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561:. Mortality rates associated with the disease are very high, in some events it is observed to be over 90%. Deaths caused by Ranavirus occur in all stages of common frog development and are concentrated mostly during the summer months. Overall, common frog populations affected by ranavirus experience consistent and substantial declines in population size. Recent metagenomics studies on common frogs from the United Kingdom have revealed widespread viral infections of Rana tamanavirus, a positive-sense RNA virus that is closely related to Tamana bat virus, as of yet no pathology or effect on life history traits have been observed.
38:
401:
738:, and the remaining time until winter is used to feed and grow larger. Only the largest frogs will survive the winter, which places a large emphasis on rapid development until then. In fact, a common frog's rate of development correlates with temperature. In lower temperature regions, common frogs will hatch earlier and metamorphosize sooner than common frogs living in warmer climate regions. Sexual maturity occurs only after three years, and common frogs will typically live between six and eight years.
82:
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639:, arachnids, beetles, slugs, snails, and earthworms. In addition, common frogs will typically feed on bigger prey as they become larger. Therefore, newly developed common frogs are limited to smaller insect prey, whereas larger frogs are able to consume a wide range of insects. Common frogs will hide in damp places, such as in the water, during the day, and at night, they will begin searching for food.
782:, development, reproduction, muscle ability, and respiration. As such, common frogs at mid and high elevations have developed a unique set of strategies to survive in cold climates. In fact, it is due to the common frog's ability to thermoregulate so effectively that the species has been able to become so pervasive across a multitude of environments and climates, living as far north as the
2145:
R.; Lentini, Andrew; Livingston, Shannon; Lock, Brad; Mason, Tom; McComb, Alejandra; Morris, Cheryl; Pessier, Allan P.; Olea-Popelka, Francisco; Probst, Tom; Rodriguez, Carlos; Schad, Kristine; Semmen, Kent; Sincage, Jamie; Stamper, M. Andrew; Steinmetz, Jason; Sullivan, Kathleen; Terrell, Scott; Wertan, Nina; Wheaton, Catharine J.; Wilson, Brad; Valdes, Eduardo V. (8 October 2014).
484:, they emerge as late as early June. Common frogs hibernate in running waters, muddy burrows, or in layers of decaying leaves and mud at the bottom of ponds or lakes primarily with a current. The oxygen uptake through the skin suffices to sustain the needs of the cold and motionless frogs during hibernation.
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have a light dorsal band which easily distinguishes them from common frogs. The underbelly is white or yellow (occasionally more orange in females) and can be speckled with brown or orange. The eyes are brown with transparent horizontal pupils, and they have transparent inner eyelids to protect the
2144:
Ferrie, Gina M.; Alford, Vance C.; Atkinson, Jim; Baitchman, Eric; Barber, Diane; Blaner, William S.; Crawshaw, Graham; Daneault, Andy; Dierenfeld, Ellen; Finke, Mark; Fleming, Greg; Gagliardo, Ron; Hoffman, Eric A.; Karasov, William; Klasing, Kirk; Koutsos, Elizabeth; Lankton, Julia; Lavin, Shana
729:
Female common frog clutch sizes range from a few hundred up to 5,000 eggs. Many of these eggs form large aggregates that serve to thermoregulate as well as protect the developing embryo from potential predators. By bunching the eggs together, it raises the temperature of the embryo compared to the
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The common frog takes its place as an unspecialized and opportunistic feeder wherever it is located. In other words, common frogs will consume whatever prey that is most available and easy to capture. This usually means that the common frog feeds by remaining idle and waiting until a suitable prey
535:
The common frog is a very widely distributed species, being common all throughout Europe and northwest Asia. The more peripheral subpopulations of common frogs are significantly less in number, as well as less genetically variable. There is a steep genetic decline when approaching the periphery of
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The presence of a predator in the early development of the tadpole has an effect on its metamorphosis traits. For instance, it can lead to a longer larval period and a smaller size and mass at metamorphosis. Once the predator is removed, the growth rate of the tadpole returns to, or even exceeds,
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which leads to lack of physical fighting among males. During breeding season, male common frogs undergo a period of a few days (less than 10 days) where they display rapid and frenzied breeding behavior, during which the purpose of the male is to quickly find and mate with as many female frogs as
518:
The common frog has long been thought to be an entirely introduced species in
Ireland, however, genetic analyses suggest that particular populations in the south west of Ireland are indeed indigenous to the country. The authors propose that the Irish frog population is a mixed group that includes
720:
It is also important to note the effect of size on a male common frog's mating strategies. Smaller frogs, during the pre-spawning period get displaced from the shallow areas of the pond. Therefore, they circumvent this issue by searching for females on the land or in areas of the pond where they
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830:
are able to naturally discriminate others of its kind. Post-embryonic interaction with conspecifics is not necessary to induce associative behavior for common frogs as an adult. Rather, once common frog tadpoles have reached a certain age, they gain a strong innate associative tendency.
