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572:. Mortality rates associated with the disease are very high, in some events it is observed to be over 90%. Deaths caused by Ranavirus occur in all stages of common frog development and are concentrated mostly during the summer months. Overall, common frog populations affected by ranavirus experience consistent and substantial declines in population size. Recent metagenomics studies on common frogs from the United Kingdom have revealed widespread viral infections of Rana tamanavirus, a positive-sense RNA virus that is closely related to Tamana bat virus, as of yet no pathology or effect on life history traits have been observed.
49:
412:
749:, and the remaining time until winter is used to feed and grow larger. Only the largest frogs will survive the winter, which places a large emphasis on rapid development until then. In fact, a common frog's rate of development correlates with temperature. In lower temperature regions, common frogs will hatch earlier and metamorphosize sooner than common frogs living in warmer climate regions. Sexual maturity occurs only after three years, and common frogs will typically live between six and eight years.
93:
420:
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650:, arachnids, beetles, slugs, snails, and earthworms. In addition, common frogs will typically feed on bigger prey as they become larger. Therefore, newly developed common frogs are limited to smaller insect prey, whereas larger frogs are able to consume a wide range of insects. Common frogs will hide in damp places, such as in the water, during the day, and at night, they will begin searching for food.
793:, development, reproduction, muscle ability, and respiration. As such, common frogs at mid and high elevations have developed a unique set of strategies to survive in cold climates. In fact, it is due to the common frog's ability to thermoregulate so effectively that the species has been able to become so pervasive across a multitude of environments and climates, living as far north as the
2156:
R.; Lentini, Andrew; Livingston, Shannon; Lock, Brad; Mason, Tom; McComb, Alejandra; Morris, Cheryl; Pessier, Allan P.; Olea-Popelka, Francisco; Probst, Tom; Rodriguez, Carlos; Schad, Kristine; Semmen, Kent; Sincage, Jamie; Stamper, M. Andrew; Steinmetz, Jason; Sullivan, Kathleen; Terrell, Scott; Wertan, Nina; Wheaton, Catharine J.; Wilson, Brad; Valdes, Eduardo V. (8 October 2014).
495:, they emerge as late as early June. Common frogs hibernate in running waters, muddy burrows, or in layers of decaying leaves and mud at the bottom of ponds or lakes primarily with a current. The oxygen uptake through the skin suffices to sustain the needs of the cold and motionless frogs during hibernation.
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have a light dorsal band which easily distinguishes them from common frogs. The underbelly is white or yellow (occasionally more orange in females) and can be speckled with brown or orange. The eyes are brown with transparent horizontal pupils, and they have transparent inner eyelids to protect the
2155:
Ferrie, Gina M.; Alford, Vance C.; Atkinson, Jim; Baitchman, Eric; Barber, Diane; Blaner, William S.; Crawshaw, Graham; Daneault, Andy; Dierenfeld, Ellen; Finke, Mark; Fleming, Greg; Gagliardo, Ron; Hoffman, Eric A.; Karasov, William; Klasing, Kirk; Koutsos, Elizabeth; Lankton, Julia; Lavin, Shana
740:
Female common frog clutch sizes range from a few hundred up to 5,000 eggs. Many of these eggs form large aggregates that serve to thermoregulate as well as protect the developing embryo from potential predators. By bunching the eggs together, it raises the temperature of the embryo compared to the
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The common frog takes its place as an unspecialized and opportunistic feeder wherever it is located. In other words, common frogs will consume whatever prey that is most available and easy to capture. This usually means that the common frog feeds by remaining idle and waiting until a suitable prey
546:
The common frog is a very widely distributed species, being common all throughout Europe and northwest Asia. The more peripheral subpopulations of common frogs are significantly less in number, as well as less genetically variable. There is a steep genetic decline when approaching the periphery of
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The presence of a predator in the early development of the tadpole has an effect on its metamorphosis traits. For instance, it can lead to a longer larval period and a smaller size and mass at metamorphosis. Once the predator is removed, the growth rate of the tadpole returns to, or even exceeds,
706:
which leads to lack of physical fighting among males. During breeding season, male common frogs undergo a period of a few days (less than 10 days) where they display rapid and frenzied breeding behavior, during which the purpose of the male is to quickly find and mate with as many female frogs as
529:
The common frog has long been thought to be an entirely introduced species in
Ireland, however, genetic analyses suggest that particular populations in the south west of Ireland are indeed indigenous to the country. The authors propose that the Irish frog population is a mixed group that includes
731:
It is also important to note the effect of size on a male common frog's mating strategies. Smaller frogs, during the pre-spawning period get displaced from the shallow areas of the pond. Therefore, they circumvent this issue by searching for females on the land or in areas of the pond where they
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are able to naturally discriminate others of its kind. Post-embryonic interaction with conspecifics is not necessary to induce associative behavior for common frogs as an adult. Rather, once common frog tadpoles have reached a certain age, they gain a strong innate associative tendency.
