31:
616:
893:
833:
45:
809:
905:
1572:
917:
624:
845:
94:
857:
881:
794:
304:
69:
869:
692: oz). It is characterized by its bulky shape and large, wedge-shaped bill. The male is unmistakable, with its black and white plumage and green nape. The female is a brown bird, but can still be readily distinguished from all ducks, except other eider species, on the basis of size and head shape. The drake's display call is a strange almost human-like "ah-ooo", while the hen utters hoarse quacks. The species is often readily approachable.
445:, plucked from the female's breast. This soft and warm lining has long been harvested for filling pillows and quilts, but in more recent years has been largely replaced by down from domestic farm-geese and synthetic alternatives. Although eiderdown pillows or quilts are now a rarity, eiderdown harvesting continues and is sustainable, as it can be done after the ducklings leave the nest with no harm to the birds.
821:
352:
1341:
Chapdelaine, G.; Dupuis, P.; Reed, A. (1986). "Distribution, abondance et fluctuation des populations d'eider à duvet dans l'estuaire et le golfe du Saint-Laurent" [Distribution, abundance and population fluctuations of the common eider in the
Estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence]. In Reed, A.
744:
In Canada's Hudson Bay, important eider die-offs were observed in the 1990s by local populations due to quickly changing ice flow patterns. The
Canadian Wildlife Service has spent several years gathering up-to-date information on their populations, and preliminary results seem to show a population
358:
356:
353:
357:
1577:
355:
778:-based female social structures. This relatedness has likely played a role in the evolution of co-operative breeding behaviours amongst eiders. Examples of these behaviours include laying eggs in the nests of related individuals and
736:
in the year 676. About 1,000 pairs still nest there every year. Because St. Cuthbert is the patron saint of
Northumberland, it was natural that the eider should be chosen as the county's emblem bird; the birds are still often called
1517:
30:
1031:
A Voyage of
Discovery made under the orders of the Admiralty in her Majesty's ships Isabella and Alexander, for the purpose of exploring Baffin's Bay, and enquiring into the probability of a North-West
1293:
Chaulk, K.G.; Robertson, G.J.; Montevecchi, W.A. (November 10, 2006). "Extinction, colonization, and distribution patterns of common eider populations nesting in a naturally fragmented landscape".
774:, where they return to breed on the same island where they were hatched. This can lead to a high degree of relatedness between individuals nesting on the same island, as well as the development of
1260:
Henri, D.; Gilchrist, H.G.; Peacock, E. (2010). "Understanding and
Managing Wildlife in Hudson Bay Under a Changing Climate: Some Recent Contributions from Inuit and Cree Ecological Knowledge".
770:
Eiders are colonial breeders. They nest on coastal islands in colonies ranging in size of less than 100 to upwards of 15,000 individuals. Female eiders frequently exhibit a high degree of natal
695:
Drakes of the
European, eastern North American and Asia/western North American races can be distinguished by minor differences in plumage and bill colour. Some authorities place the subspecies
354:
1755:
646:, which only reaches North America in a wild state in southernmost Texas (and arguably south Florida where feral but non-native populations reside). It measures 50 to 71 cm (
1547:
808:
880:
713:
It is abundant, with populations of about 1.5–2 million birds in both North
America and Europe, and also large but unknown numbers in eastern Siberia (
892:
1895:
2092:
1388:
Andersson, M.; Waldeck, P. (2007). "Host-parasite kinship in a female-philopatric bird population: evidence from relatedness trend analysis".
916:
1960:
832:
615:
1224:
1094:
1090:
1007:
Systema
Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis
1846:
674: oz to 6 lb 11 oz) and spans 80–110 cm (31–43 in) across the wings. The average weight of 22 males in the
1908:
1357:
McKinnon, L.; Gilchrist, H.G.; Scribner, K.T. (2006). "Genetic evidence for kin-based female social structure in common eiders (
710:
and excreted. When eating a crab, the eider will remove all of its claws and legs, and then eat the body in a similar fashion.
