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required to proactively take action against sex trafficking activities, and requires lawyers to evaluate all possible scenarios under state and federal law (which may be financially unfeasible for smaller companies). Online sex workers argued that the bill would harm their safety, as the platforms they use to offer and discuss their services (as an alternative to
369:
treated as the publisher or speaker of any information provided by another information content provider." Effectively, this section immunizes both ISPs and
Internet users from liability for torts others commit on their websites or online forums, even if the provider fails to take action after receiving notice of the harmful or offensive content.
826:
407:
The bill makes it illegal to knowingly assist, facilitate, or support sex trafficking, and amends the
Communications Decency Act's section 230 safe harbors (which make online services immune from civil liability for their users' actions) to exclude enforcement of federal or state sex trafficking laws
237:
knowingly (A) uses an interactive computer service to send to a specific person or persons under 18 years of age, or (B) uses any interactive computer service to display in a manner available to a person under 18 years of age, any comment, request, suggestion, proposal, image, or other communication
411:
The bills were criticized by pro-free speech and pro-Internet groups as a "disguised internet censorship bill" that weakens the section 230 safe harbors, places unnecessary burdens on internet companies and intermediaries that handle user-generated content or communications, with service providers
368:
as the
Internet Freedom and Family Empowerment Act and passed by a near-unanimous vote on the floor. It added protection for online service providers and users from actions against them based on third-party content, stating in part, "No provider or user of an interactive computer service shall be
307:
stating that the indecency provisions were an unconstitutional abridgement of the First
Amendment because they did not permit parents to decide for themselves what material was acceptable for their children, extended to non-commercial speech, and did not carefully define the words "indecent" and
376:
On July 23, 2013, the attorneys general of 47 states sent
Congress a letter requesting that the criminal and civil immunity in section 230 be removed. The ACLU wrote of the proposal, "If Section 230 is stripped of its protections, it wouldn't take long for the vibrant culture of free speech to
818:
937:
352:
Section 230 of title 47 of the U.S. Code, a codification of the
Communications Act of 1934 (added by Section 9 of the Communications Decency Act / Section 509 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996) was not part of the original Senate legislation, but was added in conference with the
214:: broadcasting of offensive speech was restricted to hours of the day when minors were supposedly least likely to be exposed, and violators could be fined and lose their licenses. But the Internet had only recently been opened to commercial interests by the 1992 amendment to the
209:
The act's most controversial portions were those relating to indecency on the
Internet. The relevant sections were introduced in response to fears that Internet pornography was on the rise. Indecency in TV and radio broadcasting had already been regulated by the
941:
766:
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416:) had begun to reduce their services or shut down entirely because of the bill's threat of liability. Since FOSTA-SESTA passed, sex workers have reported economic instability and increases in violence, as had been predicted.
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856:
372:
Through the so-called Good
Samaritan provision, this section also protects ISPs from liability for restricting access to certain material or giving others the technical means to restrict access to that material.
408:
from immunity. The intent is to provide serious legal consequences for websites that profit from sex trafficking and give prosecutors tools to protect their communities and give victims a pathway to justice.
400:(SESTA) in the U.S. Senate in August 2017. The combined FOSTA-SESTA package passed the House on February 27, 2018, with a vote of 388â25 and the Senate on March 21, 2018, with a vote of 97â2. President
430:, the plaintiff filed an action alleging that Internet Brands, Inc.'s failure to warn users of its modelmayhem.com networking website caused her to be a victim of a rape scheme. On May 31, 2016, the
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796:
636:
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Congress has made two narrower attempts to regulate children's exposure to
Internet indecency since the Supreme Court overturned the CDA. Court injunction blocked enforcement of the first, the
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758:
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193:(Section 9 of the Communications Decency Act / Section 509 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996) has been interpreted to mean that operators of Internet services are not
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advocates worked diligently and successfully to overturn the portion relating to indecent, but not obscene, speech. They argued that speech protected under the
505:
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that, in context, depicts or describes, in terms patently offensive as measured by contemporary community standards, sexual or excretory activities or organs.
1945:
1270:
732:
431:
788:
628:
574:
173:
As eventually passed by
Congress, Title V affected the Internet (and online communications) in two significant ways. First, it attempted to regulate both
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334:(COPA), almost immediately after its passage in 1998; the law was later overturned. While legal challenges also dogged COPA's successor, the
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89:
42:
61:
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in 1995. The amendment that became the CDA was added to the Telecommunications Act in the Senate by an 81â18 vote on June 15, 1995.
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blocked part of the CDA, saying it would infringe upon adults' free speech rights. The next month, another federal court in
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struck down the portion of the CDA intended to protect children from indecent speech as too broad. On June 26, 1997, the
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57:
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327:, was rejected by a federal court in New York in 2005. The Supreme Court summarily affirmed that decision in 2006.
