413:(UNODC). It also prepares and monitors policy documents addressing the world drug problem. The main policy documents of the preceding decade are the 2009 Political Declaration and Plan of Action on International Cooperation towards an Integrated and Balanced Strategy to Counter the World Drug Problem, the Joint Ministerial Statement of the 2014 high-level review by the Commission on Narcotic Drugs of the implementation by Member States of the Political Declaration and Plan of Action and the outcome document of the thirtieth special session of the General Assembly, entitled "Our joint commitment to effectively addressing and countering the world drug problem". In March 2019, the CND adopted a Ministerial Declaration, in which it committed to accelerating the full implementation of these three policy documents and resolved to review the progress in implementing all international drug policy commitments in 2029, with a mid-term review in 2024.
40:
217:
399:
2292:
156:
2281:
2098:
856:"Commission on Narcotic Drugs : 1st session : resolution on the transfer to the United Nations of powers and functions formerly exercised by the League of Nations under the agreements, conventions, and protocols on narcotic drugs : adopted by the Commission on Narcotic Drugs at its meeting on 11 December 1946 (morning)"
243:, the Commission on Narcotic Drugs was established as early as 1946, by ECOSOC resolution 9(I). Initially, the CND was composed of only 15 countries "Members of the United Nations, which are important producing or manufacturing countries or countries in which illicit traffic in narcotics constitutes a serious social problem."
301:
in supervising the application of international conventions and agreements dealing with narcotic drugs. In
December 1991, General Assembly resolution 46/104 assigned the CND the additional role of the governing body of the United Nations International Drug Control Programme, nowadays administered by
371:
Each schedule and table entails a specific control regime. According to article 3 of the 1961 Convention, article 2 of the 1971 Convention and article 12 of the 1988 Convention, the CND decides on the addition of substances to the schedules/tables, as well as the transfer or deletion of substances.
597:
Being composed of government and ministerial representatives with permanent mission in Vienna, the
Commission on Narcotic Drugs is regarded more of a political commission as opposed to a group of experts, which is why many discussions and negotiations are not based on in-depth knowledge on drug
2093:
1392:
720:
387:
569:(former UNODC Executive-Director) as: "the willingness and dedication of all concerned to pull together to find joint solutions, even on the most difficult topics". The "Vienna Consensus" has however been the focus of a number of criticisms in recent years.
598:
policy issues. In addition, decisions taken within the CND are primarily outcomes of time-consuming political negotiations which need to result in a consensus, allowing policy perspectives to be pushed aside by political interests of certain stakeholders.
2071:
694:
354:
372:
After the votes, States
Parties can request a review of the scheduling decisions of the CND by the ECOSOC following article 3 (8) of the 1961 Convention, article 2 (8) of the 1971 Convention and article 12 (7) of the 1988 Convention.
544:
Other countries not among the 53 CND Members are still allowed to attend CND meetings and negotiate decisions and resolutions: CND membership only allows to table new drafts, and vote on scheduling recommendations.
2065:
572:
Scheduling decisions under the international drug control conventions are governed by the rules of procedure contained in the 1961, 1971, and 1988 Conventions respectively, as they supersede following the
1343:
229:
1830:
1824:
364:
Psychotropic substances are placed under international control by including them in one of the four schedules of the 1971 Convention (2/3rd majority vote), upon recommendation of the WHO;
1534:
1771:
1753:
447:
428:
2123:
1735:
361:
Narcotic drugs are placed under international control by including them in one of the four schedules of the 1961 Convention (simple majority vote), upon recommendation of the WHO;
1836:
2053:
483:
1015:
1642:
2105:
2012:
994:
973:
922:
752:
2141:
1765:
640:
The CND is also criticized for leaving little room to the representation of civil society stakeholders, in particular NGOs, academics, and affected populations.
