Company rule in India

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quote the Arthashāstra: 'wives are there for having sons'. Practices such as female infanticide and the neglect of young girls were also developing at this time. Further, due to the increasingly hierarchical nature of the society, marriage was becoming a mere institution for childbearing and the formalization of relationships between groups. In turn, this may have contributed to the growth of increasingly instrumental attitudes towards women and girls (who moved home at marriage). It is important to note that, in all likelihood, these developments did not affect people living in large parts of the subcontinent—such as those in the south, and tribal communities inhabiting the forested hill and plateau areas of central and eastern India. That said, these deleterious features have continued to blight Indo-Aryan speaking areas of the subcontinent until the present day

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practical dimension. An influence on the development of this revenue policy were the economic theories then current, which regarded agriculture as the engine of economic development, and consequently stressed the fixing of revenue demands in order to encourage growth. The expectation behind the permanent settlement was that knowledge of a fixed government demand would encourage the zamindars to increase both their average outcrop and the land under cultivation, since they would be able to retain the profits from the increased output; in addition, it was envisaged that land itself would become a marketable form of property that could be purchased, sold, or mortgaged. A feature of this economic rationale was the additional expectation that the zamindars, recognising their own best interest, would not make unreasonable demands on the peasantry.

1915:. It also nominated a Governor-General (Warren Hastings) and four councillors for administering the Bengal Presidency (and for overseeing the company's operations in India). "The subordinate Presidencies were forbidden to wage war or make treaties without the previous consent of the Governor-General of Bengal in Council, except in case of imminent necessity. The Governors of these Presidencies were directed in general terms to obey the orders of the Governor-General-in-Council, and to transmit to him intelligence of all important matters." However, the imprecise wording of the Act left it open to be variously interpreted; consequently, the administration in India continued to be hobbled by disunity between the provincial governors, between members of the council, and between the Governor-General himself and his Council. The 3088: 4271: 4485: 4754:, a number of applications they had received from private contractors in England for the construction of a wide-ranging railway network in India, and requested a feasibility report. They added that, in their view, the enterprise would be profitable only if large sums of money could be raised for the construction. The Court was concerned that in addition to the usual difficulties encountered in the construction of this new form of transportation, India might present some unique problems, among which they counted floods, tropical storms in coastal areas, damage by "insects and luxuriant tropical vegetation", and the difficulty of finding qualified technicians at a reasonable cost. It was suggested, therefore, that three experimental lines be constructed and their performance evaluated. 4980: 4307: 3368:, and which came to be grown in Bengal and northern Bihar. In 1788, the East India Company offered advances to ten British planters to grow indigo; however, since the new (landed) property rights defined in the Permanent Settlement, did not allow them, as Europeans, to buy agricultural land, they had to in turn offer cash advances to local peasants, and sometimes coerce them, to grow the crop. In early 19th century Europe, blue clothing was favoured as a fashion, and blue uniforms were common in the military; consequently, the demand for the dye was high. The European demand for the dye, however, proved to be unstable, and both creditors and cultivators bore the risk of the market crashes in 1827 and 1847. The peasant discontent in Bengal eventually led to the 9647: 4956: 5318: 4245: 2598:. In contrast to the soldiers in the armies of Indian rulers, the Bengal sepoys not only received high pay, but also received it reliably, thanks in great measure to the company's access to the vast land-revenue reserves of Bengal. Soon, bolstered both by the new musket technology and naval support, the Bengal army came to be widely well-regarded. The well-disciplined sepoys attired in red-coats and their British officers began to arouse "a kind of awe in their adversaries. In Maharashtra and in Java, the sepoys were regarded as the embodiment of demonic forces, sometimes of antique warrior heroes. Indian rulers adopted red serge jackets for their own forces and retainers as if to capture their magical qualities." 1031: 4473: 4528: 1019: 1043: 2102: 7481:

that has become a major social problem in modern India, among all castes, classes and even religions. (p. 90) ... the widow's head was shaved, she was expected to sleep on the ground, eat one meal a day, do the most menial tasks, wear only the plainest, meanest garments, and no ornaments. She was excluded from all festivals and celebrations, since she was considered inauspicious to all but her own children. This penitential life was enjoined because the widow could never quite escape the suspicion that she was in some way responsible for her husband's premature demise. ... The positions taken and the practices discussed by Manu and the other commentators and writers of

4287: 2025:; the trial, whose proceedings began in 1788, ended with Hastings' acquittal, in 1795. Although the effort was chiefly coordinated by Edmund Burke, it also drew support from within the British government. Burke accused Hastings not only of corruption, but—appealing to universal standards of justice—also of acting solely upon his own discretion, without concern for law, and of wilfully causing distress to others in India. Hastings' defenders countered that his actions were consistent with Indian customs and traditions. Although Burke's speeches at the trial drew applause and focused attention on India, Hastings was eventually acquitted, due in part to the revival of 4929:

large and complex construction project been undertaken in India, and no pool of semi-skilled labour was already organised to aid the engineers. The work, therefore, proceeded in fits and starts—many practical trials followed by a final construction that was undertaken with great caution and care—producing an outcome that was later criticised as being "built to a standard which was far in excess of the needs to the time". The Government of India's administrators, moreover, made up in their attention to the fine details of expenditure and management what they lacked in professional expertise. The resulting delays soon led to the appointment of a Committee of the

2269:. In their overall approach to revenue policy, Company officials were guided by two goals: first, preserving as much as possible the balance of rights and obligations that were traditionally claimed by the farmers who cultivated the land and the various intermediaries who collected tax on the state's behalf and who reserved a cut for themselves; and second, identifying those sectors of the rural economy that would maximise both revenue and security. Although their first revenue settlement turned out to be essentially the same as the more informal pre-existing Mughal one, the company had created a foundation for the growth of both information and bureaucracy. 3837: 3400: 5389: 5008: 2432: 3305:. More specifically, in the 1750s, mostly fine cotton and silk was exported from India to markets in Europe, Asia, and Africa; by the second quarter of the 19th century, raw materials, which chiefly consisted of raw cotton, opium, and indigo, accounted for most of India's exports. Also, from the late 18th century British cotton mill industry began to lobby the government to both tax Indian imports and allow them access to markets in India. Starting in the 1830s, British textiles began to appear in—and soon to inundate—the Indian markets, with the value of the textile imports growing from £5.2 million 1850 to £18.4 million in 1896. The 3423: 3120: 3140: 2404: 4968: 2448: 5370: 2137: 2118: 3068: 2090: 3857: 5350: 3439: 3885: 3873: 7518:

injunctions and moral prescriptions, women were firmly tied to the patriarchal family, ... Thus the Laws of Manu severely reduced the property rights of women, recommended a significant difference in ages between husband and wife and the relatively early marriage of women, and banned widow remarriage. Manu's preoccupation with chastity reflected possibly a growing concern for the maintenance of inheritance rights in the male line, a fear of women undermining the increasingly rigid caste divisions, and a growing emphasis on male asceticism as a higher spiritual calling.

5419: 3459: 60: 2420: 906: 918: 4390:), private individuals were, upon payment, only sparingly allowed their use. That situation changed in 1837, when, by Act XVII of that year, a public post, run by the company's Government, was established in the company's territory in India. Post offices were established in the principal towns and postmasters appointed. The postmasters of the Presidency towns oversaw a few provincial post offices in addition to being responsible for the main postal services between the provinces. By contrast, the 2711:" was added on the frontier. Two years later, this force consisted of "3 light field batteries, 5 regiments of cavalry, and 5 of infantry". The following year, "a garrison company was added, ... a sixth infantry regiment (formed from the Sind Camel Corps) in 1853, and one mountain battery in 1856". Similarly, a local force was raised after the annexation of Nagpur in 1854, and the "Oudh Irregular Force" was added after Oudh was annexed in 1856. Earlier, as a result of the treaty of 1800, the 4797: 1861:

then current—were acquired unscrupulously. By 1772, the Company needed British government loans to stay afloat, and there was fear in London that the company's corrupt practices could soon seep into British business and public life. The rights and duties of the British government with regards the company's new territories also came to be examined. The British parliament then held several inquiries and in 1773, during the premiership of

3046:", that is of adjusting to the way of life and customs of the Indian people and not trying to reform them. That changed after 1813, as the forces of reform in the home country, especially evangelical religion, Whiggish political outlook, and Utilitarian philosophy worked together to make the company an agent of Anglicization and modernisation. Christian missionaries became active, but made few converts. The Raj set out to outlaw 5254:, was appointed, did official enthusiasm and funds return to the Ganges canal project. Although the intervening impasse, had seemingly affected Cautely's health and required him to return to Britain in 1845 for recuperation, his European sojourn gave him an opportunity to study contemporary hydraulic works in Great Britain and Italy. By the time of his return to India even more supportive men were at the helm, both in the 4510: 2261:, who were then responsible for revenue collection for an entire district, were replaced with provincial councils at Patna, Murshidabad, and Calcutta, and with Indian collectors working within each district. The title, "collector", reflected "the centrality of land revenue collection to government in India: it was the government's primary function and it moulded the institutions and patterns of administration". 2006:, was in charge of the overall India policy. From 1784 onwards, the British government had the final word on all major appointments in India; a candidate's suitability for a senior position was often decided by the strength of his political connections rather than that of his administrative ability. Although this practice resulted in many Governor-General nominees being chosen from Britain's conservative 5129: 5121:, which took off from the left bank of the Jamna, also high in its course, presented a qualitatively different difficulty. Since it was cut through steeply sloped land, its flow became difficult to control, and it was never to function efficiently. With the decline of Mughal Empire power in the 18th century, both canals fell into disrepair and closed. The Western Jamna Canal was repaired by 9452: 4484: 3730:. The Supreme Court supplanted the Mayor's Court; however, it left the Court of Requests in place. Under the charter, the Supreme Court, moreover, had the authority to exercise all types of jurisdiction in the region of Bengal, Bihar, and Odisha, with the only caveat that in situations where the disputed amount was in excess of Rs. 4,000, their judgment could be appealed to the 4712:, insulated with pieces of sal wood fastened to their tops. Some of the conducting wires or rods were insulated, the insulating material being manufactured in either India or England; other stretches of wire remained uninsulated. By 1856, iron tubes had begun to be employed to provide support, and would see increased use in the second half of the 19th century all over India. 4270: 2518:(Hindi, lit. "easterners"), had been recruited by Mughal Empire armies for two hundred years; the East India Company continued this practice for the next 75 years, with these soldiers comprising up to eighty per cent of the Bengal army. British in Malabar also converted Thiyyar army, called as Thiyya pattalam into a special regiment centered at Thalassery called as The 3910:

its new dominion, especially in relation to education policy. During the 19th century, the Indian literacy rates were rumoured to be less than half of post independence levels which were 18.33% in 1951. The policy was pursued in the aid of three goals: "to sponsor Indians in their own culture, to advance knowledge of India, and to employ that knowledge in government".

4306: 5239:, with the Court's assent, granted funds to Cautley for a full survey of the swath of land that underlay and fringed the projected course of the canal. The Court of Directors, moreover, considerably enlarged the scope of the projected canal, which, in consequence of the severity and geographical extent of the famine, they now deemed to be the entire 2220:, in which between seven and ten million people—or between a quarter and third of the presidency's population—may have died. However, the company provided little relief either through reduced taxation or by relief efforts, and the economic and cultural impact of the famine was felt decades later, even becoming, a century later, the subject of 2375:

system of temporary settlements was the classification of agricultural fields according to soil type and produce, with average rent rates fixed for the period of the settlement. According to Mill, taxation of land rent would promote efficient agriculture and simultaneously prevent the emergence of a "parasitic landlord class". Mill advocated

4979: 4614:. The East India Company was nevertheless able to use the remaining intact lines to warn many outposts of impending disturbances. The political value of the new technology was, thus, driven home to the company, and, in the following year, not only were the destroyed lines rebuilt, but the network was expanded further by 2,000 miles. 7476:; that of the married man, when they became householders; ... Since the Hindu man was enjoined to take a wife at the appropriate period of life, the roles and nature of women presented some difficulty. Unlike the monastic ascetic, the Hindu man was exhorted to have sons, and could not altogether avoid either women or sexuality. ... 4244: 5317: 4394:(originally, collectors of land-tax) directed the District post offices, including their local postal services. Postal services required payment in cash, to be made in advance, with the amount charged usually varying with weight and distance. For example, the charge of sending a letter from Calcutta to Bombay was one 2276:, promulgated the permanent settlement of land revenues in the presidency, the first socio-economic regulation in colonial India. By the terms of the settlement rajas and taluqdars were recognised as zamindars and they were asked to collect the rent from the peasants and pay revenue to the company. It was named 7480:

approved of child brides, considering a girl of eight suitable for a man of twenty-four, and one of twelve appropriate for a man of thirty.(p. 89) If there was no dowry, or if the groom's family paid that of the bride, the marriage was ranked lower. In this ranking lay the seeds of the curse of dowry

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Although, railway construction had barely begun in the last years of this rule, its foundations had been laid, and it would proceed apace for much of the next half century. By the turn of the 20th century, India would have over 28,000 miles of railways connecting most interior regions to the ports of

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In the Indian rebellion of 1857 almost the entire Bengal army, both regular and irregular, revolted. It has been suggested that after the annexation of Oudh by the East India Company in 1856, many sepoys were disquieted both from losing their perquisites, as landed gentry, in the Oudh courts and from

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officers working for the government. After the Company lost its trading rights, it became the single most important source of government revenue, roughly half of overall revenue in the middle of the 19th century; even so, between the years 1814 and 1859, the government of India ran debts in 33 years.

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who formulated the Indian revenue policy between 1819 and 1830. "He believed that the government was the ultimate lord of the soil and should not renounce its right to 'rent', i.e. the profit left over on richer soil when wages and other working expenses had been settled." Another keystone of the new

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Since the zamindars were never able to undertake costly improvements to the land envisaged under the Permanent Settlement, some of which required the removal of the existing farmers, they soon became rentiers who lived off the rent from their tenant farmers. In many areas, especially northern Bengal,

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with Indian princes during the first 75 years of Company rule. In the early 19th century, the territories of these princes accounted for two-third of India. When an Indian ruler, who was able to secure his territory, wanted to enter such an alliance, the Company welcomed it as an economical method of

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signalling. During the period 1820–1830, the East India Company's Government in India seriously considered constructing signalling towers ("telegraph" towers), each a hundred feet high and separated from the next by eight miles, along the entire distance from Calcutta to Bombay. Although such towers

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Education of Indians had become a topic of interest among East India Company officials from the outset of the company's rule in Bengal. In the last two decades of the 18th century and the first decade of the nineteenth, Company officials pursued a policy of conciliation towards the native culture of

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system's abstract principles, class hierarchies in southern Indian villages had not entirely disappeared—for example village headmen continued to hold sway—and peasant cultivators sometimes came to experience revenue demands they could not meet. In the 1850s, a scandal erupted when it was discovered

2284:; it simultaneously defined the nature of land ownership in the presidency, and gave individuals and families separate property rights in occupied land. Since the revenue was fixed in perpetuity, it was fixed at a high level, which in Bengal amounted to £3 million at 1789–90 prices. According to the 2264:

The Company inherited a revenue collection system from the Mughals in which the heaviest proportion of the tax burden fell on the cultivators, with one-third of the production reserved for imperial entitlement; this pre-colonial system became the Company revenue policy's baseline. However, there was

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of the rich region of Bengal, brought India into the public spotlight in Britain. The company's money management practices came to be questioned, especially as it began to post net losses even as some Company servants, the "Nabobs", returned to Britain with large fortunes, which—according to rumours

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Therefore, by the time of the Mauryan Empire the position of women in mainstream Indo-Aryan society seems to have deteriorated. Customs such as child marriage and dowry were becoming entrenched; and a young women's purpose in life was to provide sons for the male lineage into which she married. To

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Since English was increasingly being employed as the language of instruction, Persian was abolished as the official language of the company's administration and courts by 1837. However, bilingual educations was proving to be popular as well, and some institutions such as the Poona Sanskrit College

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settlements which consisted of government measurement and assessment of each plot (valid for 20 or 30 years) and subsequent taxation which was dependent on the fertility of the soil. The taxed amount was nine-tenths of the "rent" in the early 19th century and gradually fell afterwards. However, in

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below). The India Act also created in each of the three presidencies a number of administrative and military posts, which included: a Governor and three Councilors, one of which was the Commander in Chief of the Presidency army. Although the supervisory powers of the Governor-General-in-Council in

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in 1856), but also make do without the "foreign service", remuneration that had previously been their due, and this caused resentment in the ranks. The Bombay and Madras armies, and the Hyderabad contingent, however, remained loyal. The Punjab Irregular Force not only did not revolt, it played an

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Land revenue settlements constituted a major administrative activity of the various governments in India under Company rule. In all areas other than the Bengal Presidency, land settlement work involved a continually repetitive process of surveying and measuring plots, assessing their quality, and

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expertise in India; consequently, all engineers had to be brought in from England. These engineers were unfamiliar not only with the language and culture of India, but also with the physical aspect of the land itself and its concomitant engineering requirements. Moreover, never before had such a

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if the zamindars failed to pay the revenue on time, the zamindari right would be taken from them. According to one estimate, this was 20% higher than the revenue demand before 1757. Over the next century, partly as a result of land surveys, court rulings, and property sales, the change was given

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over these new territories—asserted that the company could act as a sovereign power on behalf of the Crown. It could do this while concurrently being subject to oversight and regulation by the British government and parliament. The Court of Directors of the company were required under the Act to

1856:, all composed of merchants. The councils barely had enough powers for the effective management of their local affairs, and the ensuing lack of oversight of the overall Company operations in India led to some grave abuses by Company officers or their allies. Clive's victory, and the award of the 4715:

The first Telegraph Act for India was Parliament's Act XXXIV of 1854. When the public telegramme service was first set up in 1855, the charge was fixed at one rupee for every sixteen words (including the address) for every 400 miles of transmission. The charges were doubled for telegrammes sent

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from "Calcutta to Agra, Agra to Bombay, Agra to Peshawar, and Bombay to Madras, extending in all over 3,050 miles and including forty-one offices". The permission was soon granted; by February 1855 all the proposed telegraph lines had been constructed and were being used to send paid messages.

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in 1904. However, in order to avoid any friction within the ranks, the company also took pains to adapt its military practices to their religious requirements. Consequently, these soldiers dined in separate facilities; in addition, overseas service, considered polluting to their caste, was not

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of the peasants by the zamindars became more prevalent as cash crops were cultivated to meet the Company revenue demands. Although commercialised cultivation was not new to the region, it had now penetrated deeper into village society and made it more vulnerable to market forces. The zamindars

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delivered letters, newspapers, postcards, book packets, and parcels. These deliveries grew steadily in number; by 1861 (three years after the end of Company rule), a total of 889 post offices had been opened, and almost 43 million letters and over four and a half million newspapers were being

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In the first half of the 19th century, the British legislated reforms against what they considered were iniquitous Indian practices. In most cases, the legislation alone was unable to change Indian society sufficiently for it to absorb both the ideal and the ethic underpinning the reform. For

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The legal rights, as well as the ideal images, of women were increasingly circumscribed during the Gupta era. The Laws of Manu, compiled from about 200 to 400 C.E., came to be the most prominent evidence that this era was not necessarily a golden age for women. Through a combination of legal

3317:; consequently, demand for Indian cotton soared, and the prices soon quadrupled. This led many farmers in India to switch to cultivating cotton as a quick cash crop; however, with the end of the war in 1865, the demand plummeted again, creating another downturn in the agricultural economy. 1991:

Bengal (over Madras and Bombay) were extended—as they were again in the Charter Act of 1793—the subordinate presidencies continued to exercise some autonomy until both the extension of British possessions into becoming contiguous and the advent of faster communications in the next century.

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Paradoxically, many British also clung to Persian. Indeed, the so-called Urdu that replaced Persian as the court language after 1837 was recognisably Persian as far as its nouns were concerned. The courtly heritage of Persian was also to exercise a constraint on the British cultivation of

4339:, enacted in the waning years of Company rule, provided legal safeguards against loss of certain forms of inheritance for a remarrying Hindu widow, though not of the inheritance due her from her deceased husband. However, very few widows actually remarried. Some Indian reformers, such as 3789:, only complicated the situation further. The appointment had to be annulled in 1781 by a parliamentary intervention with the enactment of the Declaration Act. The Act exempted the Executive Branch from the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. It recognised the independent existence of the 1006: 3000:

the anticipation of any increased land-revenue payments that the annexation might augur. With British victories in wars or with annexation, as the extent of British jurisdiction expanded, the soldiers were now not only expected to serve in less familiar regions (such as in Burma in the

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themselves were often unable to meet the increased demands that the company had placed on them; consequently, many defaulted, and by one estimate, up to one-third of their lands were auctioned during the first two decades following the permanent settlement. The new owners were often

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The second goal was motivated by the concerns among some Company officials about being seen as foreign rulers. They argued that the company should try to win over its subjects by outdoing the region's previous rulers in the support of indigenous learning. Guided by this belief, the

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were leased out to the Indian officials who had formerly performed them. This makeshift arrangement continued—with much accompanying disarray—until 1771, when the Court of Directors of the Company decided to obtain for the company the jurisdiction of both criminal and civil cases.

4286: 2343:. It was first tried in small scale by Captain Alexander Read in the areas that were taken over from the wars with Tipu Sultan. Subsequently, developed by Thomas Munro, this system was gradually extended all over South India. This was, in part, a consequence of the turmoil of the 2265:

vast variation across India in the methods by which the revenues were collected; with this complication in mind, a Committee of Circuit toured the districts of expanded Bengal Presidency in order to make a five-year settlement, consisting of five-yearly inspections and temporary

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in England both to supervise the East India Company's affairs and to prevent the company's shareholders from interfering in the governance of India. The Board of Control consisted of six members, which included one Secretary of State from the British cabinet, as well as the

4472: 2048:, the British Parliament renewed the company's charter but terminated its monopoly except with regard to tea and trade with China, opening India both to private investment and missionaries. With increased British power in India, supervision of Indian affairs by the 2523:

required of them, and the army soon came to recognise Hindu festivals officially. "This encouragement of high caste ritual status, however, left the government vulnerable to protest, even mutiny, whenever the sepoys detected infringement of their prerogatives."

