: 3291: 3283: 3281: 3280: 3260: 3255: 3252: 3250: 3240: 3238: 3234: 3223: 3219: 3216: 3215: 3210: 3199: 3194: 3192: 3187: 3184: 3170: 3169:Indirect harm 3166: 3163: 3162:Economic harm 3159: 3156: 3152: 3151: 3150: 3146: 3135: 3132: 3127: 3122: 3120: 3116: 3106: 3104: 3099: 3097: 3091: 3084: 3079: 3069: 3060: 3056: 3053:This section 3051: 3048: 3044: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3025: 3023: 3018: 3008: 3006: 3001: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2966: 2964: 2963:visualization 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2918: 2916: 2912: 2907: 2902: 2899: 2893: 2891: 2887: 2886:child neglect 2883: 2873: 2871: 2870: 2863: 2860: 2855: 2850: 2846: 2844: 2839: 2831: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2815: 2813: 2808: 2803: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2779: 2775: 2773: 2766: 2761: 2759: 2758: 2752: 2750: 2740: 2738: 2737: 2731: 2729: 2728: 2723: 2717: 2703: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2680:observer bias 2673:Other factors 2670: 2668: 2657: 2654: 2649: 2647: 2641: 2639: 2638:nocebo effect 2635: 2631: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2596: 2590: 2588: 2581: 2579: 2572: 2571: 2562: 2558: 2556: 2544: 2541: 2535: 2533: 2528: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2513: 2511: 2507: 2501: 2498: 2493: 2491: 2487: 2486:meta-analysis 2483: 2478: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2466: 2461: 2457: 2455: 2451: 2443: 2439: 2430: 2428: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2410: 2407: 2402: 2398: 2388: 2386: 2380: 2378: 2374: 2373: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2331: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2313: 2298: 2295: 2292: 2289: 2288: 2286: 2283: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2269: 2264: 2261: 2260: 2259: 2257: 2253: 2252:light therapy 2249: 2248:colorpuncture 2245: 2241: 2237: 2221: 2218: 2216: 2215:faith healing 2212: 2211: 2207: 2204: 2202: 2201: 2197: 2184: 2180: 2175: 2171: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2138: 2123: 2120: 2116: 2114: 2111: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2095: 2091: 2088: 2086: 2083: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2071: 2068: 2065: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2053:Advocates of 2052: 2049: 2047: 2044: 2043: 2039: 2036: 2034: 2033: 2030: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1979: 1976: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1946: 1943: 1942: 1938: 1935: 1933: 1932: 1929: 1925: 1923: 1915: 1911: 1904: 1899: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1874: 1872: 1869: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1853: 1849: 1847: 1844: 1843: 1839: 1836: 1834: 1833: 1830: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1812: 1808: 1803: 1794: 1789: 1779: 1777: 1773: 1770:. Journalist 1769: 1764: 1763:complementary 1759: 1756: 1752: 1741: 1739: 1735: 1734:complementary 1731: 1727: 1723: 1715: 1712: 1705: 1695: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1644: 1642: 1638: 1633: 1631: 1627: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1599: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1586:, and