646:). These communities take on knowledge stewarding tasks that were formerly covered by more formal organizational structures. In some organizations, there are both formal and informal communities of practice. There is a great deal of interest within organizations to encourage, support, and sponsor communities of practice in order to benefit from shared knowledge that may lead to higher productivity. Communities of practice are now viewed by many in the business setting as a means to capturing the
1078:(an apprentice electrician, for example would watch and learn before actually doing any electrical work; initially taking on small simple jobs and eventually more complicated ones). Lave and Wenger described this socialization process as legitimate peripheral participation. The term "community of practice" is that group that Lave and Wenger referred to, who share a common interest and a desire to learn from and contribute to the community with their variety of experiences (
416:
876:, which can be difficult to store and retrieve outside. For example, one person can share the best way to handle a situation based on his experiences, which may enable the other person to avoid mistakes and shorten the learning curve. In a CoP, members can openly discuss and brainstorm about a project, which can lead to new capabilities. The type of information that is shared and learned in a CoP is boundless (
1195:). These Xerox reps began exchanging repair tips and tricks in informal meetings over breakfast or lunch. Eventually, Xerox saw the value of these interactions and created the Eureka project to allow these interactions to be shared across the global network of representatives. The Eureka database has been estimated to have saved the corporation $ 100 million.
1077:
Lave and Wenger's research looked at how apprenticeships help people learn. They found that when newcomers join an established group or community, they spend some time initially observing and perhaps performing simple tasks in basic roles as they learn how the group works and how they can participate
1006:
Welcome and allow different levels of participation – Wenger identifies 3 main levels of participation. 1) The core group who participate intensely in the community through discussions and projects. This group typically takes on leadership roles in guiding the group 2) The active group who attend and
803:
is said to be a multi-dimensional concept, with both public and private facets (Bourdieu 1991). That is, social capital may provide value to both the individual and the group as a whole. Through informal connections that participants build in their community of practice, and in the process of sharing
690:
Collaboration constellations differ in various ways. Some are under organizational control (e.g., teams, see below) others, like CoPs, are self-organized or under the control of individuals. For examples of how these and other collaboration types vary in terms of their temporal or boundary focus and
550:
A CoP can naturally evolve because of the members' common interest in a particular domain or area, or it can be created deliberately with the goal of gaining knowledge related to a specific field. It is through the process of sharing information and experiences with the group that members learn from
1021:
Find and nurture a regular rhythm for the community – CoPs should coordinate a thriving cycle of activities and events that allow for the members to regularly meet, reflect, and evolve. The rhythm, or pace, should maintain an anticipated level of engagement to sustain the vibrancy of the community,
1010:
Develop both public and private community spaces – While CoPs typically operate in public spaces where all members share, discuss and explore ideas, they should also offer private exchanges. Different members of the CoP could coordinate relationships among members and resources in an individualized
940:
defines social presence as "the degree of salience of another person in an interaction and the consequent salience of an interpersonal relationship" (p. 38). It is believed that social presence affects how likely an individual is of participating in a CoP (especially in online environments and
859:
Members of communities of practice are thought to be more efficient and effective conduits of information and experiences. While organizations tend to provide manuals to meet the training needs of their employees, CoPs help foster the process of storytelling among colleagues which, in turn, helps
819:
describe three kinds of knowledge: "knowledge as object", "knowledge embedded within individuals", and "knowledge embedded in a community". Communities of
Practice have become associated with finding, sharing, transferring, and archiving knowledge, as well as making explicit "expertise", or
1098:
instead. He identifies four dualities that exist in communities of practice, participation-reification, designed-emergent, identification-negotiability and local-global, although the participation-reification duality has been the focus of particular interest because of its links to
1017:
Combine familiarity and excitement – CoPs should offer the expected learning opportunities as part of their structure, and opportunities for members to shape their learning experience together by brainstorming and examining the conventional and radical wisdom related to their
1002:
Create opportunities for open dialog within and with outside perspectives – While the members and their knowledge are the CoP's most valuable resource, it is also beneficial to look outside of the CoP to understand the different possibilities for achieving their learning
966:). Members of a community of practice can also be motivated to participate by using methods such as tangible returns (promotion, raises or bonuses), intangible returns (reputation, self-esteem) and community interest (exchange of practice related knowledge, interaction).
993:
What makes a community of practice succeed depends on the purpose and objective of the community as well as the interests and resources of the members of that community. Wenger identified seven actions that could be taken in order to cultivate communities of practice:
1007:
participate regularly, but not to the level of the leaders. 3) The peripheral group who, while they are passive participants in the community, still learn from their level of involvement. Wenger notes the third group typically represents the majority of the community.