3932:. A few decades later a related perspective appeared among the governed population, one that was expressed by the conservative Bengali reformer Radhakanta Deb as the "duty of the Rulers of Countries to preserve and Customs and the religions of their subjects". 5034:

The first irrigation works undertaken during East India Company's rule were begun in 1817. Consisting chiefly of extensions or reinforcements of previous Indian works, these projects were limited to the plains north of Delhi and to the river deltas of the

4000:, were influenced by the Orientalist ethos and felt that the company's government in India should be responsive to Indian expectations. The Orientalist ethos would prevail in education policy well into the 1820s, and was reflected in the founding of the 4878:

miles long with an ascent of 1,831 feet. Construction began in 1856 and was completed in 1863, and, in the end, the line required a total of twenty five tunnels and fifteen miles of gradients (inclines) of 1 in 50 or steeper, the most extreme being the

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instruction to Indians had the added consequence of making them more suitable for the company's burgeoning bureaucracy. By the early 1830s, the Anglicists had the upper hand in devising education policy in India. Many utilitarian ideas were employed in

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The third related goal grew out of the philosophy then current among some Company officials that they would themselves become better administrators if they were better versed in the languages and cultures of India. It led in 1800 to the founding of the

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convictions of their duty to represent their nation and to modernise India. At most there were about 600 of these men who managed the Raj's customs service, taxes, justice system, and its general administration. The company's original policy was one of

5754:"Hindoostanee" was instrumental for Company rule in that Gilchrist's grammar books, dictionaries, and translations helped to standardize Urdu as an official language for lower level judicial courts and revenue administration in 1837, replacing Persian. 4639:

feet long and 3/8 inch wide, end to end. These lines, which weighed 1,250 pounds per mile, were held aloft by fifteen-foot lengths of bamboo, planted into the ground at equal intervals—200 to the mile—and covered with a layer each of coal tar and

3522:—the rural overlords with the hereditary right to collect rent from peasant farmers—also had the power to administer justice. This they did with little routine oversight, being required to report only their judgments in capital punishment cases to the 4413:

After the recommendations of the commission appointed in 1850 to evaluate the Indian postal system were received, Act XVII of 1837 was superseded by the Indian Postal Act of 1854. Under its provisions, the entire postal department was headed by a

4852:, was opened in 1854 (see picture of locomotive below), and the entire line up to Raniganj would become functional by the time of the Indian rebellion of 1857. The Great Indian Peninsular Railway was permitted to extend its experimental line to 5179:

works during 1850–1857. The Punjab region, moreover, had much rudimentary irrigation by "inundation canals". Consisting of open cuts on the side of a river and involving no regulation, the inundation canals had been used in both the Punjab and

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other than the provision of the underlying land free of charge, it had the onus of continuing to provide the 5 percent return in the event of net loss, and soon all anticipation of profits would fall by the wayside as the outlays would mount.

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Since the four anna stamps were composed of two colours, they required two different printings, one for Queen Victoria's head in blue, and the other for the surrounding red frame. In these, rare stamps, shown on a letter mailed from Bombay to

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The first goal was supported by some administrators, such as Warren Hastings, who envisaged the company as the successor of a great Empire, and saw the support of vernacular learning as only befitting that role. In 1781, Hastings founded the

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found itself short of trained administrators, especially those familiar with local custom and law; tax collection was consequently farmed out. This uncertain foray into land taxation by the company, may have gravely worsened the impact of a

5007: 3087: 2068:. The Governor-General and his executive council were given exclusive legislative powers for the whole of British India. Since the British territories in north India had now extended up to Delhi, the Act also sanctioned the creation of a 4750:, had been established in 1825; in the following decade other inter-city railways were rapidly constructed between cities in England. In 1845, the Court of Directors of the East India Company, forwarded to the Governor-General of India, 4223:), of whom 200,000 were in primary schools. Over 5,000 primary schools and 142 secondary schools had been established in these provinces. Earlier, during the Indian rebellion of 1857, some civilian leaders, such as Khan Bhadur Khan of 2187:, supervised their activities. In this system, the assortment of rights associated with land were not possessed by a "land owner", but rather shared by the several parties with stake in the land, including the peasant cultivator, the 4334:

regions of India had long looked askance at the remarriage of widows in order to protect both what it considered was family honour and family property. Even adolescent widows were expected to live a life of austerity and denial. The

4049:, the Governor-General of India from 1793 to 1797. During this period, many Scottish Presbyterian missionaries also supported the British rulers in their efforts to spread English education and established many reputed colleges like 3559:

Europeans, were created in Fort William (Calcutta), Madras, and Bombay. Judgments handed down by a Mayor's Court could be disputed with an appeal to the respective Presidency government and, when the amount disputed was greater than

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when it was established in 1845. During 1852–1853 some citizens of Bombay sent petitions to the British Parliament in support of both establishing and adequately funding university education in India. The petitions resulted in the

2488:, from Bengal—many of whom had fought against the British in the Battle of Plassey – were now suspect in British eyes, Hastings recruited farther west from the "major breeding ground" of India's infantry in eastern 4789:, a distance of some thirty nine miles. Although construction began first, in 1849, on the East Indian Railways line, with an outlay of £1 million, it was the first-leg of the Bombay-Kalyan line—a 21-mile stretch from Bombay to 3611:

Soon afterwards Warren Hastings arrived in Calcutta as the first Governor-General of the company's Indian dominions and resolved to overhaul the company's organisation and in particular its judicial affairs. In the interior, or

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However, these expectations were not realised in practice, and in many regions of Bengal, the peasants bore the brunt of the increased demand, there being little protection for their traditional rights in the new legislation.

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between 6PM and 6AM. These rates would remain fixed until 1882. In the year 1860–61, two years after the end of Company rule, India had 11,093 miles of telegraph lines and 145 telegraph offices. That year telegrams totalling

4235:), where during the period 1855–1857, nearly 200 primary, middle-, and high-schools had been opened by the company and tax levied on the population, relative calm prevailed and the schools remained open during the rebellion. 3820:

by adding a legal president to the bench. The Supreme Courts in Madras and Bombay were finally established in 1801 and 1823, respectively. Madras Presidency was also unusual in being the first to rely on village headmen and

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be first constructed connecting the inland regions of each presidency with its chief port as well as each presidency with several others. His recommended trunk lines included the following ones: (i) from Calcutta, in the

809:

The expansion of the company's power chiefly took two forms. The first of these was the outright annexation of Indian states and subsequent direct governance of the underlying regions, which collectively came to comprise

3550:

in 1686 and 1698 respectively. In 1726, however, the Court of Directors of the Company felt that more customary justice was necessary for European residents in the presidency towns, and petitioned the King to establish

3541:

in 1683, the company was given the power to establish "courts of judicature" in locations of its choice, each court consisting of a lawyer and two merchants. This right was renewed in the subsequent charters granted by

3422: 4681:(through Agra), Agra to Bombay, and Bombay to Madras began in 1853. The conducting material chosen for these lines was now lighter, and the support stronger. The wood used for the support consisted of teak, sal, 3139: 4227:, had stressed the threat posed to the populace's religions by the new education programmes begun by the company; however, historical statistics have shown that this was not generally the case. For example, in 3399: 3872: 3332:

and which was grown in many parts of India, as the most profitable form of payment. However, since the Chinese authorities had banned the importation and consumption of opium, the Company engaged them in the

3058:. The 1830s and 1840s, however, were not times of prosperity: After its heavy spending on the military, the company had little money to engage in large-scale public works projects or modernisation programs. 1903:

submit all communications regarding civil, military, and revenue matters in India for scrutiny by the British government. For the governance of the Indian territories, the act asserted the supremacy of the

5270:

as Governor-General. Canal construction, under Cautley's supervision, now went into full swing. A 350-mile long canal, with another 300 miles of branch lines, eventually stretched between the headworks in

2117: 5787:

In 1837 Urdu was formally adopted by the British, in place of Perisan, as the language of interaction between the Government (which from then on conducted its affairs in English) and the local population.

3884: 4933:

in 1857–58 to investigate the matter. However, by the time the Committee concluded that all parties needed to honour the spirit rather than the letter of the contracts, Company rule in India had ended.

4438:). Postage stamps were introduced at this time and the postal rates fixed by weight, dependent no longer also on the distance travelled in the delivery. The lowest inland letter rate was half anna for 2447: 4808:. The Governor-General vigorously advocated the quick and widespread introduction of railways in India, pointing to their political, social, and economic advantages. He recommended that a network of 3762:, however, the judges and law-officers had no knowledge of English law, and were required only, by the Governor-General's order, "to proceed according to equity, justice, and good conscience, unless 2431: 5349: 3119: 3856: 3281:

In addition, as under Mughal Empire rule, land revenue collected in the Bengal Presidency helped finance the company's wars in other parts of India. Consequently, in the period 1760–1800, Bengal's

3017:

The reforms initiated after 1784 were designed to create an elite civil service where very talented young Britons would spend their entire careers. Advanced training was promoted especially at the

4961:

Photograph (1855) showing the construction of the Bhor Ghaut incline bridge, Bombay; the incline was conceived by George Clark, the Chief Engineer in the East India Company's Government of Bombay.

2056:

increased as well. By the 1820s British nationals could transact business or engage in missionary work under the protection of the Crown in the three presidencies. Finally, under the terms of The

5388: 3797:) or Regulations of the Government enacted by the British Parliament. This state of affairs continued until 1797, when a new Act extended the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court to the province of 4037:, the Chairman of the East India Company. Grant supported state-sponsored education in India 20 years before a similar system was set up in Britain. Among Grant's close evangelical friends were 3458: 4076:, who had begun to play an important role in fashioning Company policy. The utilitarians believed in the moral worth of an education that aided the good of society and promoted instruction in 4297: 7468:, where it was considered the only true path to spiritual liberation. (p. 88) Instead, Hindu men of upper castes, passed through several stages of life: that of initiate, when those of the 3438: 1971:, a member of the Bengal council and political adversary of Warren Hastings, that all lands in Bengal should be considered the "estate and inheritance of native land-holders and families". 2351:

was closer to traditional practice in the region and ideologically more progressive, allowing the benefits of Company rule to reach the lowest levels of rural society. At the heart of the

1919:

also attempted to address the prevalent corruption in India: Company servants were henceforth forbidden to engage in private trade in India or to receive "presents" from Indian nationals.

9172:

Annals of the Honorable East-India Company: from their establishment by the charter of queen Elizabeth, 1600 to the Union of the London and the English East India Companies 1707–8, Vol-II

2101: 2080:. In addition, in 1854, a lieutenant-governor was appointed for the region of Bengal, Bihar and Odisha, leaving the Governor-General to concentrate on the governance of India as a whole. 59: 9161:

Annals of the Honorable East-India Company: from their establishment by the charter of queen Elizabeth, 1600 to the Union of the London and the English East India Companies 1707–8, Vol-I

5125:

engineers and it reopened in 1820. The Doab Canal was reopened in 1830; its considerable renovation involved raising the embankment by an average height of 9 ft. for some 40 miles.

5369: 6177: 9501: 4967: 2715:

had begun to maintain a contingent force of 9,000 horse and 6,000-foot which was commanded by Company officers; in 1853, after a new treaty was negotiated, this force was assigned to

1967:. Around this time, there was also extensive debate in the British Parliament on the issue of landed rights in Bengal, with a consensus developing in support of the view advocated by 4478:

Lithograph of the General Post Office on Chowringhee Street, Calcutta, 1833, four years before the India-wide postal service was established under the Indian Postal Act of 1837.

3488:

Until the British gained control of Bengal in the mid-18th century, the system of justice there was presided over by the Nawab of Bengal himself, who, as the chief law officer,

7485:

are not quaint relics of the distant past, but alive and recurrent in India today – as the attempts to revive the custom of sati (widow immolation) in recent decades has shown.

2394:

With expanded dominion, even during non-deficit years, there was just enough money to pay the salaries of a threadbare administration, a skeleton police force, and the army.

1982:". At the same time the company's directors were now leaning towards Francis's view that the land-tax in Bengal should be made fixed and permanent, setting the stage for the 8643:

Broadberry, Stephen; Gupta, Bishnupriya (2009), "Lancashire, India, and shifting competitive advantage in cotton textiles, 1700–1850: the neglected role of factor prices",

5250:, appeared less receptive to large-scale public works, and for the duration of his tenure, withheld major funds for the project. Only in 1844, when a new Governor-General, 10142: 10124: 2605:

as Governor-General. However, the closing years of the 18th century saw, with Wellesley's campaigns, a new increase in the army strength. Thus in 1806, at the time of the

2482:

In 1772, when Hastings became the first Governor-General one of his first undertakings was the rapid expansion of the Presidency's army. Since the available soldiers, or

931:

In return, the Company undertook the "defence of these subordinate allies and treated them with traditional respect and marks of honor." Subsidiary alliances created the

4610:

on the southwest coast of India. During the Indian rebellion of 1857, more than seven hundred miles of telegraph lines were destroyed by the rebel forces, mainly in the

2403: 3944:

in 1791 during the administration of Lord Cornwallis. The promotion of knowledge of Asia had attracted scholars as well to the company's service. Earlier, in 1784, the

3293:, paradoxically, added to the economic downturn. During the period, 1780–1860, India changed from being an exporter of processed goods for which it received payment in 494: 467: 453: 439: 425: 411: 397: 383: 369: 4559:

were built in Bengal and Bihar, the India-wide semaphore network never took off. By mid-century, electric telegraphy had become viable, and hand signalling obsolete.

4537:"telegraph" signalling tower in Silwar (Bihar), 13 February 1823, thirty years before electric telegraphy was rapidly introduced into India by the East India Company. 4021:. The Anglicists supported instruction in the English language in order to impart to Indians what they considered modern Western knowledge. Prominent among them were 3374:

in 1859–60 and to the end of indigo production there. In Bihar, however, indigo production continued well into the 20th century; a centre of indigo production there,

3793:

and all subsidiary courts of the company. Furthermore, it headed off future legal turf wars by prohibiting the Supreme Court any jurisdiction in matters of revenue (

3357:; in addition, Hong Kong was ceded to the British Crown. Towards the end of the second quarter of the 19th century, opium export constituted 40% of India's exports. 2419: 2136: 1890:

himself wanted the company's territories to be taken over by the British state, he faced determined political opposition from many quarters, including some in the

4617:

O'Shaughnessy's experimental set-up of 1851–52 consisted of both overhead and underground lines; the latter included underwater ones that crossed two rivers, the

3324:

had greatly increased in Britain; since the money supply in India was restricted and the company was indisposed to shipping bullion from Britain, it decided upon

2036:

Soon rumblings appeared amongst merchants in London that the monopoly granted to the East India Company in 1600, intended to facilitate its competition against

6959: 6898: 5295:. The Ganges Canal, which required a total capital outlay of £2.15 million, was officially opened in 1854 by Lord Dalhousie. According to historian Ian Stone: 4916:. Each company was guaranteed a 5 per cent return on its capital outlay and, in addition, a share of half the profits. Although the Government of India had no 4091: 3827:

for cases involving small claims. This judicial system in the three presidencies was to survive the company's rule, the next major change coming only in 1861.

3067: 4841:

on the southeastern coast; and (iv) from Madras to the southwestern Malabar coast (see map above). The proposal was soon accepted by the Court of Directors.

3754:) created by Warren Hastings just the year before. In the new Supreme Court, the civil and criminal cases alike were interpreted and prosecuted accorded to 30:

This article is about the rule of the East India Company on the Indian subcontinent from 1773 to 1858. For rule by the British Crown from 1858 to 1947, see

4577:. Four telegraph offices, mainly for shipping-related business, were also opened along the river that year. The telegraph receiver used in the trial was a 4504:

anna blue, followed by 1 anna red, and 4 annas blue and red. The stamps were printed from lithographic stones at the Surveyor-General's Office in Calcutta.

1030: 917: 3576:

for lawsuits involving amounts less than Rs. 20 were introduced. Both types of courts were regulated by the Court of Directors of the East India Company.

10183: 1398: 4312:

An 1855 photograph of the same two institutions. In 1857, Grant Medical College became one of three institutions affiliated with the newly established

613:, and became directly involved in governance. The East India Company significantly expanded its influence throughout the Indian subcontinent after the 2195:

served as an intermediary who procured rent from the cultivator, and after withholding a percentage for his own expenses, made available the rest, as

2699:

As the East India Company expanded its territories, it added irregular "local corps", which were not as well trained as the army. In 1846, after the

1527: 1417: 4219:

which commenced in 1858. By 1861, 230,000 students were attending public educational institutions in the four provinces (the three Presidencies and

3500:, attended to the slightly less important cases. The ordinary lawsuits belonged to the jurisdiction of a hierarchy of court officials consisting of 10178: 1018: 905: 9150:

Historical and Ecclesiastical Sketches of Bengal; From the Earliest Settlement, Until the Virtual Conquest of that Country by the English, in 1757

896:

indirect rule, which did not involve the economic costs of direct administration or the political costs of gaining the support of alien subjects.

10088: 4581:

of O'Shaughnessy's design and manufactured in India. When the experiment was deemed to be a success a year later, the Governor-General of India,

3904: 1042: 9911: 8285:

Chakrabarti, D.K. 2003. The Archaeology of European Expansion in India, Gujarat, c. 16th–18th Centuries (2003) Delhi: Aryan Books International

5817:

It was only in 1837 that Persian lost its position as official language of India to Urdu and to English in the higher levels of administration.

2033:. Nonetheless, Burke's effort had the effect of creating a sense of responsibility in British public life for the company's dominion in India. 3587:

of Bengal, the right not only to collect revenue, but also to administer civil justice in Bengal. The administration of criminal justice, the

2601:

In 1796, under pressure from the company's board of directors in London, the Indian troops were re-organised and reduced during the tenure of

10173: 8270:

Empire and Information: Intelligence Gathering and Social Communication in India, 1780–1870 (Cambridge Studies in Indian History and Society)

5267: 5014: 4751: 4582: 4129: 2060:, the British Parliament revoked the company's monopoly in the China trade and made it an agent for the administration of British India. The 1699: 787: 6185: 5223:, who balked at idea of cutting a canal through extensive low-lying land in order to reach the drier upland destination. However, after the 9508: 9408:

The Politics of Empire at the Accession of George III: The East India Company and the Crisis and Transformation of Britain's Imperial State

3555:. The petition was approved and Mayor's courts, each consisting of a Mayor and nine aldermen, and each having the jurisdiction in lawsuits 2089: 5231:

2,300,000 on famine relief, the idea of a canal became more attractive to the company's budget-conscious Court of Directors. In 1839, the

3777:

would act in opposition to each other and, predictably, many disputes resulted. Hastings' premature attempt to appoint the Chief Justice,

5660: 5531: 3801:(which had since been added to the company's dominions) and "all places for the time being included in Bengal". With the creation of the 2273: 1995: 1357: 1121: 1978:'divers Rajahs, Zamindars, Talukdars, and landholders' had been unjustly deprived of 'their lands, jurisdictions, rights, and privileges 10114: 8916:

Raj, Kapil (2000), "Colonial Encounters and the Forging of New Knowledge and National Identities: Great Britain and India, 1760–1850",

5259: 4034: 1930:

which would have transferred political power over India from the East India Company to a parliamentary commission. The bill passed the

1785: 10152: 10137: 9114: 4422:

were set apart from those of a Presidency Postmaster; the former administered the postal system of the larger provinces (such as the

3973: 1209: 5640: 4029:—were interested in spreading Christian belief; they also believed in using theology to promote liberal social reform, such as the 3878:

Coloured engraving of the judges and officers of Hindu (top row) and Muslim (bottom row) law in the Recorder Court in Bombay, 1805.

9721: 1974:

Mindful of the reports of abuse and corruption in Bengal by Company servants, the India Act itself noted numerous complaints that

10193: 10008: 9953: 9811: 7589:

Gorman, Mel (October 1971). "Sir William O'Shaughnessy, Lord Dalhousie, and the Establishment of the Telegraph System in India".

4132:, the then Governor-General of India. The dispatch outlined a broad plan of state-sponsored education for India, which included: 3957: 3529:

By the mid-18th century, the British too had completed a century and a half in India, and had a burgeoning presence in the three

6097: 6029: 5054:

successfully reinforced the dam, and his success prompted more irrigation projects on the river. A little farther north, on the

4276:

An engraving (1844) of a youth, who according to the engraver, Emily Eden, was "a favourite and successful young student at the

4111:, played an influential role in the planning of the first medical college in Bombay, which after his unexpected death was named 472: 4930: 4280:

in Calcutta, where scholars acquire a very perfect knowledge of English, and have a familiarity with the best English writers".

3310: 1729: 1485: 7456:

Darkness can be said to have pervaded one aspect of society during the inter-imperial centuries: the degradation of women. In

4844:

During this time work had been proceeding on the experimental lines as well. The first leg of the East Indian Railway line, a

9434: 9415: 9396: 9377: 9331: 9312: 9291: 9272: 9245: 9226: 9207: 9086: 9063: 9045: 9027: 8907: 8809: 8752: 8734: 8591: 8561: 8540: 8515: 8495: 8477: 8459: 8441: 8423: 8388: 8363: 8337: 8319: 8277: 8249: 8222: 8194: 8173: 8152: 8128: 8107: 8069: 8026: 7991: 7970: 7939: 7918: 7899: 7878: 7842: 7818: 7697: 7449: 7418: 7206: 6953: 6793: 6398: 6005: 5874: 5843: 5810: 5780: 5747: 5665: 5299:

It was the largest canal ever attempted in the world, five times greater in its length than all the main irrigating lines of

5251: 4336: 3005:

active role in suppressing the mutiny. The rebellion led to a complete re-organisation of the Indian army in 1858 in the new

1803: 1647: 17: 6924: 4494:

stamps issued in 1854. Stamps were issued for the first time for all of British India in 1854. The lowest denomination was

3687:

in criminal cases, which were usually presided over by the judges of the civil appellate courts. All these too were under a

10018: 9883: 5247: 4594:. By 1857, the telegraph network had expanded to 4,555 miles of lines and sixty two offices, and had reached as far as the 2586:

was used in military campaigns in other parts of India and abroad: to provide crucial support to a weak Madras army in the

2015: 1724: 1622: 854:

in 1849-1856 (Period of tenure of Marquess of Dalhousie Governor General); however, Kashmir was immediately sold under the

9698: 4701:

columns. Some sections had uniformly strong support; one such was the 322-mile Bombay-Madras line, which was supported by

3890:

The Court-House Building on Apollo Street, Bombay (third building on left, just beyond the domed Ice House) shown in 1850.

10188: 9673: 9668: 3314: 3163: 2168: 1968: 795: 268: 9054:

Wylie, Diana (2001), "Disease, Diet, and Gender: Late Twentieth Century Perspectives on Empire", in Winks, Robin (ed.),

8584:

Ideology and Empire in Eighteenth Century India: The British in Bengal (Cambridge Studies in Indian History and Society)

9906: 9821: 8571: 8048: 4121: 4042: 4030: 1462: 10013: 8764:(July 1991), "'Deindustrialization' Revisited: The Handloom Weavers of the Central Provinces of India, c. 1800–1947", 3537:

had gradually given the East India Company more power to administer justice in these towns. In the charter granted by

3285:

was greatly diminished; furthermore, the closing of some local mints and close supervision of the rest, the fixing of

10104: 9751: 9350: 8399:

The Company weavers of Bengal: the East India Company and the organization of textile production in Bengal, 1750–1813

7510: 7160: 6892: 6107: 5236: 4666:-inch-thick (22 mm) chain cable. An underwater cable of length 2,070 yards was laid across the Hooghly river at 4125: 3695: 3320:

At this time, the East India Company's trade with China began to grow as well. In the early 19th century, demand for

2077: 1931: 1795: 1614: 1585: 202: 9726: 8952:

Ray, Rajat Kanta (July 1995), "Asian Capital in the Age of European Domination: The Rise of the Bazaar, 1800–1914",

6943: 6882: 4250:

A coloured-in photograph (1851) of Hindu College, Calcutta, which had been founded in 1817 by a committee headed by

1410: 10075: 9871: 9688: 6071: 5569: 4046: 2602: 2053: 1159: 718: 281: 139: 9018:

Tomlinson, B. R. (2001), "Economics and Empire: The Periphery and the Imperial Economy", in Porter, Andrew (ed.),

8703:"Deindustrialization in 18th and 19th century India: Mughal decline, climate shocks and British industrial ascent" 5113:, and some of its water was diverted to Delhi. During this time another canal was cut off the river. The 129-mile 2306:

employees of the Company who had a good grasp of the new system, and, in many cases, some had prospered under it.

