187:
435:
495:
The "volunteers" gained entry to the house of one André Albert, at which
Acadians were gathered, resulting in an exchange of gunfire. One Acadian (Louis Mailloux) and one militiaman (John Gifford) were shot and killed during the exchange. Nine Acadians were tried as accessories to the death of Gifford but were acquitted. Public sentiment in Gloucester held Young responsible for both deaths.
77:, with a significant minority of them offering instruction in French. There were no standardized texts, and teachers had complete freedom in their choice of curriculum. Of those priests and professed religious acting as teachers, the majority had no formal teaching credentials. Attendance at schools was enforced by teachers and parents, with no government intervention.
515:
instruction could occur in such buildings if the regular school day was not shortened for the purpose. The effect of the arrangements regarding church buildings and religious schooling was to limit
Catholic education to urban centres and to move further argument back down to the level of the local school boards.
507:, met with the government to work out what would eventually become substantial amendments to the workings of the Act. The changes, based on proposals originally drafted by Sweeney, were carried out by amendments to the Act's subordinate regulations, and they were kept secret for fear of inviting controversy.
170:. The syllabus specifically reaffirmed the right of priests to interfere in and direct the course of temporal affairs as well as the supremacy of religious law over civil law. Proposition 45 of the Syllabus rejected the right of civil governments to exercise sole dominion over the teaching of children.
466:
Young faced deeply entrenched opposition to the Act in
Gloucester. In 1873, Gloucester magistrates refused to enforce the provisions of the Act. Young responded by having them replaced. At the 1874 elections, although only five of the 41 members elected to the Legislative Assembly were not supporters
215:
retired from politics to accept a position on the
Supreme Court, and King was able to seek and receive appointments as the new Premier and Attorney-General. He revived his Common Schools Bill and campaigned on it at the 1870 election. He was successfully returned to office and took leadership of the
494:
On
January 25, ten police constables bearing arrest warrants arrived in Caraquet to identity and arrest the demonstrators who had damaged Young's store. They were still in Caraquet on January 26, when 20 English-speaking "volunteers," recruited by Young, arrived in the town to assist in the arrests.
410:
In late 1873, King held meetings with
Sweeney to seek a compromise. Sweeny offered to bring an end to the Catholic opposition in return for the government under conditions, but the Executive Council refused his offer. By 1874, the debate was still continuing in the New Brunswick Legislative Assembly
277:
The government claimed that non-denominational, mandatory schooling would improve access to education for New
Brunswick's children. However, opponents of the legislation claimed that sole responsibility for the education of children lay with parents, and they resented government interference in what
236:
King's bill prompted a long and bitter debate in the New
Brunswick parliament. Members opposed to the bill included most of the parliament's Catholics, some Anglicans, and also some members against compulsory assessment. On May 5, 1871, free school supporters proposed an amendment to the bill making
208:, then an MLA on behalf of the electorate of Saint John County and City, had been, since 1868, developing a bill to create a state-run school system to provide free education to all New Brunswick children. King's bill was tabled in 1870 but failed to receive support and eventually, King withdrew it.
337:
launched a challenge to the Act in the
Supreme Court of New Brunswick. In 1873, the court dismissed the objectors' suit and found in favour of the government, but in the course of the case, it levelled several criticisms at the act's assessment clauses, which King's government addressed by passing
227:
took up the mantle of
Premier, with King as his Attorney-General. While Hatheway and King were opposed on many political issues, they were united in their support of public schooling, and on April 12, 1871, King reintroduced his Common Schools Bill to parliament on behalf of Hatheway's government.