961:
Motivation to share knowledge is critical to success in communities of practice. Studies show that members are motivated to become active participants in a CoP when they view knowledge as meant for the public good, a moral obligation and/or as a community interest
1122:
Joint
Enterprise: Secondly, through their interactions, they create a shared understanding of what binds them together; this is termed the joint enterprise. The joint enterprise is (re)negotiated by its members and is sometimes referred to as the 'domain' of the
920:). This assumes interaction and communication to take place more or less naturally and automatically when individuals come together. However, social and interpersonal factors play a role in the interaction, and research shows that some individuals willingly share
1118:
Mutual
Engagement: Firstly, through participation in the community, members establish norms and build collaborative relationships; this is termed mutual engagement. These relationships are the ties that bind the members of the community together as a social
949:). Management of a community of practice often faces many barriers that inhibit individuals from engaging in knowledge exchange. Some of the reasons for these barriers are egos and personal attacks, large overwhelming CoPs, and time constraints (
625:). In this context, a community of practice is a group of individuals participating in communal activity, and experiencing/continuously creating their shared identity through engaging in and contributing to the practices of their communities.
1126:
Shared
Repertoire: Finally, as part of its practice, the community produces a set of communal resources, which is termed their shared repertoire; this is used in the pursuit of their joint enterprise and can include both literal and symbolic
558:
CoPs can exist in physical settings; for example, in a lunchroom at work, a field setting, a factory floor, or elsewhere in the environment, but members of CoPs do not have to be co-located. They form a "virtual community of practice" (VCoP)
1039:), communities of practice have been the focus of attention, first as a theory of learning and later as part of the field of knowledge management. See Hildreth and Kimble (2004) for a review of how the concept has changed over the years.
621:. A primary focus of Wenger's more recent work is on learning as social participation – the individual as an active participant in the practices of social communities, and in the construction of their identity through these communities (
1383:
Wasko, M.; Faraj, S. (2000). ""It is what one does": why people participate and help others in electronic communities of practice". Journal of
Strategic Information Systems. 9 (2-3): 155–173. doi:10.1016/S0963-8687(00)00045-7
915:
As members of communities of practice, individuals report increased communication with people (professionals, interested parties, hobbyists), less dependence on geographic proximity, and the generation of new knowledge
998:
Design the community to evolve naturally – Because the nature of a community of practice is dynamic, in that the interests, goals, and members are subject to change, CoP forums should be designed to support shifts in
867:
Studies have shown that workers spend a third of their time looking for information and are five times more likely to turn to a co-worker rather than an explicit source of information (book, manual, or database)
979:). Sveiby and Simons found that more seasoned colleagues tend to foster a more collaborative culture. Additionally they noted that a higher educational level also predicts a tendency to favor collaboration.
974:
Collaboration is essential to ensuring that communities of practice thrive. Research has found that certain factors can indicate a higher level of collaboration in knowledge exchange in a business network
1070:. Legitimation and participation together define the characteristic ways of belonging to a community whereas peripherality and participation are concerned with location and identity in the social world (
638:
Practice: While the domain provides the general area of interest for the community, the practice is the specific focus around which the community develops, shares and maintains its core of knowledge.
577:
Communities of practice are not new phenomena; this type of learning has existed for as long as people have been learning and sharing their experiences through storytelling. The idea is rooted in
2844:
563:) when they collaborate online, such as within discussion boards, newsgroups, or the various chats on social media, such as #musochat centered on contemporary classical music performance (
783:
The purpose of a CoP, as discussed above, is to provide a way for practitioners to share tips and best practices, ask questions of their colleagues, and provide support for each other.
1877:
51:
764:
The purpose of the CoI is to provide a place where people who share a common interest can go and exchange information, ask questions, and express their opinions about the topic.
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Focus on the value of the community – CoPs should create opportunities for participants to explicitly discuss the value and productivity of their participation in the group.
839:), the community of practice, collectively and individually, is considered a rich potential source of helpful information in the form of actual experiences; in other words,
520:) is a group of people who "share a concern or a passion for something they do and learn how to do it better as they interact regularly". The concept was first proposed by
2890:
1760:
846:
Thus, for knowledge management, a community of practice is one source of content and context that if codified, documented and archived can be accessed for later use.
635:
Community: The notion of a community creates the social fabric for that learning. A strong community fosters interactions and encourages a willingness to share ideas.
745:
In addition to the distinction between CoP and other types of organizational groupings found in the workplace, in some cases, it is useful to differentiate CoP from
1977:
835:
is seen "primarily as a problem of capturing, organizing, and retrieving information, evoking notions of databases, documents, query languages, and data mining" (
1622:
Ardichvilli, Alexander; Page, Vaughn; Wentling, Tim (2003). "Motivation and barriers to participation in virtual knowledge sharing in communities of practice".
924:
withhold knowledge and expertise from others, because their personal knowledge relates to their professional identity, position, and relationship with others.