the US 1585: 1581: 1576: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1545: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1522:medical press 1519: 1513: 1511: 1507: 1506:pseudoscience 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1450:effectiveness 1441: 1439: 1435: 1430: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1406: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1366: 1365:Marcia Angell 1362: 1357: 1347: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1328: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1294: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1279:HIV infection 1276: 1272: 1267: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1248:superstitious 1245: 1240: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1217: 1212: 1210: 1205: 1201: 1200:pseudoscience 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1157:repeatability 1154: 1150: 1146: 1135: 1130: 1128: 1123: 1121: 1116: 1115: 1113: 1112: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1085: 1082: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1051: 1045: 1044: 1037: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1017: 1014: 1012: 1009: 1007: 1004: 1002: 999: 997: 994: 992: 989: 987: 984: 982: 979: 977: 974: 972: 969: 967: 964: 962: 959: 957: 954: 952: 949: 947: 944: 942: 941:Faith healing 939: 937: 934: 932: 929: 925: 922: 920: 917: 915: 912: 910: 907: 905: 902: 900: 897: 895: 892: 890: 887: 885: 882: 880: 877: 875: 872: 870: 867: 865: 862: 861: 860: 857: 855: 852: 850: 849:Bush medicine 847: 845: 842: 840: 839:Balneotherapy 837: 833: 830: 828: 825: 824: 823: 820: 816: 813: 811: 808: 807: 806: 803: 802: 799: 794: 793: 786: 783: 781: 778: 776: 773: 771: 768: 766: 763: 762: 759: 754: 753: 744: 741: 740: 739: 736: 734: 731: 727: 724: 722: 719: 717: 714: 712: 709: 708: 707: 704: 700: 697: 696: 695: 692: 690: 687: 686: 683:Controversies 680: 679: 672: 669: 667: 664: 662: 659: 657: 654: 652: 651:Vegetotherapy 649: 647: 644: 642: 639: 637: 634: 632: 629: 627: 624: 622: 619: 617: 614: 612: 609: 607: 604: 602: 599: 597: 594: 592: 589: 587: 584: 582: 579: 577: 574: 572: 569: 567: 566:Ozone therapy 564: 562: 559: 557: 554: 552: 549: 547: 544: 542: 539: 537: 534: 532: 529: 527: 524: 522: 519: 517: 514: 512: 509: 507: 504: 502: 499: 497: 494: 492: 489: 487: 484: 482: 481:Lymphotherapy 479: 477: 474: 472: 469: 467: 464: 462: 459: 457: 454: 452: 449: 445: 442: 441: 440: 437: 435: 432: 430: 427: 425: 422: 420: 419:Hair analysis 417: 415: 412: 410: 407: 405: 404:FasciaBlaster 402: 400: 397: 395: 392: 390: 387: 383: 380: 378: 375: 373: 370: 368: 367:Correactology 365: 364: 363: 360: 358: 355: 353: 350: 346: 343: 342: 341: 338: 336: 333: 331: 328: 326: 323: 321: 318: 316: 313: 311: 310:Colorpuncture 308: 304: 301: 300: 299: 296: 294: 291: 289: 288:Chromotherapy 286: 284: 281: 277: 274: 272: 269: 268: 267: 264: 262: 259: 257: 254: 252: 249: 247: 244: 242: 239: 237: 234: 232: 229: 227: 224: 222: 219: 217: 214: 212: 209: 207: 204: 202: 199: 197: 194: 192: 189: 187: 184: 182: 179: 177: 176:Alkaline diet 174: 172: 169: 167: 164: 163: 157: 156: 149: 146: 142: 139: 138: 137: 134: 132: 129: 127: 126:Pseudoscience 124: 122: 119: 116: 113: 111: 108: 104: 101: 99: 