904:
1986:
1277:
1208:
1181:
1156:
1102:
1913:
758:
The common eider is one of the species to which the
Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (
2112:
1084:
1869:
1794:
1493:
714:
2043:
856:
868:
2107:
2051:
1825:
1965:
1838:
1807:
1561:
706:
being a favoured food. The eider will eat mussels by swallowing them whole; the shells are then crushed in their
462:
234:
209:
438:
zones, when it can form large flocks on coastal waters. It can fly at speeds up to 113 km/h (70 mph).
1637:
1025:
1947:
1729:
1874:
1346:. Canadian Wildlife Service Report Series (in French). Ottawa, ON: Canadian Wildlife Service. pp. 6–11.
793:
1646:
1706:
1511:
1711:
1126:
1049:
965:
844:
678:
was 2.21 kg (4 lb 14 oz) while 32 females weighed an average of 1.92 kg (4 lb
1536:
1029:
93:
2056:
1675:
1523:
2102:
1528:
540:
256:
1939:
512:
2030:
733:
2017:
1900:
1693:
1599:
587:, 1871 – breeds in southeast Canada and northeast USA; winters around northwest Atlantic coasts
584:
561:
291:
272:
245:
1926:
1198:
2012:
1662:
732:. These birds were the subject of one of the first ever bird protection laws, established by
481:
188:
44:
2004:
1010:(in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 124.
2038:
1781:
1698:
1657:
1441:"Parental effort and reproductive skew in coalitions of brood-rearing female common eiders"
1397:
1021:
501:
494:
1552:
564:, 1824) – breeds in northeast Canada, Greenland and Iceland; winters in the north Atlantic
8:
1583:
942:
747:
454:
58:
1861:
1401:
1235:
987:
779:
2097:
1571:
1476:
1460:
1421:
544:
331:
260:
88:
2069:
1760:
362:
Common eiders (Somateria mollissima) in the breeding season on Texel, the
Netherlands.
1999:
1742:
1468:
1413:
1409:
1273:
1204:
1177:
1152:
1118:
1098:
1734:
1480:
1747:
1452:
1425:
1405:
1370:
1302:
1265:
1053:
960:
628:
552:
373:
1005:
1973:
1812:
1721:
1269:
886:
Small eider creche: three adult females over six ducklings at Biddeford Pool, ME.
814:
Male juvenile in first winter plumage, similar but different from eclipse plumage
800:
623:
467:
73:
1952:
1833:
1820:
1057:
725:
675:
431:
1542:
1464:
606:, 1758) – breeds in northwest Eurasia; winters in northwest and central Europe
2086:
1921:
1001:
951:
820:
721:
642:
found in Europe, and is exceeded in North America only by smatterings of the
603:
594:
527:
498:
458:
419:
230:
205:
78:
1497:
1374:
1799:
1622:
1472:
1439:Öst, Markus; Clark, Colin W.; Kilpi, Mikael; Ydenberg, Ron (January 2007).
1417:
643:
442:
303:
145:
2025:
1934:
1882:
1631:
1685:
2064:
1851:
1587:
782:, where female eiders team up and share the work of rearing ducklings.
771:
752:
571:
548:
1978:
575:
489:
435:
105:
1887:
1593:
1306:
1773:
1616:
1456:
1320:
755:
community and eiders, as well as various aspects of their ecology.
411:
155:
125:
1786:
1670:
775:
745:
recovery. The common eider is the object of the 2011 documentary
729:
707:
660:
to 28 in) in length, weighs 0.81 to 3.04 kg (1 lb
423:
1991:
922:
A Drake Common Eider in the Nonesuch River, Scarborough, Maine.
703:
427:
415:
115:
388:
1768:
1440:
635:
547:, 1855 – breeds in northeast Asia and Alaska; winters in the
523:
472:
441:
The eider's nest is built close to the sea and is lined with
165:
741:
in the area, "Cuddy" being the familiar form of "Cuthbert".
410:, is a large (50–71 cm (20–28 in) in body length)
934:
759:
639:
526:, meaning 'very soft'. Both parts of the name refer to its
476:
379:
135:
1292:
1356:
751:, which studies the historical relationship between the
487:. It is now placed with two other species in the genus
1264:. Earth and Environmental Sciences. pp. 267–289.