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between urban populations of common frogs, leading to lower levels of genetic diversity in urban common frog populations compared to their rural counterparts. Urban common frog populations also experience higher levels of mortality and developmental abnormality, indicative of forced
573:, common frogs can make their homes in both urban and rural environments. However, many of the populations living in urban environments are subject to the detrimental effects of urbanization. The construction of roads and buildings – absolute barriers to migration – has stymied
802:. As a result, common frogs must rely on behavioral thermoregulation by seeking out warm microhabitats (such as in the soil or between rocks) during wintertime. Additionally, common frogs will commonly hibernate throughout the winter season in groups to provide bodily heating.
674:
in the male. The male's nuptial pad also swells and becomes more heavily pigmented. Common frogs breed in shallow, still, fresh water such as ponds, with spawning commencing sometime between late
February and late June, but generally in April over the main part of their range.
451:
These smooth-skinned frogs can grow to an average weight of 22.7 grams and length of seven to ten centimeters (2.8-3.9 in) with colors varying from gray to green, brown, yellow, or red and may be covered in blotches. The underbelly is white or yellow often with speckles.
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advised the public to avoid transporting frogspawn, tadpoles or frogs from one pond to another, even if these are close by. It has also been recommended not to place goldfish or exotic frog species in outdoor ponds as this could have a negative effect on the frog population.
536:
the common frog's distribution range. Additionally, genetic differentiation of common frog subpopulations tends to decrease in relation to increasing latitude. The colder climates create a strong selective pressure favoring common frog populations able to behaviorally
651:
360:), but frogs can easily be distinguished as they have longer legs, hop, and have a moist skin, whereas toads crawl and have a dry 'warty' skin. The spawn of the two species also differs, in that frog spawn is laid in clumps and toad spawn is laid in long strings.
475:
in the coldest months. In the most northern extremities of their range they may be trapped under ice for up to nine months of the year, but recent studies have shown that in these conditions they may be relatively active at temperatures close to freezing. In the
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first arrive. Meanwhile, the larger frogs occupy the spawning site, where they encounter more amplexed pairs and therefore rely on their ability to displace amplexed males to secure a mate. However, the frequency of these takeovers is not consistent.
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frogs have been found with yellow skin and red eyes. During the mating season the male common frog tends to turn greyish-blue (see video below). The average mass is 22.7 g (0.80 oz); the female is usually slightly larger than the male.
250:
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enters the frog's domain of capture. As a corollary, this also means that the common frog's diet changes depending on the season where the associated prey become the most abundant. In the summer, the common frog's diet mostly consists of adult
730:
surrounding water, which is important because the rate of tadpole development is faster in higher temperatures. Additionally, the eggs are typically laid in the shallower regions of the pond to prevent hypoxia-induced fatality of the embryos.
480:, common frogs typically hibernate from late October to January. They will re-emerge as early as February if conditions are favorable, and migrate to bodies of water such as garden ponds to spawn. Where conditions are harsher, such as in the
448:, on the first digits of the forelegs, used for gripping females during mating. During the mating season males' throats often turn white, and their overall colour is generally light and greyish, whereas the female is browner, or even red.
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It normally takes 2–3 weeks for the eggs to hatch. Afterwards, common frog larvae group up into schools where they help each other feed off of algae and larger plants, as well as avoid predators. By June and July, most tadpoles will have
1693:
Trakimas, Giedrius; Jardine, Timothy D.; Barisevičiūtė, Rūta; Garbaras, Andrius; Skipitytė, Raminta; Remeikis, Vidmantas (6 July 2011). "Ontogenetic dietary shifts in
European common frog (Rana temporaria) revealed by stable isotopes".