900:. Performing optimally in a job requires being able to convert theory into practice. Communities of practice help the individual bridge the gap between knowing
1181:
1141:
The communities Lave and Wenger studied were naturally forming as practitioners of craft and skill-based activities met to share experiences and insights (
2446:
713:
A project team meets to share and exchange information and experiences just as the community of practice does, but team membership is defined by task.
2516:
2311:
2550:
632:
Domain: A domain of knowledge creates common ground, inspires members to participate, guides their learning and gives meaning to their actions.
628:
The structural characteristics of a community of practice are again redefined to a domain of knowledge, a notion of community and a practice:
1908:
1807:
Dubé, L.; Bourhis, A.; Jacob, R. (2005). "The impact of structuring characteristics on the launching of virtual communities of practice".
2765:
2732:
2055:; Duguid, Paul (1991). "Organizational learning and communities-of-practice: Toward a unified view of working, learning and innovation".
1059:). Lave and Wenger first used the term communities of practice to describe learning through practice and participation, which they named
786:
Membership is dependent on expertise – one should have at least some recent experience performing in the role or subject area of the CoP.
2205:
2278:
Wasko, M.; Faraj, S. (2000). ""It is what one does": why people participate and help others in electronic communities of practice".
824:. Tacit knowledge is considered to be those valuable context-based experiences that cannot easily be captured, codified and stored (
480:
2399:
Duguid, Paul (2005). ""The Art of
Knowing": Social and Tacit Dimensions of Knowledge and the Limits of the Community of Practice".
452:
1828:
Duguid, Paul (2005). "The Art of
Knowing: Social and Tacit Dimensions of Knowledge and the Limits of the Community of Practice".
17:
1436:"Interpersonal issues in knowledge sharing: the impact of professional discretion in knowledge sharing and learning communities"
433:
370:
2588:
2373:
2345:
2321:
2268:
2033:
1965:
1937:
1866:
1797:
1749:
1531:
459:
2428:
2335:
2161:
Sveiby, Karl-Erik; Simon, Roland (2002). "Collaborative climate and effectiveness of knowledge work - an empirical study".
1766:
988:
1394:
736:
A community of practice can exist as long as the members believe they have something to contribute to it, or gain from it.
2593:
1067:
397:
3289:
2885:
2543:
2000:
1052:
466:
1664:
499:
3076:
2998:
657:, p. 836) identify four areas of organizational performance that can be affected by communities of practice:
1055:, Lave and Wenger studied how newcomers or novices to informal groups become established members of those groups (
448:
3357:
3026:
2928:
2758:
2727:
1292:
1213:
348:
1043:
offers a more critical view of the different ways in which the term communities of practice can be interpreted.
2093:
1207:
437:
359:
321:
316:
153:
574:) is when members communicate with one another via mobile phones and participate in community work on the go.
3352:
2867:
2665:
2629:
2619:
2536:
1571:
Li, Linda C; Grimshaw, Jeremy M; Nielsen, Camilla; Judd, Maria; Coyte, Peter C; Graham, Ian D (17 May 2009).
1332:
942:
680:
2938:
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2797:
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2458:
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abandoned the concept of legitimate peripheral participation and used the idea of an inherent tension in a
733:
CoP membership changes and members may take on new roles within the community as interests and needs arise.
727:
A community of practice is often organically created, with as many objectives as members of that community.
642:
In many organizations, communities of practice have become an integral part of the organization structure (
364:
107:
758:
A group of people interested in sharing information and discussing a particular topic that interests them.
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3342:
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2520:
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Kietzmann, Jan; Plangger, Kirk; Eaton, Ben; Heilgenberg, Kerstin; Pitt, Leyland; Berthon, Pierre (2013).
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their expertise, learning from others, and participating in the group, members are said to be acquiring
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A project team typically has designated members who remain consistent in their roles during the project.
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3021:
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2840:
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2012:
306:
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A famous example of a community of practice within an organization is that which developed around the
3304:
3228:
3041:
2978:
2968:
2877:
2701:
2382:
Bourdieu, P. (1991). Language and symbolic power. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard
University Press.
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1484:
767:
Membership in a CoI is not dependent upon expertise – one only needs to be interested in the subject.
618:
243:
2175:
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Bourdieu, P. (1991). Language and symbolic power. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard
University Press
653:
An important aspect and function of communities of practice is increasing organization performance.
3253:
3238:
473:
2429:"Communities of Practice and virtual learning communities: benefits, barriers and success factors"
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Members are not necessarily experts or practitioners of the topic around which the CoI has formed.
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288:
1725:"Fostering a Community of Practice Among the Parliamentary Budget Offices of the Commonwealth"
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1878:"Mobility at work: A typology of mobile communities of practice and contextual ambidexterity"
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8:
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1573:"Use of communities of practice in business and health care sectors: A systematic review"
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1354:"Introduction to communities of practice – A brief overview of the concept and its uses"
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Lave and Wenger observed situated learning within a community of practice among Yucatán
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yet not be so fast-paced that it becomes unwieldy and overwhelming in its intensity (
872:). Time is saved by conferring with members of a CoP. Members of the community have
253:
213:
193:
122:
72:
2114:(2003). "The Community of Inquiry: Classical Pragmatism and Public Administration".
