471:. In late July, an adult female was found bringing up fresh soil to the burrow entrance daily. The animal was removed and the burrow excavated for examination The mound at the entrance consisted of an estimated 8 US gal (0.030 m) of soil. The soil was of varying dates of accumulation, since the lower layers appeared packed from previous seasons. The burrow itself had this main opening as well as two alternates, which were concealed from external observation and likely served as avenues of escape if a predator were to enter the burrow. The main shafts of the burrow were around 3.5 in (89 mm) in diameter. Chambers were established and varying intervals throughout the burrow, possibly to allow for storage of earth being excavated or safe haven from predators. At a distance of around 8 ft (2.4 m) from the entrance, a nest had been constructed. The nest itself was made from leaves of locally abundant "glacier grass" (
503:, writing in 1891, documented reports of the Columbian ground squirrel's behavior provided by local observers in Idaho. If disturbed while out of the burrow, the squirrels stood at attention, watching while approached to within a few yards, then raced for the burrow entrance, making squeaks and whistles. Locals called them "Seven sleepers", because they stayed underground for about seven months of the year. They were noted to have ample fat supplies when entering burrows to hibernate, but observed to be weak and thin when emerging the following spring. The mounds excavated by burrowing squirrels ranged from 3–10 inches (76–254 mm) in height. The burrows descended vertically from the entrance 18–24 inches (460–610 mm).
209:
31:
797:
345:
431:
701:
3030:
512:
87:
481:
813:
Merriam reported that he was able to obtain "a fine series of specimens" from near Moscow, within about 40 metres (0.040 km) from the locale where Lewis and Clark's obtained their specimens. Other were obtained from a site even closer. Based on his observations and comparison with the notes of Lewis and Clark, Merriam assessed that the
Columbian ground squirrel was not a variant of the Arctic ground squirrel, but a separate species, which he named as
62:
4398:
493:
season. Columbian ground squirrel activity patterns are sensitive to climate and ambient light, avoiding cloudy days, cold winds, and inclement weather. They emerge from dens about an hour before sunrise and return near sunset. They are active during the hottest parts of the day, but more likely to be found out around mid-morning.
444:
breeding, as the testes of other ground squirrels have been found to shrink in size and stop sperm production during hibernation. Adult males are followed by adult females, yearlings, then juveniles. Animals at higher elevations and latitudes emerge later. They emerge from hibernation and start breeding earlier at low elevations.
447:
They raise one litter per year. Young are born naked, blind, and toothless. After 5–6 days, their weight has doubled. They are covered with dark silky hair by day 12. Around day 17, the eyes are beginning to open. They may emerge into the sunlight outside the den around day 21-24. After 4 weeks,
492:
The most common activities for
Columbian ground squirrels, while above ground, include standing at attention, feeding, and grooming. More time was spent standing at attention than engaging in other activities. Aggressive behavior was observed most commonly in adult males, particularly early in the
443:
is at its warmest. During hibernation, the squirrels are positioned vertically in a tight ball. The temperature drops significantly, the heart rate slows and respirations are scarcely perceptible. The first group to emerge is adult males, which is likely due to their need to regrow their testes for
438:
Columbian ground squirrels in
Alberta hibernate around 250 days a year, with only 69–94 days of activity observed. The amount of time active varies depending on local climate as well as variations in behavior of animals of different sexes and ages. Each sex and age group hibernates at different soil
375:
variants have been found. An albino squirrel was captured alive by a student near
Pullman, Washington in 1932. It had been in an alfalfa field. The animal had white hair and pink eyes. A zoologist reported intentions to keep the animal alive to study genetic inheritance patterns. The following year,
316:
ground squirrels. They are stout, with short dense fur, which is characteristically tawny across the bridge of the nose. Social encounters sometimes are initiated with kissing behavior and the most common activity above ground is standing at attention. Residing in mountainous terrain and high plains
711:
Treatment of female
Columbian ground squirrels with flea powder resulted in an improved condition of treated animals. Litters produced by treated females were larger. The treated females were gained mass between the time the young were born, through weaning. Untreated cohorts, on the other hand,
812:
in 1829. Richardson described it as a variant of the Arctic ground squirrel, obtained from the Rocky
Mountains near the source of the Elk River. Merriam knew of the presence of the squirrel, but his party was there late in the season and no squirrels were directly observed in the field. However,
451:
Before their first hibernation, newborn
Columbian ground squirrels only have a period of a few weeks to wean off their mother's milk. Because of this, the 27 day lactation period of the mother squirrel is the young's primary opportunity to get the nutrition necessary for surviving hibernation. The
488:
The two types of burrow entrance were also noted by other observers, with one being small and roughly the same diameter as the tunnel itself, while another larger and more funnel shaped. The amount of soil excavated is around 4–12 kg (8.8–26.5 lb) per year, with an estimated 4–7 m
336:
The hair is dense and relatively short. The facial fur is bronze across the bridge of the nose. The fur along the back, legs, and feet is a more cinnamon buff, with darker fur closer to the body. There is a pale beige to buff ring of fur around the eye. The neck fur is gray along the sides of the
599:
Population densities are reportedly higher in "agricultural bottomlands" compared to "wheatfields". In subalpine Idaho, the density was recorded at 35 animals per hectare. In
Alberta, densities of juveniles were estimated between 5-20 per hectare, which older animal estimates were 12-16 per
603:
They are "one of the most vegetarian of all the ground squirrels". In the early part of the season, they primarily eat succulent fresh vegetation. When the vegetation grows more tough, they are inclined to eat more grains and seeds. By the end of the season, they appear enormously fat.