601:
Another aspect of criticism of the CND is related to the bureaucratic nature of the commission's working process. While the CND focuses on the issue of drugs (a
420:. It further approves, based on a proposal of the executive director, the budget of the United Nations International Drug Control Programme, administered by the
416:
The CND, performing its duties as a governing body, adopts during its regular sessions resolutions to provide policy guidance and monitors the activities of the
177:
581:
doctrine . Nonetheless, the CND sometimes disregards both ECOSOC rules of procedure and treaty-based requirements, as was the case during the considerations of
337:
The CND may make recommendation for the implementation of the
Conventions, according to article 8 of the 1961 Convention and article 17 of the 1971 Convention.
446:
A short reconvened session, usually held in
December, addresses administrative and budget matters. During December sessions, joint meetings are held with the
2245:
2170:
2079:
2006:
518:
From among the States
Members of the United Nations and members of the specialized agencies and the Parties to the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961;
2322:
2284:
2085:
634:
2188:
2135:
1903:
1847:
1672:
321:
Operational, policy-guidance functions as the governing body of the United
Nations International Drug Control Programme, which is administered by the
2129:
2059:
1041:
367:
Precursors are placed under international control by including them in one of the two tables of the 1988 Convention, upon recommendation of the INCB.
1789:
1777:
622:
1483:
1867:
1665:
565:. Notwithstanding the rules of procedure, the Commission usually adopts decisions by consensus in the "Vienna spirit" that has been described by
2265:
2200:
1818:
1812:
1655:
1633:
1226:
943:
2194:
17:
901:
346:
2327:
2212:
2182:
1975:
1721:
1251:
908:
649:
614:
181:
126:
409:
The
Commission on Narcotic Drugs provides policy guidance for the United Nations International Drug Control Programme, managed by the
2251:
1861:
1366:
1106:
2030:
1926:
1230:
1212:
1191:
1152:
1131:
1110:
1019:
1001:
980:
947:
929:
840:
661:
451:
421:
417:
410:
322:
303:
193:
657:
197:
189:
1678:
795:
1639:
1023:
2241:
2018:
1891:
1783:
1684:
1467:
1326:
1244:
1078:
833:"Resolution of the Economic and Social Council on 16 February 1946 on the establishment of a Commission on Narcotic Drugs..."
688:
672:
380:
350:
205:
1963:
1957:
1530:
630:
2255:
2147:
1885:
682:
618:
880:"United Nations International Drug Control Programme: Resolution adopted by the General Assembly [A/RES/46/104]"
2317:
2261:
490:
290:. At its first meeting, the CND resolved to take over all powers and mandates related to drugs previously held by the
2024:
1932:
1873:
1855:
504:
2047:
1712:
1205:
1184:
1795:
1393:"Waltzing on the Vienna Consensus on Drug Control? Tensions in the International System for the Control of Drugs"
1269:
1170:
887:
875:
402:
1969:
860:
554:
468:
76:
769:
287:
1535:"On International Human Rights Day, UN drugs body silences UN human rights expert on ground-breaking report"
832:
1305:
1283:
1145:
1879:
1509:
102:
388:
removal of cannabis and cannabis resin from
Schedule IV of the Single Convention on narcotic drugs, 1961
2176:
725:
2153:
1920:
667:
626:
582:
376:
201:
1652:
1124:
951:
467:, serving four-year terms, with the following distribution of seats among regions, following the
357:), the Commission on Narcotic Drugs is mandated to decide on the scope of control of substances:
1914:
1581:"The Meaningful Participation of 'Stakeholders' in Global Drug Policy Debates—A Policy Comment"
695:
United
Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances
497:
1565:
1088:
1690:
800:
606:
185:
1627:
521:
With due regard to the adequate representation of countries that are important producers of
1987:
1705:
705:
610:
534:
146:
334:
The CND is the prime policymaking body in the field of international drug control policy.
8:
715:
602:
2101:
Goods and on the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals
1606:
1430:
1449:
1063:
Riboulet-Zemouli, Kenzi; Krawitz, Michael A.; Ghehiouèche, Farid (29 September 2021).