592:
between urban populations of common frogs, leading to lower levels of genetic diversity in urban common frog populations compared to their rural counterparts. Urban common frog populations also experience higher levels of mortality and developmental abnormality, indicative of forced
584:, common frogs can make their homes in both urban and rural environments. However, many of the populations living in urban environments are subject to the detrimental effects of urbanization. The construction of roads and buildings – absolute barriers to migration – has stymied
813:. As a result, common frogs must rely on behavioral thermoregulation by seeking out warm microhabitats (such as in the soil or between rocks) during wintertime. Additionally, common frogs will commonly hibernate throughout the winter season in groups to provide bodily heating.
685:
in the male. The male's nuptial pad also swells and becomes more heavily pigmented. Common frogs breed in shallow, still, fresh water such as ponds, with spawning commencing sometime between late
February and late June, but generally in April over the main part of their range.
462:
These smooth-skinned frogs can grow to an average weight of 22.7 grams and length of seven to ten centimeters (2.8-3.9 in) with colors varying from gray to green, brown, yellow, or red and may be covered in blotches. The underbelly is white or yellow often with speckles.
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advised the public to avoid transporting frogspawn, tadpoles or frogs from one pond to another, even if these are close by. It has also been recommended not to place goldfish or exotic frog species in outdoor ponds as this could have a negative effect on the frog population.
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the common frog's distribution range. Additionally, genetic differentiation of common frog subpopulations tends to decrease in relation to increasing latitude. The colder climates create a strong selective pressure favoring common frog populations able to behaviorally
662:
371:), but frogs can easily be distinguished as they have longer legs, hop, and have a moist skin, whereas toads crawl and have a dry 'warty' skin. The spawn of the two species also differs, in that frog spawn is laid in clumps and toad spawn is laid in long strings.
486:
in the coldest months. In the most northern extremities of their range they may be trapped under ice for up to nine months of the year, but recent studies have shown that in these conditions they may be relatively active at temperatures close to freezing. In the
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first arrive. Meanwhile, the larger frogs occupy the spawning site, where they encounter more amplexed pairs and therefore rely on their ability to displace amplexed males to secure a mate. However, the frequency of these takeovers is not consistent.
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frogs have been found with yellow skin and red eyes. During the mating season the male common frog tends to turn greyish-blue (see video below). The average mass is 22.7 g (0.80 oz); the female is usually slightly larger than the male.
261:
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enters the frog's domain of capture. As a corollary, this also means that the common frog's diet changes depending on the season where the associated prey become the most abundant. In the summer, the common frog's diet mostly consists of adult
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surrounding water, which is important because the rate of tadpole development is faster in higher temperatures. Additionally, the eggs are typically laid in the shallower regions of the pond to prevent hypoxia-induced fatality of the embryos.
491:, common frogs typically hibernate from late October to January. They will re-emerge as early as February if conditions are favorable, and migrate to bodies of water such as garden ponds to spawn. Where conditions are harsher, such as in the
459:, on the first digits of the forelegs, used for gripping females during mating. During the mating season males' throats often turn white, and their overall colour is generally light and greyish, whereas the female is browner, or even red.
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It normally takes 2–3 weeks for the eggs to hatch. Afterwards, common frog larvae group up into schools where they help each other feed off of algae and larger plants, as well as avoid predators. By June and July, most tadpoles will have
1704:
Trakimas, Giedrius; Jardine, Timothy D.; Barisevičiūtė, Rūta; Garbaras, Andrius; Skipitytė, Raminta; Remeikis, Vidmantas (6 July 2011). "Ontogenetic dietary shifts in
European common frog (Rana temporaria) revealed by stable isotopes".