2084:
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2408:
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2220:
2206:"The knowledge management puzzle: Human and social factors in knowledge management"
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1992:
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1816:
1703:
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1035:
Since the publication of "Situated
Learning: Legitimate Peripheral Participation" (
278:
268:
198:
117:
102:
1452:
1435:
1160:). Other fields have made use of the concept of CoPs. Examples include education (
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3152:
3142:
3137:
3122:
2655:
1955:
1545:
885:
873:
821:
647:
112:
67:
1485:"Exploring Perceptions of Organizational Ownership of Information and Expertise"
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He describes the structure of a CoP as consisting of three interrelated terms: '
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3147:
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2943:
2802:
2774:
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1951:
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132:
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1972:; first published in 1990 as Institute for Research on Learning report 90-0013
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1820:
1689:"What are communities of practice? A comparative review of four seminal works"
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each other, and have an opportunity to develop personally and professionally (
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2634:
2201:
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1608:
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707:
699:
582:
263:
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1420:
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The structure of the community was created over time through a process of
1191:
customer service representatives who repaired the machines in the field (
87:
2224:
2068:
1996:
3223:
3061:
2988:
2528:
2076:
2043:
Putnam, Robert (2001). "Social Capital: Measurement and Consequences".
1788:
Working knowledge. How organizations manage what they know, 2nd Edition
1180:), health care and business sectors, and child mental health practice (
932:
Communicating with others in a community of practice involves creating
594:
2248:"The measurement of social presence in an online learning environment"
808:– especially those members who demonstrate expertise and experience..
777:
A CoP, in contrast, is a group of people who are active practitioners.
539:). Wenger then significantly expanded on the concept in his 1998 book
2650:
2387:
1947:
1929:
Communities of Practice: Creating Learning Environments for Educators
1202:
1051:
To understand how learning occurs outside the classroom while at the
524:
248:
42:
710:
is driven by deliverables with shared goals, milestones and results.
415:
1312:
702:
differs from a community of practice in several significant ways.
614:
2366:
Beyond Communities of Practice: Language Power and Social Context
1875:
1149:
692:
571:
730:
Community membership is defined by the knowledge of the members.
2812:
2261:
Knowledge management: Historical and cross-disciplinary themes
2247:
1524:
Knowledge Networks: Innovation through Communities of Practice
2466:
Roberts, Joanne (2006). "Limits to Communities of Practice".
1247:
1188:
719:
A project team is dissolved once its mission is accomplished.
1676:"Balancing act: How to capture knowledge without killing it"
1792:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard Business School Press.
780:
CoP participation is not appropriate for non-practitioners.
2891:
List of virtual communities with more than 1 million users
1392:
1152:, Liberian tailors, navy quartermasters and meat cutters (
685:
1926:
Kimble, Chris; Hildreth, Paul; Bourdon, Isabelle (2008).
1521:
1386:
667:
Reducing rework and preventing "reinvention of the wheel"
2313:
Communities of Practice: Learning, Meaning, and Identity
1978:"Communities of Practice and organizational performance"
1729:
Commonwealth Parliamentary Review, "The Parliamentarian"
1515:
1621:
963:
917:
664:
Responding more rapidly to customer needs and inquiries
1957:
Situated Learning: Legitimate Peripheral Participation
1659:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
2330:
2199:
1925:
1570:
1173:
1023:
836:
650:, or the know-how that is not so easily articulated.
622:
2773:
2363:
1861:. Teachers College Record. pp. 103, 942–1012.
440:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2388:"Book Review: Cultivating Communities of Practice"
2094:"Got a Question? Get Answers on Twitter #musochat"
2010:
1785:
1652:
1356:. Etienne and Beverly Wenger-Trayner. October 2013
643:
2434:Lesser, E.L., Fontaine, M.A. & Slusher J.A.,
2334:; McDermott, Richard; Snyder, William M. (2002).
2051:
861:
740:
3334:
2028:. University Of Chicago Press; Reissue edition.
1806:
1482:
560:
2337:Cultivating Communities of Practice (Hardcover)
2011:McDermott, Richard; Archibald, Douglas (2010).
1780:
1110:', 'joint enterprise' and 'shared repertoire' (
869:
825:
691:the basis of their members' relationships, see
2517:"Inter-Organizational Communities of Practice"
2263:. Westport, Connecticut: Libraries Unlimited.
1744:. Burlington: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann.