519:
Columbian ground squirrels live in colonies distributed discontinuously throughout their range. They are found in alpine and subalpine areas, along the edges of meadows or on mounds where meadow flooding occurs. They are not found as frequently in rocky, fellfield, heather, or herbfield
3041:
With the advent of intensive agricultural practices in their range, Columbian ground squirrels came to be seen as pests, negatively impacting harvests of wheat and other crops. In 1910, the
Washington Agricultural Experiment Station began a comprehensive study in a location known as
596:) might use or raid provisioned burrows. Observations of possible killings of meadow voles by Columbian ground squirrels were published in 1985. These killings did not appear motivated for purposes of predation, so may have been motivated by defense of home territory and resources.
333:. They have a relatively sturdy, robust build. They measure 325–410 mm (12.8–16.1 in) in length overall, with a tail measuring 80–116 mm (3.1–4.6 in). The hind feet measure 47–57 mm (1.9–2.2 in) and the ear 16–22.5 mm (0.63–0.89 in).
317:
in northern latitudes, they hibernate for 8 to 9 months of the year in burrows, which may be used for many years. They are emaciated when emerging in the spring. The
Columbian ground squirrel came to the attention of the scientific community through writings produced by
528:, they inhabit areas of higher elevation and wetter climate. Belding's ground squirrel tends towards drier, sagebrush regions. In Oregon, the Columbian ground squirrel is found primarily in the Blue Mountains, where other characteristic mammal species include: the
3054:
was composed of yards that enclosed natural squirrel dens and was 50 by 90 feet, surrounded by a fence. Associated cabins were used for the study of brooding and hibernating animals. This provided conditions to closely observe them in a near natural setting.
579:
Predation of other vertebrates by Columbian ground squirrels has not been described. However, cannibalism has been observed. Adult females sometimes may kill juveniles as well. It was postulated that sympatric species, including northern pocket gophers,
477:). Varying ages of grass were found, suggesting that the nest had been used during prior seasons. In an adjoining chamber, deeper down in the earth, an older abandoned nest, filled partially with excrement, apparently served as a toilet for the squirrel.
376:
he reported finding three more young albinos in the same area. Around 30 years prior, two albino skins had been collected, also near Pullman. It was proposed that the recessive trait persisted in the locality, appearing at sporadic intervals.
452:
concentrations of most components of the mother's milk vary throughout the lactation period, most dramatically seen in calcium, which typically experiences a 134% increase in concentration from the beginning of lactation to its peak (~17 days
496:
Columbian ground squirrels, when encountering each other, commonly will touch their mouths and noses together, an act resembling kissing. These greetings last 1–5 seconds and may precede other social interactions, including sexual activity.
604:
Examination of stomach contents from a group of 43 squirrels revealed vegetable matter in all cases. Nothing but vegetation was found in 86% of the stomachs, while 2% contained traces of other mammals and 14% contained insect remains.
808:. At the time, that animal had been thought to be the prairie dog. However, Merriam's assessment was that this was not the case and the animal described by Lewis and Clark was the same as an animal described by naturalist
3071:. The reason for this listing is that the animal is widespread and common in its range and no major threats to the survival of the species are identified. Population trends are listed as stable. Similarly, the state of
392:. They are also found along plains of eastern Washington. In Oregon, they occur in mountainous area in the east-central part of the state. They reside between 700–8,000 feet (210–2,440 m) in elevation.
3075:, considers Columbian ground squirrels an important part of the state's ecosystem, noting that the animals are abundant with a wide spread distribution and are not vulnerable through most of their range.
804:
In 1891, Merriam published an account of the mammals of Idaho, based on an expedition. He concluded that the Columbian ground squirrel is the same animal as the "Burrowing Squirrel" reported by
693:, have been reported. They may be a reservoir for Powassan or St Louis encephalitis virus, based on some antibody screening analyses. Columbian ground squirrels may also suffer dermatitis from
388:, from as far north as western Alberta and southeastern British Columbia. They are found in the western parts of Montana, through central Idaho and into northern and eastern reaches of
403:(Rancholabrean). The site is located at 1,584 metres (5,197 ft) elevation. Fossils of small mammals deposited at this site are primarily attributed to owl predation.
406:
The distribution of the Columbia ground squirrel in Oregon was assessed based on consideration of animals obtained in 71 localities. Over 98% were obtained in the
337:
cheeks. The flanks may be light beige or gray. They have a darker tail, with darker underfur and some lighter beige markings above and dark to grayish white below.
489:(13–23 ft) of annual tunnel construction to established burrows. New burrow construction results in 25–50 kg (55–110 lb) of soil excavation.
419:
5689:
5888:
5862:
3918:
5929:
364:
and less gray above. The sides of the face and throat are also more deeply rust shaded. The legs and feet are darker as well. The skull of
520:
environments as they are in meadows and grasslands. They will occupy disturbed habitats including clear-cuts. In areas where they are
832:
is the type described by Ord in 1815. The specimen type was taken "between the forks of the Clearwater and Kooskooskie rivers", in
5810:
5676:
3349:"The Influence of Hibernation on Testis Growth and Spermatogenesis in the Golden-Mantled Ground Squirrel, Spermophilus Lateralis1"
395:
The known fossil record of the Columbia ground squirrel consists of specimens recovered from the Wasden fossil site (Owl Cave) in
5836:
5702:
4431:
3884:"The Influence of Hibernation on Testis Growth and Spermatogenesis in the Golden-Mantled Ground Squirrel, Spermophilus Lateralis"
4599:
5720:
4289:
4178:
California Ground Squirrels: A Bulletin Dealing with Life Histories, Habits and Control of the Ground Squirrels of California
3407:
5841:
5707:
3679:"Parasite removal and its impact on litter size and body condition in Columbian ground squirrels (Spermophilus columbianus)"
4529:
5934:
5316:
415:
5944:
5775:
4318:
4271:
5893:
5217:
5508:
5481:
5445:
4727:
4581:
4547:
4043:
5517:
5192:
5153:
4556:
4520:
849:
705:
5587:
5454:
5436:
5261:
4590:
809:
614:
537:
525:
468:
5789:
5784:
5715:
5526:
5289:
5128:
4424:
4249:
Svihla, Arthur (September 1933). "Occurrence of a colony of albino ground squirrels near Pullman, Wash".