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taking place. The shallow portion of the pond, which is more suitable for egg laying, is more predominantly occupied by the larger males. However, once the females arrive, this territoriality quickly dissipates and male-female
263:
987:
Kuzmin, S., Ishchenko, V., Tuniyev, B., Beebee, T., Andreone, F., Nyström, P., Anthony, B.P., Schmidt, B., Ogrodowczyk, A., Ogielska, M., Bosch, J., Miaud, C., Loman, J., Cogalniceanu, D., Kovács, T. & Kiss, I. (2009).
365:, terrestrial juvenile, and adult. They have corpulent bodies with a rounded snout, webbed feet and long hind legs adapted for swimming in water and hopping on land. Common frogs are often confused with the common toad (
439:-shaped spot on the back of their neck and a dark spot behind the eye. Unlike other amphibians, common frogs generally lack a mid-dorsal band but, when they have one, it is comparatively faint. In many countries
1450:
Teacher, A. G. F.; Cunningham, A. A.; Garner, T. W. J. (10 June 2010). "Assessing the long-term impact of
Ranavirus infection in wild common frog populations: Impact of Ranavirus on wild frog populations".
398:
The adult common frog has a body length of 6 to 9 centimetres (2.4 to 3.5 in). In addition, its back and flanks vary in colour from olive green to grey-brown, brown, olive brown, grey, yellowish and
661:
719:. Males will be the first to arrive at the pond and await females as they enter. During this period of pre-female competition, the pond is significantly male dominant, and there is a large amount of
2037:
Griffiths, R. A.; Foster, J. P. (August 1998). "The effect of social interactions on tadpole activity and growth in the
British anuran amphibians ( Bufo bufo , B. calamita , and Rana temporaria )".
568:, which has been responsible for causing declines in amphibian populations worldwide. Two of the main, and most deadly, symptoms caused by Ranavirus towards common frogs are skin ulcerations and
2066:"Context-dependent aggregation in Common Frog Rana temporaria tadpoles: influence of developmental stage, predation risk and social environment: Context-dependent aggregation in frog tadpoles"
403:. However, it can lighten and darken its skin to match its surroundings. Some individuals have more unusual colouration—both black and red individuals have been found in Scotland, and
262:
621:
At metamorphosis, once the tadpole's fore legs have developed, the frog does not feed for a short time. Recently metamorphosed juvenile frog mostly feed on small insects like
728:
pairs are free to migrate wherever in the pond. Additionally, once engaged in an amplexus, it is rare for single males to attempt to displace or "take over" the paired male.
1604:
Stojanova, A.; Mollov, I. (2008). "DIET AND TROPHIC NICHE OVERLAP OF THE MOOR FROG (Rana arvalis
Nilsson, 1842) AND THE COMMON FROG (Rana temporaria L., 1758) FROM POLAND".
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is stimulated by changes in external factors, such as rainfall, day length and temperature, to produce hormones which, in turn, stimulate the production of sex cells –
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Johansson, Markus; Primmer, Craig R.; Merilä, Juha (14 March 2006). "History vs. current demography: explaining the genetic population structure of the common frog (
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with which it shares some of its range. The longer hind legs and fainter colouration of the agile frog are the main features that distinguish the two species.
2160:. Veterinary Medicine, Husbandry, Nutrition, Science, and Research Working Groups of the Ex Situ Amphibian Medicine and Nutrition Workshop (February 2013).
1554:"Genetic substructuring as a result of barriers to gene flow in urban Rana temporaria (common frog) populations: implications for biodiversity conservation"
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possible. Higher rates of mating success in males typically have longer thumbs than single males, which allows them to have a better grip on females.
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344:. The farthest west it can be found is Ireland. It is also found in Asia, and eastward to Japan. The nominative, and most common, subspecies
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eyes while underwater, as well as a 'mask' which covers the eyes and eardrums. Although the common frog has long hind legs compared to the
809:(wood frogs), common frogs do not have the ability to freeze protect themselves by increasing their levels of blood glucose to serve as a
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FrogsWatch.com Web page developed around photographs of the common frog taken in the same suburban garden over a period of 10 years.