982:
661:Decreasing the learning curve of new employees
2759:
2544:
597:'s principle of learning through occupation (
391:
2733:Knowledge Management Research & Practice
2398:
1975:
1650:
1164:), sociolinguistics, material anthropology,
670:Spawning new ideas for products and services
654:
2501:
2385:
2160:
2013:"Harnessing Your Staff's Informal Networks"
1809:Journal of Organizational Change Management
1742:Knowledge Management in Theory and Practice
1673:
1192:
1156:) as well as insurance claims processors. (
976:
2766:
2752:
2551:
2537:
2277:
2023:
1946:
1762:Knowledge Transfer for the Military Leader
1433:
1153:
1142:
1079:
1071:
1056:
1036:
950:
828:), see also Hildreth & Kimble (2002).
816:
552:
536:
398:
384:
2316:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2174:
2127:
1960:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1598:
1588:
1489:Journal of Management Information Systems
1451:
860:them strengthen their skills on the job (
570:A "mobile community of practice" (MCoP) (
500:Learn how and when to remove this message
2558:
2514:
2392:Journal of Knowledge Management Practice
2280:Journal of Strategic Information Systems
2091:
1885:Journal of Strategic Information Systems
1856:
1674:Brown, John Seely; Duguid, Paul (2000).
1198:Examples of large virtual CoPs include:
1161:
564:
2465:
2427:Gannon-Leary, P.M. & Fontainha, E.
2258:
2110:
2024:Polyani, Michael; Sen, Amartya (2009).
811:
686:Compared to functional or project teams
598:
590:
14:
3335:
2508:The Encyclopedia of Informal Education
2441:
2306:
2042:
1827:
1758:
1739:
1722:
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1111:
1091:
909:
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544:
2747:
2589:Knowledge intensive business services
2532:
2340:. Harvard Business Press; 1 edition.
1434:van Houten, Maarten M. (2022-12-15).
1393:Hildreth, Paul; Chris Kimble (2002).
964:Ardichvilli, Page & Wentling 2003
918:Ardichvilli, Page & Wentling 2003
1859:Toward a theory of teacher community
1765:. pp. Chapter 5. Archived from
1522:Paul Hildreth; Chris Kimble (2004).
989:Motivations for online participation
438:adding citations to reliable sources
409:
2594:Knowledge organization (management)
2457:(6 Nov–Dec): 96–104. Archived from
2252:International Journal on E-learning
1686:
1483:Jarvenpaa, S.; Staples, D. (2001).
1174:Kimble, Hildreth & Bourdon 2008
1068:legitimate peripheral participation
1040:
1024:Wenger, McDermott & Snyder 2002
837:Thomas, Kellogg & Erickson 2001
623:Wenger, McDermott & Snyder 2002
24:
2886:List of social networking services
2496:Leveraging Communities of Practice
2356:
2245:
1053:Institute for Research on Learning
946:
937:
927:
49:
25:
3379:
1976:Lesser, L.E.; Storck, J. (2001).
1176:), Parliamentary Budget Offices (
1011:approach based on specific needs.
884:clarifies the difference between
795:
3077:Social network analysis software
2999:Virtual collective consciousness
2494:Saint-Onge, H & Wallace, D,
2480:10.1111/j.1467-6486.2006.00618.x
2447:"The knowledge creating company"
969:
414:
2929:Organizational network analysis
2728:Journal of Knowledge Management
2431:ELearning Papers 26 Sept 2007
2163:Journal of Knowledge Management
1624:Journal of Knowledge Management
1293:Professional learning community
1214:Sustainable Sanitation Alliance
943:virtual communities of practice
425:needs additional citations for
2498:, Butterworth Heinemann, 2003.
2368:. Cambridge University Press.
2364:Barton, T; Tusting, K (2005).
1932:. Information Age Publishing.
1696:Journal of Information Science
1564:
1501:10.1080/07421222.2001.11045673
1476:
1427:
1377:
1368:
1346:
1208:Healthcare Information For All
1085:
1046:
854:
741:Versus communities of interest
644:McDermott & Archibald 2010
561:Dubé, Bourhis & Jacob 2005
360:Category:Community development
322:Community development planning
317:Community economic development
154:Collectivism and individualism
13:
1:
2868:Personal knowledge networking
2666:Personal knowledge management
2630:Enterprise content management
2620:Knowledge management software
2468:Journal of Management Studies
2438:, Butterworth-Heinemann, 2000
2292:10.1016/S0963-8687(00)00045-7
1453:10.1080/13664530.2022.2156590
1339:
1333:Virtual community of practice
956:
862:Seely Brown & Duguid 1991
681:Virtual community of practice
2939:Social aspects of television
2853:Enterprise social networking
2584:Knowledge intensive services
2386:Chua, Alton (October 2002).
2116:Administration & Society
371:Join the Community community
365:Category:Localism (politics)
108:Philosophy of social science
7:
3082:Social networking potential
2964:Social media and psychology
2599:Knowledge-intensive company
2019:. Vol. 88, no. 3.
1784:; Prusak, Lawrence (2000).