712:
taking place. The shallow portion of the pond, which is more suitable for egg laying, is more predominantly occupied by the larger males. However, once the females arrive, this territoriality quickly dissipates and male-female
252:
976:
Kuzmin, S., Ishchenko, V., Tuniyev, B., Beebee, T., Andreone, F., Nyström, P., Anthony, B.P., Schmidt, B., Ogrodowczyk, A., Ogielska, M., Bosch, J., Miaud, C., Loman, J., Cogalniceanu, D., Kovács, T. & Kiss, I. (2009).
354:, terrestrial juvenile, and adult. They have corpulent bodies with a rounded snout, webbed feet and long hind legs adapted for swimming in water and hopping on land. Common frogs are often confused with the common toad (
428:-shaped spot on the back of their neck and a dark spot behind the eye. Unlike other amphibians, common frogs generally lack a mid-dorsal band but, when they have one, it is comparatively faint. In many countries
1439:
Teacher, A. G. F.; Cunningham, A. A.; Garner, T. W. J. (10 June 2010). "Assessing the long-term impact of
Ranavirus infection in wild common frog populations: Impact of Ranavirus on wild frog populations".
387:
The adult common frog has a body length of 6 to 9 centimetres (2.4 to 3.5 in). In addition, its back and flanks vary in colour from olive green to grey-brown, brown, olive brown, grey, yellowish and
650:
708:. Males will be the first to arrive at the pond and await females as they enter. During this period of pre-female competition, the pond is significantly male dominant, and there is a large amount of
2026:
Griffiths, R. A.; Foster, J. P. (August 1998). "The effect of social interactions on tadpole activity and growth in the
British anuran amphibians ( Bufo bufo , B. calamita , and Rana temporaria )".
557:, which has been responsible for causing declines in amphibian populations worldwide. Two of the main, and most deadly, symptoms caused by Ranavirus towards common frogs are skin ulcerations and
2055:"Context-dependent aggregation in Common Frog Rana temporaria tadpoles: influence of developmental stage, predation risk and social environment: Context-dependent aggregation in frog tadpoles"
392:. However, it can lighten and darken its skin to match its surroundings. Some individuals have more unusual colouration—both black and red individuals have been found in Scotland, and
251:
610:
At metamorphosis, once the tadpole's fore legs have developed, the frog does not feed for a short time. Recently metamorphosed juvenile frog mostly feed on small insects like
717:
pairs are free to migrate wherever in the pond. Additionally, once engaged in an amplexus, it is rare for single males to attempt to displace or "take over" the paired male.
1593:
Stojanova, A.; Mollov, I. (2008). "DIET AND TROPHIC NICHE OVERLAP OF THE MOOR FROG (Rana arvalis
Nilsson, 1842) AND THE COMMON FROG (Rana temporaria L., 1758) FROM POLAND".
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is stimulated by changes in external factors, such as rainfall, day length and temperature, to produce hormones which, in turn, stimulate the production of sex cells –
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Johansson, Markus; Primmer, Craig R.; Merilä, Juha (14 March 2006). "History vs. current demography: explaining the genetic population structure of the common frog (
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1205:
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with which it shares some of its range. The longer hind legs and fainter colouration of the agile frog are the main features that distinguish the two species.
2149:. Veterinary Medicine, Husbandry, Nutrition, Science, and Research Working Groups of the Ex Situ Amphibian Medicine and Nutrition Workshop (February 2013).
1543:"Genetic substructuring as a result of barriers to gene flow in urban Rana temporaria (common frog) populations: implications for biodiversity conservation"
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possible. Higher rates of mating success in males typically have longer thumbs than single males, which allows them to have a better grip on females.
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333:. The farthest west it can be found is Ireland. It is also found in Asia, and eastward to Japan. The nominative, and most common, subspecies
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eyes while underwater, as well as a 'mask' which covers the eyes and eardrums. Although the common frog has long hind legs compared to the
798:(wood frogs), common frogs do not have the ability to freeze protect themselves by increasing their levels of blood glucose to serve as a
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2250:
FrogsWatch.com Web page developed around photographs of the common frog taken in the same suburban garden over a period of 10 years.