940:
702:
This species dives for crustaceans and molluscs, with
1438:
1340:
1259:
493:
that was introduced in 1819 by the English zoologist
1048:
720:
A particularly famous colony of eiders lives on the
385:
376:
1494:"New Greenland Government Allows Spring Bird Hunt"
966:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22680405A132525971.en
634:The common eider is both the largest of the four
2084:
1518:Massachusetts Breeding Bird Atlas – Common Eider
1387:
1334:
1313:
414:that is distributed over the northern coasts of
874:Eider nest on the tundra in the Canadian Arctic
471:. He placed it with all the other ducks in the
1548:Feathers of Common Eider (Somateria molissima)
1381:
1196:
1350:
1146:
1086:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
382:
1570:
1286:
1140:
1035:. London: John Murray. Appendix II, p. 48.
980:
302:
67:
43:
29:
1253:
1217:
964:
430:and some northern temperate regions, but
1234:. Sea Duck Joint Venture. Archived from
1000:
862:Traditional man-made eider nesting boxes
622:
614:
350:
1171:
1147:Ogilvie, Malcolm; Young, Steve (2004).
1082:
2085:
1190:
2093:IUCN Red List near threatened species
1598:
1597:
1432:
1225:"Common Eider (Somateria mollissima)"
1197:Waltho, Chris; Coulson, John (2015).
1064:. International Ornithologists' Union
1058:"Screamers, ducks, geese & swans"
1044:
1042:
1020:
1839:6b63aeab-a6fd-4f0f-b615-9aa19c7e701e
1543:YouTube video of Eider eating a crab
1089:. London: Christopher Helm. p.
910:Common eider with ducklings swimming
952:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
765:
13:
1203:. London, UK: T & A D Poyser.
1172:Dunning, John B. Jr., ed. (1992).
1165:
1111:
1039:
14:
2124:
1875:common-eider-somateria-mollissima
1505:
1174:CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses
497:. The genus name is derived from
1584:Audio recordings of Common eider
1410:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2007.03301.x
1062:IOC World Bird List Version 11.2
915:
903:
891:
879:
867:
855:
843:
831:
819:
807:
792:
372:
92:
1553:BirdLife species factsheet for
941:BirdLife International (2018).
533:Six subspecies are recognised:
1076:
1014:
994:
610:
1:
927:
325: Wintering/Feeding range
38:Adult male, breeding plumage
1580:at VIREO (Drexel University)
1514:– Cornell Lab of Ornithology
1512:Common Eider Species Account
1270:10.1007/978-90-481-9121-5_13
7:
2113:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1295:Canadian Journal of Zoology
1232:Sea Duck Information Series
988:"The World's Fastest Birds"
448:
10:
2129:
1578:Common eider photo gallery
1151:. New Holland Publishers.
1127:Cornell Lab of Ornithology
785:
457:by the Swedish naturalist
434:somewhat farther south in
1606:
1539:information and pictures.
1083:Jobling, James A (2010).
959:: e.T22680405A132525971.
570:Snyder, 1941 – breeds in
337:
330:
310:
301:
222:
217:
194:
187:
89:Scientific classification
87:
65:
56:
51:
42:
37:
28:
23:
1529:Internet Bird Collection
638:species and the largest
2108:Birds described in 1758
1445:The American Naturalist
699:as a separate species.
1562:"Somateria mollissima"
631:
620:
363:
2013:Paleobiology Database
1375:10.1093/beheco/ark002
1344:Eider ducks in Canada
1321:"People of a Feather"
1149:Wildfowl of the World
1022:Leach, William Elford
626:
618:
518:'wool'. The specific
453:The common eider was
361:
2070:Somateria-mollissima
1834:Fauna Europaea (new)
1761:somateria-mollissima
1663:Somateria_mollissima
1638:Somateria mollissima
1608:Somateria mollissima
1555:Somateria mollissima
1524:"Common eider media"
1359:Somateria mollissima
1262:A Little Less Arctic
1056:, eds. (July 2021).
945:Somateria mollissima
850:Eider duck skin coat
619:A common eider skull
399:Somateria mollissima
319: Breeding range
198:Somateria mollissima
1500:on 15 October 2012.
1402:2007MolEc..16.2797A
1241:on 7 September 2008
748:People of a Feather
404:St. Cuthbert's duck
343:Linnaeus, 1758
59:Conservation status
1537:Eider Duck Hunting
1363:Behavioral Ecology
1052:; Donsker, David;
632:
621:
593:Brehm, CL, 1831 –
364:
180:S. mollissima
2080:
2079:
2000:Open Tree of Life
1600:Taxon identifiers
1396:(13): 2797–2806.