96: 95: 94: 91: 90: 84: 83: 79: 75: 74: 71: 68: 67: 63: 59: 58: 50: 46: 40: 37: 33: 30: 19: 15357: 15350: 15343: 15336: 15329: 15322: 15315: 15298: 15291: 15284: 15277: 15166:Mike Lindell 15086:Rhonda Byrne 15057:Promoters of 15044:Water memory 14984:Laundry ball 14876:Tractor beam 14832:Cold fusion‎ 14528:Lunar effect 14473:Ear candling 14421:Chiropractic 14411:Bloodletting 14401:Bates method 14380: 14371:Aromatherapy 14334: 14300:Junk science 14192: 14146: 14034:White willow 14004:Tea tree oil 13954:Marsh-mallow 13862:Asthma-plant 13787: 13752:Mithridatism 13699: 13550:Dhivehi beys 13331: 13326: 13183:Hydrotherapy 13163:Chiropractic 13153:Aromatherapy 13131: 13078: 12950: 12930:the original 12917: 12911: 12888: 12867: 12848: 12844: 12833: 12818:. Retrieved 12814:the original 12801: 12797: 12782:. Retrieved 12778:the original 12745:Superstition 12744: 12717: 12684: 12653: 12628: 12625:AANA Journal 12624: 12620: 12590:(1): 61–69. 12587: 12583: 12558: 12554: 12543:Dawkins 2003 12526: 12525:, J. (ed.). 12496: 12492: 12472: 12434: 12426: 12411: 12388: 12364:(2): 50–59. 12361: 12357: 12333: 12313: 12294: 12275: 12255: 12232: 12211: 12190: 12158: 12148: 12125: 12122:Porter, R.S. 12098: 12074: 12052: 12033: 12010: 12003:Bibliography 11992: 11979: 11970: 11957: 11948: 11944: 11919:November 22, 11917:, retrieved 11910: 11897: 11884:The Guardian 11882: 11872: 11852: 11845: 11810: 11806: 11796: 11785:. Retrieved 11776:The Guardian 11774: 11764: 11731: 11721: 11688: 11684: 11678: 11651: 11647: 11637: 11602: 11598: 11588: 11572: 11556:. Retrieved 11547: 11537: 11521: 11502: 11496: 11454: 11450: 11428: 11399: 11393: 11383: 11372:. Retrieved 11370:. 2009-11-30 11364: 11355: 11344:. Retrieved 11322: 11289: 11286:Med. J. 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Retrieved 4041:The Atlantic 4039: 4029: 3992: 3988: 3978: 3953: 3949: 3943: 3935: 3920: 3868: 3862: 3807: 3769: 3750: 3741: 3731: 3722:ὅμοιος πάθος 3719: 3712: 3705: 3704:In his book 3700: 3693:Final Report 3692: 3675: 3554: 3551: 3541:Harriet Hall 3533: 3523: 3518:Harriet Hall 3516: 3512: 3500: 3492: 3485: 3479: 3475: 3441:supernatural 3439:, belief in 3437:superstition 3428:or has been 3400:founders of 3391: 3387: 3380: 3370: 3358: 3356: 3325: 3323: 3318: 3312: 3294: 3286: 3277: 3269: 3257: 3253: 3246: 3229: 3220: 3212: 3209:side-effects 3206: 3203:Side-effects 3196: 3190: 3188: 3179: 3168: 3161: 3154: 3148: 3130: 3128: 3124: 3112: 3100: 3092: 3088: 3063: 3059:adding to it 3054: 3014: 3002: 2978:hypnotherapy 2974:aromatherapy 2967: 2924: 2903: 2894: 2879: 2867: 2864: 2851: 2847: 2840: 2837: 2827:anaphylactic 2819:side effects 2816: 2804: 2791: 2789: 2768: 2763: 2755: 2753: 2749:"big pharma" 2746: 2734: 2732: 2725: 2718: 2714: 2696:side effects 2676: 2663: 2656:medication. 2653:David Gorski 2650: 2642: 2637: 2633: 2630:sham surgery 2627: 2601:Interference 2600: 2594: 2585: 2576: 2567: 2551: 2543:"disproven". 