321:, while 21st century molecular genetics has more finely illuminated its ties with other close relatives.
86:
5534:
5381:
5226:
5162:
4717:
4409:
407:
3497:
5325:
4624:
3839:
3545:"Milk composition in a hibernating rodent, the Columbian ground squirrel ( Urocitellus columbianus )"
463:
examined a Columbia ground squirrel burrow at an elevation of 7,000 ft (2,100 m) near the
5363:
5271:
5119:
4642:
4633:
4195:"Milk composition in a hibernating rodent, the Columbian ground squirrel (Urocitellus columbianus)"
4077:
561:
396:
208:
5880:
3949:
3858:
5655:
5578:
5472:
5280:
5252:
4989:
4875:
4708:
4538:
4228:
Svihla, Arthur (May 1932). "An Albino Columbian Ground Squirrel taken near Pullman, Washington".
717:
3804:
329:
The Columbian ground squirrel is one of the largest members of the genus, the largest being the
5733:
5694:
5618:
5569:
5560:
5499:
5372:
5353:
5344:
5334:
5307:
5298:
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4417:
796:
553:
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330:
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609:
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181:
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30:
5939:
5854:
5650:
4998:
4926:
4917:
4908:
4818:
4350:
3446:
3274:
384:
The Columbia ground squirrel is found in western areas of North America. It occurs in the
344:
8:
5052:
5034:
5016:
4980:
4782:
4651:
430:
51:
4354:
3996:
Helgen, Kristofer M.; Cole, F. Russell; Helgen, Lauren E.; Wilson, Don E. (April 2009).
3450:
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5602:
5079:
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4237:
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4137:
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221:
81:
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3378:
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1176:
775:
769:
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453:
411:
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3968:
3578:
5802:
5668:
5549:
5402:
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4800:
4660:
4378:
4358:
4206:
4129:
4102:
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4012:
3933:
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3870:
3698:
3690:
3556:
3509:
3482:
3454:
3360:
3310:
3282:
2427:
958:
864:
841:
5760:
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4899:
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385:
318:
5867:
3900:
3365:
3348:
3029:
511:
5641:
5097:
4971:
4944:
4866:
4403:
3969:"Possible occurrence of inter-specific killing by a Columbian ground squirrel,
3098:
3096:
3094:
3092:
729:
607:
Columbian ground squirrels may be parasitized by the Rocky Mountain wood tick (
3433:
3347:
Barnes, Brian M.; Kretzmann, Maria; Licht, Paul; Zucker, Irving (1986-12-01).
3261:
5923:
5849:
5171:
5043:
4809:
4773:
4275:
4063:
3570:
3521:
3466:
3374:
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2256:
763:
741:
723:
529:
299:
71:
66:
4299:
4017:
3874:
3417:
3089:
352:
Two subspecies have been described, which vary in appearance. Compared with
5240:
5206:
5110:
4848:
4764:
4484:
4370:
4211:
4194:
3712:
3694:
3561:
3544:
3474:
3302:
1699:
907:
868:
690:
589:
3909:
3382:
3037:
published the first scientific description of the Columbia ground squirrel
480:
5875:
5823:
5769:
5416:
4755:
4613:
3397:
2598:
735:
657:
647:
464:
400:
304:
158:
4439:
4106:
5815:
5681:
4362:
4262:
4241:
4141:
4116:
3945:
3815:. Montana Natural Heritage Program and Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks
3529:
3458:
3286:
3034:
822:
198:
5828:
3998:"Generic Revision in the Holarctic Ground Squirrel Genus Spermophilus"
4889:
4827:
4697:
3785:
3761:
2167:
882:
878:
715:
Predators of the Colombian ground squirrel include the grizzly bear (
581:
521:
313:
309:
98:
5612:
4133:
3937:
3883:
3513:
5754:
5635:
4674:
4491:
4463:
3751:
3749:
148:
118:
4498:
4339:"Hibernating patterns of free-ranging Columbian ground squirrels"
4281:
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
3434:"Hibernating patterns of free-ranging Columbian ground squirrels"
3262:"Hibernating patterns of free-ranging Columbian ground squirrels"
3072:
2283:
1274:
757:
751:
746:
667:
439:
depths and begins hibernation when the soil temperature of their
338:
39:
3746:
3402:. Leslie N. Carraway. Berkeley: University of California Press.
4741:
4477:
4470:
4456:
3660:
3658:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3236:
3234:
372:
361:
295:
291:
138:
128:
108:
43:
3192:
3182:
3180:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3114:
4284:(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 806.
3585:
3209:
3207:
833:
821:
and reapplying the species designation originally applied by
3655:
3597:
3231:
3165:
3724:
3722:
3631:
3219:
3177:
3111:
3064:
874:
They have also been referred to as the burrowing squirrel.