1390:Molecular Ecology
1301:(10): 1402–1408.
1279:978-90-481-9120-8
1210:978-1-4081-5280-5
1183:978-0-8493-4258-5
1158:978-1-84330-328-2
1104:978-1-4081-2501-4
1054:Rasmussen, Pamela
591:S. m. faeroeensis
359:
349:
348:
295:
284:
276:
264:
249:
242:S. m. faeroeensis
238:
82:
2120:
2073:
2072:
2060:
2059:
2047:
2046:
2034:
2033:
2021:
2020:
2008:
2007:
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1955:
1953:NBNSYS0000000197
1943:
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1676:B77377EEB852D0AF
1666:
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1642:
1641:
1640:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1595:
1594:
1574:
1569:
1533:
1501:
1496:. Archived from
1485:
1484:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1338:
1332:
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1284:
1283:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1240:
1229:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1200:The Common Eider
1194:
1188:
1187:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1115:
1109:
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1080:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1046:
1037:
1036:
1018:
1012:
1011:
998:
992:
991:
984:
978:
977:
975:
973:
968:
938:
919:
907:
895:
883:
871:
859:
847:
835:
823:
811:
796:
766:Social behaviour
691:
690:
686:
683:
673:
672:
668:
665:
659:
658:
654:
651:
629:Museum Wiesbaden
627:Egg, Collection
600:S. m. mollissima
568:S. m. sedentaria
553:Aleutian Islands
395:
394:
391:
390:
387:
384:
381:
378:
360:
344:
324:
318:
306:
290:
282:
280:S. m. sedentaria
270:
255:
244:
228:
226:S. m. mollissima
200:
97:
96:
76:
71:
70:
47:
33:
21:
20:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2103:Holarctic birds
2083:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2068:
2063:
2055:
2050:
2042:
2037:
2029:
2024:
2016:
2011:
2003:
1998:
1990:
1985:
1977:
1974:Observation.org
1972:
1964:
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1951:
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1933:
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1912:
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1798:
1793:
1785:
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1772:
1767:
1759:
1754:
1746:
1741:
1733:
1728:
1720:
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1705:
1697:
1692:
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1645:
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1318:
1314:
1307:10.1139/z06-138
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1145:
1141:
1131:
1129:
1123:All About Birds
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939:
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884:
875:
872:
863:
860:
851:
848:
839:
836:
827:
824:
815:
812:
803:
801:eclipse plumage
797:
788:
768:
688:
684:
681:
679:
670:
666:
663:
661:
656:
652:
649:
647:
613:
485:Anas mollissima
480:and coined the
468:Systema Naturae
461:in 1758 in the
451:
426:. It breeds in
402:), also called
375:
371:
351:
342:
340:Anas mollissima
326:
322:
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213:
202:
196:
183:
91:
83:
74:Near Threatened
72:
68:
61:
17:
16:Species of bird
12:
11:
5:
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2116:
2115:
2110:
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1843:
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1821:Fauna Europaea
1817:
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1778:
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1507:
1506:External links
1504:
1503:
1502:
1487:
1486:
1465:10.1086/510213
1457:10.1086/510213
1431:
1380:
1369:(4): 614–621.
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1312:
1285:
1278:
1252:
1216:
1209:
1189:
1182:
1164:
1157:
1139:
1119:"Common Eider"
1110:
1103:
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1038:
1013:
1002:Linnaeus, Carl
993:
979:
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838:Male in flight
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806:
804:
799:Adult male in
798:
791:
787:
784:
767:
764:
734:Saint Cuthbert
726:Northumberland
676:North Atlantic
612:
609:
608:
607:
597:
588:
582:S. m. dresseri
579:
565:
558:S. m. borealis
555:
538:S. m. v-nigrum
455:formally named
450:
447:
347:
346:
335:
334:
328:
327:
321:
315:
308:
307:
299:
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288:S. m. dresseri
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268:S. m. borealis
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507:'body' (stem
506:
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499:Ancient Greek
496:
495:William Leach
492:
491:
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482:binomial name
479:
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463:tenth edition
460:
459:Carl Linnaeus
456:
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420:North America
417:
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253:S. m. v-nigra
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36:
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24:Common eider
22:
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1862:common-eider
1607:
1565:
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1527:
1498:the original
1451:(1): 73–86.