10132: 10063: 10043: 9848: 9801: 9776: 7631: 4770: 4747: 4562: 5772:

Language Policy and Language Conflict in Afghanistan and Its Neighbors: The Changing Politics of Language Choice

4099:, which later aroused great controversy, was to influence education policy in India well into the next century. 3652:

constituted for such purpose, each consisting of four British judges. All these were under the authority of the

9796: 9525: 5802:

Tracing the Boundaries between Hindi and Urdu: Lost and Added in Translation between 20th Century Short Stories

3843: 2339:

system or the Munro system, in which the government settled land-revenue directly with the peasant farmers, or

2254: 2022: 6217: 4800:

Map of the completed and planned railway lines in India in 1871, thirteen years after the end of Company rule.

4374:

did exist, connecting the more important towns with their respective seats of provincial government (i.e. the

3054:(ritual banditry) and upgrade the status of women. Schools would be established in which they would teach the 1012:

Silver Half-Rupee 1787 Bengal Presidency, Murshidabad Mint, issued in the name of Shah Alam II, Mughal Emperor

9716: 5516: 3993: 3802: 2330: 2212: 1345: 4300:(right background) in Bombay made by G. R. Sargeant the year before the medical college was formally opened. 3816:, a similar course of legal changes unfolded; there, however, the Mayor's Courts were first strengthened to 2347:, which had prevented the emergence of a class of large landowners; in addition, Munro and others felt that 1898:. The result was a compromise in which the Regulating Act—although implying the ultimate sovereignty of the 1852:

towns of Calcutta, Madras, and Bombay, were governed by the mostly autonomous—and sporadically unmanageable—

10058: 9834: 9791: 9183:

The History of India From the Earliest Period to the Close of Lord Dalhousie's Administration – 1867, Vol-I

9100: 5712: 5706: 5676: 5633: 4347:, even offered money to men who would take widows as brides, but these men often deserted their new wives. 2609:, the combined strength of the three presidencies' armies stood at 154,500, making them one of the largest 1831: 1713: 1600: 1541: 1523: 843: 638: 630: 295: 4199:

in September 1857. The University of Bombay, for example, consisted of three affiliated institutions: the

1998:, not only had more power than Hastings, but also had the support of a powerful British cabinet minister, 10147: 9494: 9461: 5670: 4990: 4986: 4758: 4737: 4277: 4260: 3949: 3937: 3628:

judges employed by the company, who were assisted in the interpretation of customary Indian law by Hindu

2385:

that some Indian revenue agents of the company were using torture to meet the company's revenue demands.

2325:

The zamindari system was one of two principal revenue settlements undertaken by the Company in India. In

1964: 1895: 1871:, which established regulations, its long title stated, "for the better Management of the Affairs of the 1862: 1536: 1493: 1090: 984: 8898:

Kubicek, Robert (2001), "British Expansion, Empire, and Technological Change", in Porter, Andrew (ed.),

3976:, the then Governor-General. The college was later to play an important role both in the development of 3694:

Around this time the business affairs of the East India Company began to draw increased scrutiny in the

2318:

in Britain, agriculture in Bengal remained the province of the subsistence farming of innumerable small

10109: 9856: 8311: 7543:

Headrick, Daniel (2010). "A double-edged sword: Communications and imperial control in British India".

5443: 5343:; construction began in 1840, and the canal was opened by Governor-General Lord Dalhousie in April 1854 5224: 4137: 4086: 3429: 3379: 3018: 2061: 1827: 877:

The second form of asserting power involved treaties in which Indian rulers acknowledged the company's

662: 8673:

Caldwell, John C. (December 1998), "Malthus and the Less Developed World: The Pivotal Role of India",

9711: 9655: 9467: 5681: 5232: 4708:

sixteen feet high. Other sections had less secure support, consisting, in some cases, of sections of

4344: 4165:

Maintaining existing Government colleges and high-schools and increasing their number when necessary.

2221: 2065: 855: 746: 742: 602: 597:; or in 1773, when the Company abolished local rule (Nizamat) in Bengal and established a capital in 146: 9036:

Washbrook, D. A. (2001), "India, 1818–1860: The Two Faces of Colonialism", in Porter, Andrew (ed.),

8330:

Defending British India against Napoleon: The Foreign Policy of Governor-General Lord Minto, 1807–13

7570:

Rahman, Siddique Mahmudur (2002). "Postal Services During The East India Company's Rule In Bengal".

2233:

In 1772, under Warren Hastings, the East India Company took over revenue collection directly in the

10003: 9928: 9575: 5394:

Photograph (2008) of the head works of the Ganges Canal in Haridwar, viewed from the opposite side.

4804:

The feasibility of a train network in India was comprehensively discussed by Lord Dalhousie in his

4590:

O'Shaughnessy's instrument was used all over India until early 1857, when it was supplanted by the

4058: 3168:

After gaining the right to collect revenue in Bengal in 1765, the Company largely ceased importing

2726: 1951: 1814: 1734: 1691: 1640: 1318: 1298: 1201: 738: 634: 4147:(as primarily examining institutions for students studying in affiliated colleges) in each of the 9781: 9614: 5900:, pp. 53–59 "Chapter 7: The First Century of British Rule, 1757 to 1857: State and Economy." 5701: 5626: 5255: 4830: 4611: 4566: 4427: 4361: 4220: 4050: 3969: 3961: 3823: 3102: 2181:, or "land holders", collected revenue on behalf of the Mughal emperor, whose representative, or 1923: 1818: 1593: 1467: 1448: 1425: 1230: 1113: 1100: 815: 618: 115: 9981: 9976: 9963: 9918: 9786: 8265: 7828: 4188: 4054: 3997: 3684: 3547: 3383: 2708: 2587: 2041: 1867: 1630: 1609: 1406: 1143: 698: 670: 9284:

Rivalry for Trade in Tea and Textiles: The English and Dutch East Indian Companies (1700–1800)

9105:, London: Macmillan and Company Limited. 2nd edition. Pp. xiii, 1122, 7 maps, 5 coloured maps. 7981: 7687: 7150: 5864: 5833: 5800: 5737: 5303:

and Egypt put together, and longer by a third than even the largest USA navigation canal, the

4973:

Photograph (1858) of the Dapoorie viaduct over the Mula River near Poona in Bombay Presidency.

4569:, received permission in 1851 to conduct a trial run for a telegraph service from Calcutta to 4316:. The college was funded partly by the Jeejeebhoy family and partly by the East India Company. 4128:

of the East India Company, the chief official on Indian affairs in the British government, to

4015:

The Orientalists were, however, soon opposed by advocates of an approach that has been termed

1635: 583:, who had the support of the East India Company; or in 1765, when the Company was granted the 10038: 9898: 9861: 9844: 9743: 9636: 9410:. The Lewis Walpole Series in Eighteenth-Century Culture and History. Yale University Press. 8725:

Drayton, Richard (2001), "Science, Medicine, and the British Empire", in Winks, Robin (ed.),

8298:

Peasant Labour and Colonial Capital: Rural Bengal since 1770 (New Cambridge History of India)

7498: 7439: 7408: 7196: 6212: 5770: 5686: 5589: 5246:

The enthusiasm, however, proved to be short lived. Auckland's successor as Governor General,

5205: 4367: 4293: 4208: 4204: 4112: 4001: 3660:, consisting of the Governor of the Presidency and his Council, assisted by Indian officers. 3538: 2700: 2501: 2217: 2057: 2011: 1707: 1569: 1515: 1377: 1313: 851: 714: 710: 626: 622: 187: 8556:, Cambridge South Asian Studies, Cambridge and London: Cambridge University Press. Pp. 392, 8553:

Canal Irrigation in British India: Perspectives on Technological Change in a Peasant Economy

6390:

Pistols at Dawn: Two Hundred Years of Political Rivalry from Pitt and Fox to Blair and Brown

4900:

Each of the three companies (and later five others that were given contracts in 1859) was a

2199:

to the state. Under the Mughal system, the land itself belonged to the state and not to the

790:

by 1773. It also proceeded by degrees to expand its dominions around Bombay and Madras. The

677:

on the Eastern coast of India in 1611 and the grant of the rights to establish a factory in

9733: 9110: 7674: 5835:

Empire and Information: Intelligence Gathering and Social Communication in India, 1780–1870

5288: 5220: 4709: 4551: 4331: 4313: 4196: 4192: 4144: 3989: 3472: 3432:, Greater Manchester, England, was constructed in 1790–1793 for manufacturing muslin cloth. 3365: 2390: 2285: 2156: 1983: 1655: 1477: 1134: 968: 340: 7135:

Colin Newbury, "Patronage and Professionalism: Manning a Transitional Empire, 1760–1870".

3846:, who in 1800 became the first Chief Justice of the Fort of St. George (Madras) and wrote 3710:

consequently enacted the Regulating Act of 1773 under which the King-in-Council created a

2425:

Charles Cornwallis, the Governor-General of India when Permanent Settlement was introduced

749:—were similarly expanding in the region, the English Company's unremarkable beginnings on 8: 10083: 10053: 10030: 9998: 9829: 9766: 9629: 9619: 9148: 8988:

Roy, Tirthankar (Summer 2002), "Economic History and Modern India: Redefining the Link",

5696: 5332: 5216: 5059: 4925: 4917: 4725: 4200: 4062: 4038: 4026: 3817: 3543: 2026: 1955: 1947: 1309: 1225: 891: 803: 754: 686: 565: 374: 242: 106: 9948: 9181: 9170: 9159: 8341: 8308:

Imperial Power and Popular Politics: Class, Resistance and the State in India, 1850–1950

6945:

Jumbos and Jumping Devils: A Social History of Indian Circus - Nisha P.R. - Google Books

5418: 4644:

for insulation. The underwater cables had been manufactured in England and consisted of

9876: 9761: 9683: 9663: 9624: 9007: 8977: 8969: 8941: 8933: 8887: 8879: 8851: 8835: 8789: 8781: 8690: 8662: 8624: 8008: 7656: 7614: 7606: 7552: 5739:

England Re-Oriented: How Central and South Asian Travelers Imagined the West, 1750–1857

5609: 5549: 5304: 5078: 4585:, sought permission from the Court of Directors of the company for the construction of 4459: 4458:

tola, and 2 annas for a tola, a great reduction from the rates of 17 years before. The

4391: 4340: 4251: 4180: 4117: 3981: 3977: 3782: 3707: 3309:

too would have a major impact on India's cotton economy: with the outbreak of the war,

3306: 3302: 3093: 3026: 3001: 2712: 2437:

A Kochh Mandai woman of east Bengal with an agricultural knife and a freshly harvested

2315: 2069: 1809: 1257: 1249: 702: 646: 561: 458: 127: 35: 8800:

Heuman, Gad (2001), "Slavery, the Slave Trade, and Abolition", in Winks, Robin (ed.),

6388: 4946:, and together they would constitute the fourth-largest railway network in the world. 2237:(then Bengal and Bihar), establishing a Board of Revenue with offices in Calcutta and 10048: 9971: 9693: 9678: 9430: 9411: 9392: 9373: 9356: 9346: 9327: 9308: 9287: 9268: 9251: 9241: 9222: 9203: 9120: 9059: 9041: 9023: 8981: 8945: 8903: 8891: 8843: 8805: 8793: 8748: 8730: 8657: 8632: 8620: 8607:

Banthia, Jayant; Dyson, Tim (December 1999), "Smallpox in Nineteenth-Century India",

8587: 8557: 8536: 8511: 8491: 8473: 8455: 8437: 8419: 8384: 8359: 8333: 8315: 8273: 8245: 8218: 8190: 8169: 8148: 8124: 8103: 8065: 8044: 8022: 8012: 7987: 7966: 7935: 7914: 7895: 7874: 7868: 7838: 7814: 7693: 7618: 7506: 7445: 7414: 7202: 7156: 6949: 6888: 6789: 6394: 6103: 6021: 6001: 5870: 5839: 5829: 5806: 5776: 5743: 5272: 5137: 5101:

river had gradually choked the canal. Desilted and reopened several decades later by

5063: 5055: 5036: 4909: 4814: 4423: 4255: 4169: 4108: 4104: 3916: 3813: 3809: 3703: 3573: 3338: 3130: 3078: 2704: 2477: 2454: 2344: 2280:

because it fixed the land tax in perpetuity in return for landed property rights for

2234: 2127: 2108: 2030: 1935: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1845: 1770: 1531: 1443: 1281: 1273: 1261: 1253: 1138: 964: 960: 944: 791: 722: 614: 606: 584: 569: 308:• Nationalisation of the Company and assumption of direct administration by the 255: 229: 164: 8855: 8666: 7460:, the monastic tradition was not institutionalized as it was in the heterodoxies of 5219:

in 1836, it did not at first elicit much enthusiasm from its eventual architect Sir

2310:

they had to increasingly share the revenue with intermediate tenure holders, called

1060:) are not included in this table unless a major event occurred during their tenure. 9597: 8997: 8961: 8925: 8871: 8827: 8773: 8714: 8682: 8652: 8616: 7652: 7598: 5691: 5488: 4435: 4009: 3985: 3925: 3739: 3698:. After receiving a report by a committee, which condemned the Mayor's Courts, the 3370: 3055: 2519: 2314:, who supervised farming in the villages. Consequently, unlike the contemporaneous 2045: 1673: 1453: 1148: 734: 101: 8862:

Klein, Ira (July 2000), "Materialism, Mutiny and Modernisation in British India",

8573:

The Economy of Modern India, 1860–1970 (The New Cambridge History of India, III.3)

7837:. The New Cambridge History of India. Vol. II.1. Cambridge University Press. 5506: 9806: 9570: 9558: 9302: 9094:. Vol. IV: The Indian Empire, Administrative. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1909. 8551: 8505: 8239: 8212: 8184: 8163: 8142: 8118: 8097: 8082: 8059: 8016: 7960: 7953: 7929: 7889: 7832: 7808: 7477: 6928: 6921: 5197: 5102: 5074: 4998: 4913: 4849: 4743: 4667: 4570: 4383: 4371: 4366:

Before 1837, the East India Company's dominions in India had no universal public

4215:

in the different provinces and presidencies, and the policy was continued during

3956:

in the newly established Supreme Court of Bengal. Soon, Jones was to advance his

3945: 3921: 3649: 3624:, were constituted in each district; these courts were presided over by European 3580: 3565: 3334: 3047: 2208: 2123: 1719: 1434: 1430: 1349: 1269: 1221: 1191: 1129: 1082: 956: 932: 765: 610: 576: 573: 172: 78: 9938: 4187:

The Department of Public Instruction was in place by 1855. In January 1857, the

3671:, were created in the interior; these again consisted of Indian court officers ( 923:

India in 1837 and 1857, showing East India Company-governed territories in pink.

725:

to establish a presence on the eastern coast as well; far up that coast, in the

9943: 9933: 9703: 9609: 9002: 8761: 8381:

A Rule of Property for Bengal: An Essay on the Idea of the Permanent Settlement

8138: 7472:

received the sacred thread; that of student, when the upper castes studied the

6781: 5599: 5433: 5410: 5208:

in 1849–1856 (period of tenure of the Marquess of Dalhousie Governor General).

5189: 5090: 4905: 4586: 4555: 4534: 4022: 3630: 3569: 3145:

A new "writer" in the East India Company Civil Service arrives in Calcutta. A

3038: 3034: 2716: 2620: 2606: 1939: 1891: 1776: 1661: 1390: 1340: 1289: 1240: 1105: 867: 8965: 8875: 8831: 8777: 8718: 7410:

A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day

4985:

Photograph (1897) of the first locomotive, shown on the right and christened "

4671: 1848:, the East India Company territories in India, which consisted largely of the 68:

under Company rule (a) 1774–1804 and (b) 1805–1858 shown in two shades of pink

10167: 9771: 9456: 8310:, (Cambridge Studies in Indian History & Society). Cambridge and London: 8036: 7482: 6052: 5380: 5340: 5336: 5263: 5153: 5132:

The Ganges Canal highlighted in red stretching between its headworks off the

5094: 5051: 4861: 4822: 4774: 4717: 4693:), and was either fashioned into whole posts, or used in attachments to iron 4641: 4618: 4603: 4574: 4431: 4232: 3731: 3711: 3680: 3657: 3534: 3298: 3286: 2610: 2360: 2356: 2294: 2253:, the revenue collection system was extended to the territory with a Company 2183: 2174: 2049: 2007: 1665: 1503: 1332: 1277: 1245: 1236: 1173: 859: 839: 811: 774: 750: 388: 27:

Rule of the British East India Company on the Indian subcontinent (1757–1858)

9324:

Indian Ink: Script and Print in the Making of the English East India Company

9124: 8416:

The Making and Unmaking of Empires: Britain, India, and America c. 1750–1783

1958:

left the East India Company in political control of India but established a

9923: 9888: 9429:. Cambridge Imperial and Post-Colonial Studies Series. Palgrave Macmillan. 8847: 8636: 7864: 5473: 5463: 5356: 5324: 5212: 5201: 5141: 5133: 5122: 5086: 5040: 4649: 4595: 4578: 4176: 4069: 3953: 3778: 3734:. Both the Act and the charter said nothing about the relation between the 3723: 3668: 3640:. For small claims, however, Registrars and Indian commissioners, known as 3492:, attended to cases qualifying for capital punishment in his headquarters, 3329: 3282: 2389:

recording landed rights, and constituted a large proportion of the work of

2257:

in charge. The following year—with a view to preventing corruption—Company

2037: 1999: 1927: 1750: 1744: 1472: 1381: 1057: 976: 948: 885:. Since the Company operated under financial constraints, it had to set up 831: 799: 769: 761: 726: 674: 642: 430: 416: 216: 9480: 9474: 9238:

Between Monopoly and Free Trade: The English East India Company, 1600–1757

9133:

India in the British Period: Being Part III of the Oxford History of India

8348:

Between Monopoly and Free Trade: The English East India Company, 1600–1757

7669:

Thorner, Daniel. "Great Britain and the development of India's railways".

4521:, the head was accidentally oriented upside-down in relation to the frame. 3679:), who were supervised by officials of the company. Also constituted were 2203:, who could transfer only his right to collect rent. On being awarded the 1063: 889:

underpinnings for its rule. The most important such support came from the

9565: 9553: 9533: 8818:

Klein, Ira (1988), "Plague, Policy and Popular Unrest in British India",

7860: 5655: 5579: 5453: 5089:

early in its course, the canal irrigated the Sultan's territories in the

4901: 4845: 4645: 4622: 4491: 4407: 4403: 4216: 3929: 3755: 3621: 3603:

remained in place. However, the company's new duties associated with the

3493: 3387: 3321: 3169: 3106: 3043: 3022: 3006: 2583: 2368: 2364: 2326: 2319: 2266: 2242: 2003: 1959: 1740: 1683: 1336: 1305: 1095: 972: 650: 487: 402: 131: 31: 7556: 7104:

Puri, B. N. (1967). "The Training of Civil Servants under the Company".

4430:), whereas the latter attended to the less important Provinces (such as 9756: 9646: 9538: 9517: 9011: 8694: 8290:

The Trading World of Asia and the English East India Company: 1660–1760

7931:

The Lion and the Tiger: The Rise and Fall of the British Raj, 1600–1947

7610: 5161: 5110: 4939: 4599: 4591: 4073: 3773:

There was a good likelihood, therefore, that the Supreme Court and the

3533:

towns of Madras, Bombay, and Calcutta. During this time the successive

3464: 3361: 3172:, which it had hitherto used to pay for goods shipped back to Britain. 3125:

Military Orphan School for private soldiers of the East India Company,

2410: 2371: 2226: 1943: 1887: 1849: 1457: 1186: 952: 819: 520: 444: 65: 9391:. New Approaches to Asian History series. Cambridge University Press. 9135:, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press. 2nd edition. Pp. xxiv, 316 (469–784) 8973: 8937: 8883: 8839: 8785: 8743:

Frykenberg, Robert E. (2001), "India to 1858", in Winks, Robin (ed.),

8628: 7643:

Macpherson, W. J. (1955). "Investment in Indian railways, 1845–1875".

4924:

The technology of railway construction was still new and there was no

4796: 4625:. The overhead line was constructed by welding uninsulated iron rods, 3452:, Bihar (c. 1814). Patna was the centre of the Company opium industry. 911:

India in 1765 and 1805 showing East India Company Territories in pink.

9604: 9486: 9240:. Princeton Analytical Sociology Series. Princeton University Press. 5936: 5896:, pp. 56–91 "Chapter 3: The East India Company Raj, 1857–1850," 5192:

governors of Mughal West Punjab had ensured that many such canals in

5174: 5097:. By the mid-16th century, however, the fine sediment carried by the 4786: 4720:

500,000 in value were sent by the public, the working expense of the

4607: 4017: 3763: 3735: 3727: 3699: 3406: 3375: 3342: 3146: 3110: 2438: 2281: 1899: 1758: 1507: 980: 823: 580: 309: 135: 8686: 7602: 5892:, pp. 116–147 "Chapter 5: Early Modern India II: Company Raj", 5355:

Photograph (2008) of an East India Company-era (1854) bridge on the

4162:

Establishing teachers-training schools for all levels of instruction

3648:, were appointed. These in their turn were supervised by provincial 2142:

The trial of Warren Hastings in the Court of Westminster Hall, 1789.

798:(1772–1818) left it in control of large areas of India south of the 9866: 9592: 9582: 9085: 8929: 8924:(Nature and Empire: Science and the Colonial Enterprise): 119–134, 7461: 7457: 7378: 7363: 7063: 7046: 7023: 6995: 6476: 6361: 6314: 6259: 6247: 5918: 5376: 5300: 5280: 5169: 5145: 5098: 4793:—that, in 1853, was the first to be completed (see picture below). 4766: 4705: 4686: 4678: 4379: 4224: 4103:

commenced teaching both Sanskrit and English. Charles Grant's son,

3941: 3866:, the Chief Civil Court for Indians, on Chowringhee Road, Calcutta. 3719: 3518: 3030: 2509: 2493: 2459: 2335: 2303: 2178: 2164: 2160: 2107:

Government House, Fort St. George, Madras, the headquarters of the

1369: 936: 882: 878: 806:, no native power represented a threat for the Company any longer. 786:. The Company thus became the de facto ruler of large areas of the 682: 598: 516: 88: 9360: 9255: 9217:

Damodaran, Vinita; Winterbottom, Anna; Lester, Alan, eds. (2015).