3346:
3204:
4397:
4180:. 11, 12. Vol. VII. California state printing office
3734:
312:, along with marmots, chipmunks, prairie dogs, and other
3844:. Washington: Government Printing Office. pp. 45–49
3719:
3621:
3619:
3683:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
3046:(named after the contemporary genus name of the animal
341:
occurs diffusely, without a clear line of delineation.
3995:
3791:
3767:
4093:
Merriam, C. Hart (30 July 1891). "Mammals of Idaho".
3773:
3616:
4393:
4117:"Predation by Badgers on Columbian Ground Squirrels"
3498:"Predation by Badgers on Columbian Ground Squirrels"
3143:
3141:
3067:
lists the Columbian ground squirrel as a species of
3797:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3320:
856:, was the animal designated by Richardson in 1829.
613:), which is a carrier for the bacteria that causes
4115:
3643:
3432:
3260:
4269:
3838:Bailey, Vernon; Bailey, Florence Merriam (1918).
3755:
3543:Skibiel, Amy L.; Hood, Wendy R. (February 2013).
3153:
3138:
844:, is a synonym. Another synonymous designation,
5921:
3317:
3916:
3664:
3610:
3132:
418:ranges. The remaining squirrels came from the
368:is broader, with more robust zygomatic arches.
302:. It is the second largest member of the genus
4078:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T42466A22265632.en
4033:
3198:
3186:
3171:
767:). Predatory birds include the golden eagle (
216:Distribution of the Columbian ground squirrel
4425:
4306:
4052:
3637:
3246:
3225:
3213:
3102:
617:. Other external parasites include the lice
4313:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
3837:
3591:
448:they are able to leave the nest altogether.
348:Columbian ground squirrel at burrow entrance
4270:Thorington, R.W. Jr; Hoffman, R.S. (2005).
3542:
885:) derived from maximum parsimony analysis.
399:. Fossils from this site date to the late
379:
4432:
4418:
4148:
3740:
828:Two subspecies are described. The first,
207:
60:
29:
4210:
4076:
4016:
3899:
3702:
3560:
3364:
4307:Verts, B.J.; Carraway, Leslie N (1998).
4034:Kurtén, Björn; Anderson, Elaine (1980).
3917:Elliott, C. L.; Flinders, J. T. (1991).
3028:
795:
699:
510:
479:
434:Columbian ground squirrel burrow diagram
429:
343:
4600:Cascade golden-mantled ground squirrel
4192:
4092:
4038:. New York: Columbia University Press.
3728:
3676:
3625:
854:Spermophilus columbianus erythrogluteia
5922:
4248:
4227:
3966:
3881:
3859:"The mammals and life zones of Oregon"
3856:
3779:
3649:
3159:
3147:
3058:
5617:
5616:
4413:
4336:
4113:
3841:Wild animals of Glacier National Park
3495:
3430:
3395:
3258:
3024:
4167:
4036:Pleistocene mammals of North America
3334:
830:Spermophilus columbianus columbianus
5930:IUCN Red List least concern species
5317:Caucasian mountain ground squirrel
4064:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
861:Spermophilus columbianus ruficaudus
13:
817:, rejecting the genus designation
14:
5956:
4575:(golden-mantled ground squirrels)
4530:EspĂritu Santo antelope squirrel
4389:
838:Spermophilus columbianus albertae
4396:
4172:Citellus columbianus columbianus
4170:"The Columbian ground squirrel (
712:lost mass over this time frame.
85:
5482:Southern Idaho ground squirrel
5446:Northern Idaho ground squirrel
4728:Thirteen-lined ground squirrel
4582:Golden-mantled ground squirrel
4548:White-tailed antelope squirrel
3677:Neuhaus, P. (7 November 2003).
3670:
3536:
3489:
3424:
3389:
3340:
3252:
5154:Baja California rock squirrel
4557:San Joaquin antelope squirrel
655:. Internal parasites include
410:ecoregion, which includes the
324:
1:
5588:Round-tailed ground squirrel
5509:Richardson's ground squirrel
4591:Sierra Madre ground squirrel
3805:"Columbian Ground Squirrel —
3756:Thorington & Hoffman 2005
3078:
852:in 1817. The third synonym,
706:North Central Rockies Forests
704:Columbian ground squirrel in
515:Squirrel posing at Logan Pass
308:, which is part of the tribe
294:common in certain regions of
5527:Long-tailed ground squirrel
5421:(Holarctic ground squirrels)
5384:(Spermophilus xanthoprymnus)
5290:Red-cheeked ground squirrel
5246:(Old World ground squirrels)
5129:Ring-tailed ground squirrel
3857:Bailey, Vernon (June 1936).
683:. Instances of presence of
623:Neohaemotopinus laeviusculus
615:Rocky Mountain spotted fever
7:
5535:Washington ground squirrel
5518:Townsend's ground squirrel
5382:Asia Minor ground squirrel
5218:Père David's rock squirrel
5193:Franklin's ground squirrel
5163:California ground squirrel
4718:Rio Grande ground squirrel
4521:Harris's antelope squirrel
3901:10.1095/biolreprod35.5.1289
3665:Elliott & Flinders 1991
3611:Elliott & Flinders 1991
3496:Murie, J. O. (1992-05-26).
3366:10.1095/biolreprod35.5.1289
3133:Elliott & Flinders 1991
881:of ground squirrels (tribe
867:. The type was taken near
791:
425:
252:Merriam and Stejneger, 1891
10:
5961:
5464:Columbian ground squirrel
5455:Merriam's ground squirrel
5437:Belding's ground squirrel
5326:Tian Shan ground squirrel
5262:Brandt’s ground squirrel (
3431:Young, P. J. (July 1990).