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Common frogs have an important place in human ecology by controlling the insect populations. In particular, their consumption of
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2298:
1867:"Latitudinal countergradient variation in the common frog (Rana temporaria) development rates – evidence for local adaptation"
339:
is a largely terrestrial frog native to Europe. It is distributed throughout northern Europe and can be found in
Ireland, the
2991:
2881:
1397:
Ludwig, Gerda; Sinsch, Ulrich; Pelster, Bernd (1 April 2015). "Behavioural adaptations of Rana temporaria to cold climates".
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tadpoles, however, mostly feed on algae and decomposed plants, but once their hind legs develop, they become carnivorous.
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Male during breeding season showing the nuptial pad, white throat and a blue grey hue over the normal black and brown skin
3001:
2216:
1658:
Houston, W. W. K. (October 1973). "The food of the Common frog, Rana temporaria, on high moorland in northern
England".
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838:
1963:"Different time patterns of the presence of red-eared slider influence the ontogeny dynamics of common frog tadpoles"
1801:"Apparent lack of territoriality during the breeding season in a boreal population of common frogs Rana temporaria L"
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Around three years after being born, the common frog will return to its original site of birth and release a
524:
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20:
926:, due to their ecological pervasiveness and relative abundance, have become a common laboratory specimen.
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1261:): routes of postglacial colonization into the British Isles, and evidence for an Irish glacial refugium"
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1829:"The breeding migration and mating system of a Swiss population of the common frog Rana temporaria"
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baseline. This influence of predator threat is only significant during early tadpole development.
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Common frogs are found throughout much of Europe as far north as northern
Scandinavia inside the
81:
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and the larvae of butterflies and moths. To a slightly lesser extent, common frogs will feed on
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2808:
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1125:
1477:"A novel tamanavirus (Flaviviridae) of the European common frog (Rana temporaria) from the UK"
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tend to aggregate as the result of environmental pressures, such as temperature or predators.
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The flanks, limbs and backs are covered with irregular dark blotches and they usually sport a
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1921:"Phenology of spawning for the Common Frog (Rana temporaria L.) in Finland from 1846 to 1986"
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Males are distinguishable from females as they are smaller and have hard swellings, known as
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1974:
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527:, natural post-glacial colonizers and recent artificial introductions from Western Europe.
8:
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520:
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1978:
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Parry RH, Slonchak A, Campbell LJ, Newton ND, Debat HJ, Gifford RJ; et al. (2023).
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895:
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981:(errata version published in 2016). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2009:
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2406:
778:, the common frog is very reliant on temperature as it directly influences their
663:
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Of the many diseases affecting common frogs, one of the most deadly has been the
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952:
Due to the spread of diseases such as ranavirus, the UK based amphibian charity
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1986:
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Choir of greyish males and a few brownish females still present in a small pond
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790:, which is further north than any other amphibian in the region. Contrary to
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2004:
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and other crop-damaging insects has been especially valuable. In addition,
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One of the common frog's most pervasive predators is the red-eared slider (
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858:, dragonfly larvae and birds. Adult frogs have many predators including
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Outside the breeding season, common frogs live a solitary life in damp
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231:
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1961:
Vodrážková, M.; Ĺ etlĂková, I.; Navrátil, J.; Berec, M. (12 May 2022).
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Laugen, A. T.; Laurila, A.; Rasanen, K.; Merila, J. (September 2003).
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Teacher, A. G. F.; T. W. J. Garner; R. A. Nichols (21 January 2009).
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503:. Other areas where the common frog has been introduced include the
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1634:"Tadpole to frog: development stages & metamorphosis – Saga"
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through three distinct developmental life stages — aquatic
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910:, and large numbers are killed on the roads by motor vehicles.
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grass. They are normally active for much of the year, only
133:
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have established themselves as a wild population in NĂłlsoy
404:
Captive common frog tadpoles eating a crushed garden snail
1541:
Hitchings, Susan P.; Beebee, Trevor J. C. (August 1997).
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and snakes. Some frogs are killed, but rarely eaten, by
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2004 provide improved ingredients for manufacturers of
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1146:. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. pp. 510, 511.
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2139:
2137:
642:
589:However, the common frog is listed as a species of
515:. It is also found in Asia, and eastward to Japan.
1956:
1954:
317:, found throughout much of Europe as far north as
2134:
1756:
1588:
1586:
1536:
1534:
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1914:
1912:
1910:
1126:"Common frog | amphibian | Britannica"
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1951:
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766:), which is a very invasive species of turtle.