2537: 2534:has stated: 2529: 2514: 2502: 2494: 2479: 2471:Edzard Ernst 2469: 2459: 2458: 2447: 2442:Edzard Ernst 2411: 2394: 2385:managed care 2381: 2376: 2370: 2363:side effects 2332: 2315: 2274: 2255: 2239: 2233: 2179:chiropractor 2160:flaxseed oil 2140: 2101:vital energy 2085:Chiropractic 2027: 1926: 1919: 1852:vital energy 1825:in place of 1816: 1806: 1791: 1772:John Diamond 1762: 1760: 1747: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1717: 1716: 1707: 1688:Chiropractic 1645: 1636: 1634: 1626:Rose Shapiro 1605:David Gorski 1603: 1600: 1595: 1591: 1577: 1556: 1552: 1551: 1533: 1514: 1502:supernatural 1500:, belief in 1498:superstition 1484:, and other 1447: 1431: 1422: 1418: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1370: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1295: 1268: 1252:risk–benefit 1244:supernatural 1241: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1214: 1207: 1192:supernatural 1190:, belief in 1188:superstition 1180:testimonials 1144: 1143: 1021:Thai massage 991:Naftalan oil 864:Blood stasis 743:Turbo cancer 631:ThetaHealing 556:Osteomyology 456:Hypnotherapy 451:Hydrotherapy 357:Ear candling 352:Dry needling 303:Coffee enema 266:Chiropractic 231:Bone-setting 211:Bates method 196:Aromatherapy 92: 69: 35: 29: 15071:Del Bigtree 14558:Panchagavya 14548:Naturopathy 14416:Body memory 14366:Acupuncture 14251:Terminology 14157:Herb garden 13964:Opium poppy 13877:medical use 13757:Naturopathy 13725:Health care 12920:(1): 8–13. 12712:Mayo Clinic 12688:. Penguin. 12513:Dawkins, R. 12180:, pp. 11727:Dawkins, R. 11579:, pp. 11548:WHO Website 11402:(9): 1042. 11328:Barrett, S. 10928:7 September 10118:. CDC: 1–20 9389:(6): 6–14. 9291:(1): 7–11. 9074:NBCNews.com 8714:, pp. 8570:HealthWatch 8337:MedlinePlus 8014:Flexner, A. 7725:www.pbs.org 7055:Mishra 2004 6841:Sampson, W. 6687:, pp. 6449:Novella, S. 6433:2013-09-27. 6352:Sointu 2012 6312:Diamond, J. 6074:(1): V–IX. 5271:The Surgeon 5046:NCI website 4883:2011-08-25. 4837:, pp. 3743:practices." 3249:biomedicine 3155:Direct harm 3131:alternative 2986:reflexology 2823:antibiotics 2475:reflexology 2185:" the spine 2152:glucosamine 1994:, lead and 1951:acupuncture 1914:Acupuncture 1863:vaccination 1846:Naturopathy 1819:naturopathy 1738:integrative 1698:Other terms 1660:Acupuncture 1639:. The 2019 1617:quackademia 1565:acupuncture 1458:biomedicine 1153:testability 981:Mien Shiang 899:Moxibustion 611:Reflexology 536:Oil pulling 531:Naturopathy 471:Jilly Juice 251:Camel urine 221:Black salve 171:Acupuncture 166:Acupressure 131:Antiscience 103:Terminology 15375:Categories 15311:Quackwatch 15141:David Icke 15121:Max Gerson 15116:Gaia, Inc. 15004:Numerology 14999:Lysenkoism 14994:Levitation 14974:Graphology 14859:Dean drive 14794:Aryan race 14725:Mediumship 14600:Trepanning 14568:Phrenology 14508:Homeopathy 14406:Biorhythms 14305:Paranormal 14177:Homeopathy 14167:Herbal tea 14019:Umckaloabo 13994:Star anise 13974:Peppermint 13939:Lemon balm 13934:Goldenseal 13867:Astragalus 13705:Apothecary 13257:Treatments 13203:Osteopathy 13198:Orthopathy 13188:Homeopathy 12820:2017-01-18 12784:2010-09-23 12680:Illich, I. 12518:"Foreword" 12118:Gevitz, N. 11887:. London. 11787:2010-04-23 11779:. London. 11757:0618335404 11558:2012-11-11 11528:, p. 11489:Sagan 1996 11374:2013-03-11 11346:2008-03-03 11336:Quackwatch 11185:2010-04-23 10873:2008-01-28 10794:1019807158 10647:2008-03-06 10609:2008-03-06 10275:2013-03-11 10191:2013-03-14 10159:2013-03-11 10043:2009-02-27 9789:(Report). 