9058:, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 277–289, 9040:, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 395–421, 8902:, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 247–269, 8804:, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 315–326, 8747:, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 194–213, 8729:, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 264–276, 6207: 729:, a factory was set up in Calcutta. Since, during this time other 9991: 9986: 9455:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

7465: 6932:

Vol.1. Johnson Reprint Corporation, 1962. Page. 278, Google Books

5360: 5328: 5276: 4943: 4838: 4782: 4702: 4698: 4152: 3798: 3294: 3051: 2514: 2299: 2250: 2196: 1679: 1669: 1177: 847: 9099:

Majumdar, R. C.; Raychaudhuri, H. C.; Datta, Kalikinkar (1950),

9022:, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 53–74, 8241:

The Indian Uprising of 1857–8: prisons, prisoners, and rebellion

7198:

In Search of Stability: Economics of Money, History of the Rupee

1926:

tried to reform colonial policy again with a bill introduced by

753:

offered no clues to what would become a lengthy presence on the

9543: 5998:

Battles of the Honourable East India Company: Making of the Raj

5292: 5284: 5193: 5165: 5160:, had been constructed by previous rulers. Taking off from the 5128: 5050:, was one such indigenous work in South India. In 1835–36, Sir 5046: 4994: 4834: 4818: 4762: 4653: 4518: 4387: 4228: 4156: 3767: 3600: 3468: 3413: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3126: 2595: 2505: 2076:

in 1856, this territory was extended and eventually became the

2044:

in a distant region, was no longer needed. In response, in the

1766: 1762: 1754: 1438: 1302: 1265: 1197: 1182: 783: 779: 768:(in Bihar) consolidated the company's power and forced emperor 694: 690: 667:

The Company of Merchants of London Trading into the East Indies

590: 568:. This is variously taken to have commenced in 1757, after the 6377:"in Council", i.e. in concert with the advice of the Council. 6000:. New Delhi: A.P.H. Publishing Corporation. pp. 172–181. 5211:

The first new British work—with no Indian antecedents—was the

4989:" (barely visible on the wheel casing), which was used by the 4670:, and another, 1,400 yards long, was laid across the Haldi at 4025:

who, after 1813—when the company's territories were opened to

1366:

Financial strain in East India Company after costly campaigns.

764:

in the 1757 Battle of Plassey and another victory in the 1764

9587: 9548: 8586:, Cambridge and London: Cambridge University Press. Pp. 292, 8454:, Cambridge and London: Cambridge University Press, Pp. 256, 8272:, Cambridge and London: Cambridge University Press. Pp. 426, 7473: 7469: 5925: 5910: 5227:, during which the East India Company's administration spent 5181: 4856:. This extension required planning for the steep rise in the 4853: 4790: 4395: 3805:

in 1805, the jurisdiction would extend as far west as Delhi.

3449: 3410: 3325: 3097: 3074: 2497: 2489: 2484: 2246: 2238: 2073: 1780: 1687: 1577: 1499: 1328: 1217: 940: 871: 863: 835: 706: 678: 629:

became the first Governor General of India in 1834 under the

594: 536: 512: 9038:

Oxford History of the British Empire: The Nineteenth Century

9020:

Oxford History of the British Empire: The Nineteenth Century

8900:

Oxford History of the British Empire: The Nineteenth Century

5070:; these too would be extended under British administration. 4652:. Furthermore, in order to protect the cables from dragging 2529:

East India Company armies after the Re-organisation of 1796

669:. It gained a foothold in India with the establishment of a 649:

assumed the task of directly administering India in the new

34:. For the history of the East India Company until 1756, see 9216: 8470:

Business, Race, and Politics in British India, c. 1850–1860

8356:

The English Cotton Industry and the World Market, 1815–1896

5375:

Photograph (1860) of the head works of the Ganges Canal in

5240: 5185: 5067: 5013:

The trunk lines proposed by the Governor-General of India,

4826: 4399: 4005: 3636: 3568:. In 1753, the Mayor's courts were renewed under a revised 3290: 2591: 2021:

British political opinion was also shaped by the attempted

1822: 1604: 1324: 827: 110: 9345:. History for a Sustainable Future series. The MIT Press. 7911:

The Anarchy: The Relentless Rise of the East India Company

6884:

Global Encyclopedia of the South India Dalit's Ethnography

5204:

were still working efficiently at the time of the British

5172:, this left-bank canal was extended by the British in the 4231:

district in the then North-Western Provinces (present-day

2333:, who would later become Governor of Madras, promoted the 2241:, and moving the pre-existing Mughal revenue records from 1550: 9389:

India in the World Economy: From Antiquity to the Present

9098: 8490:, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. Pp. 800, 8418:, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. Pp. 400, 6788:(1st ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 37–42. 5228: 5184:

for many centuries. The energetic administrations of the

4728:

until the end of the year totalled Rs. 6.5 million.

4682: 4211:. The company's administration also founded high-schools 3561: 9343:

Monsoon Economies: India's History in a Changing Climate

8488:

Oxford History of the British Empire: Nineteenth Century

8407:

Bengal: The British Bridgehead, Eastern India, 1740–1828

6239: 6237: 6235: 5215:

built between 1842 and 1854. Contemplated first by Col.

4829:

in north-central India (in, what was still being called

4136:

Establishing a Department of Public Instruction in each

3722:. The tribunal consisted of one Chief Justice and three 2457:, c. 1880. Two-thirds of the presidency fell under the 9143:(Macmillan and Company, 1934.) 699pp; from 1599 to 1933 8702: 8700: 8214:

Classical Political Economy and British Policy in India

6579: 6577: 5043:

delta, built some 1,500 years before, and known as the

3378:

district, became an early testing ground, in 1917, for

1064:

Governors-Generals of Fort William (Bengal) (1773–1834)

685:. In 1640, after receiving similar permission from the 9427:

Hybrid Knowledge in the Early East India Company World

8600: 7870:

Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy

7545:

Historical Social Research/Historische Sozialforschung

997:

Coins issued by the East India Company 1787 to 1840 CE

633:. The Company India ruled until 1858, when, after the 8701:

Clingingsmith, David; Williamson, Jeffrey G. (2008),

8373:

The Ruling Caste: Imperial Lives in the Victorian Raj

7531:

The imperial post offices of British India, 1837–1914

7288: 7286: 7124:

The Ruling Caste: Imperial Lives in the Victorian Raj

6393:. Internet Archive. London: Vintage. pp. 23–34. 6232: 3770:

was in point, or some Regulation expressly applied".

3742:(Governor-General); equally, they were silent on the 9056:

Oxford History of the British Empire: Historiography

8802:

Oxford History of the British Empire: Historiography

8745:

Oxford History of the British Empire: Historiography

8727:

Oxford History of the British Empire: Historiography

7810:

From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India

6574: 5275:

and—after splitting into two branches at Nanau near

4897:

miles at a gradient of 1 in 37 (see picture above).

3405:

Photograph of East India Company factory in Painam,

2409:

A riverside scene in rural east Bengal (present-day

1348:

established (1805) Subsidiary alliances created the

9072: 8576:, Cambridge and London: Cambridge University Press. 8300:, Cambridge and London: Cambridge University Press. 7834:

Indian Society and the Making of the British Empire

7501:, in Barbara N. Ramusack, Sharon L. Sievers (ed.), 7490: 7194: 3025:and morality and trained students in the classical 2707:

mainly for police work; in addition, in 1849, the "