486:
and most of its residents had for some time refused to pay the schools tax in protest. In 1874 a meeting was held by the townspeople of Caraquet at which public officials were appointed. Caraquet's small Protestant minority questioned the legality of the appointments, and on January 4, 1875 Young
68:
of 1858. It organized all New Brunswick schools under a provincial Board of Education but made no provision for the government to own or establish schools. As a result, the impetus to found new schools was required to originate at a local level, and in practice, most schools were established and
329:
In the final result, the only action taken by the federal government was to seek a constitutional opinion from crown lawyers in London and to call on the New Brunswick government to reconsider its position. King responded to this call some five months later with a 12-page memorandum in which he
253:
courses and from wearing religious garb, and schools were forbidden from displaying religious symbols. Control of the school system was given to the Executive Council, exercising its power through the New Brunswick Board of Education. The Board of Education held powers under the Act to dictate
514:
classes. The determination of textbook content would be made in consultation with the churches, with passages offensive to the church excised. Church-owned school buildings would be permitted to be used, pending the decision by local school trustees to lease them from the church, and religious
490:
On January 14, 1875, a public meeting was convened with the aim of imposing the school tax on Caraquet. The meeting ended in a scuffle. On January 15, a group of Caraquet Acadians held a public protest against further attempts to apply the Act. During the protest, drunken demonstrators caused
80:
By 1871, the New Brunswick government had begun to have substantial doubts about the system of education. It was skeptical about the quality of education begin delivered, and it was also concerned about attendance rates, with school attendance in the area of Gloucester falling as low as 55%.
1008:. "On 26 January, at request, some ten constables bearing arrest warrants went to Caraquet to charge those who had been responsible for the riot on 15 January. The next day about 20 English-speaking "volunteers," who had been recruited by Young, came to back them up."
527:
of 1871 has been suggested as "the most significant piece of social legislation in 19th-century New Brunswick." By 1878, the number of students enrolled in the public school system had more than doubled, and the number of public school teachers had increased by half.
419:
reasons as part of a long-term Roman Catholic plan for domination of Europe and Canada. King went on to say, "If we once abandon the strong line of defence that is along the heights of equality the end will be the overthrow of our rights and independence of action."
815:. "Quality of education was questionable and attendance was poor. In the predominantly Roman Catholic area of Gloucester attendance rates were the worst: during the last term of the , 882 pupils were on the register but only 489 attended regularly."
398:
at a grassroots level by refusing to pay school taxes. The provincial government responded by imprisoning priests and seizing the property of tax evaders. Also many refused to send their children to the state-run schools, especially in
173:
At the same time, reform-minded governments gaining power throughout Canada were becoming frustrated by church conservativism, and they were keen to lessen their dependence on church infrastructure and mitigate the power wielded by the
244:
The Act came into effect on January 1, 1872. It contained various provisions that had the effect of shutting down religious schooling in New Brunswick. While teachers were permitted to open and close school with Bible reading and the
306:. The appeal did not find any support in the federal cabinet and was unsuccessful. The Catholics then attempted to fight the bill in the federal House of Commons in the spring of 1872. Roman Catholic member for New Brunswick
446:
was appointed as President of New Brunswick's Executive Council, which had ultimate control of the New Brunswick school system under the terms of the Common Schools Act. A particular priority for Young was implementing the
926:. "Almost from the time of his arrival in the legislature King's priority was the creation of a universal, publicly supported elementary school system. There is no question that he was the principal architect of the
370:
moved a motion on the floor of the House of Commons requesting for the governor-general to disallow the New Brunswick acts relating to assessment for local schools. The motion was successful, but Prime Minister
117:, a former New Brunswick Attorney-General and in 1871, its lieutenant governor, had been an outspoken advocate for the creation of a unified taxation-funded public school system in New Brunswick for many years.
365:
in the name of the Roman Catholic Church. The statement had the effect of inciting several federal Catholic MPs to break ranks from the government over the issue. At roughly the same time, New Brunswick MP
278:
they saw as a parental duty through the imposition of mandatory schooling. Opponents of the legislation were primarily religious organisations including the Anglican Church and the Roman Catholic Church.
1020:. "Even these limited concessions were so controversial that the new regulations, in which the bishops reluctantly acquiesced, were not made public and the schools act itself remained unchanged."
345:
attended the provincial council of the Roman Catholic Church in Quebec on May 18, 1873, and he invited the bishops of Quebec to intervene in the New Brunswick school question. The following day,
330:
argued that Catholic public schools had never been legally recognised in New Brunswick and so had not lost any rights or privileges as a result of the legislative change to the schooling system.