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1444:
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1383:
1366:
1362:
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1352:
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1315:
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1236:the original
1231:
1219:
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1142:
1130:. Retrieved
1122:
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1061:
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956:
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757:
746:
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719:
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694:
644:Muscovy duck
633:
599:
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519:
515:
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504:
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484:
475:
466:
452:
440:
422:and eastern
408:Cuddy's duck
407:
403:
398:
397:
370:(pronounced
368:common eider
367:
365:
339:
338:
312:
287:
283:Snyder, 1941
279:
267:
252:
241:
225:
197:
195:
179:
178:
166:
146:Anseriformes
18:
2026:SeaLifeBase
1935:NatureServe
1883:iNaturalist
1632:Wikispecies
1068:30 November
1050:Gill, Frank
972:12 November
762:) applies.
611:Description
520:mollissimus
273:C. L. Brehm
246:C. L. Brehm
218:Subspecies
2087:Categories
2065:Xeno-canto
1588:Xeno-canto
1326:8 February
1132:17 October
1026:Ross, John
928:References
898:stretching
772:philopatry
753:Sanikiluaq
572:Hudson Bay
549:Bering Sea
261:G. R. Gray
2098:Somateria
576:James Bay
562:Brehm, CL
541:Bonaparte
490:Somateria
443:eiderdown
436:temperate
311:Range of
257:Bonaparte
174:Species:
167:Somateria
112:Kingdom:
106:Eukaryota
1940:2.100602
1927:22680405
1901:11099727
1787:45510587
1699:22680405
1694:BirdLife
1683:BioLib:
1617:Wikidata
1481:17841634
1473:17206586
1418:17594448
1024:(1819).
1004:(1758).
780:crèching
604:Linnaeus
578:(Canada)
551:and the
545:Gray, GR
449:Taxonomy
412:sea-duck
332:Synonyms
231:Linnaeus
206:Linnaeus
156:Anatidae
152:Family:
126:Chordata
122:Phylum:
116:Animalia
102:Domain:
79:IUCN 3.1
1852:2498352
1735:bob2060
1671:Avibase
1566:Avibase
1426:5547068
1398:Bibcode
1342:(ed.).
1245:9 March
1032:passage
1028:(ed.).
786:Gallery
730:England
708:gizzard
704:mussels
697:v-nigra
687:⁄
669:⁄
655:⁄
465:of his
432:winters
424:Siberia
275:, 1824)
162:Genus:
142:Order:
132:Class:
77: (
52:Female
2057:137074
2005:785961
1992:137074
1914:175155
1859:GNAB:
1808:EURING
1774:comeid
1722:comeid
1651:comeid
1623:Q26696
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585:Sharpe
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509:somat-
428:Arctic
416:Europe
323:
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294:, 1871
292:Sharpe
263:, 1855
248:, 1831
2052:WoRMS
2044:16513
2031:73606
2018:83445
1966:76058
1896:IRMNG
1826:96523
1795:EUNIS
1769:eBird
1748:6Z4ZB
1719:BOW:
1712:17386
1477:S2CID
1461:JSTOR
1422:S2CID
1239:(PDF)
1228:(PDF)
636:eider
524:Latin
516:erion
513:ἔριον
473:genus
1987:OBIS
1961:NCBI
1922:IUCN
1909:ITIS
1888:7024
1847:GBIF
1813:2060
1800:1273
1707:BOLD
1686:8474
1469:PMID
1414:PMID
1361:)".
1328:2012
1274:ISBN
1247:2015
1205:ISBN
1178:ISBN
1153:ISBN
1134:2011
1099:ISBN
1070:2021
974:2021
957:2018
760:AEWA
640:duck
574:and
505:sōma
502:σῶμα
477:Anas
366:The
259:and
235:1758
210:1758
136:Aves
2039:TSA
1948:NBN
1870:IBC
1782:EoL
1756:CMS
1743:CoL
1730:BTO
1658:ADW
1647:ABA
1586:on
1453:doi
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