1994:Still, the new Governor-General appointed in 1786, 1934:with the enthusiastic support of Foreign Secretary 1368:Cornwallis reappointed to bring peace, but dies in 717:, was leased by the Company in 1668. Following the 689:farther south, a second factory was established in 8409:, Cambridge and London: Cambridge University Press 7744: 7283: 6880: 6764: 6762: 6760: 6758: 3702:issued a charter for a new judicial system in the 1790:Public Telegram services starts operation (1855). 1141:become semi-protected States under British (1791) 7768: 7710: 7708: 7188: 5863:John Barnhill (14 May 2014). R. W. McColl (ed.). 3984:. Advocates of these related goals were termed, " 1946:, who then dismissed the government and formed a 10165: 8358:, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Pp. 414, 7318: 7316: 6278: 6276: 6158: 1352:, of the Hindu maharajas and the Muslim nawabs. 9300: 8642: 7891:Modern India: The Origins of an Asian Democracy 7689:The Great Indian Railways: A Cultural Biography 7679: 7178: 7176: 7174: 7172: 6755: 6656: 6654: 6652: 6650: 6648: 6646: 6621: 6619: 6617: 6615: 6325: 6323: 6293: 6291: 5764: 5762: 4370:, one that was shared by all regions. Although 3905:History of education in the Indian subcontinent 3360:Another major, though erratic, export item was 3176:Export of bullion to India, by EIC (1708–1810) 2576:Grand total, British and Indian troops: 70,000 2130:who oversaw the Company's territories in India. 866:, and thereby became a princely state. In 1854 9200:The East India Company and Religion, 1698–1858 9116:The History of British India from 1805 to 1835 8007: 7913:(Hardcover). New York: Bloomsbury publishing. 7780: 7756: 7732: 7720: 7705: 7374: 7372: 7292: 7222: 7220: 7218: 7007: 6980: 6919:L.Krishna Anandha Krishna Iyer(Divan Bahadur) 6864: 6862: 6860: 6858: 6856: 6854: 6852: 6768: 6587: 6568: 6551: 6518: 6516: 6514: 6512: 6424: 6422: 5983: 5909:Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition, 1989: 5893: 5021:(shown in red on a 1908 railway map of India). 3920:, an institution in Calcutta for the study of 2719:and stopped being a part of the Nizam's army. 9502: 9301:Kulke, Hermann; Rothermund, Dietmar (2004) . 8204: 7806: 7313: 7307: 7148: 7087: 6688: 6564: 6562: 6560: 6535: 6533: 6531: 6453: 6365: 6357: 6355: 6346: 6273: 6267: 6243: 6072:"Important Acts in India Before Independence" 5862: 5822: 5634: 4825:, annexed just three years before; (ii) from 4656:, the cables were attached to the links of a 3471:. Bengal was the world's largest producer of 1839: 1528:Thuggee and Dacoity Suppression Acts, 1836–48 9424: 9219:The East India Company and the Natural World 9141:Rise and fulfilment of British rule in India 8606: 8533:The Peasant Armed: The Indian Revolt of 1857 8375:(New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005). 8305: 7505:, Indiana University Press, pp. 27–29, 7431: 7400: 7347: 7345: 7343: 7303: 7301: 7169: 7137:Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 6811: 6809: 6807: 6805: 6643: 6612: 6342: 6340: 6338: 6320: 6288: 6133: 6131: 6129: 6127: 6125: 6123: 6121: 6119: 5759: 5731: 5729: 5073:In plains above Delhi, the mid-14th century 4107:, who in 1834 was appointed Governor of the 2725:East India Company armies on the eve of the 2619:East India Company armies on the eve of the 2177:revenue system existing in pre-1765 Bengal, 2010:, there were some liberals as well, such as 943:. Prominent among the princely states were: 8472:, Delhi: Oxford University Press. Pp. 264, 8161: 7369: 7261: 7259: 7215: 6849: 6602: 6600: 6598: 6596: 6509: 6499: 6497: 6419: 6148: 6146: 5838:, Cambridge University Press, p. 286, 5792: 5742:, Cambridge University Press, p. 128, 5661:Presidencies and provinces of British India 4837:on the western coast; (iii) from Bombay to 2095:A view of Calcutta from Fort William, 1807. 1534:goes under British administration (1831–81) 1167: 545: 539: 332:1,940,000 km (750,000 sq mi) 10184:States and territories established in 1757 9509: 9495: 9281: 9262: 9082:(edited by Henry Dodwell. 1934) pp 399–589 8742: 8080:The History of British India: A Chronology 8041:The British Conquest and Dominion of India 7685: 7642: 7059: 7057: 7055: 7042: 7040: 7038: 7036: 7034: 7032: 6991: 6989: 6734: 6732: 6557: 6528: 6352: 6178:"British East India Company captures Aden" 5641: 5627: 4330:example, upper-caste Hindu society in the 4143:Establishing universities modelled on the 4045:and member of the British Parliament, and 3992:. Many leading Company officials, such as 3328:, which had a large underground market in 656: 58: 9370:An Economic History of Early Modern India 9035: 9017: 9001: 8656: 8569: 8510:(3rd ed.), Oxford University Press, 8434:The Aftermath of Revolt: India, 1857–1870 8210: 7979: 7908: 7859: 7503:Women in Asia: Restoring Women to History 7340: 7334: 7322: 7298: 7277: 7195:Sashi Sivramkrishna (13 September 2016). 7091: 6802: 6749: 6472: 6470: 6468: 6466: 6464: 6462: 6447: 6335: 6310: 6308: 6306: 6116: 6095: 5989: 5955: 5897: 5768: 5726: 4554:, the word "telegraph" had been used for 4434:and the major Political Agencies such as 4168:Vastly increasing vernacular schools for 3726:; all four judges were to be chosen from 2471: 9263:Gardner, Leigh; Roy, Tirthankar (2020). 9179: 8760: 8672: 8535:, Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. 280, 8531:Stokes, Eric (1986), Bayly, C.A. (ed.), 8413: 8404: 8237: 7854:The Raj: India and the British 1600–1947 7692:, Bloomsbury Publishing, pp. 318–, 7542: 7496: 7379:Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1909 7364:Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1909 7256: 7069: 7064:Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1909 7047:Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1909 7024:Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1909 6996:Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1909 6887:. Global Vision Pub House. p. 230. 6786:The Economic History of India, 1857–1947 6700: 6593: 6494: 6477:Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1909 6386: 6362:Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1909 6329: 6315:Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1909 6297: 6260:Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1909 6248:Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1909 6143: 5995: 5798: 5127: 5085:. Taking off from the right bank of the 4795: 4677:Work on the long lines from Calcutta to 3599:, and for criminal cases the prevailing 3021:(until 1853). Haileybury emphasised the 2207:or overlordship of Bengal following the 1817:(10 May 1857 – 20 June 1858) largely in 990: 665:("the Company") was founded in 1600, as 10179:1858 disestablishments in British India 9235: 9146: 8897: 8724: 8581: 8449: 8431: 8182: 7413:, Oxford University Press, p. 20, 7052: 7029: 6986: 6729: 6488: 6429: 6413: 4771:Great Indian Peninsular Railway Company 4406:(or three-quarter of a rupee) for each 4138:presidency or province of British India 3663:Similarly for criminal cases, Mofussil 3341:, gained access to five Chinese ports, 2703:, a frontier brigade was raised in the 1987: 1551:Governors-Generals of India (1834–1858) 1196:Company took control of coastal region 1036:Copper Half-Anna 1835, William IV, King 14: 10166: 9516: 9405: 9321: 9197: 9109: 9080:The Cambridge shorter history of India 8799: 8530: 8485: 8353: 7958: 7588: 7569: 7390: 7238: 7201:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 91–. 6539: 6459: 6303: 6164: 5735: 5109:was itself tapped by Akbar's grandson 4757:Contracts were awarded in 1849 to the 4738:Rail transport in India § History 4068:However, the Anglicists also included 2989:Grand Total, British and Indian troops 1189:(1795) come under British protection. 589:, or the right to collect revenue, in 9490: 9175:, London, Black, Parry, and Kingsbury 9168: 9157: 9139:Thompson, Edward, and G. T. Garratt. 9130: 9078:Allan, J., and Sir T. Wolseley Haig. 9053: 8861: 8817: 8549: 8467: 8383:, Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 8264: 8162:Stein, Burton; Arnold, David (2010). 8137: 8057: 7962:India and South Asia: A Short History 7887: 7827: 7786: 7774: 7762: 7750: 7738: 7726: 7714: 7444:, John Wiley & Sons, p. 90, 7437: 7406: 7394: 7265: 7250: 7226: 7075: 7011: 6941: 6868: 6843: 6839: 6815: 6672: 6660: 6637: 6606: 6583: 6522: 6503: 6282: 6263: 6220:from the original on 19 December 2019 6152: 6137: 5971: 5967: 5828: 5666:Economic deindustrialisation of India 5283:(now Kanpur) and with the Jumna (now 5164:and supplying water to the cities of 4761:to construct a 120-mile railway from 4350: 3691:or a Chief Court of Criminal Appeal. 3409:, a major producer of the celebrated 2150: 2002:, who, as Secretary of State for the 697:island, not far from Surat, a former 10174:1757 establishments in British India 8990:The Journal of Economic Perspectives 8507:Economic History of India, 1857–1947 8378: 8295: 8123:(2nd ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. 8116: 8102:(1st ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. 8095: 8061:India under Colonial Rule: 1700–1885 8035: 7983:A History of Modern India, 1480–1950 7927: 7800: 7351: 7182: 7103: 6827: 6738: 6724: 6712: 6676: 6625: 6441: 6099:A History of Modern India, 1480-1950 6069: 5889: 5869:. Infobase Publishing. p. 115. 5339:)". The canal was the brainchild of 5081:, had constructed the 150-mile long 3988:". The Orientalist group was led by 3564:4,000, with a further appeal to the 2218:famine that struck Bengal in 1769–70 1725:Caste Disabilities Removal Act, 1850 1598:Post Offices were established (1837) 9386: 9367: 9340: 9265:The Economic History of Colonialism 8987: 8951: 8915: 8601:Articles in journals or collections 8503: 8043:(Hardcover). Duckworth Publishing. 7873:(2nd ed.). London: Routledge. 6780: 6200: 6096:Markovits, Claude (February 2004). 6044: 5279:—the confluence with the Ganges at 4938:Karachi, Bombay, Madras, Calcutta, 4821:in the north-western region of the 3583:, the Company obtained in 1765 the 3337:, and at its conclusion, under the 3164:Economy of India under Company rule 2272:In 1793, the new Governor-General, 2169:Economy of India under Company rule 1905:Presidency of Fort William (Bengal) 1126:12 September 1786 – 28 October 1793 1024:Silver Rupee 1835, William IV, King 814:. The annexed regions included the 24: 9191: 8350:(Princeton University Press, 2014) 8332:( Rochester: Boydell Press, 2016) 8292:(Cambridge University Press, 1978) 7657:10.1111/j.1468-0289.1955.tb01558.x 6962:from the original on 14 April 2023 6901:from the original on 11 April 2023 6874: 6050: 4724:was Rs. 1.4 million, and the 4565:, a professor of chemistry in the 4355: 4337:Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act, 1856 2355:system was a particular theory of 1800:28 February 1856 – 1 November 1858 1704:12 January 1848 – 28 February 1856 1539:accepts British Suzerainty (1833) 1470:accepts British suzerainty (1818). 1048:Silver Rupee 1840, Victoria, Queen 25: 10205: 9444: 8675:Population and Development Review 8609:Population and Development Review 8306:Chandavarkar, Rajnarayan (1998), 8018:A Concise History of Modern India 7950:The East India Company: A History 7152:The East India Company: A History 6070:team, EduGeneral (9 March 2016). 6032:from the original on 23 June 2022 4993:in 1854 on its 23-mile line from 4398:; however, that from Calcutta to 4298:Sir Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy Hospital 4254:. In 1855, the Government of the 4191:was established, followed by the 4126:President of the Board of Control 3483: 2078:United Provinces of Agra and Oudh 1812:founded (January–September 1857) 1475:accept British suzerainty (1819). 1087:20 October 1773 – 1 February 1785 9645: 9450: 9119:, London: James Madden and Co., 9073:Classic histories and gazetteers 8707:Explorations in Economic History 8658:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2008.00438.x 8621:10.1111/j.1728-4457.1999.00649.x 5570:British rule in Portuguese India 5417: 5387: 5368: 5348: 5316: 5006: 4978: 4966: 4954: 4777:, thirty miles away; and to the 4526: 4509: 4483: 4471: 4324: 4305: 4285: 4269: 4243: 3948:had been founded in Calcutta by 3883: 3871: 3855: 3835: 3457: 3437: 3421: 3398: 3138: 3118: 3086: 3073:A Royal Artillery encampment at 3066: 3012: 2446: 2430: 2418: 2402: 2135: 2126:, the first Governor-General of 2116: 2100: 2088: 1228:introduced by Wellesley (1798). 1041: 1029: 1017: 1005: 916: 904: 492: 465: 451: 437: 423: 409: 395: 381: 367: 10133:Indian Institutes of Technology 10115:Afghanistan–Pakistan skirmishes 10044:South Asian Football Federation 9326:. University of Chicago Press. 9088:The Imperial Gazetteer of India 8401:(Oxford University Press, 1988) 7888:Brown, Judith Margaret (1994). 7807:Bandyopadhyay, Sekhara (2004). 7663: 7636: 7632:Stockton and Darlington Railway 7625: 7582: 7563: 7536: 7523: 7384: 7357: 7328: 7271: 7244: 7232: 7142: 7129: 7116: 7097: 7081: 7017: 7001: 6974: 6935: 6913: 6833: 6821: 6774: 6743: 6718: 6706: 6694: 6682: 6666: 6631: 6545: 6482: 6435: 6407: 6380: 6371: 6253: 6170: 6089: 6063: 6014: 5977: 5924:: to reign, rule; cognate with 5866:Encyclopedia of World Geography 4748:Stockton and Darlington Railway 4448:tola, followed by one anna for 3808:In the other two presidencies, 1590:4 March 1836 – 28 February 1842 1422:4 October 1813 – 9 January 1823 881:in return for limited internal 830:) (1801), Delhi (1803), Assam ( 579:was defeated and replaced with 10194:Former countries in South Asia 8436:, Riverdale Co. Pub. Pp. 352, 8217:, Cambridge University Press, 8147:. Vol. 2. Penguin Books. 8021:. Cambridge University Press. 7155:. Routledge. pp. 149–54. 5961: 5949: 5903: 5883: 5856: 5323:Watercolor (1863) titled "The 4264:and opened it to all students. 3622:civil courts of first instance 2023:Impeachment of Warren Hastings 1652:23 July 1844 – 12 January 1848 1615:Massacre of Elphinstone's army 1607:is captured by Company (1839) 1542:Government of India Act (1833) 1387:10 October 1805 – 31 July 1807 870:was annexed, and the state of 681:in 1612 by the Mughal Emperor 13: 1: 9180:Marshman, John Clark (1867), 9164:, Black, Parry, and Kingsbury 7813:. New Delhi: Orient Longman. 7795: 7572:Bangladesh Historical Studies 7497:Ramusack, Barbara N. (1999), 6942:Nisha, P. R. (12 June 2020). 6059:. Punjabi University Patiala. 5517:Portuguese East India Company 4773:for a service from Bombay to 4545: 4410:(three-eighths of an ounce). 3803:Ceded and Conquered Provinces 3669:courts of criminal judicature 3595:, however, remained with the 3512:. In the rural areas, or the 3289:, and the standardisation of 2249:ceded the tributary state of 1574:22 April 1834 – 20 March 1835 1490:1 August 1823 – 13 March 1828 1403:31 July 1807 – 4 October 1813 1363:30 July 1805 – 5 October 1805 1346:Ceded and Conquered Provinces 1069: 721:, the Company was allowed by 9267:. Bristol University Press. 9102:An Advanced History of India 8486:Porter, Andrew, ed. (2001), 8090:Who Was Who in British India 6053:"Anglo-Sikh War I (1845–46)" 5799:Everaert, Christine (2009), 5713:The History of British India 5707:Secretary of State for India 5677:Government of India Act 1858 5140:and its confluence with the 3898: 3658:Chief Civil Court of Appeals 2571:Total Indian troops: 57,000 2245:to Calcutta. In 1773, after 1832:Government of India Act 1858 1804:Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act 1714:North-West Frontier Province 1627:28 February 1842 – June 1844 1524:Bengal Sati Regulation, 1829 1224:becomes first State to sign 1170:re-organised and down-sized. 1164:28 October 1793 – March 1798 844:North-West Frontier Province 760:The company's victory under 639:Government of India Act 1858 631:Government of India Act 1833 7: 9425:Winterbottom, Anna (2016). 8450:Metcalf, Thomas R. (1997), 8432:Metcalf, Thomas R. (1991), 8189:. Oxford University Press. 7934:. Oxford University Press. 7909:Dalrymple, William (2019). 7894:. Oxford University Press. 7671:Journal of Economic History 6948:. Oxford University Press. 6922:The Cochin Tribes and Caste 6881:Nagendra k.r.singh (2006). 5671:Glossary of the British Raj 5402: 4991:East Indian Railway Company 4759:East Indian Railway Company 4731: 4722:Indian Telegraph Department 3364:, which was extracted from 3313:was no longer available to 3109:'s former summer palace in 2380:spite of the appeal of the 1965:Chancellor of the Exchequer 1896:Parliament of Great Britain 1520:4 July 1828 – 22 April 1834 1091:Great Bengal famine of 1770 977:Gujarat Gaikwad territories 778:, or revenue collector, of 693:on the southeastern coast. 10: 10210: 10189:British East India Company 10138:Inventions and discoveries 10110:Sino-Indian border dispute 9857:Human rights in South Asia 9643: 9282:Nierstrasz, Chris (2015). 9131:Smith, Vincent A. (1921), 9003:10.1257/089533002760278749 8312:Cambridge University Press 8205:Monographs and collections 8058:Peers, Douglas M. (2006). 7980:Markovits, Claude (2004). 7533:(Phila Publications, 1990) 7293:Metcalf & Metcalf 2006 7008:Metcalf & Metcalf 2006 6981:Metcalf & Metcalf 2006 6769:Metcalf & Metcalf 2006 6588:Metcalf & Metcalf 2006 6569:Metcalf & Metcalf 2006 6552:Metcalf & Metcalf 2006 5984:Metcalf & Metcalf 2006 5894:Metcalf & Metcalf 2006 5769:Schiffman, Harold (2011), 5423:Imperial entities of India 5066:, had constructed several 4817:, on the eastern coast to 4735: 4359: 4118:Education Dispatch of 1854 4092:Minute on Indian Education 4087:Thomas Babbington Macaulay 3902: 3862:An 1833 Lithograph of the 3380:Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi 3297:, to being an exporter of 3161: 3019:East India Company College 2724: 2475: 2154: 2062:Governor-General of Bengal 1840:Regulation of Company rule 1828:English East India Company 1214:18 May 1798 – 30 July 1805 663:English East India Company 562:British East India Company 29: 10123: 10097: 10074: 10029: 9962: 9897: 9843: 9820: 9742: 9654: 9524: 9468:Federal Research Division 9406:Vaughn, James M. (2019). 9198:Carson, Penelope (2012). 8966:10.1017/S0026749X00013986 8876:10.1017/S0026749X00003656 8832:10.1017/S0026749X00015729 8778:10.1017/S0026749X00013901 8719:10.1016/j.eeh.2007.11.002 8570:Tomlinson, B. R. (1993), 8504:Roy, Tirthankar (2011) , 8328:Das, Amita; Das, Aditya. 8183:Wolpert, Stanley (2008). 8088:Riddick, John F. (1998). 8078:Riddick, John F. (2006). 7686:Chatterjee, Arup (2019), 7106:Journal of Indian History 5736:Garcia, Humberto (2020), 5682:Governor-General of India 5233:Governor General of India 5029: 4345:Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar 4010:Calcutta Sanskrit College 3781:, an old schoolmate from 3579:After its victory in the 2987: 2738: 2735: 2618: 2575: 2570: 2536: 2528: 2512:of this region, known as 2222:Bankim Chandra Chatterjee 2072:. With the annexation of 2066:Governor-General of India 1942:under pressure from King 1844:Until Clive's victory at 1712:Annexation of Punjab and 850:, were annexed after the 802:. With the defeat of the 508: 346: 336: 328: 323: 319: 306: 291: 278: 265: 252: 239: 226: 222: 212: 208: 193: 178: 159: 155: 145: 122: 94: 84: 73: 57: 52: 45: 10105:Indo-Pakistani conflicts 9387:Roy, Tirthankar (2012). 9368:Roy, Tirthankar (2013). 9341:Roy, Tirthankar (2022). 8582:Travers, Robert (2007), 8414:Marshall, P. J. (2007), 8405:Marshall, P. J. (1987), 8238:Anderson, Clare (2007), 7139:(2013) 42#2 pp: 193–213. 6057:Encyclopaedia of Sikhism 5996:Naravane, M. S. (2014). 5805:, BRILL, pp. 253–, 5720: 5262:as Lt. Governor, and in 5206:annexation of the Punjab 4848:railway, from Howrah to 4746:service in England, the 4567:Calcutta Medical College 4175:Introducing a system of 4059:Madras Christian College 3960:on the common origin of 3938:Benares Sanskrit College 3738:(Supreme Court) and the 3157: 3101:(Indian infantrymen) in 2727:Indian rebellion of 1857 2064:was redesignated as the 1952:William Pitt the Younger 1938:, but was vetoed by the 1909:Fort St. George (Madras) 1815:Indian Rebellion of 1857 1788:were introduced. (1854). 1786:Postage Stamps for India 1735:Second Anglo-Burmese War 1641:Indian Slavery Act, 1843 1601:Agra famine of 1837–1838 1319:Second Anglo-Maratha War 635:Indian Rebellion of 1857 474:See list of other states 9912:Archaeological cultures 9236:Erikson, Emily (2014). 8645:Economic History Review 8211:Ambirajan, S. (2007) , 8168:. John Wiley and Sons. 8083:excerpt and text search 7954:excerpt and text search 7948:Lawson, Philip (1993). 7645:Economic History Review 6387:Campbell, John (2010). 6024:Encyclopædia Britannica 5830:Bayly, Christopher Alan 5702:Opium Trading in Mumbai 5363:, Uttar Pradesh, India. 5256:North-Western Provinces 4831:North-Western Provinces 4612:North-Western Provinces 4428:North-Western Provinces 4362:Postal history of India 4221:North-Western Provinces 4201:Elphinstone Institution 4051:Scottish Church College 3978:modern Indian languages 3970:College of Fort William 3962:Indo-European languages 1819:North-Western Provinces 1718:Construction begins on 1594:North-Western Provinces 1494:First Anglo–Burmese War 1449:Third Anglo-Maratha War 1426:Anglo-Nepal War of 1814 1411:Occupation of Mauritius 1231:Fourth Anglo-Mysore War 1168:East India Company Army 1114:Second Anglo-Mysore War 1101:First Anglo-Maratha War 1056:The Governors-General ( 816:North-Western Provinces 657:Expansion and territory 296:Government of India Act 134:power on behalf of the 116:Languages of South Asia 95:Official languages 10125:Science and technology 9322:Ogborn, Miles (2007). 