141:
asserted that the Pope held supreme authority over all matters spiritual and secular, and it was vigorously pursued by key members of the Roman Catholic Church in Canada, most notably
263:
503:
The Caraquet deaths brought a realisation to both sides of the school debate that compromise was required on the issue. In the spring of 1875, the Catholic opposition, headed by
510:
The amendments allowed for a less arduous method of certification for religious teachers in which they would still have to complete examinations but would not have to attend
426:
The 1874 New Brunswick election was fought solely over the issue of common schools, with King's government achieving an overwhelming victory, claiming 36 of the 41 seats.
69:
operated by churches (particularly, Roman Catholic and Anglican), with the church then receiving a share of the province's education budget in return. In the diocese of
237:
schools under the Act be non-sectarian. The amendment was passed by a 25-10 vote. The bill, as a whole, was passed on May 17, 1871 and it was signed into law as the
52:
and its adherents, and a series of clashes between New Brunswick Catholics and the provincial government culminated in the shooting of two people following riots at
254:
curriculum and textbook content, require teachers to meet certain standards of qualification, and set the work conditions and employment terms of educators.
40:
of 1858. The legislation aimed to abolish church-run schooling in New Brunswick and replace it with a system of government-run "common schools." The case of
166:, the supreme power of human reason, the teaching of philosophy and natural science as fields distinct from religion, and, at some considerable length, the
375:
refused to disallow the legislation. Facing revolt in his own ranks over the issue, Macdonald agreed to pay $ 5,000 towards the costs of an appeal to the
281:
Hatheway died in June 1872, and King regained the position of Premier of New Brunswick. King found himself facing strong Roman Catholic opposition to the
70:
97:
had fought for secularization as a means of keeping power out of the hands of any church, and from 1844 as Chief Superintendent of Education for
1035:
610:
89:
By 1871, several Canadian provinces had already implemented provincially run public schooling systems, and others were considering it. In
975:. "The 1874 election in New Brunswick was the schools election. There was no other issue. King's government won 36 of the 41 seats."
411:
and growing more bitter. At the last sitting of the before the 1874 election, the Assembly debated both a proposed amendment to the
415:
and a motion abjuring federal interference in the province's schools. King accused the Catholic opposition of opposing the Act for
223:
However the new government proved unstable, and in February 1871, King lost the confidence of parliament and was forced to resign.
376:
217:
201:
45:
33:
491:
property damage to several premises including a store owned by Young. The demonstrators threatened Young's wife and employees.
394:
During the legislative and parliamentary challenges, Catholics, organized by their bishops, resisted the implementation of the
293:
570:
1040:
354:
162:, a document collecting several past papal reasonings and presented as a list of "condemned propositions" such as modern
1055:
1050:
443:
742:
620:
580:
380:
41:
720:
701:
663:
596:
556:
452:
400:
379:(then Canada's highest court) by the New Brunswick Catholics. In 1874, the Judicial Committee gave its decision in
677:
404:
56:
in 1875, after which the Act was substantially amended to implement a joint religious/secular schooling system.
1070:
387:
was constitutional and did not infringe the guarantees for denominational schools set out in section 93 of the
319:
167:
101:, he had instituted significant reforms l, leading to the creation of a strong state-run education system. In
1065:
725:
706:
668:
601:
561:
1060:
1045:
682:
372:
212:
74:
292:
The Catholics, under Sweeny, made an appeal to the Canadian federal government in Ottawa, seeking
696:
456:
318:, but the motion was defeated on the floor of the House. Similarly, a proposal by Quebec Premier
53:
302:
224:
423:
The amendment was defeated 24-12, and the non-interference motion carried by the same margin.
537:
504:
476:
315:
126:
49:
551:
472:
342:
286:
266:
8:
715:
114:
591:
487:
held his own, secret, meeting at which he appointed Protestants to the same positions.