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1907:
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1257:"European phylogeography of the common frog (
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2100:. Scottish National Heritage. Archived from
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1523:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1468:
1429:
1330:
1328:
1141:
987:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009.RLTS.T58734A11834246.en
379:is the most common subspecies of this frog.
2147:Nutrition and health in amphibian husbandry
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1383:
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420:Common frog mass spawning event in the wild
363:There are 3 subspecies of the common frog,
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745:Common frog camouflaged in autumn leaves.
618:(mites and ticks), and small fly larvae.
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837:
750:Development in the presence of predators
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399:
248:
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1311:"Irish frogs may have survived Ice Age"
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1098:Kuzmin, Sergius L. (10 November 1999).
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914:Interactions with humans and livestock
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683:Like its close cousin, the moor frog (
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437:, they are shorter than those of the
2939:68D50A17-D285-4F47-B45D-E11CA1349203
2757:38b6cb30-d827-4977-8799-2038969e2826
2217:"Spawn & tadpoles: in my garden"
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1132:
1058:Complete British Wildlife Photoguide
467:near ponds or marshes or among long
2962:IUCN Red List least concern species
1160:
769:
595:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
499:, southern Italy, and the southern
329:, southern Italy, and the southern
13:
1672:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1973.tb02212.x
1204:Dunlop, David (26 February 2004).
991:
805:
14:
3013:
2238:
2582:
2264:
2088:
2072:10.1046/j.1365-2435.1999.00375.x
2053:Nicieza, A. G. (December 1999).
1884:10.1046/j.1420-9101.2003.00560.x
1762:
1454:10.1111/j.1469-1795.2010.00373.x
1361:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.02866.x
1211:. Lancashire BAP. Archived from
643:Reproduction and mating patterns
569:Due to the widespread nature of
80:
2209:
2119:
2046:
2019:
1871:Journal of Evolutionary Biology
1750:"AmphibiaWeb – Rana temporaria"
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1722:
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1317:. 17 March 2009. Archived from
1303:
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519:native frogs that survived the
2307:Selected species in the genus
2091:"Common frog: rana temporaria"
1826:
1798:
1415:10.1016/j.jtherbio.2015.02.006
1396:
1230:
1197:
1118:
382:
1:
2131:magazine Summer 2004, page 66
1827:Ryser, Jan (1 January 1989).
960:
724:
662:During the spring the frog's
2992:Amphibians described in 1758
2155:. Vol. 33, no. 6.
1960:
1315:Zoological Society of London
854:Tadpoles are eaten by fish,
849:
549:Long-term impact of diseases
531:Genetic population structure
296:European Holarctic true frog
260:calling in a garden pond in
21:Common frog (disambiguation)
7:
2997:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
605:
10:
3018:
3002:Habitats Directive species
1987:10.1038/s41598-022-11561-6
1692:
1657:
1592:
1399:Journal of Thermal Biology
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343:and as far east as Japan.
336:Rana temporaria temporaria
288:European common brown frog
18:
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2579:
2317:
2040:10.1017/S0952836998008061
1925:Annales Zoologici Fennici
1919:Terhivuo, Juhani (1988).
1918:
1864:
1708:10.1007/s10750-011-0804-3
1020:"Common frog, grass frog"
949:for farmed common frogs.
762:Trachemys scripta elegans
625:
325:, except for most of the
238:
229:
208:
203:
182:
175:
77:Scientific classification
75:
53:
44:
35:
30:
845:feeding on a common frog
456:Habitat and distribution
1846:10.1163/156853889X00269
1799:Elmberg, Johan (1986).
710:intrasexual competition
679:Competition among males
600:
491:and as far east as the
321:and as far east as the
1805:Herpetological Journal
1614:Cite journal requires
1181:. ENFO. Archived from
846:
746:
659:
565:Impact of urbanization
421:
413:
405:
265:
2908:Paleobiology Database
1142:Roots, Clive (2006).
1056:Sterry, Paul (1997).
841:
794:Lithobates sylvaticus
744:
657:
495:, except for most of
419:
411:
403:
282:), also known as the
255:
2972:Amphibians of Europe
2752:Fauna Europaea (new)
2245:Amphibians of Europe
2159:. pp. 485–501.