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Common frogs have an important place in human ecology by controlling the insect populations. In particular, their consumption of
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2309:
1878:"Latitudinal countergradient variation in the common frog (Rana temporaria) development rates – evidence for local adaptation"
350:
is a largely terrestrial frog native to Europe. It is distributed throughout northern Europe and can be found in
Ireland, the
3002:
2892:
1408:
Ludwig, Gerda; Sinsch, Ulrich; Pelster, Bernd (1 April 2015). "Behavioural adaptations of Rana temporaria to cold climates".
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tadpoles, however, mostly feed on algae and decomposed plants, but once their hind legs develop, they become carnivorous.
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Male during breeding season showing the nuptial pad, white throat and a blue grey hue over the normal black and brown skin
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2227:
1669:
Houston, W. W. K. (October 1973). "The food of the Common frog, Rana temporaria, on high moorland in northern
England".
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1974:"Different time patterns of the presence of red-eared slider influence the ontogeny dynamics of common frog tadpoles"
1812:"Apparent lack of territoriality during the breeding season in a boreal population of common frogs Rana temporaria L"
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Around three years after being born, the common frog will return to its original site of birth and release a
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937:, due to their ecological pervasiveness and relative abundance, have become a common laboratory specimen.
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1272:): routes of postglacial colonization into the British Isles, and evidence for an Irish glacial refugium"
17:
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1840:"The breeding migration and mating system of a Swiss population of the common frog Rana temporaria"
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baseline. This influence of predator threat is only significant during early tadpole development.
997:
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Common frogs are found throughout much of Europe as far north as northern
Scandinavia inside the
92:
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and the larvae of butterflies and moths. To a slightly lesser extent, common frogs will feed on
2992:
2819:
2614:
1136:
1488:"A novel tamanavirus (Flaviviridae) of the European common frog (Rana temporaria) from the UK"
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tend to aggregate as the result of environmental pressures, such as temperature or predators.
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The flanks, limbs and backs are covered with irregular dark blotches and they usually sport a
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1932:"Phenology of spawning for the Common Frog (Rana temporaria L.) in Finland from 1846 to 1986"
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Males are distinguishable from females as they are smaller and have hard swellings, known as
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1985:
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538:, natural post-glacial colonizers and recent artificial introductions from Western Europe.
8:
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1989:
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Parry RH, Slonchak A, Campbell LJ, Newton ND, Debat HJ, Gifford RJ; et al. (2023).
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2019:
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993:
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992:(errata version published in 2016). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2009:
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2417:
789:, the common frog is very reliant on temperature as it directly influences their
674:
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Of the many diseases affecting common frogs, one of the most deadly has been the
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Due to the spread of diseases such as ranavirus, the UK based amphibian charity
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1997:
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Choir of greyish males and a few brownish females still present in a small pond
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801:, which is further north than any other amphibian in the region. Contrary to
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2015:
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and other crop-damaging insects has been especially valuable. In addition,
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One of the common frog's most pervasive predators is the red-eared slider (
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1955:
869:, dragonfly larvae and birds. Adult frogs have many predators including
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Outside the breeding season, common frogs live a solitary life in damp
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242:
2175:
1972:
Vodrážková, M.; Ĺ etlĂková, I.; Navrátil, J.; Berec, M. (12 May 2022).
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Laugen, A. T.; Laurila, A.; Rasanen, K.; Merila, J. (September 2003).
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2736:
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Teacher, A. G. F.; T. W. J. Garner; R. A. Nichols (21 January 2009).
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803:
786:
647:
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321:
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514:. Other areas where the common frog has been introduced include the
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1645:"Tadpole to frog: development stages & metamorphosis – Saga"
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through three distinct developmental life stages — aquatic
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921:, and large numbers are killed on the roads by motor vehicles.
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grass. They are normally active for much of the year, only
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have established themselves as a wild population in NĂłlsoy
415:
Captive common frog tadpoles eating a crushed garden snail
1552:
Hitchings, Susan P.; Beebee, Trevor J. C. (August 1997).
1038:
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and snakes. Some frogs are killed, but rarely eaten, by
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2004 provide improved ingredients for manufacturers of
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1157:. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. pp. 510, 511.