1655:Language and symbolic power
1220:
1170:second language acquisition
1136:
983:Cultivating successful CoPs
870:Davenport & Prusak 2000
826:Davenport & Prusak 2000
790:
604:
355:Category:Community building
10:
3384:
3169:Algorithmic radicalization
2858:Enterprise social software
2841:Distributed social network
2259:Wallace, Danny P. (2007).
1897:10.1016/j.jsis.2013.03.003
1395:"The Duality of Knowledge"
1030:
986:
849:
678:
307:Community-based management
3272:
3229:Six degrees of separation
3161:
3100:
3042:Collaborative consumption
3007:
2979:Social media optimization
2969:Social media intelligence
2899:
2876:
2828:
2785:
2720:
2702:Communities of innovation
2679:
2643:
2612:
2566:
2515:van Winkelen, Christine.
2504:"Communities of practice"
2436:Knowledge and Communities
2413:10.1080/01972240590925311
2185:10.1108/13673270210450388
1842:10.1080/01972240590925311
1821:10.1108/09534810510589570
1636:10.1108/13673270310463626
655:Lesser & Storck (2001
527:and educational theorist
244:Small-group communication
3254:Suicide and the Internet
3239:Social media and suicide
2246:Tu, Chih-Hsiung (2002).
2138:10.1177/0095399703256160
2092:Sheridan, Molly (2015).
1708:10.1177/0165551505057016
817:Wasko & Faraj (2000)
674:
522:cognitive anthropologist
3199:Friending and following
3189:Consequential strangers
2984:Social network analysis
2692:Chief knowledge officer
2661:Collective intelligence
2451:Harvard Business Review
2401:The Information Society
2204:; Erickson, T. (2001).
2017:Harvard Business Review
1830:The Information Society
1680:Harvard Business Review
1526:. Hershey: IGI Global.
1283:Organizational learning
1193:Brown & Duguid 2000
977:Sveiby & Simon 2002
693:Kietzmann et al. (2013)
541:Communities of Practice
449:"Community of practice"
128:Sociocultural evolution
93:Computational sociology
18:Communities of practice
3358:Educational psychology
3234:Social media addiction
3072:Social media analytics
2959:Social identity theory
2954:Social exchange theory
2949:Social data revolution
2934:Small-world experiment
2836:Corporate social media
1723:Chohan, Usman (2013).
1590:10.1186/1748-5908-4-27
1577:Implementation Science
1328:Value network analysis
1238:Distributed leadership
1154:Lave & Wenger 1991
1143:Lave & Wenger 1991
1080:Lave & Wenger 1991
1072:Lave & Wenger 1991
1057:Lave & Wenger 1991
1037:Lave & Wenger 1991
951:Wasko & Faraj 2000
553:Lave & Wenger 1991
537:Lave & Wenger 1991
289:Solidarity (sociology)
54:
3174:Community recognition
3118:Collaborative finance
3052:Lateral communication
2863:Mobile social network
2712:Community of interest
2707:Community of practice
2625:Business intelligence
1857:Grossman, P. (2001).
1735:(3): 198–201 (40–43).
1651:Bourdieu, P. (1991).
1273:Learning organization
1263:Landscape of practice
772:Community of practice
753:Community of interest
747:community of interest
572:Kietzmann et al. 2013
514:community of practice
349:WikiProject Community
298:Community development
184:Community of practice
174:Community of interest
98:Cultural anthropology
53:
3353:Types of communities
3280:Friendship recession
3219:Information overload
3128:Influencer marketing
3017:Account verification
2924:Interpersonal bridge
2919:Attention inequality
2574:Intellectual capital
2560:Knowledge management
2502:Smith, M.K. (2003).
2254:. April–June: 34–45.
2112:Shields, Patricia M.
2057:Organization Science
1782:Davenport, Thomas H.
1759:Dalton, R.A (2011).
1687:Cox, Andrew (2005).
1400:Information Research
1101:knowledge management
833:knowledge management
812:Knowledge management
617:is central to human
587:community of inquiry
434:improve this article
327:Community organizing
159:Community engagement
149:Affinity (sociology)
83:Community psychology
3249:Social network game
3244:Social invisibility
3092:Structural cohesion
3037:Collaboration graph
2994:Structural endogamy
2974:Social media mining
2225:10.1147/sj.404.0863
2213:IBM Systems Journal
2069:10.1287/orsc.2.1.40
2026:The Tacit Dimension
1997:10.1147/sj.404.0831
1985:IBM Systems Journal
1740:Dalkir, K. (2005).
1440:Teacher Development
1278:Network of practice
1233:Discourse community
1228:Adaptive management
1132:Society and culture
1114:, pp. 72–73).