1735:Animal Diversity Web
1560:10.1038/hdy.1997.134
1493:10.1099/jgv.0.001927
1280:10.1038/hdy.2008.133
1218:on 27 September 2007
1185:on 28 September 2007
1171:"The Common Frog – (
284:European common frog
19:For other uses, see
16:Species of amphibian
2977:Arctic land animals
2107:on 15 February 2010
1979:2022NatSR..12.7876V
1765:"Frog Reproduction"
1442:Animal Conservation
1407:2015JTBio..49...82L
1353:2006MolEc..15..975J
1206:"Common Frog final"
700:Mating interactions
670:in the females and
521:last glacial period
304:European brown frog
292:European grass frog
47:Conservation status
2059:Functional Ecology
2028:Journal of Zoology
1967:Scientific Reports
1775:on 21 January 2019
1660:Journal of Zoology
1034:on 28 October 2002
847:
747:
660:
540:at a high degree.
422:
414:
406:
373:R. t. palvipalmata
300:European pond frog
266:
222:R. t. parvipalmata
168:R. temporaria
2949:
2948:
2895:Open Tree of Life
2604:Taxon identifiers
2595:
2594:
2165:10.1002/zoo.21180
2157:Wiley Periodicals
1833:Amphibia-Reptilia
1730:"Rana temporaria"
1341:Molecular Ecology
810:Similar to other
691:does not exhibit
655:
327:Iberian Peninsula
253:
247:
246:
70:
3009:
2987:Fauna of Finland
2942:
2941:
2929:
2928:
2916:
2915:
2903:
2902:
2890:
2889:
2877:
2876:
2864:
2863:
2851:
2850:
2848:NBNSYS0000005060
2838:
2837:
2825:
2824:
2812:
2811:
2799:
2798:
2786:
2785:
2773:
2772:
2760:
2759:
2747:
2746:
2734:
2733:
2721:
2720:
2708:
2707:
2695:
2694:
2682:
2681:
2672:
2671:
2659:
2658:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2599:
2598:
2589:Frogs portal
2587:
2586:
2585:
2519:R. t. temporaria
2301:
2294:
2287:
2278:
2277:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2260:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2213:
2207:
2202:
2184:
2141:
2132:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2106:
2095:
2086:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2023:
2017:
2016:
1998:
1958:
1949:
1948:
1916:
1905:
1904:
1886:
1862:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1824:
1813:
1812:
1796:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1771:. Archived from
1760:
1754:
1753:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1617:
1612:
1610:
1602:
1590:
1581:
1580:
1562:
1538:
1529:
1528:
1522:
1514:
1504:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1436:
1427:
1426:
1401:. 49–50: 82–90.
1394:
1381:
1380:
1332:
1323:
1322:
1321:on 18 June 2009.
1307:
1301:
1300:
1282:
1252:
1243:
1242:. jenskjeld.info
1234:
1228:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1217:
1210:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1167:
1158:
1157:
1139:
1130:
1129:
1122:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1095:
1076:
1075:
1053:
1044:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1030:. Archived from
1024:Nature Wildfacts
1016:
989:
974:
770:Thermoregulation
656:
377:R. t. temporaria
365:R. t. temporaria
254:
239:Distribution of
234:
212:R. t. temporaria
188:
85:
84:
64:
59:
58:
40:
28:
27:
3017:
3016:
3012:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3007:
3006:
2952:
2951:
2950:
2945:
2937:
2932:
2924:
2919:
2911:
2906:
2898:
2893:
2885:
2880:
2872:
2869:Observation.org
2867:
2859:
2854:
2846:
2841:
2833:
2828:
2820:
2815:
2807:
2802:
2794:
2789:
2781:
2776:
2768:
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2755:
2750:
2742:
2737:
2729:
2724:
2716:
2711:
2703:
2698:
2690:
2685:
2677:
2675:
2669:Rana-temporaria
2667:
2662:
2654:
2649:
2642:Rana temporaria
2640:
2639:
2634:
2625:
2624:
2619:
2612:Rana temporaria
2606:
2596:
2591:
2583:
2581:
2575:
2563:R. zhenhaiensis
2313:
2305:
2275:
2265:
2263:
2255:
2241:
2236:
2235:
2225:
2223:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2142:
2135:
2124:
2120:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2093:
2087:
2080:
2051:
2047:
2024:
2020:
1959:
1952:
1917:
1908:
1877:(5): 996–1005.