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and thus had not been taken into consideration by previous laws. The CDA, which affected both the Internet and
155:
46:
879:"H.R.1865 - 115th Congress (2017-2018): Allow States and Victims to Fight Online Sex Trafficking Act of 2017"
268:, which encouraged webmasters to make their sites' backgrounds black for 48 hours after its passage, and the
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It further criminalized the transmission of "obscene or indecent" materials to persons known to be under 18.
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256:", would suddenly become unlawful when posted online. Critics also claimed the bill would have a
35:
512:, which contingently protects online service providers from liability for copyright infringement
1950:
1724:
1643:
878:
759:"House passes anti-online sex trafficking bill, allows targeting of websites like Backpage.com"
708:
Myers, Ken S. (Fall 2006), "Wikimmunity: Fitting the Communications Decency Act to Knowledge",
322:
130:
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719:
1685:
497:
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1022:"Tech community fighting online sex trafficking bill over fears it will stifle innovation"
8:
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908:
413:
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546:"Cosponsors - S.314 - 104th Congress (1995-1996): Communications Decency Act of 1995"
253:
938:"SWOP-USA stands in opposition of disguised internet censorship bill SESTA, S. 1963"
449:
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In 2003, Congress amended the CDA to remove the indecency provisions struck down in
1636:
1585:
1081:"Sex Workers Fear for Their Future: How SESTA Is Putting Many Prostitutes in Peril"
219:
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Text of FOSTA-SESTA bill that was Presidentially signed into law as Pub.L. 115-164
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361:
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963:"Knowledge warns that SESTA will strip away protections vital to its existence"
659:"Actions - S.652 - 104th Congress (1995-1996): Telecommunications Act of 1996"
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1996 attempt by the United States Congress to regulate Internet pornography
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849:"DOJ Seizes Backpage.com Weeks After Congress Passes Sex Trafficking Law"
393:
347:
245:
186:
134:
1703:
789:"U.S. Senate: U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 115th Congress - 2nd Session"
629:"U.S. Senate: U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 104th Congress - 2nd Session"
575:"U.S. Senate: U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 104th Congress - 1st Session"
469:
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ruled that the Communications Decency Act does not bar the plaintiff's
385:
338:(CIPA) of 2000, the Supreme Court upheld it as constitutional in 2004.
321:. A separate challenge to the provisions governing obscenity, known as
182:
1207:
Court decisions applying section 230 of the Communications Decency Act
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Legislative history of the Communications Decency Act before amendment
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on February 8, 1996, the CDA imposed criminal sanctions on anyone who
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24:
1213:. This refers only to the portion of the act which was struck down.
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Passed by Congress on February 1, 1996, and signed by President
1111:"Erased: The Impact of FOSTA/SESTA and the Removal of Backpage"
204:
992:"Sex trafficking bill is turning into a proxy war over Google"
733:"New Proposal Could Singlehandedly Cripple Free Speech Online"
264:
organizations arranged protests against the bill, such as the
819:"Trump Signs Bill Amid Momentum to Crack Down on Trafficking"
392:(FOSTA) in the U.S. House of Representatives in April 2017.
390:
Allow States and Victims to Fight Online Sex Trafficking Act
189:
of title 47 of the U.S. Code, part of a codification of the
1278:
222:, marked the first attempt to expand regulation to these
168:
Senate Committee of Commerce, Science, and Transportation
201:
for the words of third parties who use their services).
158:, as specified in Section 501 of the 1996 Act. Senators
151:
unanimously struck the act's anti-indecency provisions.
1148:. United States Court of Appeals for the 9th Circuit.
506:
Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act
687:"Communications Decency Act Ruled Unconstitutional".
445:
308:"offensive". (The Court affirmed the New York case,
1217:
Cybertelecom :: The Communications Decency Act
1211:
Center for Democracy and Technology Overview of CDA
1051:"How a New Senate Bill Will Screw Over Sex Workers"
260:on the availability of medical information. Online
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
524:United States v. Playboy Entertainment Group, Inc.
1231:
1922:
984:
1844:1996 United States campaign finance controversy
1780:National Highway System Designation Act of 1995
404:signed the package into law on April 11, 2018.
1512:Joint session of Congress (health care reform)
940:. Sex Workers Outreach Project. Archived from
816:
314:, the next day, without a published opinion.)