1090:In his later work,
585:'s concept of the "
579:American pragmatism
531:in their 1991 book
164:Community education
3363:Community building
3343:1991 introductions
3214:Internet addiction
3209:Influence-for-hire
3204:Friendship paradox
3194:Friend of a friend
3184:Computer addiction
3047:Giant Global Graph
2914:Assortative mixing
2613:Electronic systems
1318:Thought collective
1303:Situated cognition
1298:Social environment
1268:Learning community
1253:Knowledge transfer
894:explicit knowledge
312:Community building
239:Sense of community
234:Prosocial behavior
224:Imagined community
209:Group cohesiveness
204:Community politics
189:Community of place
179:Community practice
169:Community cohesion
78:Community practice
55:
3330:
3329:
3322:Virtual community
3179:Complex contagion
3113:Attention economy
3087:Social television
3057:Reputation system
2909:Ambient awareness
2741:
2740:
2604:Knowledge sharing
2579:Knowledge economy
2375:978-0-521-83643-2
2347:978-1-57851-330-7
2323:978-0-521-66363-2
2270:978-1-59158-502-2
2053:Seely Brown, John
2035:978-0-226-67298-4
1967:978-0-521-42374-8
1939:978-1-59311-863-1
1868:978-0-7506-7864-3
1799:978-1-57851-301-7
1751:978-0-7506-7864-3
1533:978-1-59140-200-8
1308:Situated learning
1258:Knowledge tagging
1166:medical education
1108:mutual engagement
1061:situated learning
533:Situated Learning
510:
509:
502:
484:
408:
407:
254:Social alienation
214:Group (sociology)
194:Community service
123:Social philosophy
73:Community studies
16:(Redirected from
3375:
3310:Social profiling
3264:Viral phenomenon
3027:Change detection
2768:
2761:
2754:
2745:
2744:
2687:Knowledge worker
2671:Design rationale
2553:
2546:
2539:
2530:
2529:
2524:
2519:. Archived from
2511:
2491:
2462:
2424:
2395:
2379:
2351:
2327:
2303:
2286:(2–3): 155–173.
2274:
2255:
2242:
2240:
2239:
2233:
2227:. Archived from
2210:
2196:
2178:
2157:
2131:
2129:10.1.1.1008.9702
2107:
2105:
2104:
2088:
2048:
2047:(spring): 41–51.
2039:
2020:
2007:
2005:
1999:. Archived from
1982:
1971:
1943:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1913:
1907:. Archived from
1882:
1872:
1853:
1824:
1803:
1791:
1777:
1775:
1774:
1755:
1736:
1719:
1693:
1683:
1670:
1658:
1647:
1613:
1612:
1602:
1592:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1455:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1390:
1384:
1381:
1375:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1350:
1288:Personal network
505:
498:
494:
491:
485:
483:
442:
418:
410:
400:
393:
386:
279:Social rejection
269:Social exclusion
199:Communitarianism
118:Social geography
103:Internet studies
60:Academic studies
52:
30:
29:
21:
3383:
3382:
3378:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3373:
3372:
3333:
3332:
3331:
3326:
3300:Online identity
3268:
3157:
3153:Viral marketing
3143:Social commerce
3138:Sharing economy
3123:Creator economy
3096:
3009:
3003:
2901:
2895:
2872:
2824:
2781:
2775:Social networks
2772:
2742:
2737:
2716:
2675:
2656:Tacit knowledge
2639:
2608:
2562:
2557:
2527:
2443:Nonaka, Ikujiro
2376:
2359:
2357:Further reading
2354:
2348:
2332:Wenger, Etienne
2324:
2308:Wenger, Etienne
2271:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2208:
2176:10.1.1.323.9870
2102:
2100:
2036:
2003:
1980:
1968:
1952:Wenger, Etienne
1940:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1880:
1869:
1800:
1772:
1770:
1752:
1691:
1667:
1617:
1616:
1569:
1565:
1534:
1520:
1516:
1481:
1477:
1432:
1428:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1359:
1357:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1223:
1139:
1134:
1088:
1074:, p. 29).
1049:
1033:
991:
985:
972:
959:
934:social presence
930:
928:Social presence
886:tacit knowledge
874:tacit knowledge
857:
852:
822:tacit knowledge
814:
798:
793:
743:
688:
683:
677:
648:tacit knowledge
607:
506:
495:
489:
486:
443:
441:
431:
419:
404:
113:Rural sociology
68:Social sciences
50:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3381:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3324:
3319:
3317:Viral messages
3314:
3313:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3276:
3274:
3273:Related topics
3270:
3269:
3267:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3165:
3163:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3150:
3148:Social sorting
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3108:Affinity fraud
3104:
3102:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3013:
3011:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2944:Social capital
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2905:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2888:
2882:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2838:
2832:
2830:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2820:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2789:
2787:
2783:
2782:
2771:
2770:
2763:
2756:
2748:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2735:
2730:
2724:
2722:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2683:
2681:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2647:
2645:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2616:
2614:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2570:
2568:
2567:General topics
2564:
2563:
2556:
2555:
2548:
2541:
2533:
2526:
2525:
2523:on 2004-02-08.