613:) the CND rarely establishes coordination with other relevant UN agencies such as the
318:
Treaty-based and normative functions under the international drug control conventions,
1610:
1598:
1585:
International Development Policy | Revue internationale de politique de développement
1553:
1463:
1434:
1422:
1084:
1074:
879:
291:
233:
225:
80:
1998:
1938:
1588:
1455:
1412:
1404:
286:. The CND first met in December 1946 under the chairmanship of Canadian ambassador
654:
The three other bodies mandated under the international drug control conventions:
2296:
1698:
1659:
1646:
586:
558:
464:
160:
1065:"History, Science, and Politics of International Cannabis Scheduling, 2015–2021"
1580:
855:
730:
375:
Proposals to change the scope of control of substances can only be made by the
275:
247:
84:
39:
2219:
United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East
1408:
514:
ECOSOC resolutions 845(XXXII) and 1147(XLI) provide that members are elected:
2311:
1602:
1459:
1426:
576:
476:
386:
In 2020, the commission was brought to public attention when voting upon the
398:
1064:
566:
561:
rather than individuals. Decisions and resolutions are taken following the
529:
leaves, of countries that are important in the field of the manufacture of
279:
240:
216:
537:
or the illicit traffic in narcotic drugs constitutes an important problem;
1036:
710:
540:
Taking into account the principle of equitable geographical distribution.
259:
2291:
1593:
155:
1909:
1417:
283:
220:
Charles Henry Ludovic Sharman (pictured 1938) was the CND's first chair
133:
2225:
United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women
1327:"Resolution of the United Nations Economic and Social Council 1991/38"
1245:"Resolution of the United Nations Economic and Social Council 1991/38"
1043:
Scheduling Procedures under the International Drug Control Conventions
1685:
U.S. and U.N. drug policy directors butt heads over needle exchanges
1529:
944:"Schedules and Tables of the international drug control conventions"
510:
1 seat rotates between the Asia-Pacific and GRULAC every four years.
230:
Advisory Committee on the Traffic in Opium and Other Dangerous Drugs
2224:
1772:
United Nations Commission on Science and Technology for Development
530:
1754:
United Nations Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice
1265:
1166:
1062:
2124:
United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute
1736:
List of members of the United Nations Economic and Social Council
314:
The Commission on Narcotic Drugs has two distinct mandate areas:
2094:
Committee of Experts on International Cooperation in Tax Matters
2066:
Committee of Experts on Global Geospatial Information Management
1898:
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
1266:"Resolution of the United Nations General Assembly A/Res/46/185"
184:(ECOSOC), and is the central drug policy-making body within the
2206:
1981:
1897:
1367:"The Vienna Consensus is broken, and we're not going to fix it"
874:
828:
298:
271:
267:
1720:
2218:
1069:
1037:
809:
522:
251:
2072:
Intergovernmental Working Group of Experts on International
1681:, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 1 January 1966.
1092:
526:
263:
255:
2013:
International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes
1679:
Twenty Years of Narcotics Control Under the United Nations
1666:
Commentaries to the international drug control conventions
563:
Rules of Procedure of the Functional Commissions of ECOSOC
345:
Under the international drug control conventions (namely:
443:
The main session is held during a week, usually in March.
2142:
United Nations Research Institute for Social Development
770:"Bulletin on Narcotics – Volume LIX, nos. 1 and 2, 2007"
1766:
United Nations Commission on Population and Development
1507:
2207:
United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund
188:. The CND also has important mandates under the three
2171:
High-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development
2007:
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
796:"Evolution of international drug control, 1945–1995"
192:, alongside the three other treaty-mandated bodies:
2099:Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous
429:
Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice
2189:United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
2136:United Nations Institute for Training and Research
1904:United Nations Industrial Development Organization
1673:Evolution of International Drug Control, 1945–1995
679:The three international drug control conventions:
236:on 15 December 1920, which met from 1921 to 1940.
2242:Functional Commission on Sustainable Development
2130:United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research
2060:Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
458:
2309:
1790:United Nations Commission on the Status of Women
1778:United Nations Commission for Social Development
605:topic which also concerns human rights, health,
27:Central drug policy-making body of the UN System
1868:International Fund for Agricultural Development
1628:Commission on Narcotic Drugs – official website
1451:International Drug Control: Consensus Fractured
774:United Nations : Office on Drugs and Crime
2201:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
2054:Committee of Experts on Public Administration
1706:
1447:
1332:. United Nations Economic and Social Council.