3259:Young, P. J. (July 1990).
3199:Kurtén & Anderson 1980
3187:Kurtén & Anderson 1980
3172:Kurtén & Anderson 1980
663:Trypanosoma otospermophili
506:
24:Columbian ground squirrel
5935:Mammals described in 1815
5744:
5625:
5599:
5547:
5414:
5393:
5364:Speckled ground squirrel
5272:European ground squirrel
5238:
5204:
5183:
5140:
5120:Tropical ground squirrel
5108:
5019:(N. quadrimaculatus)
4887:
4739:
4702:(little ground squirrels)
4695:
4672:
4643:Black-tailed prairie dog
4634:White-tailed prairie dog
4611:
4568:
4507:
4451:
4149:Richardson, John (1829).
3977:Canadian Field-Naturalist
3638:Verts & Carraway 1998
3247:Verts & Carraway 1998
3226:Verts & Carraway 1998
3214:Verts & Carraway 1998
2927:
2903:
2888:
2881:
2866:
2859:
2844:
2837:
2822:
2815:
2791:
2776:
2769:
2762:
2720:
2705:
2698:
2683:
2676:
2661:
2654:
2647:
2632:
2625:
2610:
2603:
2529:
2514:
2507:
2492:
2485:
2461:
2446:
2439:
2432:
2385:
2370:
2363:
2348:
2341:
2317:
2302:
2295:
2288:
2276:
2261:
2249:
2216:
2201:
2194:
2179:
2172:
2160:
2153:
2057:
2042:
2035:
2020:
2013:
1998:
1991:
1976:
1969:
1954:
1947:
1932:
1925:
1910:
1903:
1879:
1855:
1840:
1833:
1826:
1819:
1777:
1762:
1755:
1740:
1733:
1718:
1711:
1704:
1692:
1605:
1590:
1583:
1568:
1561:
1537:
1522:
1515:
1508:
1475:
1460:
1453:
1438:
1431:
1424:
1382:
1367:
1360:
1345:
1338:
1323:
1316:
1301:
1286:
1279:
1267:
1225:
1210:
1203:
1188:
1181:
1152:
1128:
1113:
1106:
1099:
1087:
1080:
1029:
1014:
1007:
992:
985:
970:
963:
934:
919:
912:
900:
893:
863:was described in 1928 by
800:Columbian ground squirrel
761:sp.), and mountain lion (
695:Dermatophilus congolensis
631:Opisocrostis tuberculatus
538:Belding's ground squirrel
526:Belding's ground squirrel
282:Columbian ground squirrel
227:
220:
215:
206:
187:
180:
82:Scientific classification
80:
58:
49:
37:
28:
23:
5945:Taxa named by George Ord
5656:Spermophilus_columbianus
5627:Spermophilus columbianus
5579:Spotted ground squirrel
5554:(pygmy ground squirrels)
5473:Wyoming ground squirrel
5375:(Spermophilus taurensis)
5354:Relict ground squirrel (
5335:Pallid ground squirrel (
5281:Daurian ground squirrel
5253:Alashan ground squirrel
5227:Forrest's rock squirrel
5028:(N. quadrivittatus)
4990:Yellow-cheeked chipmunk
4878:(M. vancouverensis)
4876:Vancouver Island marmot
4709:Mexican ground squirrel
4539:Texas antelope squirrel
4440:Living species of tribe
3971:Spermophilus columbianus
3921:Spermophilus columbianus
3592:Bailey & Bailey 1918
871:in northeastern Oregon.
815:Spermophilus columbianus
677:Eimeria callospermophili
619:Enderleinellus suturalis
562:southern red-backed vole
397:Bonneville County, Idaho
380:Distribution and habitat
248:Spermophilus columbianus
5776:Urocitellus columbianus
5746:Urocitellus columbianus
5570:Perote ground squirrel
5561:Mohave ground squirrel
5500:Arctic ground squirrel
5373:Taurus ground squirrel
5366:(Spermophilus suslicus)
5345:Little ground squirrel
5308:Russet ground squirrel
5299:Yellow ground squirrel
4938:(N. cinereicollis)
4936:Gray-collared chipmunk
4828:Groundhog or woodchuck
4625:Gunnison's prairie dog
4152:Fauna boreali-americana
4057:Urocitellus columbianus
4018:10.1644/07-MAMM-A-309.1
3888:Biology of Reproduction
3875:10.5962/bhl.title.19694
3807:Urocitellus columbianus
3353:Biology of Reproduction
859:The second subspecies,
840:, described in 1903 by
718:Ursus arctos horribilis
653:Pygmephorus erlangensis
643:Androlaelaps fahrenholz
594:Microtus pennsylvanicus
550:Tamiasciurus hudsonicus
287:Urocitellus columbianus
191:Urocitellus columbianus
5590:(X. tereticaudus)
5511:(U. richardsonii)
5491:Piute ground squirrel
5428:Uinta ground squirrel
5292:(S. erythrogenys)
5211:(Asian rock squirrels)
5156:(O. atricapillus)
5010:(N. panamintinus)
4860:(M. flaviventris)
4858:Yellow-bellied marmot
4785:(M. camtschatica)
4310:Land mammals of Oregon
4278:; Reeder, D.M (eds.).
4212:10.1644/1-MAMM-A-078.1
4114:Murie, Jan O. (1992).