471:, both of the members elected in Gloucester were in the opposition. Gloucester elected
158:
73:, for example, there were some 160 Catholic schools operating by 1871, many staffed by
658:
738:
626:
616:
576:
205:
190:
358:
687:
246:
911:
94:
416:
346:
142:
138:
106:
1029:
639:
511:
367:
307:
29:
630:
361:, accepted Sweeny's invitation by issuing a prepared statement opposing the
310:
presented a motion calling on the government to disallow the New Brunswick
153:
98:
300:
and so Catholics had constitutional rights to sectarian schools under the
186:
102:
612:
A history of Canadian Catholics: Gallicanism, Romanism, and Canadianism
163:
434:
296:
of the Act. They claimed that Catholic schools had existed under the
262:
250:
204:
in 1870, a key issue was reform of the New Brunswick school system.
463:(descendants of French colonists) and was strongly Roman Catholic.
460:
350:
341:
Following the failure of the court challenge, New Brunswick Bishop
175:
146:
134:
90:
64:
Since 1858, education in New Brunswick had been governed by the
676:
Snyder, Lorraine; Lambert, Maude-emmanuelle (March 31, 2017) .
644:. The Catholic Encyclopaedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company
326:
to protect sectarian schooling failed to win majority support.
125:
During the years leading up to 1871, a key conflict within the
26:
438:
An artist's depiction of the Caraquet shootings, circa 1875
130:
455:. Gloucester County, which included Young's home town of
572:
The captive court: a study of the Supreme Court of Canada
109:
had successfully introduced public schooling through his
615:. Montreal; Ithaca: McGill - Queen's University Press.
575:. Montreal; Ithaca: McGill - Queen's University Press.
48:
upheld the Act. The Act was stridently opposed by the
1011:
966:
933:
910:
The full text of the Syllabus of Errors is available
479:, both Catholics who were firm opponents of the act.
84:
917:
758:
16:
Controversial provincial school law in New Brunswick
806:
338:supplementary retroactive assessment legislation.
999:
904:
867:
865:
863:
861:
859:
857:
855:
853:
851:
849:
847:
845:
843:
841:
1027:
882:
880:
839:
837:
835:
833:
831:
829:
827:
825:
823:
821:
667:. Vol. XIII (1901–1910) (online ed.).
600:. Vol. XIII (1901–1910) (online ed.).
560:. Vol. XIII (1901–1910) (online ed.).
796:
794:
792:
779:
777:
775:
773:
211:However, in June 1870, New Brunswick's Premier
44:was initiated as a result, and in the end, the
724:. Vol. XI (1881–1890) (online ed.).
989:
987:
985:
983:
981:
877:
818:
705:. Vol. X (1871–1880) (online ed.).
314:, with the support of fellow New Brunswicker
945:
789:
770:
249:, they were prohibited from the teaching of
193:(1839-1901), the principal architect of the
978:
892:
661:. In Cook, Ramsay; Hamelin, Jean (eds.).
594:. In Cook, Ramsay; Hamelin, Jean (eds.).
554:. In Cook, Ramsay; Hamelin, Jean (eds.).
482:The town of Caraquet was opposed to the
433:
261:
185:
377:Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
218:22nd New Brunswick Legislative Assembly
202:21st New Brunswick Legislative Assembly
46:Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
34:22nd New Brunswick Legislative Assembly
1028:
732:
429:
181:
1036:New Brunswick provincial legislation
951:
939:
694:
568:
886:
713:
200:During the closing sittings of the
13:
812:
800:
783:
656:
85:Education reform throughout Canada
14:
1082:
1005:
993:
718:. In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.).
589:
120:
42:Maher v. Town Council of Portland
25:(the Act) was legislation of the
1017:
972:
923:
898:
871:
735:The rise of French New Brunswick
721:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
702:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
664:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
637:
597:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
557:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
549:
957:
764:
678:"New Brunswick School Question"
675:
608:
269:led Catholic opposition to the
178:in Canadian political affairs.
129:concerned the authority of the
322:to ask the Queen to amend the
320:Pierre-Joseph-Olivier Chauveau
168:separation of church and state
137:governments. The doctrine of
1:
752:
257:
59:
498:
231:
7:
726:University of Toronto Press
707:University of Toronto Press
669:University of Toronto Press
602:University of Toronto Press
562:University of Toronto Press
531:
10:
1087:
1041:Education in New Brunswick
714:Sylvain, Philippe (1982).