1431:Commerce Department trade mission controversy
1264:
357:, where it had been separately introduced by
1851:Lincoln Bedroom for contributors controversy
300:upheld the Philadelphia court's decision in
252:, such as printed novels or the use of the "
205:Anti-indecency and anti-obscenity provisions
154:The Act is the short name of Title V of the
1946:United States federal computing legislation
1205:Internet Library of Law and Court Decisions
846:
419:
1732:Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1996
1271:
1257:
1078:
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1941:Internet censorship in the United States
1936:Acts of the 104th United States Congress
1242:) is being considered for deletion. See
427:Jane Doe No. 14 v. Internet Brands, Inc.
1718:National Voter Registration Act of 1993
1495:
756:
711:Harvard Journal of Law & Technology
274:Blue Ribbon Online Free Speech Campaign
1923:
1711:Lead-Based Paint Disclosure Regulation
604:"Section 230 of⊠what? â blake.e.reid"
432:Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
303:Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union
1252:
707:
656:
133:'s first notable attempt to regulate
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
1616:North American Free Trade Agreement
1143:"Jane Doe No. 14 v Internet Brands"
876:
279:
13:
1899:â George H. W. Bush administration
1013:
889:from the original on April 8, 2018
769:from the original on April 7, 2018
757:Jackman, Tom (February 27, 2018).
735:. American Civil Liberties Union.
543:
336:Children's Internet Protection Act
123:Communications Decency Act of 1996
14:
1962:
1246:to help reach a consensus. âș
1171:
1108:
1019:
398:Stop Enabling Sex Traffickers Act
212:Federal Communications Commission
177:(when available to children) and
510:Digital Millennium Copyright Act
490:
476:
462:
448:
23:
1908:George W. Bush administration â
1221:Sec. 230 Good Samaritan Defense
1155:from the original on 2022-10-09
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1123:from the original on 2020-03-08
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1091:from the original on 2018-04-07
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859:from the original on 2018-04-08
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739:from the original on 2015-04-01
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639:from the original on 2018-07-24
610:from the original on 2021-12-25
585:from the original on 2021-06-30
556:from the original on 2021-10-30
216:National Science Foundation Act
34:needs additional citations for
1794:Telecommunications Act of 1996
1739:White House Millennium Council
1650:Cruise missile strikes on Iraq
913:American Civil Liberties Union
877:Ann, Wagner (March 21, 2018).
750:
725:
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680:
657:Larry, Pressler (1996-02-08).
650:
621:
596:
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484:Erotica and pornography portal
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270:Electronic Frontier Foundation
156:Telecommunications Act of 1996
1:
1079:Zimmerman, Amy (2018-04-04).
817:Elizabeth Dias (2018-04-11).
714:, vol. 20, p. 163,
697:. September 1996. p. 21.
530:
284:On June 12, 1996, a panel of
909:"ACLU letter opposing SESTA"
266:Black World Wide Web protest
141:. In the 1997 landmark case
58:"Communications Decency Act"
7:
1766:Balanced Budget Act of 1997
441:
332:Child Online Protection Act
149:United States Supreme Court
10:
1967:
1931:Communications Decency Act
1801:Communications Decency Act
1630:IsraelâJordan peace treaty
1477:Presidential proclamations
1280:Presidency of Bill Clinton
1239:Presidency of Bill Clinton
847:Larry Magid (2018-04-06).
345:
191:Communications Act of 1934
1892:
1826:
1817:Transportation Equity Act
1748:
1695:
1575:
1504:Joint session of Congress
1287:
1228:, bloggers on section 230
377:disappear from the web."
1860:ClintonâLewinsky scandal
1672:Operation Infinite Reach
1244:templates for discussion
1184:FCC text of the full act
420:Failure-to-warn lawsuits
544:J., Exon (1995-02-01).
396:introduced the similar
1773:GrammâLeachâBliley Act
1725:One America Initiative
1644:2000 Camp David Summit
240:
131:United States Congress
1679:Bombing of Yugoslavia
1607:by Madeleine Albright
1600:by Warren Christopher
1440:Judicial appointments
1116:. Hacking//Hustling.
235:
166:introduced it to the
1686:1998 bombing of Iraq
498:United States portal
43:improve this article
1593:International trips
1026:Washington Examiner
763:The Washington Post
414:street prostitution
517:Stanley v. Georgia
1918:
1917:
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1562:2000 SOTU Address
1555:1999 SOTU Address
1548:1998 SOTU Address
1541:1997 SOTU Address
1534:1996 SOTU Address
1527:1995 SOTU Address
1520:1994 SOTU Address
1463:Executive actions
1109:Blunt, Danielle.
324:Nitke v. Gonzales
254:seven dirty words
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883:www.congress.gov
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436:failure to warn
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388:introduced the
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359:Representatives
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262:civil liberties
258:chilling effect
250:First Amendment
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