3967:Harris, M. A. (1985).
3882:Barnes, Brian (1986).
3695:10.1098/rsbl.2003.0073
3689:(Suppl_2): S213–S215.
3562:10.1644/1-MAMM-A-078.1
3399:Land mammals of Oregon
3038:
801:
708:
586:Peromyscus maniculatus
554:northern pocket gopher
516:
485:
435:
349:
331:Arctic ground squirrel
5729:Paleobiology Database
5537:(U. washingtoni)
5466:(U. columbianus)
5255:(S. alashanicus)
4927:Gray-footed chipmunk
4909:Yellow-pine chipmunk
4730:(I. tridecemlineatus)
4337:Young, P. J. (1990).
4193:Skibiel, Amy (2013).
4071:: e.T42466A22265632.
3396:Verts, B. J. (1998).
3032:
799:
703:
610:Dermacentor andersoni
570:western jumping mouse
546:American red squirrel
514:
484:Standing at attention
483:
469:Glacier National Park
461:Vernon Orlando Bailey
433:
347:
298:and the northwestern
5572:(X. perotensis)
5563:(X. mohavensis)
5520:(U. townsendii)
5328:(S. nilkaensis)
5220:(S. davidianus)
5195:(P. franklinii)
5174:(O. variegatus)
5091:(N. townsendii)
5089:Townsend's chipmunk
5037:(N. ruficaudus)
5035:Red-tailed chipmunk
5017:Long-eared chipmunk
4992:(N. ochrogenys)
4981:California chipmunk
4803:(M. himalayana)
4783:Black-capped marmot
4652:Mexican prairie dog
4514:(antelope squirrels)
4199:Journal of Mammalogy
4122:Journal of Mammalogy
4095:North American Fauna
4053:Cassola, F. (2016).
4005:Journal of Mammalogy
3863:North American Fauna
3549:Journal of Mammalogy
3502:Journal of Mammalogy
773:), red-tailed hawk (
635:Oropsylla idahoensis
542:Urocitellus beldingi
239:Arctomys columbianus
5581:(X. spilosoma)
5529:(U. undulatus)
5484:(U. endemicus)
5131:(N. annulatus)
5082:(N. speciosus)
5080:Lodgepole chipmunk
4963:Merriam's chipmunk
4894:(western chipmunks)
4821:(M. menzbieri)
4792:Long-tailed marmot
4758:(M. baibacina)
4686:(E. sibiricus)
4654:(C. mexicanus)
4602:(C. saturatus)
4593:(C. madrensis)
4584:(C. lateralis)
4541:(A. interpres)
4532:(A. insularis)
4355:1990Oecol..83..504Y
4155:. London: J. Murray
4107:10.3996/nafa.5.0002
3813:Montana Field Guide
3451:1990Oecol..83..504Y
3279:1990Oecol..83..504Y
3059:Conservation status
2219:I. tridecemlineatus
739:) American badger (
727:), Pacific marten (
689:, the cause of the
673:Eimeria bilamellata
639:Dermacarus heptneri
173:U. columbianus
52:Conservation status
5448:(U. brunneus)
5439:(U. beldingi)
5405:(T. striatus)
5347:(S. pygmaeus)
5283:(S. dauricus)
5274:(S. citellus)
5229:(S. forresti)
5165:(O. beecheyi)
5122:(N. adocetus)
5100:(N. umbrinus)
5064:(N. siskiyou)
5062:Siskiyou chipmunk
5026:Colorado chipmunk
5008:Panamint chipmunk
4999:Palmer's chipmunk
4983:(N. obscurus)
4965:(N. merriami)
4956:(N. durangae)
4947:(N. dorsalis)
4918:Buller's chipmunk
4851:(M. caligata)
4839:(M. sibirica)
4819:Menzbier's marmot
4684:Siberian chipmunk
4636:(C. leucurus)
4550:(A. leucurus)
4523:(A. harrisii)
4444:(ground squirrels)
4363:10.1007/BF00317201
4272:"Family Sciuridae"
4144:– via JSTOR.
3792:Helgen et al. 2009
3768:Helgen et al. 2009
3459:10.1007/BF00317201
3287:10.1007/BF00317201
3039:
3025:Human interactions
1385:M. vancouveriensis
846:Anisonyx brachiura
802:
782:Accipiter gentilis
709:
558:Thomomys talpoides
517:
486:
436:
350:
290:) is a species of
266:Anisonyx brachiura
5917:
5916:
5902:Open Tree of Life
5619:Taxon identifiers
5610:
5609:
5502:(U. parryii)
5475:(U. elegans)
5430:(U. armatus)
5403:Eastern chipmunk
5073:(N. sonomae)
5053:Allen's chipmunk
5001:(N. palmeri)
4974:(N. minimus)
4954:Durango chipmunk
4929:(N. canipes)
4920:(N. bulleri)
4911:(N. amoenus)
4902:(N. alpinus)
4869:(M. olympus)
4812:(M. marmota)
4801:Himalayan marmot
4794:(M. caudata)
4776:(M. broweri)
4661:Utah prairie dog
4645:(C. ludovicianus)
4571:Callospermophilus
4559:(A. nelsoni)
4445:
4291:978-0-8018-8221-0
4168:Shaw, WT (1918).
3930:Mammalian Species
3731:, pp. 40–41.
3594:, pp. 47–48.
3409:978-0-520-92031-6
3201:, pp. 62–63.