2195:United Nations Sustainable Development Group
1040:Secretariat to the Governing Bodies (2020).
995:"The International Drug Control Conventions"
974:"The International Drug Control Conventions"
923:"The International Drug Control Conventions"
753:"The International Drug Control Conventions"
548:
379:(for the 1961 and 1971 Conventions) and the
340:
2106:Committee on Non-Governmental Organizations
1760:United Nations Commission on Narcotic Drugs
1675:, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.
1510:"The UN Drug Control Conventions: a primer"
793:
758:. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.
574:
232:, established by the first Assembly of the
2323:United Nations Economic and Social Council
2213:United Nations Office for Project Services
2183:Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS
1976:United Nations Human Settlements Programme
1722:United Nations Economic and Social Council
1713:
1699:
1668:, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
1662:, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
1649:, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
1636:, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
1630:, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
1508:Transnational Institute (8 October 2015).
1252:United Nations Economic and Social Council
909:United Nations Economic and Social Council
351:1961 Convention on Psychotropic Substances
1862:International Civil Aviation Organization
1592:
1454:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1416:
505:Western European and others (WEOG) states
2031:Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency
1927:World Intellectual Property Organization
1231:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
1213:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
1192:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
1153:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
1132:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
1111:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
1020:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
1002:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
981:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
948:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
930:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
841:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
662:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
491:Latin America and the Caribbean (GRULAC)
411:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
397:
347:1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs
323:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
304:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
215:
194:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
1578:
1390:
1364:
635:UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues
355:1988 Convention against Illicit Traffic
14:
2310:
2252:Functional Commission on Human Rights
2080:Group of Experts on Geographical Names
1653:International Drug Control Conventions
827:
533:drugs, and of countries in which drug
439:The CND meets usually twice annually:
431:, is the governing body of the UNODC.
329:
297:At first, CND's mandate was to assist
190:international drug control conventions
2074:Standards of Accounting and Reporting
2019:International Development Association
1892:International Telecommunication Union
1784:United Nations Statistical Commission
1694:
1058:
1056:
794:Bayer, István; Ghodse, Hamid (1999).
689:Convention on Psychotropic Substances
673:International Narcotics Control Board
381:International Narcotics Control Board
228:, the predecessor of the CND was the
206:International Narcotics Control Board
1964:United Nations Environment Programme
1958:United Nations Development Programme
1531:International Drug Policy Consortium
823:
821:
819:
631:United Nations Development Programme
2148:United Nations System Staff College
1886:International Maritime Organization
1397:Leiden Journal of International Law
683:Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs
309:
24:
2262:International Refugee Organization
2086:United Nations Permanent Forum on
1107:"Mandate and functions of the CND"
1053:
623:High Commissioner for Human Rights
393:
25:
2339:
2328:Organizations established in 1946
2025:International Finance Corporation
1933:World Meteorological Organization
1874:International Labour Organization
1856:Food and Agriculture Organization
1621:
1579:Fordham, Ann (1 September 2020).
816:
589:and cannabis-related substances.
2290:
2280:
2279:
2048:Committee for Development Policy
1687:, Associated Press, 9 March 2005
1484:"Detailed scheduling procedures"
1448:Bewley-Taylor, David R. (2012).