9286:. Palgrave Macmillan. 9221:. Palgrave Macmillan. 8354:Farnie, D. A. (1979), 8186:A New History of India 7959:Ludden, David (2002). 7673:1951; 11(4): 389–402. 7591:Technology and Culture 7529:Majumdar, Mohini Lal. 7438:Stein, Burton (2010), 7149:Philip Lawson (2014). 5309: 5225:Agra famine of 1837–38 5149: 5019:Railway minute of 1853 4806:Railway minute of 1853 4801: 4779:Madras Railway Company 4418:, and the duties of a 4209:Poona Sanskrit College 4195:in June 1857, and the 4189:University of Calcutta 4027:Christian missionaries 4002:Poona Sanskrit College 3998:Montstuart Elphinstone 3785:, to the bench of the 3685:appellate jurisdiction 3650:civil courts of appeal 3384:non-violent resistance 3029:Many students held to 2709:Punjab Irregular Force 2705:Cis-Sutlej Hill States 2588:Third Anglo-Mysore War 2472:Army and civil service 2173:In the remnant of the 2027:nationalism in Britain 1631:First Anglo-Afghan War 1610:First Anglo-Afghan War 1144:Third Anglo-Mysore War 965:Cis-Sutlej Hill States 601:, appointed its first 560:) was the rule of the 540: 10004:Religious persecution 9862:Religious nationalism 9722:European and Eurasian 9526:Countries and regions 9202:. The Boydell Press. 8468:Misra, Maria (1999), 8452:Ideologies of the Raj 8117:Robb, Peter (2011) . 8064:. Pearson Education. 8009:Metcalf, Barbara Daly 7499:"Women in South Asia" 7335:Bose & Jalal 2004 7323:Bose & Jalal 2004 7092:Bose & Jalal 2004 6213:World Digital Library 5956:Bose & Jalal 2004 5898:Bose & Jalal 2004 5775:, BRILL, p. 11, 5687:History of Bangladesh 5590:British rule in Burma 5560:Company rule in India 5297: 5131: 5039:. A small dam in the 4799: 4736:Further information: 4550:Before the advent of 4360:Further information: 4294:Grant Medical College 4292:An 1844 engraving of 4205:Grant Medical College 4113:Grant Medical College 3903:Further information: 3848:Elements of Hindu Law 3315:British manufacturers 3149:transport awaits him. 2701:Second Anglo-Sikh War 2590:in 1791, and also in 2492:and the lands around 2191:, and the state. The 2128:Fort William (Bengal) 2058:Saint Helena Act 1833 2012:Lord William Bentinck 1708:Second Anglo-Sikh War 1700:Marquess of Dalhousie 1672:to the British under 1378:George Hilario Barlow 991:The Governors-General 711:Catherine of Braganza 627:Lord William Bentinck 529:Company rule in India 188:Lord William Bentinck 138:and regulated by the 105:1837–1858: primarily 18:Company Rule in India 10153:Traditional medicine 9169:Bruce, John (1810), 9158:Bruce, John (1810), 8954:Modern Asian Studies 8864:Modern Asian Studies 8820:Modern Asian Studies 8766:Modern Asian Studies 8550:Stone, Ian (2002) , 8296:Bose, Sumit (1993), 8288:Chaudhuri, Kirti N. 8096:Robb, Peter (2002). 7928:Judd, Denis (2010). 6927:7 April 2023 at the 6022:"Battle of Wadgaon, 5221:Proby Thomas Cautley 5156:, the 130-mile long 5152:Farther west in the 4908:in England with its 4463:delivered annually. 4314:University of Bombay 4197:University of Madras 4193:University of Bombay 4170:elementary education 4145:University of London 4031:abolition of slavery 3990:Horace Hayman Wilson 3475:in the 19th century. 3050:(widow-burning) and 2453:Paddy fields in the 2391:Indian Civil Service 2286:Permanent Settlement 2157:Permanent Settlement 1984:Permanent Settlement 1732:laid in India (1851) 1656:First Anglo-Sikh War 1478:Central India Agency 1418:Marquess of Hastings 1135:Permanent Settlement 969:Central India Agency 892:subsidiary alliances 794:(1766–1799) and the 788:lower Gangetic plain 733:—established by the 287:1845–1846, 1848–1849 126:Administered by the 10084:South Asian studies 9610:South Asian regions 8092:, Covers 1599–1947. 7407:Dyson, Tim (2018), 6703:, pp. 141, 144 5697:History of Pakistan 5333:Saharanpur District 5217:John Russell Colvin 5115:Eastern Jamna Canal 5107:Western Jamna Canal 5083:Western Jamna Canal 5058:, the 16th century 4926:railway engineering 4918:capital expenditure 4726:capital expenditure 4563:W. B. O'Shaughnessy 4552:electric telegraphy 4392:District collectors 4332:Indo-Aryan speaking 4063:Elphinstone College 4039:William Wilberforce 3689:Sadr Nizāmat Adālat 3177: 2259:district collectors 2046:Charter Act of 1813 2029:in the wake of the 1924:Fox–North coalition 1826:Liquidation of the 1810:Indian universities 1636:Annexation of Sindh 1596:established (1836) 1465:was founded (1818). 1454:States of Rajputana 1310:Subsidiary Alliance 1280:districts; part of 1226:Subsidiary alliance 755:Indian subcontinent 709:in the marriage of 566:Indian subcontinent 375:Maratha Confederacy 243:Treaty of Allahabad 53:1757/1765/1773–1858 9518:South Asian topics 9304:A History of India 8397:Hossain, Hameeda. 8165:A History of India 8144:A History of India 8120:A History of India 8099:A History of India 8085:, covers 1599–1947 8013:Metcalf, Thomas R. 7441:A History of India 7337:, pp. 57, 110 7308:Bandyopadhyay 2004 7185:, pp. 131–134 7088:Bandyopadhyay 2004 6689:Bandyopadhyay 2004 6679:, pp. 126–129 6675:, pp. 45–47, 6628:, pp. 126–129 6454:Bandyopadhyay 2004 6366:Bandyopadhyay 2004 6347:Bandyopadhyay 2004 6268:Bandyopadhyay 2004 6244:Bandyopadhyay 2004 5610:Partition of India 5305:Pennsylvania Canal 5150: 5079:Firoz Shah Tughlaq 4802: 4744:inter-city railway 4460:Indian Post Office 4420:Postmaster-General 4351:Post and telegraph 4341:Raja Ram Mohan Roy 4261:Presidency College 4252:Raja Ram Mohun Roy 3982:Bengal Renaissance 3864:Sadr Diwāni Adālat 3844:Sir Thomas Strange 3787:Sadr Diwāni Adālat 3708:British Parliament 3654:Sadr Diwāni Adālat 3574:Courts of Requests 3496:. His deputy, the 3307:American Civil War 3303:manufactured goods 3187:Average per annum 3175: 3094:East India Company 3002:Anglo-Burmese Wars 2713:Nizam of Hyderabad 2550:Bombay Presidency 2316:Enclosure movement 2213:East India Company 2151:Revenue collection 2070:Presidency of Agra 1988:Revenue collection 1950:under Fox's rival 1873:East India Company 1692:Treaty of Amritsar 1473:Gaikwads of Baroda 1358:Charles Cornwallis 1122:Charles Cornwallis 856:Treaty of Amritsar 796:Anglo-Maratha Wars 772:to appoint it the 699:Portuguese outpost 687:Vijayanagara ruler 647:British government 619:Anglo-Maratha Wars 459:Carnatic Sultanate 269:Anglo-Maratha Wars 180:• 1834–1835 140:British Parliament 128:East India Company 98:1773–1858: English 36:East India Company 10161: 10160: 10064:Traditional games 10049:South Asian Games 9637:General geography 9436:978-1-349-56318-0 9417:978-0-300-20826-9 9398:978-1-107-00910-3 9379:978-0-415-69063-8 9333:978-0-226-62041-1 9314:978-0-415-32920-0 9293:978-1-349-57156-7 9274:978-1-5292-0763-7 9247:978-0-691-15906-5 9228:978-1-349-49109-4 9209:978-1-84383-732-9 9186:, Longmans, Green 9065:978-0-19-924680-9 9047:978-0-19-924678-6 9029:978-0-19-924678-6 8909:978-0-19-924678-6 8811:978-0-19-924680-9 8754:978-0-19-924680-9 8736:978-0-19-924680-9 8593:978-0-521-05003-6 8563:978-0-521-52663-0 8542:978-0-19-821570-7 8517:978-0-19-807417-5 8497:978-0-19-924678-6 8479:978-0-19-820711-5 8461:978-0-521-58937-6 8443:978-81-85054-99-5 8425:978-0-19-922666-5 8390:978-0-521-59692-3 8379:Guha, R. (1995), 8365:978-0-19-822478-5 8338:978-1-78327-129-0 8321:978-0-521-59692-3 8279:978-0-521-66360-1 8251:978-1-84331-295-6 8224:978-0-521-05282-5 8196:978-0-19-533756-3 8175:978-1-4051-9509-6 8154:978-0-14-013836-8 8130:978-0-230-34549-2 8109:978-0-333-69129-8 8071:978-0-582-31738-3 8028:978-0-521-86362-9 7993:978-1-84331-152-2 7972:978-1-85168-237-9 7941:978-0-19-280579-9 7920:978-1-63557-395-4 7901:978-0-19-873112-2 7880:978-0-415-30786-4 7844:978-0-521-38650-0 7820:978-81-250-2596-2 7801:General histories 7699:978-93-88414-23-4 7470:twice-born castes 7451:978-1-4443-2351-1 7420:978-0-19-882905-8 7208:978-1-351-99749-2 6955:978-0-19-099207-1 6795:978-0-19-565154-6 6400:978-1-84595-091-0 6208:"Official, India" 6007:978-8-1313-0034-3 5958:, pp. 47, 53 5876:978-0-8160-7229-3 5845:978-0-521-66360-1 5812:978-90-04-18223-3 5782:978-90-04-20145-3 5749:978-1-108-49564-6 5651: 5650: 5618: 5617: 5525: 5524: 5482: 5481: 5341:Sir Proby Cautley 5248:Lord Ellenborough 5064:Krishna Deva Raya 5056:Tungabhadra river 5037:Madras Presidency 4910:financial capital 4815:Bengal Presidency 4424:Bombay Presidency 4378:of Fort William ( 4256:Bengal Presidency 4109:Bombay Presidency 4033:. Among them was 3972:, in Calcutta by 3818:Recorder's Courts 3704:Bengal Presidency 3681:Courts of circuit 3428:"Mellor Mill" in 3339:Treaty of Nanjing 3279: 3278: 3131:Bengal Presidency 3079:Madras Presidency 3027:Indian languages. 3023:Anglican religion 2997: 2996: 2697: 2696: 2580: 2579: 2547:Madras Presidency 2544:Bengal Presidency 2478:Presidency armies 2455:Madras Presidency 2345:Anglo-Mysore Wars 2235:Bengal Presidency 2109:Madras Presidency 2031:French Revolution 1936:Charles James Fox 1837: 1836: 1771:Doctrine of Lapse 1623:Lord Ellenborough 1561:Period of Tenure 1558:Governor-General 1548: 1547: 1444:Cis-Sutlej states 1299:Treaty of Bassein 1210:Richard Wellesley 874:two years later. 792:Anglo-Mysore Wars 723:Emperor Aurangzeb 615:Anglo-Mysore Wars 570:Battle of Plassey 526: 525: 504: 503: 500: 499: 480: 479: 256:Anglo-Mysore Wars 230:Battle of Plassey 198: 195:• 1857–1858 183: 168: 161:• 1774–1785 130:functioning as a 16:(Redirected from 10201: 10059:Physical culture 9954:Former countries 9949:Contemporary era 9649: 9511: 9504: 9497: 9488: 9487: 9471: 9454: 9453: 9440: 9421: 9402: 9383: 9364: 9337: 9318: 9297: 9278: 9259: 9232: 9213: 9187: 9176: 9165: 9154: 9147:Unknown (1829), 9136: 9127: 9111:Wilson, Horace H 9106: 9095: 9093: 9068: 9050: 9032: 9014: 9005: 8984: 8948: 8912: 8894: 8858: 8814: 8796: 8757: 8739: 8721: 8697: 8669: 8660: 8639: 8596: 8577: 8566: 8545: 8527: 8526: 8524: 8500: 8482: 8464: 8446: 8428: 8410: 8393: 8371:Gilmour, David. 8368: 8346:Erikson, Emily. 8324: 8301: 8282: 8261: 8260: 8258: 8244:, Anthem Press, 8234: 8233: 8231: 8200: 8179: 8158: 8134: 8113: 8075: 8054: 8032: 8004: 8002: 8000: 7986:. Anthem Press. 7976: 7945: 7924: 7905: 7884: 7848: 7824: 7790: 7784: 7778: 7777:, pp. 17–18 7772: 7766: 7760: 7754: 7753:, pp. 16–17 7748: 7742: 7736: 7730: 7724: 7718: 7712: 7703: 7702: 7683: 7677: 7667: 7661: 7660: 7640: 7634: 7629: 7623: 7622: 7586: 7580: 7579: 7567: 7561: 7560: 7540: 7534: 7527: 7521: 7520: 7494: 7488: 7487: 7435: 7429: 7428: 7404: 7398: 7388: 7382: 7376: 7367: 7361: 7355: 7349: 7338: 7332: 7326: 7320: 7311: 7305: 7296: 7290: 7281: 7275: 7269: 7263: 7254: 7248: 7242: 7236: 7230: 7229:, pp. 48–49 7224: 7213: 7212: 7192: 7186: 7180: 7167: 7166: 7146: 7140: 7133: 7127: 7120: 7114: 7113: 7101: 7095: 7094:, pp. 70–72 7085: 7079: 7073: 7067: 7061: 7050: 7044: 7027: 7021: 7015: 7014:, pp. 84–86 7005: 6999: 6993: 6984: 6978: 6972: 6971: 6969: 6967: 6939: 6933: 6917: 6911: 6910: 6908: 6906: 6878: 6872: 6871:, pp. 84–86 6866: 6847: 6837: 6831: 6825: 6819: 6813: 6800: 6799: 6778: 6772: 6771:, pp. 78–79 6766: 6753: 6747: 6741: 6736: 6727: 6722: 6716: 6710: 6704: 6698: 6692: 6686: 6680: 6670: 6664: 6663:, pp. 45–47 6658: 6641: 6635: 6629: 6623: 6610: 6604: 6591: 6581: 6572: 6566: 6555: 6549: 6543: 6537: 6526: 6525:, pp. 36–37 6520: 6507: 6501: 6492: 6486: 6480: 6474: 6457: 6451: 6445: 6439: 6433: 6426: 6417: 6411: 6405: 6404: 6384: 6378: 6375: 6369: 6359: 6350: 6344: 6333: 6327: 6318: 6312: 6301: 6295: 6286: 6280: 6271: 6257: 6251: 6241: 6230: 6229: 6227: 6225: 6204: 6198: 6197: 6195: 6193: 6184:. Archived from 6174: 6168: 6162: 6156: 6150: 6141: 6135: 6114: 6113: 6102:. Anthem Press. 6093: 6087: 6086: 6084: 6082: 6067: 6061: 6060: 6048: 6042: 6041: 6039: 6037: 6018: 6012: 6011: 5993: 5987: 5981: 5975: 5965: 5959: 5953: 5947: 5946:king (see RICH). 5907: 5901: 5887: 5881: 5880: 5860: 5854: 5853: 5851:Hindustani/Urdu. 5826: 5820: 5819: 5796: 5790: 5789: 5766: 5757: 5756: 5733: 5692:History of India 5643: 5636: 5629: 5546: 5545: 5539: 5538: 5503: 5502: 5496: 5495: 5489:Portuguese India 5430: 5429: 5421: 5407: 5406: 5391: 5372: 5352: 5320: 5010: 4982: 4970: 4958: 4931:House of Commons 4896: 4895: 4891: 4888: 4883:, a distance of 4881:Bor Ghat Incline 4877: 4876: 4872: 4869: 4781:for a line from 4691:Terminalia elata 4689:, or blackwood ( 4665: 4664: 4660: 4638: 4637: 4633: 4630: 4606:and the port of 4592:Morse instrument 4573:along the river 4530: 4513: 4503: 4502: 4498: 4487: 4475: 4457: 4456: 4452: 4447: 4446: 4442: 4416:Director-General 4376:Presidency towns 4372:courier services 4309: 4289: 4273: 4247: 4149:Presidency towns 4122:Sir Charles Wood 4105:Sir Robert Grant 4078:useful knowledge 4008:in 1821 and the 3946:Asiatick Society 3887: 3875: 3859: 3839: 3779:Sir Elijah Impey 3740:executive branch 3696:House of Commons 3667:, or Provincial 3461: 3448:(Storehouse) in 3441: 3425: 3402: 3371:Indigo rebellion 3353:, Shanghai, and 3178: 3174: 3142: 3122: 3090: 3070: 3056:English language 2722: 2721: 2616: 2615: 2526: 2525: 2520:Thiyyar Regiment 2450: 2434: 2422: 2406: 2139: 2120: 2104: 2092: 1981: 1977: 1960:Board of Control 1956:Pitt's India Act 1932:House of Commons 1674:Treaty of Lahore 1580:annexed (1834). 1570:William Bentinck 1555: 1554: 1516:William Bentinck 1407:Invasion of Java 1074:Period of Tenure 1071:Governor-General 1068: 1067: 1045: 1033: 1021: 1009: 920: 908: 719:Anglo-Mughal War 603:Governor-General 559: 556: 553: 550: 547: 543: 496: 495: 484: 483: 469: 468: 455: 454: 441: 440: 427: 426: 413: 412: 399: 398: 385: 384: 371: 370: 364: 363: 348: 347: 298: 196: 181: 162: 147:Governor-General 62: 43: 42: 21: 10209: 10208: 10204: 10203: 10202: 10200: 10199: 10198: 10164: 10163: 10162: 10157: 10119: 10093: 10070: 10025: 9958: 9929:Middle kingdoms 9893: 9884:Stock exchanges 9839: 9816: 9772:Cultural sphere 9738: 9650: 9641: 9520: 9515: 9463:Country Studies 9460: 9451: 9447: 9437: 9418: 9399: 9380: 9353: 9334: 9315: 9294: 9275: 9248: 9229: 9210: 9194: 9192:Further reading 9091: 9075: 9066: 9048: 9030: 8910: 8812: 8762:Harnetty, Peter 8755: 8737: 8687:10.2307/2808021 8603: 8594: 8564: 8543: 8522: 8520: 8518: 8498: 8480: 8462: 8444: 8426: 8391: 8366: 8322: 8280: 8256: 8254: 8252: 8229: 8227: 8225: 8207: 8197: 8176: 8155: 8139:Spear, Percival 8131: 8110: 8072: 8051: 8029: 7998: 7996: 7994: 7973: 7942: 7921: 7902: 7881: 7845: 7821: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7785: 7781: 7773: 7769: 7761: 7757: 7749: 7745: 7737: 7733: 7725: 7721: 7713: 7706: 7700: 7684: 7680: 7668: 7664: 7641: 7637: 7630: 7626: 7603:10.2307/3102572 7587: 7583: 7568: 7564: 7541: 7537: 7528: 7524: 7513: 7495: 7491: 7452: 7436: 7432: 7421: 7405: 7401: 7389: 7385: 7377: 7370: 7362: 7358: 7350: 7341: 7333: 7329: 7321: 7314: 7306: 7299: 7291: 7284: 7276: 7272: 7264: 7257: 7249: 7245: 7237: 7233: 7225: 7216: 7209: 7193: 7189: 7181: 7170: 7163: 7147: 7143: 7134: 7130: 7122:David Gilmour, 7121: 7117: 7112:(135): 749–771. 7102: 7098: 7090:, p. 171, 7086: 7082: 7074: 7070: 7062: 7053: 7045: 7030: 7022: 7018: 7006: 7002: 6994: 6987: 6979: 6975: 6965: 6963: 6956: 6940: 6936: 6929:Wayback Machine 6918: 6914: 6904: 6902: 6895: 6879: 6875: 6867: 6850: 6838: 6834: 6826: 6822: 6814: 6803: 6796: 6782:Roy, Tirthankar 6779: 6775: 6767: 6756: 6748: 6744: 6737: 6730: 6723: 6719: 6711: 6707: 6699: 6695: 6687: 6683: 6671: 6667: 6659: 6644: 6636: 6632: 6624: 6613: 6605: 6594: 6582: 6575: 6567: 6558: 6550: 6546: 6538: 6529: 6521: 6510: 6502: 6495: 6487: 6483: 6475: 6460: 6452: 6448: 6440: 6436: 6427: 6420: 6412: 6408: 6401: 6385: 6381: 6376: 6372: 6360: 6353: 6345: 6336: 6328: 6321: 6313: 6304: 6296: 6289: 6281: 6274: 6258: 6254: 6242: 6233: 6223: 6221: 6206: 6205: 6201: 6191: 6189: 6176: 6175: 6171: 6163: 6159: 6151: 6144: 6136: 6117: 6110: 6094: 6090: 6080: 6078: 6068: 6064: 6049: 6045: 6035: 6033: 6020: 6019: 6015: 6008: 5994: 5990: 5982: 5978: 5966: 5962: 5954: 5950: 5908: 5904: 5888: 5884: 5877: 5861: 5857: 5846: 5827: 5823: 5813: 5797: 5793: 5783: 5767: 5760: 5750: 5734: 5727: 5723: 5718: 5647: 5600:Princely states 5540: 5536: 5535: 5534: 5497: 5493: 5492: 5491: 5424: 5405: 5400: 5399: 5398: 5395: 5392: 5383: 5373: 5364: 5353: 5344: 5321: 5198:Dera Ghazi Khan 5103:Akbar the Great 5075:Sultan of Delhi 5032: 5027: 5026: 5025: 5022: 5011: 5002: 4987:multum in parvo 4983: 4974: 4971: 4962: 4959: 4914:pounds sterling 4893: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4874: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4740: 4734: 4668:Diamond Harbour 4662: 4658: 4657: 4635: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4587:telegraph lines 4571:Diamond Harbour 4548: 4543: 4542: 4541: 4538: 4531: 4522: 4514: 4505: 4500: 4496: 4495: 4488: 4479: 4476: 4454: 4450: 4449: 4444: 4440: 4439: 4384:Fort St. George 4364: 4358: 4356:Postal services 4353: 4327: 4322: 4321: 4320: 4317: 4310: 4301: 4290: 4281: 4274: 4265: 4248: 4181:private schools 4159:, and Calcutta) 3940:was founded in 3928:languages, and 3907: 3901: 3896: 3895: 3894: 3891: 3888: 3879: 3876: 3867: 3860: 3851: 3840: 3716:Presidency town 3665:nizāmat adālats 3581:Battle of Buxar 3572:; in addition, 3566:King-in-Council 3486: 3481: 3480: 3479: 3476: 3462: 3453: 3442: 3433: 3426: 3417: 3403: 3382:'s strategy of 3335:First Opium War 3311:American cotton 3301:and a buyer of 3170:gold and silver 3166: 3160: 3155: 3154: 3153: 3150: 3143: 3134: 3123: 3114: 3091: 3082: 3071: 3015: 2930:Military police 2905: 2877:and contingents 2876: 2767: 2765: 2611:standing armies 2480: 2474: 2469: 2468: 2467: 2464: 2451: 2442: 2435: 2426: 2423: 2414: 2407: 2274:Lord Cornwallis 2209:Battle of Buxar 2171: 2155:Main articles: 2153: 2148: 2147: 2146: 2143: 2140: 2131: 2124:Warren Hastings 2121: 2112: 2105: 2096: 2093: 1996:Lord Cornwallis 1979: 1975: 1842: 1825: 1813: 1807: 1796:Charles Canning 1789: 1784: 1774: 1748: 1743: 1738: 1733: 1727: 1723: 1720:Indian Railways 1717: 1711: 1677: 1659: 1639: 1634: 1613: 1608: 1603: 1599: 1597: 1553: 1535: 1530: 1526: 1497: 1476: 1471: 1466: 1461: 1456:accept British 1452: 1447: 1442: 1428: 1409: 1393:(10 July 1806) 1367: 1350:princely states 1344: 1322: 1317: 1314:Battle of Delhi 1312: 1297: 1294:Ceded Provinces 1244: 1237:Pazhassi Revolt 1234: 1229: 1195: 1194:occupied (1796) 1192:Andaman Islands 1190: 1181: 1174:Pazhassi Revolt 1171: 1147: 1142: 1137: 1133: 1130:Cornwallis Code 1112: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1083:Warren Hastings 1066: 1054: 1053: 1052: 1049: 1046: 1037: 1034: 1025: 1022: 1013: 1010: 999: 998: 993: 939:and the Muslim 935:, of the Hindu 933:princely states 929: 928: 927: 924: 921: 912: 909: 852:Anglo-Sikh Wars 766:Battle of Buxar 659: 623:Anglo-Sikh Wars 611:Warren Hastings 577:Siraj ud-Daulah 574:Nawab of Bengal 557: 554: 551: 548: 519: 515: 493: 466: 452: 438: 424: 410: 396: 382: 368: 312: 299: 294: 284: 282:Anglo-Sikh Wars 271: 258: 245: 232: 203:Charles Canning 199: 184: 173:Warren Hastings 169: 132:quasi-sovereign 113: 104: 99: 79:Princely states 69: 48: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10207: 10197: 10196: 10191: 10186: 10181: 10176: 10159: 10158: 10156: 10155: 10150: 10145: 10140: 10135: 10129: 10127: 10121: 10120: 10118: 10117: 10112: 10107: 10101: 10099: 10095: 10094: 10092: 10091: 10086: 10080: 10078: 10072: 10071: 10069: 10068: 10067: 10066: 10056: 10051: 10046: 10041: 10035: 10033: 10027: 10026: 10024: 10023: 10022: 10021: 10016: 10011: 10001: 9996: 9995: 9994: 9989: 9984: 9979: 9968: 9966: 9960: 9959: 9957: 9956: 9951: 9946: 9941: 9936: 9931: 9926: 9921: 9916: 9915: 9914: 9903: 9901: 9895: 9894: 9892: 9891: 9886: 9881: 9880: 9879: 9874: 9869: 9859: 9853: 9851: 9841: 9840: 9838: 9837: 9835:Climate change 9832: 9826: 9824: 9818: 9817: 9815: 9814: 9809: 9804: 9799: 9794: 9789: 9784: 9779: 9774: 9769: 9764: 9759: 9754: 9748: 9746: 9740: 9739: 9737: 9736: 9731: 9730: 9729: 9724: 9719: 9714: 9706: 9701: 9696: 9691: 9686: 9681: 9676: 9671: 9666: 9660: 9658: 9652: 9651: 9644: 9642: 9640: 9639: 9634: 9633: 9632: 9627: 9622: 9617: 9607: 9602: 9601: 9600: 9590: 9585: 9580: 9579: 9578: 9573: 9568: 9563: 9562: 9561: 9546: 9541: 9536: 9530: 9528: 9522: 9521: 9514: 9513: 9506: 9499: 9491: 9485: 9484: 9478: 9472: 9446: 9445:External links 9443: 9442: 9441: 9435: 9422: 9416: 9403: 9397: 9384: 9378: 9365: 9351: 9338: 9332: 9319: 9313: 9298: 9292: 9279: 9273: 9260: 9246: 9233: 9227: 9214: 9208: 9193: 9190: 9189: 9188: 9177: 9166: 9155: 9144: 9137: 9128: 9107: 9096: 9083: 9074: 9071: 9070: 9069: 9064: 9051: 9046: 9033: 9028: 9015: 8996:(3): 109–130, 8985: 8960:(3): 449–554, 8949: 8930:10.1086/649322 8920:, 2nd Series, 8913: 8908: 8895: 8870:(3): 545–580, 8859: 8826:(4): 723–755, 8815: 8810: 8797: 8772:(3): 455–510, 8758: 8753: 8740: 8735: 8722: 8713:(3): 209–234, 8698: 8681:(4): 675–696, 8670: 8651:(2): 279–305, 8640: 8615:(4): 649–689, 8602: 8599: 8598: 8597: 8592: 8579: 8567: 8562: 8547: 8541: 8528: 8516: 8501: 8496: 8483: 8478: 8465: 8460: 8447: 8442: 8429: 8424: 8411: 8402: 8395: 8389: 8376: 8369: 8364: 8351: 8344: 8326: 8320: 8303: 8293: 8286: 8283: 8278: 8262: 8250: 8235: 8223: 8206: 8203: 8202: 8201: 8195: 8180: 8174: 8159: 8153: 8135: 8129: 8114: 8108: 8093: 8086: 8076: 8070: 8055: 8050:978-0715621691 8049: 8037:Moon, Penderel 8033: 8027: 8005: 7992: 7977: 7971: 7956: 7946: 7940: 7925: 7919: 7906: 7900: 7885: 7879: 7857: 7850: 7843: 7825: 7819: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7791: 7779: 7767: 7755: 7743: 7731: 7719: 7704: 7698: 7678: 7662: 7651:(2): 177–186. 7635: 7624: 7597:(4): 581–601. 