9746:2009-11-18 9707:2019-02-14 9682:2008-04-02 9657:2019-02-14 9544:2008-03-06 9269:2015-02-03 9239:2010-04-23 9231:. London. 9164:2008-07-07 8957:2019-03-25 8599:: 676490. 8564:Ernst, E. 8352:2012-12-20 8149:2013-01-26 7757:2022-03-25 7613:2022-03-25 7305:Sagan 1996 7238:1 February 7116:(1): 5–6. 6777:The Lancet 6606:2017-05-13 6531:, p. 6376:(1): 1–7. 6354:, p. 6328:0618335404 6314:quoted in 6013:: 113477. 5827:: 883053. 5772:2022-12-06 5509:Gorski, D. 5454:(3): 165. 5373:2023-05-06 5348:2023-05-06 5323:2023-05-06 5140:2006-07-11 5060:2012-12-11 4951:The Lancet 4879:Chapter 2 4723:2022-12-01 4665:, p. 4565:2015-06-04 4536:2015-06-04 4399:Sagan 1996 3852:Angell, M. 3780:References 3443:energies, 3414:Quackwatch 3398:Paul Kurtz 3373:Carl Sagan 3290:noisy data 3191:ABC Online 3143:See also: 3028:Regulation 2982:meditation 2935:meditation 2525:confounded 2213:Christian 2194:See also: 2059:Carl Sagan 1871:Homeopathy 1823:homeopathy 1786:See also: 1776:Paul Offit 1711:indigenous 1702:See also: 1630:rebranding 1504:energies, 1482:biophysics 1474:physiology 1371:The terms 1354:See also: 1344:Big Pharma 1079:Heavy legs 1036:Vietnamese 1016:Sri Lankan 576:Phrenology 561:Osteopathy 551:Orthopathy 439:Homeopathy 345:Foot detox 241:Breathwork 186:Apitherapy 141:Scientific 136:Skepticism 15266:Resources 15196:Mehmet Oz 15014:Polygraph 14964:Feng shui 14932:Dianetics 14907:Astrology 14772:Pseudolaw 14578:Radionics 14553:Palmistry 14518:Iridology 14320:Snake oil 14263:Charlatan 14172:Herbalism 13944:Liquorice 13904:Fenugreek 13899:Chaparral 13894:Chamomile 13847:Aloe vera 13767:Shamanism 13715:Electuary 13509:Kallawaya 13504:Curandero 13320:Key terms 13243:advocates 13208:Shamanism 13178:Herbalism 12637:0094-6354 12251:Sagan, C. 11773:. Books. 11484:Kent 1997 11425:Hines, T. 11269:March 18, 11156:206902331 11140:1756-1833 11126:: g3218. 11061:492760852 10591:Hills, B. 10426:CiteSeerX 9944:(1): 10. 9576:1020-4989 8853:CiteSeerX 8760:1432-1335 7752:0040-781X 7654:0025-729X 6508:1748-5827 6262:Offit, P. 6241:0140-1750 6195:1460-2725 6080:1658-3639 6027:0378-8741 5968:2055-0278 5843:2296-2565 5800:March 11, 5709:1572-8633 5574:151442812 5566:0950-5431 5470:1474-1768 5429:255049739 5413:0149-2918 5239:1873-6513 5177:1432-1335 5028:206893456 5006:: d4372. 4897:Ernst, E. 4266:March 15, 4159:0077-8923 3873:CiteSeerX 3827:758098687 3430:disproved 3022:mind-body 2961:(3%) and 2947:body work 2927:herbalism 2800:mysticism 2772:unethical 2743:Marketing 2730:fallacy. 2429:(USMLE). 2355:authority 2347:chemicals 2240:veritable 2196:Shamanism 2183:adjusting 2156:echinacea 1884:molecules 1532:calls it 1287:amygdalin 1184:anecdotes 1001:Shamanism 986:Mongolian 961:Kayakalpa 936:Curandero 854:Cambodian 844:Brazilian 641:Urophagia 601:Radionics 506:Mesmerism 466:Iridology 14954:Eugenics 14937:Auditing 14513:Humorism 14488:Fad diet 14436:Cryonics 14396:Ayurveda 14359:Medicine 14315:Quackery 14095:Shiitake 14024:Valerian 14014:Turmeric 13984:Rosemary 13949:Marigold 13914:Flaxseed 13909:Feverfew 13889:Cardamom 13872:Cannabis 13857:Borututu 13747:Humorism 13545:Ayurveda 13482:Americas 13444:Saltigue 13306:Vaccines 13158:Bodywork 13148:Ayurveda 13058:Archived 13035:Archived 13022:Archived 13012:Archived 13004:Archived 12992:Archived 12982:Archived 12972:Journals 12966:Summary. 