154:
38:
1825:Latin America and the Caribbean
1796:United Nations Forum on Forests
1572:
1523:
1501:
1476:
1441:
1384:
1358:
1336:
1319:
1298:
1276:
1270:United Nations General Assembly
1258:
1237:
1219:
1198:
1177:
1171:United Nations General Assembly
1159:
1138:
1117:
1099:
1030:
1008:
987:
966:
888:United Nations General Assembly
876:United Nations General Assembly
403:United Nations Office at Vienna
246:The first members were Canada,
1982:United Nations Children's Fund
1970:United Nations Population Fund
1206:"2019 Ministerial Declaration"
1185:"2019 Ministerial Declaration"
1167:"2016 UNGASS outcome document"
936:
915:
894:
868:
861:United Nations Digital Library
848:
787:
762:
745:
615:Joint UN Programme on HIV/AIDS
469:United Nations Regional Groups
463:CND membership consists of 53
459:Membership and decision making
77:Intergovernmental organization
13:
1:
2254:(UNCHR - Replaced in 2006 by
808:(1 & 2): 003 – via
738:
288:Charles Henry Ludovic Sharman
1125:"2009 Political Declaration"
592:
170:Commission on Narcotic Drugs
33:Commission on Narcotic Drugs
18:Commission on Narcotic Drugs
7:
2264:(IRO - Replaced in 1952 by
2244:(CSD - Replaced in 2013 by
1880:International Monetary Fund
643:
434:
427:The CND, together with the
383:(for the 1988 Convention).
182:Economic and Social Council
103:Vienna International Center
60:; 78 years ago
10:
2344:
2177:International Trade Centre
1671:Bayer, I. and Ghodse, H.:
726:Substance abuse prevention
721:Cannabis treaty scheduling
405:where the Commission meets
211:
2318:Drug policy organizations
2275:
2234:
2163:
2154:United Nations University
2114:
2040:
1997:
1948:
1921:World Health Organization
1846:
1805:
1744:
1728:
1409:10.1017/S0922156516000078
1049:. Vienna: United Nations.
668:World Health Organization
627:World Health Organization
549:Decision-making procedure
377:World Health Organization
341:Drug scheduling decisions
202:World Health Organization
152:
142:
132:
119:
109:
98:
90:
72:
54:
46:
37:
1645:19 February 2020 at the
1460:10.1017/cbo9781139057424
1365:Pereira, Isabel (2019).
1146:"2014 High-Level Review"
1227:"Resolution of the CND"
1016:"Scheduling procedures"
180:of the United Nations'
1915:Universal Postal Union
1391:Boister, Neil (2016).
575:
555:intergovernmental body
406:
221:
178:functional commissions
1658:17 March 2014 at the
1640:Scheduling procedures
801:Bulletin on Narcotics
401:
219:
186:United Nations System
1988:World Food Programme
1848:Specialised agencies
1831:Asia and the Pacific
1806:Regional commissions
1634:Resolutions Database
706:Prohibition of drugs
619:Human Rights Council
611:environmental issues
2297:Politics portal
1594:10.4000/poldev.3861
864:. 11 December 1946.
716:Drug liberalization
585:recommendations on
484:Asia-Pacific region
330:Normative functions
161:Politics portal
121:Parent organization
115:Rotating every year
34:
2235:Disbanded entities
1564:has generic name (
450:to administer the
407:
222:
32:
2305:
2304:
2088:Indigenous Issues
1469:978-1-139-05742-4
1080:979-10-97087-50-0
1026:on 5 August 2019.
658:Secretary-General
603:multidisciplinary
292:League of Nations
254:, France, India,
234:League of Nations
226:League of Nations
198:Secretary-General
166:
165:
105:, Vienna, Austria
16:(Redirected from
2335:
2295:
2294:
2283:
2282:
1999:World Bank Group
1939:World Bank Group
1715:
1708:
1701:
1692:
1691:
1615:
1614:
1596:
1576:
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1563:
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1527:
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1505:
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1296:
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1284:"CND Membership"
1280:
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1256:
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1234:
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1115:
1114:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1060:
1051:
1050:
1048:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1022:. Archived from
1012:
1006:
1005:
999:
991:
985:
984:
978:
970:
964:
963:
961:
959:
954:on 17 March 2014
950:. Archived from
940:
934:
933:
927:
919:
913:
912:
906:
898:
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891:
872:
866:
865:
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813:
791:
785:
784:
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780:
766:
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757:
749:
580:
559:sovereign states
310:Work and mandate
176:) is one of the
159:
158:
147:CND at UNODC.org
68:
66:
61:
42:
35:
31:
21:
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2159:
2116:
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2100:
2087:
2073:
2036:
1993:
1950:
1944:
1842:
1801:
1746:
1740:
1724:
1719:
1660:Wayback Machine
1647:Wayback Machine
1624:
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1470:
1446:
1442:
1389:
1385:
1375:
1373:
1363:
1359:
1349:
1347:
1344:"Press release"
1342:
1341:
1337:
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1310:
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1304:
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988:
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1978:(UN-Habitat)
1837:Western Asia
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1542:. Retrieved
1538:
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1513:. Retrieved
1503:
1491:. Retrieved
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1386:
1374:. Retrieved
1370:
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1348:. Retrieved
1338:
1321:
1309:. Retrieved
1306:"Membership"
1300:
1288:. Retrieved
1278:
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1221:
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1179:
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1140:
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1091:– via
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773:
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134:Subsidiaries
99:Headquarters
91:Legal status
47:Abbreviation
29:
1747:commissions
1562:|last=
1544:28 February
1418:10289/10569
1376:28 February
779:28 February
711:Drug policy
607:development
557:made up of
111:Chairperson
2312:Categories
2227:(UN-Women)
1951:Programmes
1910:UN Tourism
1745:Functional
1729:Membership
1371:Dejusticia
1073:. Vienna.