7581: 7562: 7535: 7522: 7511: 7489: 7450: 7430: 7419: 7399: 7383: 7368: 7356: 7339: 7327: 7312: 7297: 7282: 7278:Washbrook 2001 7270: 7255: 7243: 7231: 7214: 7207: 7187: 7168: 7161: 7141: 7128: 7115: 7096: 7080: 7068: 7051: 7028: 7016: 7010:, p. 61, 7000: 6985: 6973: 6954: 6934: 6912: 6893: 6873: 6848: 6842:, p. 47, 6832: 6820: 6801: 6794: 6773: 6754: 6750:Tomlinson 1993 6742: 6728: 6717: 6705: 6693: 6681: 6665: 6642: 6630: 6611: 6592: 6586:, p. 47, 6573: 6556: 6544: 6527: 6508: 6493: 6481: 6458: 6446: 6434: 6418: 6406: 6399: 6379: 6370: 6364:, p. 14, 6351: 6334: 6319: 6302: 6287: 6272: 6266:, p. 35, 6262:, p. 14, 6252: 6246:, p. 76, 6231: 6199: 6169: 6157: 6142: 6115: 6108: 6088: 6062: 6051:Hasrat, B. J. 6043: 6013: 6006: 5988: 5976: 5970:, p. 46, 5960: 5948: 5902: 5882: 5875: 5855: 5844: 5821: 5811: 5791: 5781: 5758: 5748: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5716: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5652: 5649: 5648: 5646: 5645: 5638: 5631: 5623: 5620: 5619: 5616: 5615: 5612: 5606: 5605: 5602: 5596: 5595: 5592: 5586: 5585: 5582: 5576: 5575: 5572: 5566: 5565: 5562: 5556: 5555: 5552: 5542: 5541: 5530: 5527: 5526: 5523: 5522: 5519: 5513: 5512: 5509: 5499: 5498: 5487: 5484: 5483: 5480: 5479: 5476: 5470: 5469: 5466: 5460: 5459: 5456: 5450: 5449: 5446: 5440: 5439: 5436: 5434:Austrian India 5426: 5425: 5422: 5414: 5413: 5411:Colonial India 5404: 5401: 5397: 5396: 5393: 5386: 5384: 5374: 5367: 5365: 5354: 5347: 5345: 5322: 5315: 5312: 5311: 5310: 5268:Lord Dalhousie 5260:James Thomason 5095:Eastern Punjab 5031: 5028: 5024: 5023: 5015:Lord Dalhousie 5012: 5005: 5003: 4984: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4953: 4950: 4949: 4948: 4860:valley in the 4752:Lord Dalhousie 4733: 4730: 4583:Lord Dalhousie 4547: 4544: 4540: 4539: 4532: 4525: 4523: 4515: 4508: 4506: 4489: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4470: 4467: 4466: 4465: 4386:(Madras), and 4368:postal service 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4326: 4323: 4319: 4318: 4311: 4304: 4302: 4291: 4284: 4282: 4275: 4268: 4266: 4249: 4242: 4239: 4238: 4237: 4185: 4184: 4173: 4166: 4163: 4160: 4141: 4130:Lord Dalhousie 4055:Wilson College 4047:Sir John Shore 4041:, a prominent 3974:Lord Wellesley 3917:Madrasa 'Aliya 3900: 3897: 3893: 3892: 3889: 3882: 3880: 3877: 3870: 3868: 3861: 3854: 3852: 3841: 3834: 3831: 3830: 3829: 3768:Muhammadan law 3618:diwāni adālats 3570:letters patent 3553:Mayor's Courts 3535:Royal Charters 3485: 3484:Justice system 3482: 3478: 3477: 3473:natural indigo 3463: 3456: 3454: 3443: 3436: 3434: 3427: 3420: 3418: 3404: 3397: 3394: 3393: 3392: 3366:natural indigo 3287:exchange rates 3277: 3276: 3273: 3270: 3269:1793/4-1809/10 3266: 3265: 3262: 3259: 3255: 3254: 3251: 3248: 3244: 3243: 3240: 3237: 3233: 3232: 3229: 3226: 3222: 3221: 3218: 3215: 3211: 3210: 3207: 3204: 3203:1734/5-1759/60 3200: 3199: 3196: 3193: 3189: 3188: 3185: 3182: 3162:Main article: 3159: 3156: 3152: 3151: 3144: 3137: 3135: 3124: 3117: 3115: 3092: 3085: 3083: 3072: 3065: 3062: 3061: 3060: 3014: 3011: 2995: 2994: 2991: 2985: 2984: 2981: 2978: 2975: 2972: 2969: 2966: 2963: 2960: 2957: 2951: 2950: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2927: 2926: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2906:(unclassified) 2901: 2900: 2897: 2894: 2892: 2889: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2872: 2871: 2868: 2865: 2862: 2859: 2856: 2853: 2850: 2847: 2844: 2840: 2839: 2836: 2833: 2830: 2827: 2824: 2821: 2818: 2815: 2812: 2808: 2807: 2804: 2801: 2798: 2795: 2792: 2789: 2786: 2783: 2780: 2776: 2775: 2772: 2769: 2762: 2759: 2756: 2753: 2750: 2747: 2744: 2741: 2740: 2739:Indian troops 2737: 2736:British troops 2734: 2730: 2729: 2695: 2694: 2691: 2688: 2685: 2681: 2680: 2677: 2674: 2671: 2667: 2666: 2663: 2660: 2657: 2653: 2652: 2649: 2646: 2643: 2639: 2638: 2635: 2632: 2631:British troops 2629: 2625: 2624: 2621:Vellore Mutiny 2613:in the world. 2607:Vellore Mutiny 2578: 2577: 2573: 2572: 2569: 2565: 2564: 2561: 2558: 2555: 2552: 2551: 2548: 2545: 2542: 2539: 2538: 2537:Indian troops 2535: 2534:British troops 2531: 2530: 2476:Main article: 2473: 2470: 2466: 2465: 2452: 2445: 2443: 2436: 2429: 2427: 2424: 2417: 2415: 2408: 2401: 2398: 2397: 2396: 2359:—and based on 2327:southern India 2152: 2149: 2145: 2144: 2141: 2134: 2132: 2122: 2115: 2113: 2106: 2099: 2097: 2094: 2087: 2084: 2083: 2082: 2016:Lord Dalhousie 1969:Philip Francis 1940:House of Lords 1917:Regulating Act 1907:over those of 1892:City of London 1868:Regulating Act 1865:, enacted the 1841: 1838: 1835: 1834: 1806:(25 July 1856) 1801: 1798: 1792: 1791: 1775:Annexation of 1749:Annexation of 1739:Annexation of 1730:telegraph line 1705: 1702: 1696: 1695: 1662:Jullundur Doab 1653: 1650: 1648:Henry Hardinge 1644: 1643: 1628: 1625: 1619: 1618: 1591: 1588: 1582: 1581: 1575: 1572: 1566: 1565: 1562: 1559: 1552: 1549: 1546: 1545: 1521: 1518: 1512: 1511: 1498:Annexation of 1491: 1488: 1482: 1481: 1429:Annexation of 1423: 1420: 1414: 1413: 1404: 1401: 1395: 1394: 1391:Vellore mutiny 1388: 1385: 1374: 1373: 1364: 1361: 1354: 1353: 1341:Maratha Empire 1215: 1212: 1206: 1205: 1165: 1162: 1156: 1155: 1127: 1124: 1118: 1117: 1088: 1085: 1079: 1078: 1075: 1072: 1065: 1062: 1051: 1050: 1047: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1028: 1026: 1023: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1004: 1001: 1000: 996: 995: 994: 992: 989: 926: 925: 922: 915: 913: 910: 903: 900: 899: 898: 858:(1850) to the 658: 655: 524: 523: 510: 506: 505: 502: 501: 498: 497: 490: 481: 478: 477: 470: 462: 461: 456: 448: 447: 442: 434: 433: 428: 420: 419: 414: 406: 405: 400: 392: 391: 386: 378: 377: 372: 360: 359: 354: 344: 343: 338: 334: 333: 330: 326: 325: 321: 320: 317: 316: 313: 307: 304: 303: 300: 292: 289: 288: 285: 279: 276: 275: 272: 266: 263: 262: 259: 253: 250: 249: 248:16 August 1765 246: 240: 237: 236: 233: 227: 224: 223: 220: 219: 214: 213:Historical era 210: 209: 206: 205: 200: 194: 191: 190: 185: 179: 176: 175: 170: 160: 157: 156: 153: 152: 149: 143: 142: 124: 120: 119: 96: 92: 91: 86: 82: 81: 75: 71: 70: 63: 55: 54: 50: 49: 46: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10206: 10195: 10192: 10190: 10187: 10185: 10182: 10180: 10177: 10175: 10172: 10171: 10169: 10154: 10151: 10149: 10146: 10144: 10141: 10139: 10136: 10134: 10131: 10130: 10128: 10126: 10122: 10116: 10113: 10111: 10108: 10106: 10103: 10102: 10100: 10096: 10090: 10087: 10085: 10082: 10081: 10079: 10077: 10073: 10065: 10062: 10061: 10060: 10057: 10055: 10052: 10050: 10047: 10045: 10042: 10040: 10037: 10036: 10034: 10032: 10028: 10020: 10017: 10015: 10012: 10010: 10007: 10006: 10005: 10002: 10000: 9997: 9993: 9990: 9988: 9985: 9983: 9980: 9978: 9975: 9974: 9973: 9970: 9969: 9967: 9965: 9961: 9955: 9952: 9950: 9947: 9945: 9942: 9940: 9937: 9935: 9932: 9930: 9927: 9925: 9922: 9920: 9917: 9913: 9910: 9909: 9908: 9905: 9904: 9902: 9900: 9896: 9890: 9887: 9885: 9882: 9878: 9875: 9873: 9870: 9868: 9865: 9864: 9863: 9860: 9858: 9855: 9854: 9852: 9850: 9846: 9842: 9836: 9833: 9831: 9828: 9827: 9825: 9823: 9819: 9813: 9810: 9808: 9805: 9803: 9800: 9798: 9795: 9793: 9790: 9788: 9785: 9783: 9780: 9778: 9775: 9773: 9770: 9768: 9765: 9763: 9760: 9758: 9755: 9753: 9752:Architecture‎ 9750: 9749: 9747: 9745: 9741: 9735: 9732: 9728: 9725: 9723: 9720: 9718: 9715: 9713: 9710: 9709: 9708:Other groups 9707: 9705: 9702: 9700: 9699:Tibeto-Burman 9697: 9695: 9692: 9690: 9687: 9685: 9682: 9680: 9677: 9675: 9672: 9670: 9669:Austroasiatic 9667: 9665: 9662: 9661: 9659: 9657: 9656:Ethnic groups 9653: 9648: 9638: 9635: 9631: 9628: 9626: 9623: 9621: 9618: 9616: 9613: 9612: 9611: 9608: 9606: 9603: 9599: 9596: 9595: 9594: 9591: 9589: 9586: 9584: 9581: 9577: 9574: 9572: 9569: 9567: 9564: 9560: 9557: 9556: 9555: 9552: 9551: 9550: 9547: 9545: 9542: 9540: 9537: 9535: 9532: 9531: 9529: 9527: 9523: 9519: 9512: 9507: 9505: 9500: 9498: 9493: 9492: 9489: 9483:from Congress 9482: 9479: 9477:from Congress 9476: 9473: 9469: 9465: 9464: 9458: 9457:public domain 9449: 9448: 9438: 9432: 9428: 9423: 9419: 9413: 9409: 9404: 9400: 9394: 9390: 9385: 9381: 9375: 9372:. Routledge. 9371: 9366: 9362: 9358: 9354: 9352:9780262543583 9348: 9344: 9339: 9335: 9329: 9325: 9320: 9316: 9310: 9307:. Routledge. 9306: 9305: 9299: 9295: 9289: 9285: 9280: 9276: 9270: 9266: 9261: 9257: 9253: 9249: 9243: 9239: 9234: 9230: 9224: 9220: 9215: 9211: 9205: 9201: 9196: 9195: 9185: 9184: 9178: 9174: 9173: 9167: 9163: 9162: 9156: 9152: 9151: 9145: 9142: 9138: 9134: 9129: 9126: 9122: 9118: 9117: 9112: 9108: 9104: 9103: 9097: 9090: 9089: 9084: 9081: 9077: 9076: 9067: 9061: 9057: 9052: 9049: 9043: 9039: 9034: 9031: 9025: 9021: 9016: 9013: 9009: 9004: 8999: 8995: 8991: 8986: 8983: 8979: 8975: 8971: 8967: 8963: 8959: 8955: 8950: 8947: 8943: 8939: 8935: 8931: 8927: 8923: 8919: 8914: 8911: 8905: 8901: 8896: 8893: 8889: 8885: 8881: 8877: 8873: 8869: 8865: 8860: 8857: 8853: 8849: 8845: 8841: 8837: 8833: 8829: 8825: 8821: 8816: 8813: 8807: 8803: 8798: 8795: 8791: 8787: 8783: 8779: 8775: 8771: 8767: 8763: 8759: 8756: 8750: 8746: 8741: 8738: 8732: 8728: 8723: 8720: 8716: 8712: 8708: 8704: 8699: 8696: 8692: 8688: 8684: 8680: 8676: 8671: 8668: 8664: 8659: 8654: 8650: 8646: 8641: 8638: 8634: 8630: 8626: 8622: 8618: 8614: 8610: 8605: 8604: 8595: 8589: 8585: 8580: 8575: 8574: 8568: 8565: 8559: 8555: 8554: 8548: 8544: 8538: 8534: 8529: 8519: 8513: 8509: 8508: 8502: 8499: 8493: 8489: 8484: 8481: 8475: 8471: 8466: 8463: 8457: 8453: 8448: 8445: 8439: 8435: 8430: 8427: 8421: 8417: 8412: 8408: 8403: 8400: 8396: 8392: 8386: 8382: 8377: 8374: 8370: 8367: 8361: 8357: 8352: 8349: 8345: 8343: 8342:online review 8339: 8335: 8331: 8327: 8323: 8317: 8313: 8309: 8304: 8299: 8294: 8291: 8287: 8284: 8281: 8275: 8271: 8267: 8263: 8253: 8247: 8243: 8242: 8236: 8226: 8220: 8216: 8215: 8209: 8208: 8198: 8192: 8188: 8187: 8181: 8177: 8171: 8167: 8166: 8160: 8156: 8150: 8146: 8145: 8140: 8136: 8132: 8126: 8122: 8121: 8115: 8111: 8105: 8101: 8100: 8094: 8091: 8087: 8084: 8081: 8077: 8073: 8067: 8063: 8062: 8056: 8052: 8046: 8042: 8038: 8034: 8030: 8024: 8020: 8019: 8014: 8010: 8006: 7995: 7989: 7985: 7984: 7978: 7974: 7968: 7964: 7963: 7957: 7955: 7951: 7947: 7943: 7937: 7933: 7932: 7926: 7922: 7916: 7912: 7907: 7903: 7897: 7893: 7892: 7886: 7882: 7876: 7872: 7871: 7866: 7865:Jalal, Ayesha 7862: 7858: 7855: 7851: 7846: 7840: 7836: 7835: 7830: 7826: 7822: 7816: 7812: 7811: 7805: 7804: 7788: 7783: 7776: 7771: 7764: 7759: 7752: 7747: 7740: 7735: 7728: 7723: 7716: 7711: 7709: 7701: 7695: 7691: 7690: 7682: 7676: 7672: 7666: 7658: 7654: 7650: 7646: 7639: 7633: 7628: 7620: 7616: 7612: 7608: 7604: 7600: 7596: 7592: 7585: 7577: 7573: 7566: 7558: 7554: 7550: 7546: 7539: 7532: 7526: 7519: 7514: 7512:0-253-21267-7 7508: 7504: 7500: 7493: 7486: 7484: 7483:Dharmashastra 7479: 7475: 7471: 7467: 7463: 7459: 7453: 7447: 7443: 7442: 7434: 7427: 7422: 7416: 7412: 7411: 7403: 7396: 7392: 7387: 7381:, p. 414 7380: 7375: 7373: 7366:, p. 413 7365: 7360: 7354:, p. 137 7353: 7348: 7346: 7344: 7336: 7331: 7324: 7319: 7317: 7310:, p. 125 7309: 7304: 7302: 7294: 7289: 7287: 7280:, p. 403 7279: 7274: 7267: 7262: 7260: 7252: 7247: 7240: 7235: 7228: 7223: 7221: 7219: 7210: 7204: 7200: 7199: 7191: 7184: 7179: 7177: 7175: 7173: 7164: 7162:9781317897651 7158: 7154: 7153: 7145: 7138: 7132: 7125: 7119: 7111: 7107: 7100: 7093: 7089: 7084: 7077: 7072: 7066:, p. 338 7065: 7060: 7058: 7056: 7049:, p. 337 7048: 7043: 7041: 7039: 7037: 7035: 7033: 7026:, p. 335 7025: 7020: 7013: 7009: 7004: 6998:, p. 333 6997: 6992: 6990: 6982: 6977: 6961: 6957: 6951: 6947: 6946: 6938: 6931: 6930: 6926: 6923: 6916: 6900: 6896: 6894:9788182201675 6890: 6886: 6885: 6877: 6870: 6865: 6863: 6861: 6859: 6857: 6855: 6853: 6845: 6841: 6836: 6830:, p. 128 6829: 6824: 6817: 6812: 6810: 6808: 6806: 6797: 6791: 6787: 6783: 6777: 6770: 6765: 6763: 6761: 6759: 6751: 6746: 6740: 6735: 6733: 6726: 6721: 6715:, p. 127 6714: 6709: 6702: 6701:Marshall 1987 6697: 6690: 6685: 6678: 6674: 6669: 6662: 6657: 6655: 6653: 6651: 6649: 6647: 6639: 6634: 6627: 6622: 6620: 6618: 6616: 6608: 6603: 6601: 6599: 6597: 6589: 6585: 6580: 6578: 6570: 6565: 6563: 6561: 6553: 6548: 6542:, p. 134 6541: 6536: 6534: 6532: 6524: 6519: 6517: 6515: 6513: 6505: 6500: 6498: 6491:, p. 213 6490: 6485: 6478: 6473: 6471: 6469: 6467: 6465: 6463: 6455: 6450: 6444:, p. 161 6443: 6438: 6432:, p. 213 6431: 6425: 6423: 6416:, p. 211 6415: 6410: 6402: 6396: 6392: 6391: 6383: 6374: 6367: 6363: 6358: 6356: 6348: 6343: 6341: 6339: 6332:, p. 197 6331: 6330:Marshall 2007 6326: 6324: 6316: 6311: 6309: 6307: 6300:, p. 207 6299: 6298:Marshall 2007 6294: 6292: 6284: 6279: 6277: 6269: 6265: 6261: 6256: 6249: 6245: 6240: 6238: 6236: 6219: 6216:. 1890–1923. 6215: 6214: 6209: 6203: 6188:on 1 May 2021 6187: 6183: 6182:Wolfram Alpha 6179: 6173: 6167:, p. 133 6166: 6161: 6154: 6149: 6147: 6139: 6134: 6132: 6130: 6128: 6126: 6124: 6122: 6120: 6111: 6109:9781843310044 6105: 6101: 6100: 6092: 6077: 6073: 6066: 6058: 6054: 6047: 6031: 6027: 6025: 6017: 6009: 6003: 5999: 5992: 5985: 5980: 5973: 5969: 5964: 5957: 5952: 5945: 5941: 5938: 5934: 5930: 5927: 5923: 5920: 5916: 5912: 5906: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5886: 5878: 5872: 5868: 5867: 5859: 5852: 5847: 5841: 5837: 5836: 5831: 5825: 5818: 5814: 5808: 5804: 5803: 5795: 5788: 5784: 5778: 5774: 5773: 5765: 5763: 5755: 5751: 5745: 5741: 5740: 5732: 5730: 5725: 5715: 5714: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5653: 5644: 5639: 5637: 5632: 5630: 5625: 5624: 5622: 5621: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5607: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5597: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5587: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5577: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5567: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5557: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5547: 5544: 5543: 5533: 5532:British India 5529: 5528: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5514: 5510: 5508: 5507:Casa da Índia 5505: 5504: 5501: 5500: 5490: 5486: 5485: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5471: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5461: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5451: 5447: 5445: 5444:Swedish India 5442: 5441: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5431: 5428: 5427: 5420: 5416: 5415: 5412: 5409: 5408: 5390: 5385: 5382: 5381:Samuel Bourne 5378: 5371: 5366: 5362: 5358: 5351: 5346: 5342: 5338: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5319: 5314: 5313: 5308: 5306: 5302: 5296: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5269: 5265: 5264:British India 5261: 5257: 5253: 5252:Lord Hardinge 5249: 5244: 5242: 5238: 5237:Lord Auckland 5234: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5209: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5178: 5176: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5154:Punjab region 5148:(now Kanpur). 5147: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5130: 5126: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5071: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5052:Arthur Cotton 5049: 5048: 5042: 5038: 5020: 5016: 5009: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4981: 4976: 4969: 4964: 4957: 4952: 4951: 4947: 4945: 4941: 4935: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4898: 4882: 4863: 4862:Western Ghats 4859: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4842: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4811: 4807: 4798: 4794: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4765:-Calcutta to 4764: 4760: 4755: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4739: 4729: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4713: 4711: 4707: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4675: 4673: 4669: 4655: 4651: 4648:covered with 4647: 4643: 4624: 4620: 4615: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4604:Nilgiri Hills 4601: 4597: 4593: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4557: 4553: 4536: 4529: 4524: 4520: 4512: 4507: 4493: 4486: 4481: 4474: 4469: 4468: 4464: 4461: 4437: 4433: 4432:Ajmer-Merwara 4429: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4411: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4363: 4348: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4333: 4325:Social reform 4315: 4308: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4288: 4283: 4279: 4278:Hindu College 4272: 4267: 4263: 4262: 4257: 4253: 4246: 4241: 4240: 4236: 4234: 4233:Uttar Pradesh 4230: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4182: 4178: 4177:grants-in-aid 4174: 4171: 4167: 4164: 4161: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4139: 4135: 4134: 4133: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4100: 4098: 4095:of 1835. The 4094: 4093: 4088: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4066: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4035:Charles Grant 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4019: 4013: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3965: 3963: 3959: 3958:famous thesis 3955: 3951: 3950:William Jones 3947: 3943: 3939: 3933: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3918: 3911: 3906: 3886: 3881: 3874: 3869: 3865: 3858: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3842:The house of 3838: 3833: 3832: 3828: 3826: 3825: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3806: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3771: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3732:Privy Council 3729: 3725: 3724:puisne judges 3721: 3717: 3713: 3712:Supreme Court 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3692: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3661: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3638: 3633: 3632: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3609: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3577: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3558: 3554: 3549: 3545: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3527: 3525: 3521: 3520: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3460: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3440: 3435: 3431: 3424: 3419: 3415: 3412: 3408: 3401: 3396: 3395: 3391: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3372: 3367: 3363: 3358: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3318: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3299:raw materials 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3274: 3271: 3268: 3267: 3263: 3260: 3258:1785/6-1792/3 3257: 3256: 3252: 3249: 3247:1776/7-1784/5 3246: 3245: 3241: 3238: 3236:1772/3-1775/6 3235: 3234: 3230: 3227: 3225:1766/7-1771/2 3224: 3223: 3219: 3216: 3214:1760/1-1765/6 3213: 3212: 3208: 3205: 3202: 3201: 3197: 3194: 3192:1708/9-1733/4 3191: 3190: 3186: 3183: 3180: 3179: 3173: 3171: 3165: 3148: 3141: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3121: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3099: 3095: 3089: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3069: 3064: 3063: 3059: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3013:Civil service 3010: 3008: 3003: 2992: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2979: 2976: 2973: 2970: 2967: 2964: 2961: 2958: 2956: 2953: 2952: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2929: 2928: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2903: 2902: 2898: 2895: 2893: 2890: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2874: 2873: 2869: 2866: 2863: 2860: 2857: 2854: 2851: 2848: 2845: 2842: 2841: 2837: 2834: 2831: 2828: 2825: 2822: 2819: 2816: 2813: 2810: 2809: 2805: 2802: 2799: 2796: 2793: 2790: 2787: 2784: 2781: 2778: 2777: 2773: 2770: 2763: 2760: 2757: 2754: 2751: 2748: 2745: 2743: 2742: 2732: 2731: 2728: 2723: 2720: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2692: 2689: 2686: 2683: 2682: 2678: 2675: 2672: 2669: 2668: 2664: 2661: 2658: 2655: 2654: 2650: 2647: 2644: 2641: 2640: 2636: 2634:Indian troops 2633: 2630: 2627: 2626: 2622: 2617: 2614: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2599: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2574: 2567: 2566: 2562: 2559: 2556: 2554: 2553: 2549: 2546: 2543: 2541: 2540: 2533: 2532: 2527: 2524: 2521: 2517: 2516: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2486: 2479: 2462: 2461: 2456: 2449: 2444: 2440: 2433: 2428: 2421: 2416: 2412: 2405: 2400: 2399: 2395: 2392: 2386: 2383: 2378: 2373: 2370: 2367:—promoted by 2366: 2362: 2361:David Ricardo 2358: 2357:economic rent 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2337: 2332: 2328: 2323: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2307: 2305: 2301: 2296: 2295:Forced labour 2290: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2270: 2268: 2262: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2231: 2229: 2228: 2223: 2219: 2214: 2211:in 1764, the 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2185: 2180: 2176: 2175:Mughal Empire 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2138: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2119: 2114: 2110: 2103: 2098: 2091: 2086: 2085: 2081: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2050:British Crown 2047: 2043: 2039: 2034: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2019: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2008:landed gentry 2005: 2001: 1997: 1992: 1989: 1986:(see section 1985: 1972: 1970: 1966: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1922:In 