543:
22:Common Schools Act of 1871
1056:New Brunswick Legislature
1051:Catholic Church in Canada
699:. In Hayne, David (ed.).
697:"Hatheway, George Luther"
683:The Canadian Encyclopedia
657:Murphy, Terrence (1994).
518:
381:Maher v. Town of Portland
324:British North America Act
303:British North America Act
30:Province of New Brunswick
733:Wilbur, Richard (1989).
609:Fay, Terence J. (2002).
373:John Alexander Macdonald
213:Andrew Rainsford Wetmore
590:Cyr, Jean-Roch (1994).
355:Louis-François Laflèche
569:Bushnell, Ian (1992).
550:Acheson, T.W. (1994).
439:
389:Constitution Act, 1867
274:
225:George Luther Hatheway
197:
1071:1871 in New Brunswick
538:Theodore Harding Rand
505:Kennedy Francis Burns
477:Kennedy Francis Burns
437:
316:Timothy Warren Anglin
265:
189:
127:Roman Catholic Church
50:Roman Catholic Church
36:, which replaced the
1066:1871 in Canadian law
695:Spray, W.A. (1972).
552:"King, George Edwin"
737:. Halifax: Formac.
686:(online ed.).
430:1875 Caraquet riots
149:from 1840 to 1876.
115:Lemuel Allan Wilmot
75:professed religious
928:Common Schools Act
525:Common Schools Act
484:Common Schools Act
473:Théotime Blanchard
469:Common Schools Act
449:Common Schools Act
440:
413:Common Schools Act
405:Madawaska counties
396:Common Schools Act
385:Common Schools Act
383:, ruling that the
363:Common Schools Act
335:Common Schools Act
312:Common Schools Act
298:Parish Schools Act
283:Common Schools Act
275:
271:Common Schools Act
267:Bishop John Sweeny
239:Common Schools Act
198:
195:Common Schools Act
182:Development of Act
159:Syllabus of Errors
66:Parish Schools Act
38:Parish Schools Act
1061:1871 in education
716:"Bourget, Ignace"
638:Haag, A. (1912).
453:Gloucester County
333:Objectors to the
206:George Edwin King
1078:
1046:Education reform
1021:
1015:
1009:
1003:
997:
991:
976:
970:
964:
961:
955:
949:
943:
937:
931:
921:
915:
908:
902:
896:
890:
884:
875:
869:
816:
810:
804:
798:
787:
781:
768:
762:
748:
729:
710:
691:
688:Historica Canada
672:
653:
651:
649:
634:
605:
586:
565:
285:, led by Bishop
32:, passed by the
1086:
1085:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1016:
1012:
1004:
1000:
992:
979:
971:
967:
962:
958:
950:
946:
940:Bushnell (1992)
938:
934:
922:
918:
909:
905:
897:
893:
885:
878:
870:
819:
811:
807:
799:
790:
782:
771:
763:
759:
755:
745:
647:
645:
623:
592:"Young, Robert"
583:
546:
534:
521:
501:
432:
260:
234:
184:
123:
111:Free School Act
95:Egerton Ryerson
87:
62:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1084:
1074:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1023:
1022:
1018:Acheson (2000)
1010:
998:
977:
973:Acheson (2000)
965:
956:
944:
932:
924:Acheson (2000)
916:
903:
891:
887:Sylvain (2000)
876:
872:Acheson (2000)
817:
805:
788:
769:
756:
754:
751:
750:
749:
743:
730:
711:
692:
673:
659:"Sweeny, John"
654:
635:
621:
606:
587:
581:
566:
545:
542:
541:
540:
533:
530:
520:
517:
500:
497:
431:
428:
417:ultramontanist
359:Trois-Rivières
347:Ignace Bourget
259:
256:
233:
230:
191:George E. King
183:
180:
156:published the
143:Ignace Bourget
139:ultramontanism
122:
121:Ultramontanism
119:
107:Charles Tupper
86:
83:
61:
58:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1083:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1031:
1019:
1014:
1007:
1002:
995:
990:
988:
986:
984:
982:
974:
969:
960:
953:
948:
941:
936:
929:
925:
920:
913:
907:
900:
895:
888:
883:
881:
873:
868:
866:
864:
862:
860:
858:
856:
854:
852:
850:
848:
846:
844:
842:
840:
838:
836:
834:
832:
830:
828:
826:
824:
822:
814:
813:Snyder (2011)
809:
802:
801:Snyder (2011)
797:
795:
793:
785:
784:Murphy (2000)
780:
778:
776:
774:
767:, pp.127-128.