739:References
284:Yugoslavia
258:, Mexico,
239:After the
224:Under the
1949:Funds and
1786:(StatCom)
1611:225196865
1603:1663-9375
1435:148150780
1427:0922-1565
1311:12 August
593:Criticism
535:addiction
55:Formation
2285:Category
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2191:(UNCTAD)
2185:(UNAIDS)
2144:(UNRISD)
2138:(UNITAR)
2132:(UNIDIR)
2126:(UNICRI)
2117:training
2090:(UNPFII)
2082:(UNGEGN)
1984:(UNICEF)
1900:(UNESCO)
1656:Archived
1643:Archived
1554:cite web
1539:idpc.net
1533:(2021).
1515:17 March
1493:5 August
1350:5 August
1290:5 August
958:5 August
878:(1991).
831:(1946).
644:See also
587:cannabis
531:narcotic
435:Meetings
2221:(UNRWA)
2215:(UNOPS)
2203:(UNHCR)
2197:(UNSDG)
2150:(UNSSC)
2062:(CESCR)
2015:(ICSID)
1972:(UNFPA)
1906:(UNIDO)
1839:(ESCWA)
1833:(ESCAP)
1827:(ECLAC)
1780:(CSocD)
1756:(CCPCJ)
1489:. UNODC
1286:. UNODC
1089:3932639
637:, etc.
503:14 for
489:10 for
482:11 for
475:11 for
212:History
143:Website
63: (
2246:UNHLPF
2173:(HLPF)
2076:(ISAR)
2068:(GGIM)
2056:(CEPA)
2033:(MIGA)
2009:(IBRD)
1966:(UNEP)
1960:(UNDP)
1929:(WIPO)
1870:(IFAD)
1864:(ICAO)
1819:Africa
1813:Europe
1798:(UNFF)
1774:(CSTD)
1609:
1601:
1587:(12).
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697:(1988)
691:(1971)
685:(1961)
650:ECOSOC
629:, the
496:6 for
477:Africa
465:states
299:ECOSOC
282:, and
278:, US,
276:the UK
272:Turkey
268:Poland
204:, and
138:FINGOV
127:ECOSOC
94:Active
2266:UNHCR
2256:UNHRC
2179:(ITC)
2156:(UNU)
2050:(CDP)
2027:(IFC)
2021:(IDA)
1990:(WFP)
1941:(WBG)
1935:(WMO)
1923:(WHO)
1917:(UPU)
1894:(ITU)
1888:(IMO)
1882:(IMF)
1876:(ILO)
1858:(FAO)
1821:(ECA)
1815:(ECE)
1792:(CSW)
1768:(CPD)
1762:(CND)
1607:S2CID
1487:(PDF)
1431:S2CID
1330:(PDF)
1248:(PDF)
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702:Drug
609:, or
523:opium
452:UNODC
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422:UNODC
418:UNODC
252:Egypt
1599:ISSN
1566:help
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1517:2017
1495:2019
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1423:ISSN
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