1863:
1854:
1825:
1816:
1797:
1788:
1778:
1776:
1769:Frog-garden.com
1761:
1757:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1728:
1727:
1723:
1691:
1687:
1656:
1652:
1642:
1640:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1615:
1613:
1604:
1603:
1591:
1584:
1539:
1532:
1516:
1515:
1473:
1469:
1437:
1430:
1395:
1384:
1337:Rana temporaria
1333:
1326:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1259:Rana temporaria
1253:
1246:
1238:Rana temporaria
1235:
1231:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1208:
1202:
1198:
1188:
1186:
1173:Rana temporaria
1169:
1168:
1161:
1154:
1140:
1133:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1109:
1107:
1096:
1079:
1072:
1054:
1047:
1037:
1035:
1018:
1017:
992:
979:Rana temporaria
975:
968:
963:
932:
924:Rana temporaria
916:
852:
833:Rana temporaria
828:Rana temporaria
817:Bufo americanus
808:
806:Social behavior
772:
752:
736:metamorphosized
727:
702:
681:
664:pituitary gland
647:
645:
628:
620:Rana temporaria
608:
603:
571:Rana temporaria
567:
551:
546:
533:
458:
385:
369:R. t. honnorati
279:Rana temporaria
258:Rana temporaria
249:
241:Rana temporaria
217:R. t. honnorati
199:
190:
186:Rana temporaria
184:
171:
79:
71:
60:
56:
49:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3015:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2943:
2930:
2917:
2904:
2891:
2878:
2865:
2852:
2839:
2826:
2813:
2800:
2787:
2774:
2761:
2748:
2739:Fauna Europaea
2735:
2722:
2709:
2696:
2683:
2673:
2660:
2647:
2632:
2616:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2593:
2592:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2566:
2559:
2552:
2549:R. weinigensis
2545:
2538:
2531:
2524:
2523:
2522:
2508:
2501:
2494:
2487:
2480:
2473:
2466:
2459:
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2445:
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2396:
2389:
2382:
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2354:
2347:
2340:
2333:
2326:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2304:
2303:
2296:
2289:
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2253:
2252:
2247:
2240:
2239:External links
2237:
2234:
2233:
2208:
2133:
2118:
2078:
2065:(6): 852–858.
2045:
2034:(4): 431–437.
2018:
1950:
1931:(2): 165–175.
1906:
1852:
1814:
1786:
1755:
1741:
1721:
1685:
1666:(2): 153–165.
1650:
1625:
1616:|journal=
1582:
1553:(2): 117–127.
1530:
1467:
1448:(5): 514–522.
1428:
1382:
1347:(4): 975–983.
1324:
1302:
1273:(5): 490–496.
1244:
1229:
1196:
1159:
1152:
1131:
1117:
1077:
1070:
1045:
990:
965:
964:
962:
959:
931:
928:
915:
912:
856:diving beetles
851:
848:
823:Rana sylvatica
807:
804:
800:cryoprotectant
771:
768:
751:
748:
726:
723:
701:
698:
693:territoriality
680:
677:
644:
641:
627:
624:
607:
604:
602:
599:
566:
563:
550:
547:
545:
542:
538:thermoregulate
532:
529:
457:
454:
384:
381:
313:of the family
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2982:Animal models
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2532:
2530:
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2525:
2521:
2520:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2512:R. temporaria
2509:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2500:
2499:
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2432:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2416:
2415:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2407:R. grandocula
2404:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2390:
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2387:
2383:
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2380:
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2041:
2037:
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2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1988:
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1696:Hydrobiologia
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1153:0-313-33544-3
1149:
1145:
1138:
1136:
1127:
1121:
1106:. AmphibiaWeb
1105:
1103:
1102:Rana temporia
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1073:
1071:0-583-33638-8
1067:
1063:
1062:HarperCollins
1059:
1052:
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1033:
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1025:
1021:
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988:
984:
980:
973:
971:
966:
958:
955:
950:
948:
944:
940:
936:
935:R. temporaria
927:
925:
921:
911:
909:
908:domestic cats
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
864:birds of prey
861:
857:
844:
840:
836:
834:
829:
825:
824:
819:
818:
813:
803:
801:
797:
796:
795:
789:
785:
784:Arctic Circle
781:
777:
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763:
756:
743:
739:
737:
731:
722:
718:
716:
711:
707:
697:
694:
690:
689:R. Temporaria
686:
676:
673:
669:
665:
640:
638:
634:
623:
621:
617:
613:
598:
596:
592:
591:least concern