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2150:
2148:
653:
600:However, the common frog is listed as a species of
526:. It is also found in Asia, and eastward to Japan.
1967:
1965:
328:, found throughout much of Europe as far north as
2145:
1767:
1599:
1597:
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1545:
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1925:
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1921:
1137:"Common frog | amphibian | Britannica"
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1962:
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777:), which is a very invasive species of turtle.
559:
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1918:
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1268:"European phylogeography of the common frog (
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2111:. Scottish National Heritage. Archived from
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1534:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1479:
1440:
1341:
1339:
1152:
998:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009.RLTS.T58734A11834246.en
390:is the most common subspecies of this frog.
2158:Nutrition and health in amphibian husbandry
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431:Common frog mass spawning event in the wild
374:There are 3 subspecies of the common frog,
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756:Common frog camouflaged in autumn leaves.
629:(mites and ticks), and small fly larvae.
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761:Development in the presence of predators
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426:
418:
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1322:"Irish frogs may have survived Ice Age"
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1109:Kuzmin, Sergius L. (10 November 1999).
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14:
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925:Interactions with humans and livestock
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694:Like its close cousin, the moor frog (
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448:, they are shorter than those of the
2950:68D50A17-D285-4F47-B45D-E11CA1349203
2768:38b6cb30-d827-4977-8799-2038969e2826
2228:"Spawn & tadpoles: in my garden"
2090:
1143:
1069:Complete British Wildlife Photoguide
478:near ponds or marshes or among long
2973:IUCN Red List least concern species
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780:
606:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
510:, southern Italy, and the southern
340:, southern Italy, and the southern
24:
1683:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1973.tb02212.x
1215:Dunlop, David (26 February 2004).
1002:
816:
25:
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2593:
2275:
2099:
2083:10.1046/j.1365-2435.1999.00375.x
2064:Nicieza, A. G. (December 1999).
1895:10.1046/j.1420-9101.2003.00560.x
1773:
1465:10.1111/j.1469-1795.2010.00373.x
1372:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.02866.x
1222:. Lancashire BAP. Archived from
654:Reproduction and mating patterns
580:Due to the widespread nature of
91:
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1882:Journal of Evolutionary Biology
1761:"AmphibiaWeb – Rana temporaria"
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1328:. 17 March 2009. Archived from
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530:native frogs that survived the
2318:Selected species in the genus
2102:"Common frog: rana temporaria"
1837:
1809:
1426:10.1016/j.jtherbio.2015.02.006
1407:
1241:
1208:
1129:
393:
13:
1:
2142:magazine Summer 2004, page 66
1838:Ryser, Jan (1 January 1989).
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735:
673:During the spring the frog's
3003:Amphibians described in 1758
2166:. Vol. 33, no. 6.
1971:
1326:Zoological Society of London
865:Tadpoles are eaten by fish,
860:
560:Long-term impact of diseases
542:Genetic population structure
307:European Holarctic true frog
271:calling in a garden pond in
32:Common frog (disambiguation)
7:
3008:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
616:
10:
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3013:Habitats Directive species
1998:10.1038/s41598-022-11561-6
1703:
1668:
1603:
1410:Journal of Thermal Biology
940:
354:and as far east as Japan.
347:Rana temporaria temporaria
299:European common brown frog
29:
2621:
2590:
2328:
2051:10.1017/S0952836998008061
1936:Annales Zoologici Fennici
1930:Terhivuo, Juhani (1988).
1929:
1875:
1719:10.1007/s10750-011-0804-3
1031:"Common frog, grass frog"
960:for farmed common frogs.
773:Trachemys scripta elegans
636:
336:, except for most of the
249:
240:
219:
214:
193:
186:
88:Scientific classification
86:
64:
55:
46:
41:
856:feeding on a common frog
467:Habitat and distribution
1857:10.1163/156853889X00269
1810:Elmberg, Johan (1986).
721:intrasexual competition
690:Competition among males
611:
502:and as far east as the
332:and as far east as the
1816:Herpetological Journal
1625:Cite journal requires
1192:. ENFO. Archived from
857:
757:
670:
576:Impact of urbanization
432:
424:
416:
276:
2919:Paleobiology Database
1153:Roots, Clive (2006).