1783, the 1920: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1901: 1900:British Crown 1897: 1893: 1889: 1884: 1882: 1878: 1875:, as well in 1874: 1870: 1869: 1864: 1859: 1855: 1854:town councils 1851: 1847: 1833: 1829: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1811: 1805: 1802: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1793: 1787: 1782: 1778: 1772: 1769:(1854) under 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1747:opened (1854) 1746: 1742: 1736: 1731: 1726: 1721: 1715: 1709: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1657: 1654: 1651: 1649: 1646: 1645: 1642: 1637: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1624: 1621: 1620: 1616: 1611: 1606: 1602: 1595: 1592: 1589: 1587: 1586:Lord Auckland 1584: 1583: 1579: 1576: 1573: 1571: 1568: 1567: 1563: 1560: 1557: 1556: 1544: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1495: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1483: 1479: 1474: 1469: 1464: 1459: 1455: 1450: 1445: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1427: 1424: 1421: 1419: 1416: 1415: 1412: 1408: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1396: 1392: 1389: 1386: 1383: 1379: 1376: 1375: 1371: 1365: 1362: 1360:(second term) 1359: 1356: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1342: 1339:annexed from 1338: 1334: 1333:Agra division 1330: 1326: 1323:Remainder of 1320: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1304: 1300: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1246:Nawab of Oudh 1242: 1238: 1232: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1208: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1193: 1188: 1185:(1794) & 1184: 1179: 1175: 1169: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1157: 1153: 1151: 1145: 1140: 1136: 1131: 1128: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1119: 1115: 1110: 1108: 1102: 1097: 1092: 1089: 1086: 1084: 1081: 1080: 1076: 1073: 1070: 1061: 1059: 1044: 1039: 1032: 1027: 1020: 1015: 1008: 1003: 1002: 988: 986: 982: 979:(1807–1820), 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 919: 914: 907: 902: 901: 897: 894: 893: 888: 884: 880: 875: 873: 869: 865: 861: 860:Dogra dynasty 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 812:British India 807: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 782:, Bihar, and 781: 777: 776: 771: 767: 763: 758: 756: 752: 751:coastal India 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 654: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 587: 582: 578: 575: 571: 567: 563: 542: 538: 534: 530: 522: 518: 514: 511: 509:Today part of 507: 491: 489: 486: 485: 482: 476: 475: 471: 464: 463: 460: 457: 450: 449: 446: 443: 436: 435: 432: 429: 422: 421: 418: 415: 408: 407: 404: 401: 394: 393: 390: 389:Mughal Empire 387: 380: 379: 376: 373: 366: 365: 362: 361: 358: 355: 353: 350: 349: 345: 342: 339: 335: 331: 327: 322: 318: 315:2 August 1858 314: 311: 310:British crown 305: 302:2 August 1858 301: 297: 290: 286: 283: 277: 273: 270: 264: 260: 257: 251: 247: 244: 238: 234: 231: 225: 221: 218: 215: 211: 207: 204: 201: 192: 189: 186: 182:(first India) 177: 174: 171: 166: 158: 154: 150: 148: 144: 141: 137: 136:British Crown 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 112: 108: 103: 97: 93: 90: 87: 83: 80: 76: 72: 67: 61: 56: 51: 44: 41: 37: 33: 19: 10054:Martial arts 9944:Colonial era 9939:Early modern 9889:Caste system 9674:Austronesian 9615:Northwestern 9462: 9426: 9407: 9388: 9369: 9342: 9323: 9303: 9283: 9264: 9237: 9218: 9199: 9182: 9171: 9160: 9149: 9140: 9132: 9115: 9101: 9087: 9079: 9055: 9037: 9019: 8993: 8989: 8957: 8953: 8921: 8917: 8899: 8867: 8863: 8823: 8819: 8801: 8769: 8765: 8744: 8726: 8710: 8706: 8678: 8674: 8648: 8644: 8612: 8608: 8583: 8572: 8552: 8532: 8521:, retrieved 8506: 8487: 8469: 8451: 8433: 8415: 8406: 8398: 8380: 8372: 8355: 8347: 8329: 8307: 8297: 8289: 8269: 8266:Bayly, C. A. 8255:, retrieved 8240: 8228:, retrieved 8213: 8185: 8164: 8143: 8119: 8098: 8089: 8079: 8060: 8040: 8017: 7997:. Retrieved 7982: 7965:. Oneworld. 7961: 7952:(Routledge) 7949: 7930: 7910: 7890: 7869: 7861:Bose, Sugata 7853: 7852:Bayly, C.A. 7833: 7829:Bayly, C. A. 7809: 7789:, p. 18 7782: 7770: 7765:, p. 17 7758: 7746: 7741:, p. 16 7734: 7729:, p. 15 7722: 7717:, p. 13 7688: 7681: 7670: 7665: 7648: 7644: 7638: 7627: 7594: 7590: 7584: 7575: 7571: 7565: 7551:(1): 51–65. 7548: 7544: 7538: 7530: 7525: 7516: 7502: 7492: 7455: 7440: 7433: 7424: 7409: 7402: 7397:, p. 91 7386: 7359: 7330: 7325:, p. 57 7295:, p. 76 7273: 7268:, p. 49 7253:, p. 18 7246: 7241:, p. 33 7234: 7197: 7190: 7151: 7144: 7136: 7131: 7123: 7118: 7109: 7105: 7099: 7083: 7078:, p. 88 7071: 7019: 7003: 6983:, p. 61 6976: 6966:25 September 6964:. Retrieved 6944: 6937: 6920: 6915: 6905:14 September 6903:. Retrieved 6883: 6876: 6846:, p. 65 6835: 6823: 6818:, p. 66 6785: 6776: 6752:, p. 43 6745: 6720: 6708: 6696: 6691:, p. 82 6684: 6668: 6640:, p. 55 6633: 6609:, p. 47 6590:, p. 78 6571:, p. 78 6554:, p. 20 6547: 6506:, p. 36 6489:Travers 2007 6484: 6479:, p. 15 6456:, p. 78 6449: 6437: 6430:Travers 2007 6414:Travers 2007 6409: 6389: 6382: 6373: 6368:, p. 77 6349:, p. 77 6317:, p. 14 6285:, p. 35 6270:, p. 76 6255: 6250:, p. 14 6222:. Retrieved 6211: 6202: 6190:. Retrieved 6186:the original 6181: 6172: 6160: 6155:, p. 68 6140:, p. 67 6098: 6091: 6079:. Retrieved 6075: 6065: 6056: 6046: 6034:. Retrieved 6023: 6016: 5997: 5991: 5986:, p. 56 5979: 5974:, p. 30 5963: 5951: 5943: 5939: 5932: 5928: 5921: 5914: 5905: 5885: 5865: 5858: 5849: 5834: 5824: 5816: 5801: 5794: 5786: 5771: 5753: 5738: 5711: 5673:(Urdu words) 5559: 5550:EIC in India 5474:French India 5464:Danish India 5357:Ganges Canal 5325:Ganges Canal 5298: 5245: 5213:Ganges Canal 5210: 5202:Muzaffargarh 5173: 5157: 5151: 5134:Ganges river 5123:British Army 5118: 5114: 5106: 5082: 5072: 5060:Vijayanagara 5044: 5041:Kaveri river 5033: 5018: 4936: 4923: 4899: 4880: 4864:, a section 4857: 4843: 4809: 4805: 4803: 4778: 4756: 4741: 4721: 4714: 4694: 4690: 4676: 4654:ship anchors 4650:gutta-percha 4616: 4596:hill station 4579:galvanoscope 4561: 4549: 4419: 4415: 4412: 4375: 4365: 4328: 4259: 4212: 4186: 4172:in villages. 4148: 4101: 4096: 4090: 4081: 4077: 4070:utilitarians 4067: 4061:(1837), and 4043:abolitionist 4023:evangelicals 4016: 4014: 3994:Thomas Munro 3986:Orientalists 3966: 3954:puisne judge 3934: 3915: 3912: 3908: 3863: 3847: 3822: 3807: 3794: 3791:Sadr Adālats 3790: 3786: 3775:Sadr Adālats 3774: 3772: 3760:Sadr Adālats 3759: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3720:Fort William 3715: 3693: 3688: 3676: 3672: 3664: 3662: 3653: 3645: 3641: 3635: 3629: 3625: 3617: 3613: 3610: 3604: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3578: 3556: 3552: 3530: 3528: 3523: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3489: 3487: 3445: 3386:against the 3369: 3359: 3319: 3283:money supply 3280: 3184:Bullion (£) 3167: 3096: 3016: 2998: 2988: 2954: 2875:Local forces 2733:Presidencies 2698: 2628:Presidencies 2600: 2581: 2513: 2504:rural Hindu 2483: 2481: 2458: 2387: 2381: 2376: 2352: 2348: 2340: 2334: 2331:Thomas Munro 2324: 2320:paddy fields 2311: 2308: 2291: 2277: 2271: 2263: 2258: 2232: 2225: 2204: 2200: 2192: 2188: 2182: 2172: 2035: 2020: 2000:Henry Dundas 1993: 1973: 1948:new ministry 1928:Edmund Burke 1921: 1916: 1885: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1866: 1857: 1853: 1843: 1745:Ganges Canal 1710:(1848–1849) 1612:(1839–1842) 1540: 1532:Mysore State 1486:Lord Amherst 1382:locum tenens 1293: 1285: 1149: 1116:(1780–1784) 1106: 1058:locum tenens 1055: 983:(1818), and 930: 890: 886: 876: 832:Ahom Kingdom 818:(comprising 808: 800:Sutlej River 773: 770:Shah Alam II 762:Robert Clive 759: 730: 727:Ganges Delta 675:Masulipatnam 666: 660: 643:India Office 607:Fort William 585: 532: 528: 527: 473: 431:Bengal Subah 417:Ahom kingdom 357:Succeeded by 356: 351: 235:23 June 1757 217:Early modern 165:Fort William 40: 9907:Archaeology 9822:Environment 9712:Afro-Asians 9534:Afghanistan 8523:19 February 8314:. Pp. 400, 8230:20 February 7391:Stokes 1986 7239:Farnie 1979 6540:Ludden 2002 6165:Ludden 2002 5656:British Raj 5580:British Raj 5537:(1600–1947) 5494:(1505–1961) 5454:Dutch India 5158:Hasli Canal 5142:Jumna river 5087:Jamna river 4902:joint stock 4846:broad gauge 4839:Madras city 4835:Bombay city 4810:trunk lines 4783:Madras city 4695:screw-piles 4646:copper wire 4296:(left) and 4258:renamed it 3980:and in the 3930:Islamic law 3756:English law 3634:and Muslim 3601:Islamic law 3548:William III 3494:Murshidabad 3490:Nawāb Nāzim 3467:factory in 3388:British Raj 3322:Chinese tea 3107:Tipu Sultan 3044:Orientalism 3039:Utilitarian 3035:evangelical 3007:British Raj 2584:Bengal Army 2369:utilitarian 2365:Law of Rent 2267:tax farming 2243:Murshidabad 2004:Home Office 1779:(1853) and 1741:Lower Burma 1684:Gulab Singh 1660:Sikhs cede 1510:from Burma 1502:, Manipur, 1437:, and east 1337:Bundelkhand 1335:, parts of 1306:Baji Rao II 1256:divisions; 1096:Rohilla War 834:1828), and 651:British Raj 572:, when the 533:Company Raj 531:(sometimes 488:British Raj 403:Sikh Empire 352:Preceded by 100:1773–1836: 77:Colony and 32:British Raj 10168:Categories 10009:Bangladesh 9919:Bronze Age 9802:Philosophy 9787:Literature 9684:Indo-Aryan 9664:Andamanese 9539:Bangladesh 9361:2021033921 9256:2014933831 9153:, Calcutta 8257:5 November 7999:5 November 7796:References 7787:Stone 2002 7775:Stone 2002 7763:Stone 2002 7751:Stone 2002 7739:Stone 2002 7727:Stone 2002 7715:Stone 2002 7395:Brown 1994 7266:Peers 2006 7251:Misra 1999 7227:Peers 2006 7076:Brown 1994 7012:Bayly 1987 6869:Bayly 1987 6844:Brown 1994 6840:Peers 2006 6816:Brown 1994 6673:Peers 2006 6661:Peers 2006 6638:Brown 1994 6607:Peers 2006 6584:Peers 2006 6523:Peers 2006 6504:Peers 2006 6428:Quoted in 6283:Peers 2006 6264:Peers 2006 6192:15 January 6153:Brown 1994 6138:Brown 1994 6076:EduGeneral 5972:Peers 2006 5968:Brown 1994 5162:Ravi river 5119:Doab Canal 5111:Shah Jahan 5093:region of 4940:Chittagong 4912:raised in 4742:The first 4710:toddy palm 4600:Ootacamund 4546:Telegraphy 4217:Crown rule 4207:, and the 4074:James Mill 3824:panchāyats 3783:Winchester 3728:barristers 3642:Sadr Amīns 3539:Charles II 3531:presidency 3498:Naib Nāzim 3465:Indigo dye 3362:indigo dye 3330:Qing China 3206:15,239,115 3195:12,189,147 2603:John Shore 2502:high caste 2496:including 2411:Bangladesh 2372:James Mill 2227:Anandamath 2054:Parliament 1944:George III 1888:Lord North 1863:Lord North 1850:presidency 1737:(1852–53) 1658:(1845–46) 1633:(1839–42) 1537:Bahawalpur 1508:Tenasserim 1458:suzerainty 1451:(1817–18) 1399:Lord Minto 1321:(1803–05) 1308:accepting 1301:signed by 1254:Rohilkhand 1187:Travancore 1160:John Shore 1154:(1791–92) 1146:(1789–92) 1098:(1773–74) 985:Bahawalpur 953:Travancore 826:, and the 820:Rohilkhand 735:Portuguese 715:Charles II 701:gifted to 521:Bangladesh 445:Oudh State 123:Government 114:but also: 107:Hindustani 66:South Asia 10076:Education 9797:Mythology 9782:Languages 9694:Nuristani 9679:Dravidian 9605:Sri Lanka 9571:Northeast 9559:Northwest 8982:145744242 8946:143243650 8892:143348610 8794:144468476 8141:(1990) . 7867:(2004) . 7619:111443299 7352:Robb 2002 7183:Robb 2002 6828:Robb 2002 6739:Bose 1993 6725:Guha 1995 6713:Robb 2002 6677:Robb 2002 6626:Robb 2002 6442:Guha 1995 5890:Robb 2002 5604:1721–1949 5594:1824–1948 5584:1858–1947 5574:1797–1813 5564:1757–1858 5554:1600–1757 5521:1628–1633 5511:1434–1833 5478:1668–1954 5468:1620–1869 5458:1605–1825 5448:1731–1813 5438:1778–1785 5379:taken by 5175:Bari Doab 5099:Himalayan 4906:domiciled 4769:; to the 4556:semaphore 4535:semaphore 4490:Two four 4436:Rajputana 4072:, led by 4018:Anglicist 4012:in 1824. 3899:Education 3758:; in the 3736:judiciary 3656:, or the 3519:zamindars 3506:muhtasils 3407:Sonargaon 3376:Champaran 3343:Guangzhou 3272:8,988,165 3261:4,476,207 3147:palanquin 3111:Bangalore 3103:red coats 2761:Artillery 2749:Artillery 2439:jackfruit 2282:zamindars 2278:permanent 2224:'s novel 2179:zamindars 1886:Although 1759:Sambalpur 1716:(1849–56) 1496:(1823–26) 1463:Singapore 1258:Allahabad 1250:Gorakhpur 1243:(1800–05) 1233:(1798–99) 1222:Hyderabad 1180:(1793–97) 1150:Doji bara 1111:(1783–84) 1103:(1777–83) 1093:(1769–73) 981:Rajputana 957:Hyderabad 937:maharajas 887:political 824:Gorakhpur 731:companies 581:Mir Jafar 274:1772–1818 261:1767–1799 64:Areas of 10098:Military 10019:Pakistan 9982:Hinduism 9977:Buddhism 9964:Religion 9934:Medieval 9924:Iron Age 9849:Politics 9812:Surnames 9734:Diaspora 9630:Southern 9620:Northern 9593:Pakistan 9583:Maldives 9481:Pakistan 9125:63943320 9113:(1845), 8856:42173746 8848:11617732 8667:54975143 8637:22053410 8268:(2000), 8039:(1989). 8015:(2006). 7831:(1987). 7557:20762428 7462:Buddhism 7458:Hinduism 6960:Archived 6925:Archived 6899:Archived 6784:(2000). 6218:Archived 6030:Archived 5832:(1999), 5403:See also 5377:Haridwar 5301:Lombardy 5289:mainstem 5281:Cawnpore 5243:region. 5170:Amritsar 5146:Cawnpore 4904:company 4858:Bor Ghat 4767:Raniganj 4732:Railways 4706:obelisks 4687:ironwood 4679:Peshawar 4672:Kedgeree 4621:and the 4380:Calcutta 4225:Bareilly 4213:en masse 4120:sent by 4065:(1856). 4057:(1832), 4053:(1830), 3942:Varanasi 3614:Mofussil 3593:Faujdāri 3544:James II 3514:Mofussil 3502:faujdārs 3275:528,715 3264:559,525 3231:161,381 3220:140,396 3209:586,119 3198:420,315 3105:outside 3031:Whiggish 2993:350,538 2983:311,038 2806:137,571 2771:Infantry 2752:Infantry 2693:154,500 2623:of 1806 2515:Purbiyas 2510:Brahmins 2460:Ryotwari 2382:ryotwari 2377:ryotwari 2353:ryotwari 2349:ryotwari 2336:ryotwari 2312:jotedars 2304:Kayastha 2255:Resident 2201:zamindar 2193:zamindar 2189:zamindar 2165:Ryotwari 2161:Zamindar 1894:and the 1761:(1849), 1753:(1848), 1694:(1846). 1678:Sale of 1617:(1842). 1480:(1819). 1370:Ghazipur 1343:(1805). 1296:, 1801) 1282:Mirzapur 1274:Mainpuri 1266:Cawnpore 1262:Fatehpur 1204:(1796). 987:(1833). 971:(1819), 967:(1815), 963:(1799), 959:(1798), 955:(1795), 951:(1794), 947:(1791), 883:autonomy 879:hegemony 838:(1843). 804:Marathas 683:Jahangir 637:and the 599:Calcutta 517:Pakistan 337:Currency 89:Calcutta 10143:History 10089:History 10039:Cricket 9992:Sikhism 9987:Jainism 9972:Dharmic 9899:History 9845:Economy 9830:Monsoon 9807:Scripts 9777:Fashion 9767:Cuisine 9744:Culture 9727:Semitic 9717:Chinese 9625:Eastern 9576:Islands 9012:3216953 8695:2808021 7611:3102572 7466:Jainism 6081:30 June 6036:23 June 5917:, from 5361:Roorkee 5329:Roorkee 5277:Aligarh 5273:Hardwar 5258:, with 5138:Hardwar 5062:ruler, 5017:in his 4944:Rangoon 4892:⁄ 4873:⁄ 4787:Arkonam 4703:granite 4699:masonry 4661:⁄ 4634:⁄ 4619:Hooghly 4608:Calicut 4602:in the 4575:Hooghly 4499:⁄ 4453:⁄ 4443:⁄ 4426:or the 4402:was 12 4080:. Such 3926:Persian 3850:(1825). 3799:Benares 3752:Nizāmat 3744:Adālats 3718:, i.e. 3714:in the 3673:pandits 3646:Munsifs 3631:pandits 3620:, or a 3589:Nizāmat 3557:between 3510:kotwāls 3414:muslins 3295:bullion 3291:coinage 3253:17,345 3250:156,106 3242:18,227 3228:968,289 3217:842,381 3133:, 1794. 3081:, 1804. 3052:thuggee 2980:211,926 2949:38,977 2899:32,554 2870:44,928 2838:49,252 2803:112,052 2764:Sappers 2758:Cavalry 2746:Cavalry 2690:130,000 2679:26,500 2665:64,000 2651:64,000 2506:Rajputs 2494:Banaras 2463:system. 2413:), 1860 2300:Brahmin 2251:Benaras 2197:revenue 1846:Plassey 1783:(1856). 1722:(1850) 1680:Kashmir 1670:Kashmir 1638:(1843) 1564:Events 1460:(1817). 1446:(1815). 1435:Garhwal 1316:(1803). 1241:Malabar 1235:Second 1178:Malabar 1107:Chalisa 1077:Events 848:Kashmir 703:England 671:factory 645:of the 564:on the 549: 535:, from 293:• 280:• 267:• 254:• 241:• 228:• 163:(first 102:Persian 85:Capital 10148:Swords 10031:Sports 9872:Muslim 9762:Cinema 9704:Turkic 9689:Iranic 9598:Punjab 9544:Bhutan 9459:. 9433: 9414: 9395: 9376: 9359: 9349: 9330: 9311: 9290: 9271: 9254: 9244: 9225: 9206: 9123: 9062: 9044: 9026: 9010: 8980: 8974:312868 8972: 8944: 8938:301944 8936: 8918:Osiris 8906: 8890: 8884:313141 8882: 8854: 8846: 8840:312523 8838: 8808: 8792: 8786:312614 8784: 8751: 8733: 8693: 8665: 8635: 8629:172481 8627: 8590: 8560: 8539: 8514: 8494: 8476: 8458: 8440: 8422: 8387: 8362: 8336: 8318: 8276: 8248: 8221: 8193: 8172: 8151: 8127: 8106: 8068: 8047: 8025: 7990: 7969: 7938: 7917: 7898: 7877: 7856:(1990) 7841: 7817: 7696: 7675:online 7617: 7609: 7555: 7509: 7448: 7417: 7205: 7159: 7126:(2005) 6952: 6891: 6792: 6397: 6224:30 May 6106: 6004: 5933:rēg-is 5873: 5842: 5809: 5779: 5746: 5293:Etawah 5285:Yamuna 5200:, and 5194:Multan 5190:Pathan 5166:Lahore 5144:below 5105:, the 5091:Hissar 5047:Anicut 5045:Grand 5030:Canals 4999:Pandua 4995:Howrah 4942:, and 4850:Pandua 4823:Punjab 4819:Lahore 4775:Kalyan 4763:Howrah 4519:Venice 4388:Bombay 4229:Etawah 4203:, the 4157:Bombay 4153:Madras 4151:(i.e. 4124:, the 4097:Minute 4082:useful 3922:Arabic 3814:Bombay 3810:Madras 3795:Diwāni 3748:Diwāni 3746:(both 3706:. The 3605:Diwāni 3585:Diwāni 3516:, the 3508:, and 3469:Bengal 3446:Godown 3444:Opium 3430:Marple 3355:Ningbo 3351:Fuzhou 3347:Xiamen 3239:72,911 3181:Years 3127:Howrah 3113:, 1804 3098:Sepoys 3037:, and 2974:11,256 2971:37,719 2968:39,500 2965:30,045 2925:7,756 2896:23,640 2867:33,861 2843:Bombay 2835:42,373 2811:Madras 2794:19,288 2791:21,432 2788:17,003 2779:Bengal 2774:Total 2768:Miners 2687:24,500 2676:20,000 2670:Bombay 2662:53,000 2659:11,000 2656:Madras 2648:57,000 2642:Bengal 2637:Total 2596:Ceylon 2568:13,000 2563:9,000 2560:24,000 2557:24,000 2500:. The 2485:Sepoys 2441:(1860) 2205:diwani 2167:, and 2042:French 1913:Bombay 1881:Europe 1879:as in 1858:diwani 1830:under 1808:First 1767:Jhansi 1763:Nagpur 1755:Jaipur 1751:Satara 1728:First 1690:under 1676:(1846) 1668:, and 1666:Hazara 1506:, and 1504:Arakan 1439:Sikkim 1431:Kumaon 1303:Peshwa 1290:Kumaun 1284:; and 1270:Etawah 1248:cedes 1198:Ceylon 1183:Jaipur 1172:First 1152:famine 1139:Cochin 1132:(1793) 1109:famine 961:Mysore 949:Jaipur 945:Cochin 941:nawabs 846:, and 840:Punjab 784:Orissa 780:Bengal 747:Danish 745:, and 743:French 695:Bombay 691:Madras 641:, the 621:, and 591:Bengal 586:diwani 197:(last) 151: 74:Status 10014:India 9999:Islam 9867:Hindu 9792:Music 9588:Nepal 9566:South 9554:North 9549:India 9475:India 9092:(PDF) 9008:JSTOR 8978:S2CID 8970:JSTOR 8942:S2CID 8934:JSTOR 8888:S2CID 8880:JSTOR 8852:S2CID 8836:JSTOR 8790:S2CID 8782:JSTOR 8691:JSTOR 8663:S2CID 8625:JSTOR 7615:S2CID 7607:JSTOR 7578:: 43. 7553:JSTOR 7474:Vedas 5911:Hindi 5721:Notes 5359:near 5266:with 5182:Sindh 5177:Canal 5068:weirs 4854:Poona 4833:) to 4791:Thane 4642:pitch 4623:Haldi 4404:annas 4396:rupee 3764:Hindu 3700:Crown 3683:with 3677:qazis 3637:qazis 3597:Nawāb 3524:Nawāb 3450:Patna 3411:Dhaka 3326:opium 3158:Trade 3075:Arcot 2977:3,404 2962:6,769 2959:2,686 2955:Total 2891:2,118 2888:6,796 2861:1,997 2858:8,433 2855:9,360 2852:7,101 2849:1,578 2832:1,270 2829:2,407 2826:3,202 2823:8,708 2820:5,941 2817:2,128 2800:1,497 2797:4,734 2785:3,063 2782:1,366 2766:& 2755:Total 2717:Berar 2684:Total 2673:6,500 2645:7,000 2498:Bihar 2490:Awadh 2341:ryots 2239:Patna 2184:diwan 2038:Dutch 1877:India 1781:Awadh 1777:Berar 1688:Jammu 1578:Coorg 1500:Assam 1468:Cutch 1329:Delhi 1286:terai 1218:Nizam 1202:Dutch 1200:from 973:Cutch 868:Berar 864:Jammu 836:Sindh 775:diwan 739:Dutch 707:dowry 679:Surat 595:Bihar 537:Hindi 513:India 341:Rupee 47:India 9877:Sikh 9847:and 9431:ISBN 9412:ISBN 9393:ISBN 9374:ISBN 9357:LCCN 9347:ISBN 9328:ISBN 9309:ISBN 9288:ISBN 9269:ISBN 9252:LCCN 9242:ISBN 9223:ISBN 9204:ISBN 9121:OCLC 9060:ISBN 9042:ISBN 9024:ISBN 8904:ISBN 8844:PMID 8806:ISBN 8749:ISBN 8731:ISBN 8633:PMID 8588:ISBN 8558:ISBN 8537:ISBN 8525:2012 8512:ISBN 8492:ISBN 8474:ISBN 8456:ISBN 8438:ISBN 8420:ISBN 8385:ISBN 8360:ISBN 8334:ISBN 8316:ISBN 8274:ISBN 8259:2011 8246:ISBN 8232:2012 8219:ISBN 8191:ISBN 8170:ISBN 8149:ISBN 8125:ISBN 8104:ISBN 8066:ISBN 8045:ISBN 8023:ISBN 8001:2011 7988:ISBN 7967:ISBN 7936:ISBN 7915:ISBN 7896:ISBN 7875:ISBN 7839:ISBN 7815:ISBN 7694:ISBN 7507:ISBN 7478:Manu 7464:and 7446:ISBN 7415:ISBN 7203:ISBN 7157:ISBN 6968:2022 6950:ISBN 6907:2022 6889:ISBN 6790:ISBN 6395:ISBN 6226:2013 6194:2011 6104:ISBN 6083:2020 6038:2022 6002:ISBN 5937:OIr. 5919:Skr. 5871:ISBN 5840:ISBN 5807:ISBN 5777:ISBN 5744:ISBN 5614:1947 5337:U.P. 5241:Doab 5188:and 5186:Sikh 5168:and 4827:Agra 4492:anna 4408:tola 4400:Agra 4179:for 4006:Pune 3996:and 3952:, a 3924:and 3812:and 3750:and 3675:and 3644:and 3626:Zilā 3546:and 3048:sati 2904:" " 2594:and 2592:Java 2582:The 2508:and 2302:and 2247:Oudh 2074:Oudh 2052:and 2040:and 2014:and 1911:and 1823:Oudh 1821:and 1765:and 1757:and 1605:Aden 1331:and 1325:Doab 1278:Etah 1252:and 975:and 872:Oudh 828:Doab 661:The 593:and 555:rule 546:lit. 329:1858 324:Area 111:Urdu 9757:Art 8998:doi 8962:doi 8926:doi 8872:doi 8828:doi 8774:doi 8715:doi 8683:doi 8653:doi 8617:doi 7653:doi 7599:doi 5944:rīg 5929:rēx 5922:rāj 5915:rāj 5291:at 5229:Rs. 5136:in 5117:or 4997:to 4785:to 4718:Rs. 4697:or 4683:fir 4598:of 4382:), 4089:'s 4004:in 3766:or 3591:or 3562:Rs. 2864:637 2846:681 2814:639 2363:'s 1883:". 1686:of 1682:to 1288:of 1239:in 1220:of 1176:in 862:of 713:to 705:as 673:in 605:of 541:rāj 10170:: 9466:. 9355:. 9250:. 9006:, 8994:16 8992:, 8976:, 8968:, 8958:29 8956:, 8940:, 8932:, 8922:15 8886:, 8878:, 8868:34 8866:, 8850:, 8842:, 8834:, 8824:22 8822:, 8788:, 8780:, 8770:25 8768:, 8711:45 8709:, 8705:, 8689:, 8679:24 8677:, 8661:, 8649:62 8647:, 8631:, 8623:, 8613:25 8611:, 8340:. 8011:; 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