587:
585:
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576:
572:
562:
560:
556:
541:
539:
528:
526:
522:
516:
514:
513:Faroe Islands
510:
506:
505:Isle of Lewis
502:
498:
494:
490:
489:Arctic Circle
485:
483:
479:
478:British Isles
474:
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380:
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361:
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353:
349:
346:Common frogs
344:
342:
341:Isle of Lewis
338:
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177:Binomial name
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62:Least Concern
52:
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2535:R. vaillanti
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2491:R. sylvatica
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2463:R. palustris
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2412:
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2391:
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2379:R. dybowskii
2377:
2370:
2365:R. dalmatina
2363:
2358:R. draytonii
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2335:
2328:
2323:R. amurensis
2321:
2308:
2224:. Retrieved
2221:froglife.org
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2102:the original
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1032:the original
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884:pine martens
853:
832:
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614:(hexapods),
609:
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568:
559:hemorrhaging
552:
544:Conservation
534:
523:in ice free
517:
507:, Shetland,
486:
459:
450:
446:nuptial pads
443:
423:
386:
376:
372:
368:
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348:metamorphose
345:
335:
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308:semi-aquatic
303:
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2791:iNaturalist
2651:AmphibiaWeb
2636:Wikispecies
2570:R. zweifeli
2470:R. pretiosa
2435:R. lessonae
2351:R. cascadae
2152:Zoo Biology
2111:10 November
2098:All about..
1973:(1): 7876.
1811:(2): 81–83.
1481:J Gen Virol
1144:Hibernation
947:pellet food
788:Scandinavia
706:mating call
633:crane flies
473:hibernating
435:common toad
383:Description
319:Scandinavia
270:common frog
204:Subspecies
2956:Categories
2505:R. taylori
2484:R. sierrae
2477:R. sauteri
2449:R. muscosa
2428:R. iriodes
2421:R. italica
2414:R. iberica
2393:R. forreri
2386:R. fisheri
2330:R. arvalis
1638:saga.co.uk
1060:. London:
961:References
843:Grey heron
780:metabolism
725:Life cycle
685:R. arvalis
612:Collembola
584:inbreeding
439:agile frog
430:moor frogs
274:grass frog
243:in Europe
2556:R. zhengi
2400:R. graeca
2344:R. boylii
2337:R. blairi
2173:0733-3188
2013:248759763
1937:0003-455X
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1680:0952-8369
1289:0018-067X
920:mosquitos
874:, ducks,
850:Predators
814:species (
776:ectotherm
575:gene flow
555:Ranavirus
357:Bufo bufo
311:amphibian
264:, Belgium
162:Species:
100:Kingdom:
94:Eukaryota
2809:10195901
2676:BioLib:
2621:Wikidata
2528:R. uenoi
2498:R. tagoi
2372:R. dunni
2199:17636001
2191:25296396
2005:35552438
1945:23734521
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1779:23 March
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511:and the
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140:Family:
124:Amphibia
114:Chordata
110:Phylum:
104:Animalia
90:Domain:
67:IUCN 3.1
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2887:1488291
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2206:743535.
2204:NIHMSID
2182:4685711
1996:9098440
1975:Bibcode
1577:6284299
1569:9279008
1403:Bibcode
1349:Bibcode
1179:enfo.ie
930:Farming
900:badgers
892:weasels
616:Acarina
593:on the
525:refugia
501:Balkans
462:wetland
426:chevron
331:Balkans
315:Ranidae
306:, is a
150:Genus:
144:Ranidae
130:Order:
120:Class:
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2913:288767
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497:Iberia
465:niches
394:albino
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2271:Frogs
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1941:JSTOR
1897:S2CID
1712:S2CID
1595:S2CID
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1373:S2CID
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1209:(PDF)
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872:gulls
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672:sperm
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493:Urals
352:larva
323:Urals
256:Male
134:Anura
2882:OBIS
2861:8407
2856:NCBI
2830:IUCN
2817:ITIS
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2778:GISD
2765:GBIF
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2187:PMID
2169:ISSN
2126:RSPB
2113:2010
2001:PMID
1933:ISSN
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