1067:Sterry, Paul (1997).
852:
805:Lithobates sylvaticus
755:
668:
506:, except for most of
430:
422:
414:
293:), also known as the
266:
2983:Amphibians of Europe
2763:Fauna Europaea (new)
2256:Amphibians of Europe
2170:. pp. 485–501.
1746:Animal Diversity Web
1571:10.1038/hdy.1997.134
1504:10.1099/jgv.0.001927
1291:10.1038/hdy.2008.133
1229:on 27 September 2007
1196:on 28 September 2007
1182:"The Common Frog – (
295:European common frog
30:For other uses, see
27:Species of amphibian
2988:Arctic land animals
2118:on 15 February 2010
1990:2022NatSR..12.7876V
1776:"Frog Reproduction"
1453:Animal Conservation
1418:2015JTBio..49...82L
1364:2006MolEc..15..975J
1217:"Common Frog final"
711:Mating interactions
681:in the females and
532:last glacial period
315:European brown frog
303:European grass frog
58:Conservation status
2070:Functional Ecology
2039:Journal of Zoology
1978:Scientific Reports
1786:on 21 January 2019
1671:Journal of Zoology
1045:on 28 October 2002
858:
758:
671:
551:at a high degree.
433:
425:
417:
384:R. t. palvipalmata
311:European pond frog
277:
233:R. t. parvipalmata
179:R. temporaria
2960:
2959:
2906:Open Tree of Life
2615:Taxon identifiers
2606:
2605:
2176:10.1002/zoo.21180
2168:Wiley Periodicals
1844:Amphibia-Reptilia
1741:"Rana temporaria"
1352:Molecular Ecology
821:Similar to other
702:does not exhibit
666:
338:Iberian Peninsula
264:
258:
257:
81:
16:(Redirected from
3020:
2998:Fauna of Finland
2953:
2952:
2940:
2939:
2927:
2926:
2914:
2913:
2901:
2900:
2888:
2887:
2875:
2874:
2862:
2861:
2859:NBNSYS0000005060
2849:
2848:
2836:
2835:
2823:
2822:
2810:
2809:
2797:
2796:
2784:
2783:
2771:
2770:
2758:
2757:
2745:
2744:
2732:
2731:
2719:
2718:
2706:
2705:
2693:
2692:
2683:
2682:
2670:
2669:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2610:
2609:
2600:Frogs portal
2598:
2597:
2596:
2530:R. t. temporaria
2312:
2305:
2298:
2289:
2288:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2271:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2224:
2218:
2213:
2195:
2152:
2143:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2117:
2106:
2097:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2009:
1969:
1960:
1959:
1927:
1916:
1915:
1897:
1873:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1835:
1824:
1823:
1807:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1782:. Archived from
1771:
1765:
1764:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1628:
1623:
1621:
1613:
1601:
1592:
1591:
1573:
1549:
1540:
1539:
1533:
1525:
1515:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1447:
1438:
1437:
1412:. 49–50: 82–90.
1405:
1392:
1391:
1343:
1334:
1333:
1332:on 18 June 2009.
1318:
1312:
1311:
1293:
1263:
1254:
1253:. jenskjeld.info
1245:
1239:
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1236:
1234:
1228:
1221:
1212:
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1141:
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1133:
1127:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1106:
1087:
1086:
1064:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1041:. Archived from
1035:Nature Wildfacts
1027:
1000:
985:
781:Thermoregulation
667:
388:R. t. temporaria
376:R. t. temporaria
265:
250:Distribution of
245:
223:R. t. temporaria
199:
96:
95:
75:
70:
69:
51:
39:
38:
21:
3028:
3027:
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3022:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3017:
2963:
2962:
2961:
2956:
2948:
2943:
2935:
2930:
2922:
2917:
2909:
2904:
2896:
2891:
2883:
2880:Observation.org
2878:
2870:
2865:
2857:
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2844:
2839:
2831:
2826:
2818:
2813:
2805:
2800:
2792:
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2753:
2748:
2740:
2735:
2727:
2722:
2714:
2709:
2701:
2696:
2688:
2686:
2680:Rana-temporaria
2678:
2673:
2665:
2660:
2653:Rana temporaria
2651:
2650:
2645:
2636:
2635:
2630:
2623:Rana temporaria
2617:
2607:
2602:
2594:
2592:
2586:
2574:R. zhenhaiensis
2324:
2316:
2286:
2276:
2274:
2266:
2252:
2247:
2246:
2236:
2234:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2153:
2146:
2135:
2131:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2104:
2098:
2091:
2062:
2058:
2035:
2031:
1970:
1963:
1928:
1919:
1888:(5): 996–1005.