12857:11728302 12810:11469921 12804:(2): 1. 12765:18616238 12714:(2007). 12682:(1976). 12645:10488264 12612:23351104 12575:12890440 12515:(2001). 12453:Archived 12420:Archived 12380:21717826 12253:(1996). 12146:(1833). 12124:(eds.). 12096:(2005). 12073:(1998). 12032:(1993). 11939:(2011). 11889:Archived 11781:Archived 11705:16011726 11670:17761643 11629:10480829 11565:WHO 2000 11552:Archived 11473:11242574 11427:(2003). 11418:41229701 11340:Archived 11314:43272637 11306:16336135 11229:11198952 11148:24839973 11077:(2019). 11028:10709311 10993:15082809 10922:Medscape 10902:Archived 10897:BBC News 10867:Archived 10837:41793815 10829:16481640 10730:22991573 10704:: 1–19. 10679:24241097 10575:June 14, 10570:22379647 10448:10387984 10378:WHO 2005 10356:16368903 10325:35560507 10317:12964939 10269:Archived 10223:Archived 10219:19361005 10153:Archived 10149:CBS News 10013:27122896 10005:12961808 9970:35027078 9919:15983789 9911:15174992 9870:25150944 9835:20010660 9791:Archived 9740:Archived 9676:Archived 9633:28273314 9584:26581050 9493:15188733 9456:41527148 9448:11242572 9420:(2001). 9395:10351720 9313:19719686 9305:19628756 9233:Archived 9200:29371199 9186:: k309. 9120:10737073 9002:11372012 8944:20091554 8883:35124492 8875:15061600 8827:12356597 8776:29598970 8768:23099993 8699:12868249 8647:Archived 8623:19465405 8523:Archived 8519:31044567 8511:22432660 8453:11708302 8445:15516970 8271:11159555 8222:46177131 8214:11863470 8117:Archived 8088:Archived 8084:20107341 8053:(2010). 8035:Archived 8016:(1910). 8000:26685737 7670:15983789 7662:15174992 7538:11761499 7427:46970414 7289:25843124 7214:18728265 7162:15241300 7118:Archived 7023:11622483 6986:Archived 6890:(1996). 6822:Archived 6805:17939264 6797:16125589 6743:12492603 6642:11587822 6596:16646733 6516:26735773 6467:Archived 6398:31843233 6390:23206171 6264:(2013). 6203:20395240 6098:21475465 6045:33098971 5976:28758992 5924:29 March 5861:35570953 5763:Archived 5725:32143622 5717:21104324 5666:14755017 5527:Archived 5478:25693833 5421:36566113 5299:19580427 5291:29305045 5247:23707384 5193:29598970 5185:23099993 5112:22913745 5086:(1): 8. 5020:21750063 4980:36724993 4899:(1995). 4881:archived 4822:46772634 4814:10174663 4717:Archived 4622:41527148 4614:11242572 4530:Archived 4493:11708302 4485:15516970 4393:15983789 4385:15174992 4351:11242574 4305:(2003). 4046:Archived 4021:22913721 3995:(7): 7. 3970:71900519 3899:Archived 3569:See also 3426:unproven 3339:(NIH).) 3126:2000b)": 3066:May 2018 2945:(5–6%), 2692:blinding 2510:warfarin 2433:Efficacy 2327:quackery 2291:Biofield 2256:putative 2144:fish oil 2069:therapy 2057:such as 1978:Ayurveda 1668:Ayurveda 1555:(CM) or 1530:US NCCIH 1407:medicine 1340:holistic 1237:quackery 1211:medicine 1196:energies 1176:evidence 971:Japanese 914:San Jiao 894:Meridian 822:Ayurveda 661:Vitalism 226:Bodywork 115:Quackery 62:a series 15101:Clonaid 15034:Ufology 14944:Dowsing 14897:Alchemy 14864:EMDrive 14820:Physics 14446:Cupping 14347:Topics 14085:Meshima 14080:Maitake 14044:Za'atar 14029:Verbena 13969:Oregano 13929:Ginseng 13884:Caraway 13842:Alfalfa 13772:Theriac 13695:Alchemy 13672:Oceania 13570:Ancient 13247:Critics 13140:Systems 12953:. 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