766:
761:
757:
746:
744:0-88780-070-X
740:
736:
731:
727:
723:
722:
717:
712:
708:
704:
703:
698:
693:
689:
685:
684:
679:
674:
670:
666:
665:
660:
655:
643:
642:
636:
632:
628:
624:
622:9780773523142
618:
614:
613:
607:
603:
599:
598:
593:
588:
584:
582:0-7735-0851-1
578:
574:
573:
567:
563:
559:
558:
553:
548:
547:
539:
536:
535:
529:
526:
516:
513:
512:Normal School
508:
506:
496:
492:
488:
485:
480:
478:
474:
470:
464:
462:
459:, had mainly
458:
454:
450:
445:
436:
427:
424:
421:
418:
414:
408:
406:
402:
397:
392:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
369:
368:John Costigan
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
339:
336:
331:
327:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
308:John Costigan
305:
304:
299:
295:
290:
288:
284:
279:
272:
268:
264:
255:
252:
248:
247:Lord's Prayer
242:
240:
229:
226:
221:
219:
214:
209:
207:
203:
196:
192:
188:
179:
177:
171:
169:
165:
161:
160:
155:
150:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
118:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
82:
78:
76:
72:
67:
57:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
31:
28:
24:
23:
1013:
1001:
968:
959:
952:Spray (2000)
947:
935:
927:
919:
906:
894:
808:
760:
734:
719:
700:
681:
662:
646:. Retrieved
640:
611:
595:
571:
555:
524:
522:
509:
502:
493:
489:
483:
481:
468:
465:
448:
444:Robert Young
441:
425:
422:
412:
409:
395:
393:
388:
384:
362:
349:, Bishop of
340:
334:
332:
328:
323:
311:
301:
297:
294:disallowance
291:
282:
280:
276:
270:
243:
238:
235:
222:
210:
199:
194:
172:
157:
154:Pope Pius IX
151:
145:, Bishop of
124:
110:
99:Upper Canada
88:
79:
65:
63:
37:
21:
20:
18:
963:Wilbur p.22
899:Haag (1912)
648:January 20,
343:John Sweeny
287:John Sweeny
103:Nova Scotia
1030:Categories
1006:Cyr (2000)
994:Cyr (2000)
765:Fay (2002)
753:References
401:Gloucester
258:Opposition
164:liberalism
105:, Premier
71:Saint John
60:Background
930:of 1871."
499:Amendment
442:In 1872,
251:catechism
241:of 1871.
232:Enactment
152:In 1864,
113:of 1864.
942:, p.137.
641:Syllabus
631:48230086
532:See also
461:Acadians
457:Caraquet
351:Montreal
147:Montreal
54:Caraquet
27:Canadian
544:Sources
467:of the
176:Vatican
135:secular
91:Ontario
741:
629:
619:
579:
519:Legacy
353:, and
357:, of
133:over
912:here
739:ISBN
650:2011
627:OCLC
617:ISBN
577:ISBN
523:The
475:and
403:and
131:Pope
19:The
451:in
1032::
980:^
879:^
820:^
791:^
772:^
680:.
625:.
407:.
391:.
289:.
220:.
93:,
996:.
954:.
914:.
901:.
889:.
874:.
803:.
786:.
747:.
728:.
709:.
690:.
671:.
652:.
633:.
604:.
585:.
564:.
273:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