1874:
1865:
1836:
1827:
1808:
1799:
1789:
1787:
1780:Frog-garden.com
1772:
1768:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1702:
1698:
1667:
1663:
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1642:
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1626:
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1615:
1614:
1602:
1595:
1550:
1543:
1527:
1526:
1484:
1480:
1448:
1441:
1406:
1395:
1348:Rana temporaria
1344:
1337:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1270:Rana temporaria
1264:
1257:
1249:Rana temporaria
1246:
1242:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1219:
1213:
1209:
1199:
1197:
1184:Rana temporaria
1180:
1179:
1172:
1165:
1151:
1144:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1120:
1118:
1107:
1090:
1083:
1065:
1058:
1048:
1046:
1029:
1028:
1003:
990:Rana temporaria
986:
979:
974:
943:
935:Rana temporaria
927:
863:
844:Rana temporaria
839:Rana temporaria
828:Bufo americanus
819:
817:Social behavior
783:
763:
747:metamorphosized
738:
713:
692:
675:pituitary gland
658:
656:
639:
631:Rana temporaria
619:
614:
582:Rana temporaria
578:
562:
557:
544:
469:
396:
380:R. t. honnorati
290:Rana temporaria
269:Rana temporaria
260:
252:Rana temporaria
228:R. t. honnorati
210:
201:
197:Rana temporaria
195:
182:
90:
82:
71:
67:
60:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3026:
3016:
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3010:
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3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
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2975:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2954:
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2928:
2915:
2902:
2889:
2876:
2863:
2850:
2837:
2824:
2811:
2798:
2785:
2772:
2759:
2750:Fauna Europaea
2746:
2733:
2720:
2707:
2694:
2684:
2671:
2658:
2643:
2627:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2604:
2603:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2577:
2570:
2563:
2560:R. weinigensis
2556:
2549:
2542:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2519:
2512:
2505:
2498:
2491:
2484:
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2300:
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2263:
2258:
2251:
2250:External links
2248:
2245:
2244:
2219:
2144:
2129:
2089:
2076:(6): 852–858.
2056:
2045:(4): 431–437.
2029:
1961:
1942:(2): 165–175.
1917:
1863:
1825:
1797:
1766:
1752:
1732:
1696:
1677:(2): 153–165.
1661:
1636:
1627:|journal=
1593:
1564:(2): 117–127.
1541:
1478:
1459:(5): 514–522.
1439:
1393:
1358:(4): 975–983.
1335:
1313:
1284:(5): 490–496.
1255:
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1001:
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867:diving beetles
862:
859:
834:Rana sylvatica
818:
815:
811:cryoprotectant
782:
779:
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737:
734:
712:
709:
704:territoriality
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574:
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549:thermoregulate
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324:of the family
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2993:Animal models
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2527:
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2525:
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2523:R. temporaria
2520:
2518:
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2440:
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2419:
2418:R. grandocula
2415:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2406:
2405:
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2399:
2398:
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2013:
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1707:Hydrobiologia
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1164:0-313-33544-3
1160:
1156:
1149:
1147:
1138:
1132:
1117:. AmphibiaWeb
1116:
1114:
1113:Rana temporia
1105:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1084:
1082:0-583-33638-8
1078:
1074:
1073:HarperCollins
1070:
1063:
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1044:
1040:
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1026:
1024:
1022:
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1016:
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999:
995:
991:
984:
982:
977:
969:
966:
961:
959:
955:
951:
947:
946:R. temporaria
938:
936:
932:
922:
920:
919:domestic cats
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
875:birds of prey
872:
868:
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836:
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829:
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795:Arctic Circle
792:
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767:
754:
750:
748:
742:
733:
729:
727:
722:
718:
708:
705:
701:
700:R. Temporaria
697:
687:
684:
680:
676:
651:
649:
645:
634:
632:
628:
624:
609:
607:
603:
602:least concern
598:
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583:
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524:Faroe Islands
521:
517:
516:Isle of Lewis
513:
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496:
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489:British Isles
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357:Common frogs
355:
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352:Isle of Lewis
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188:Binomial name
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2546:R. vaillanti
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2390:R. dybowskii
2388:
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2376:R. dalmatina
2374:
2369:R. draytonii
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2346:
2339:
2334:R. amurensis
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2319:
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2232:froglife.org
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625:(hexapods),
620:
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570:hemorrhaging
563:
555:Conservation
545:
534:in ice free
528:
518:, Shetland,
497:
470:
461:
457:nuptial pads
454:
434:
397:
387:
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359:metamorphose
356:
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319:semi-aquatic
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2802:iNaturalist
2662:AmphibiaWeb
2647:Wikispecies
2581:R. zweifeli
2481:R. pretiosa
2446:R. lessonae
2362:R. cascadae
2163:Zoo Biology
2122:10 November
2109:All about..