2512:
2499:
2492:
2474:(3): 623–639.
2463:
2461:on 2009-11-25.
2439:
2432:
2425:
2407:(2): 109–118.
2396:
2383:
2380:
2374:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2352:
2346:
2328:
2322:
2304:
2275:
2269:
2256:
2243:
2219:(4): 863–884.
2200:Thomas, J.C.;
2197:
2169:(5): 420–433.
2158:
2122:(5): 510–538.
2108:
2089:
2049:
2040:
2034:
2021:
2008:
2006:on 2011-04-09.
1991:(4): 831–841.
1973:
1966:
1944:
1938:
1923:
1891:(4): 282–297.
1873:
1867:
1854:
1836:(2): 109–118.
1825:
1815:(2): 145–166.
1804:
1798:
1778:
1756:
1750:
1737:
1720:
1702:(6): 527–540.
1684:
1671:
1665:
1648:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1563:
1532:
1514:
1495:(1): 151–183.
1475:
1426:
1385:
1376:
1367:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1243:Duality (CoPs)
1240:
1235:
1230:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1217:
1211:
1205:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1087:
1084:
1048:
1045:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1019:
1015:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
984:
981:
971:
968:
958:
955:
929:
926:
856:
853:
851:
848:
841:best practices
813:
810:
806:social capital
801:Social capital
797:
796:Social capital
794:
792:
789:
788:
787:
784:
781:
778:
774:
773:
769:
768:
765:
762:
759:
755:
754:
742:
739:
738:
737:
734:
731:
728:
721:
720:
717:
714:
711:
687:
684:
676:
673:
672:
671:
668:
665:
662:
640:
639:
636:
633:
611:Etienne Wenger
606:
603:
529:Etienne Wenger
508:
507:
422:
420:
413:
406:
405:
403:
402:
395:
388:
380:
377:
376:
375:
374:
367:
362:
357:
352:
345:
337:
336:
332:
331:
330:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
301:
300:
294:
293:
292:
291:
286:
284:Social support
281:
276:
271:
266:
261:
259:Social capital
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
219:Group dynamics
216:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
143:
142:
138:
137:
136:
135:
133:Urban planning
130:
125:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
62:
61:
57:
56:
46:
45:
39:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3380:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3285:Peer pressure
3283:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3271:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3160:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3133:Narrowcasting
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3032:Blockmodeling
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3006:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2898:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2769:
2764:
2762:
2757:
2755:
2750:
2749:
2746:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
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1914:on 2013-11-10
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439:
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274:Socialization
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3295:User profile
3067:Social graph
2900:Concepts and
2845:
2798:Professional
2779:social media
2706:
2697:Virtual team
2521:the original
2507:
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593:), but also
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432:Please help
427:verification
424:
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264:Social death
229:Organization
183:
141:Key concepts
3290:Researchers
3022:Aggregation
1446:: 116–132.
1178:Chohan 2013
1158:Wenger 1998
1112:Wenger 1998
1086:Later years
1047:Early years
910:Duguid 2005
878:Dalkir 2005
855:Individuals
545:Wenger 1998
88:Social work
3368:Management
3337:Categories
3224:Overchoice
3062:Social bot
3008:Models and
2989:Social web
2818:Adolescent
2238:2009-10-20
2103:2020-04-19
1948:Lave, Jean
1918:2013-11-22
1773:2018-12-11
1558:Q104813481
1340:References
1123:community.
1041:Cox (2005)
987:See also:
957:Motivation
679:See also:
595:John Dewey
490:March 2023
460:newspapers
3162:Phenomena
3101:Economics
3010:processes
2651:Knowledge
2488:153340083
2300:206111728
2193:1367-3270
2171:CiteSeerX
2154:146759673
2146:0095-3997
2124:CiteSeerX
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1583:(1): 27.
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1462:1366-4530
1421:Q61196487
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1203:Knowledge
1127:meanings.
938:Tu (2002)
525:Jean Lave
249:Sobornost
43:Community
27:Community
3348:Learning
2902:theories
2878:Services
2829:Networks
2793:Personal
2721:Journals
2445:(1991).
2310:(1998).
2085:16012075
1954:(1991).
1644:14849211
1609:19445723
1554:Wikidata
1550:8854707M
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1417:Wikidata
1313:Teamwork
1221:See also
1216:(SuSanA)
1150:midwives
1137:Examples
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791:Benefits
619:identity
615:learning
605:Overview
335:See also
35:a series
33:Part of
3305:Persona
2644:Related
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1360:13 June
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850:Factors
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474:scholar
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2808:Value
2786:Types
2484:S2CID
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2296:S2CID
2232:(PDF)
2209:(PDF)
2150:S2CID
2081:S2CID
2073:JSTOR
2045:ISUMA
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1407:(1).
1248:Guild
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