1984:(1): 7876.
1822:(2): 81–83.
1492:J Gen Virol
1155:Hibernation
958:pellet food
799:Scandinavia
717:mating call
644:crane flies
484:hibernating
446:common toad
394:Description
330:Scandinavia
281:common frog
215:Subspecies
18:Common Frog
2967:Categories
2516:R. taylori
2495:R. sierrae
2488:R. sauteri
2460:R. muscosa
2439:R. iriodes
2432:R. italica
2425:R. iberica
2404:R. forreri
2397:R. fisheri
2341:R. arvalis
1649:saga.co.uk
1071:. London:
972:References
854:Grey heron
791:metabolism
736:Life cycle
696:R. arvalis
623:Collembola
595:inbreeding
450:agile frog
441:moor frogs
285:grass frog
254:in Europe
2567:R. zhengi
2411:R. graeca
2355:R. boylii
2348:R. blairi
2184:0733-3188
2024:248759763
1948:0003-455X
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1691:0952-8369
1300:0018-067X
931:mosquitos
885:, ducks,
861:Predators
825:species (
787:ectotherm
586:gene flow
566:Ranavirus
368:Bufo bufo
322:amphibian
275:, Belgium
173:Species:
111:Kingdom:
105:Eukaryota
2820:10195901
2687:BioLib:
2632:Wikidata
2539:R. uenoi
2509:R. tagoi
2383:R. dunni
2210:17636001
2202:25296396
2016:35552438
1956:23734521
1912:22444241
1904:14635915
1790:23 March
1727:39126267
1654:17 March
1610:83200707
1558:Heredity
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1513:10770923
1473:85889833
1434:25774030
1388:30974911
1380:16599961
1308:19156165
1277:Heredity
1233:9 August
1200:9 August
1121:9 August
1049:9 August
965:Froglife
952:. Miles
907:polecats
726:amplexed
648:woodlice
617:Juvenile
522:and the
480:riparian
204:Linnaeus
151:Family:
135:Amphibia
125:Chordata
121:Phylum:
115:Animalia
101:Domain:
78:IUCN 3.1
2945:ZooBank
2898:1488291
2781:2426805
2467:R. onca
2217:743535.
2215:NIHMSID
2193:4685711
2007:9098440
1986:Bibcode
1588:6284299
1580:9279008
1414:Bibcode
1360:Bibcode
1190:enfo.ie
941:Farming
911:badgers
903:weasels
627:Acarina
604:on the
536:refugia
512:Balkans
473:wetland
437:chevron
342:Balkans
326:Ranidae
317:, is a
161:Genus:
155:Ranidae
141:Order:
131:Class:
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2924:288767
2833:173444
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2742:RANSTE
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508:Iberia
476:niches
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273:Jambes
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2282:Frogs
2206:S2CID
2140:Birds
2116:(PDF)
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883:gulls
879:crows
683:sperm
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504:Urals
363:larva
334:Urals
267:Male
145:Anura
2893:OBIS
2872:8407
2867:NCBI
2841:IUCN
2828:ITIS
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2776:GBIF
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2180:ISSN
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2124:2010
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1944:ISSN
1900:PMID
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