3021:
3020:
3012:
3011:
3003:
3002:
2994:
2993:
2985:
2984:
2976:
2975:
2967:
2966:
2958:
2957:
2949:
2948:
2940:
2939:
2916:
2915:
2804:
2803:
2751:
2750:
2742:
2741:
2733:
2732:
2587:
2586:
2578:
2577:
2569:
2568:
2560:
2559:
2551:
2550:
2542:
2541:
2474:
2473:
2416:
2415:
2407:
2406:
2398:
2397:
2330:
2329:
2238:
2237:
2229:
2228:
2142:
2141:
2133:
2132:
2124:
2123:
2115:
2114:
2106:
2105:
2097:
2096:
2088:
2087:
2079:
2078:
2070:
2069:
1892:
1891:
1868:
1867:
1808:
1807:
1799:
1798:
1790:
1789:
1681:
1680:
1672:
1671:
1663:
1662:
1654:
1653:
1645:
1644:
1636:
1635:
1627:
1626:
1618:
1617:
1550:
1549:
1497:
1496:
1488:
1487:
1413:
1412:
1404:
1403:
1395:
1394:
1256:
1255:
1247:
1246:
1238:
1237:
1177:Callospermophilus
1165:
1164:
1141:
1140:
1069:
1068:
1060:
1059:
1051:
1050:
1042:
1041:
947:
946:
848:, was applied by
776:Buteo jamaicensis
770:Aquila chrysaetos
681:Eimeria lateralis
627:Neopsylla inopina
474:Luzula parviflora
356:, the population
354:U. c. columbianus
278:
277:
271:
262:
253:
244:
233:
75:
16:Species of rodent
5952:
5910:
5909:
5897:
5896:
5884:
5883:
5871:
5870:
5858:
5857:
5845:
5844:
5832:
5831:
5819:
5818:
5806:
5805:
5793:
5792:
5780:
5779:
5778:
5765:
5764:
5763:
5737:
5736:
5724:
5723:
5711:
5710:
5698:
5697:
5685:
5684:
5672:
5671:
5659:
5658:
5646:
5645:
5644:
5614:
5613:
5550:Xerospermophilus
5493:(U. mollis)
5301:(S. fulvus)
5147:(rock squirrels)
5071:Sonoma chipmunk
4900:Alpine chipmunk
4837:Tarbagan marmot
4510:Ammospermophilus
4443:
4434:
4427:
4420:
4411:
4410:
4406:
4401:
4400:
4382:
4331:
4329:
4327:
4303:
4266:
4245:
4224:
4214:
4189:
4187:
4185:
4164:
4162:
4160:
4145:
4119:
4110:
4089:
4087:
4085:
4080:
4049:
4030:
4020:
4002:
3992:
3990:
3988:
3963:
3961:
3960:
3954:
3948:. Archived from
3927:
3913:
3903:
3894:(5): 1289–1297.
3878:
3853:
3851:
3849:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3801:
3795:
3789:
3783:
3777:
3771:
3765:
3759:
3753:
3744:
3738:
3732:
3726:
3717:
3716:
3706:
3674:
3668:
3662:
3653:
3647:
3641:
3635:
3629:
3623:
3614:
3608:
3595:
3589:
3583:
3582:
3564:
3540:
3534:
3533:
3493:
3487:
3486:
3436:
3428:
3422:
3421:
3393:
3387:
3386:
3368:
3359:(5): 1289–1297.
3344:
3338:
3332:
3315:
3314:
3264:
3256:
3250:
3244:
3229:
3223:
3217:
3211:
3202:
3196:
3190:
3184:
3175:
3169:
3163:
3157:
3151:
3145:
3136:
3130:
3109:
3100:
2884:
2883:
2862:
2861:
2840:
2839:
2818:
2817:
2772:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2701:
2700:
2679:
2678:
2657:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2628:
2627:
2606:
2605:
2510:
2509:
2488:
2487:
2442:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2428:Xerospermophilus
2366:
2365:
2344:
2343:
2298:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2279:
2278:
2252:
2251:
2197:
2196:
2175:
2174:
2163:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2038:
2037:
2016:
2015:
1994:
1993:
1972:
1971:
1950:
1949:
1928:
1927:
1906:
1905:
1858:S. xanthopyrmnus
1836:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1758:
1757:
1736:
1735:
1714:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1695:
1694:
1586:
1585:
1564:
1563:
1518:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1456:
1455:
1434:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1363:
1362:
1341:
1340:
1319:
1318:
1282:
1281:
1270:
1269:
1206:
1205:
1184:
1183:
1109:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1090:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1010:
1009:
988:
987:
966:
965:
959:Ammospermophilus
915:
914:
903:
902:
896:
895:
889:
888:
865:Arthur H. Howell
842:Joel Asaph Allen
779:), and goshawk (
534:Sorex monticolus
366:U. c. ruficaudus
360:has a tail more
358:U. c. ruficaudus
270:Rafinesque, 1817
269:
260:
251:
242:
231:
211:
193:
90:
89:
69:
64:
63:
33:
21:
20:
5960:
5959:
5955:
5954:
5953:
5951:
5950:
5949:
5920:
5919:
5918:
5913:
5905:
5900:
5892:
5887:
5879:
5874:
5866:
5861:
5853:
5848:
5840:
5835:
5827:
5822:
5814:
5809:
5801:
5796:
5788:
5783:
5774:
5773:
5768:
5759:
5758:
5753:
5740:
5732:
5727:
5719:
5714:
5706:
5701:
5693:
5688:
5680:
5675:
5667:
5662:
5654:
5649:
5640:
5639:
5634:
5621:
5611:
5606:
5595:
5553:
5543:
5457:(U. canus)
5420:
5410:
5389:
5337:S. pallidicauda
5310:(S. major)
5245:
5234:
5210:
5200:
5179:
5146:
5143:Otospermophilus
5136:
5104:
5098:Uinta chipmunk
5055:(N. senex)
5046:(N. rufus)
4972:Least chipmunk
4945:Cliff chipmunk
4893:
4883:
4867:Olympic marmot
4842:
4830:(M. monax)
4767:(M. bobak)
4745:
4735:
4701:
4691:
4668:
4617:
4607:
4574:
4564:
4513:
4503:
4447:
4438:
4402:
4395:
4392:
4387:
4325:
4323:
4321:
4292:
4183:
4181:
4158:
4156:
4134:10.2307/1382073
4083:
4081:
4046:
4000:
3986:
3984:
3958:
3956:
3952:
3938:10.2307/3504178
3925:
3847:
3845:
3828:
3818:
3816:
3803:
3802:
3798:
3790:
3786:
3778:
3774:
3766:
3762:
3754:
3747:
3741:Richardson 1829
3739:
3735:
3727:
3720:
3675:
3671:
3663:
3656:
3648:
3644:
3636:
3632:
3624:
3617:
3609:
3598:
3590:
3586:
3541:
3537:
3514:10.2307/1382073
3494:
3490:
3429:
3425:
3410:
3394:
3390:
3345:
3341:
3333:
3318:
3257:
3253:
3245:
3232:
3224:
3220:
3212:
3205:
3197:
3193:
3185:
3178:
3170:
3166:
3158:
3154:
3146:
3139:
3131:
3112:
3101:
3090:
3081:
3061:
3027:
3022:
3013:
3004:
2995:
2986:
2977:
2968:
2959:
2950:
2941:
2917:
2906:U. richardsonii
2805:
2752:
2743:
2734:
2635:U. washingtonii
2588:
2579:
2570:
2561:
2552:
2543:
2475:
2464:X. tereticaudus
2417:
2408:
2399:
2331:
2305:C. ludovicianus
2239:
2230:
2143:
2134:
2125:
2116:
2107:
2098:
2089:
2080:
2071:
2045:S. erythrogenys
2001:S. pallidicauda
1957:S. erythrogenys
1893:
1869:
1809:
1800:
1791:
1682:
1673:
1664:
1655:
1646:
1637:
1628:
1619:
1571:M. camtschatica
1551:
1498:
1489:
1414:
1405:
1396:
1326:M. flaviventris
1257:
1248:
1239:
1166:
1142:
1116:O. atricapillus
1095:Otospermophilus
1070:
1061:
1052:
1043:
948:
810:John Richardson
806:Lewis and Clark
794:
788:
686:Yersinia pestis
648:Macrocheles sp.
509:
501:C. Hart Merriam
428:
420:Owyheee Uplands
386:Rocky Mountains
382:
327:
319:Lewis and Clark
274:
268:
259:
250:
241:
235:
234:
202:
195:
189:
176:
84:
76:
65:
61:
54:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5958:
5948:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5915:
5914:
5912:
5911:
5898:
5885:
5872:
5859:
5846:
5833:
5820:
5807:
5794:
5781:
5766:
5750:
5748:
5742:
5741:
5739:
5738:
5725:
5712:
5699:
5686:
5673:
5660:
5647:
5631:
5629:
5623:
5622:
5608:
5607:
5600:
5597:
5596:
5594:
5593:
5585:
5576:
5567:
5557:
5555:
5545:
5544:
5542:
5541:
5532:
5524:
5515:
5506:
5497:
5488:
5479:
5470:
5461:
5452:
5443:
5434:
5424:
5422:
5412:
5411:
5409:
5408:
5399:
5397:
5391:
5390:
5388:
5387:
5379:
5370:
5361:
5351:
5342:
5332:
5323:
5314:
5305:
5296:
5287:
5278:
5269:
5259:
5249:
5247:
5236:
5235:
5233:
5232:
5224:
5214:
5212:
5202:
5201:
5199:
5198:
5189:
5187:
5181:
5180:
5178:
5177:
5172:Rock squirrel
5169:
5160:
5150:
5148:
5138:
5137:
5135:
5134:
5126:
5116:
5114:
5106:
5105:
5103:
5095:
5086:
5077:
5068:
5059:
5050:
5044:Hopi chipmunk
5041:
5032:
5023:
5014:
5005:
4996:
4987:
4978:
4969:
4960:
4951:
4942:
4933:
4924:
4915:
4906:
4897:
4895:
4885:
4884:
4882:
4881:
4873:
4864:
4855:
4834:
4825:
4816:
4810:Alpine marmot
4807:
4798:
4789:
4780:
4774:Alaska marmot
4771:
4749:
4747:
4737:
4736:
4734:
4733:
4725:
4715:
4711:(I. mexicanus)
4705:
4703:
4693:
4692:
4690:
4689:
4680:
4678:
4670:
4669:
4667:
4666:
4663:(C. parvidens)
4658:
4649:
4640:
4631:
4627:(C. gunnisoni)
4621:
4619:
4618:(prairie dogs)
4609:
4608:
4606:
4605:
4597:
4588:
4578:
4576:
4566:
4565:
4563:
4562:
4554:
4545:
4536:
4527:
4517:
4515:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4501:
4495:
4488:
4481:
4474:
4467:
4460:
4452:
4449:
4448:
4437:
4436:
4429:
4422:
4414:
4408:
4407:
4404:Mammals portal
4391:
4390:External links
4388:
4386:
4385:
4383:
4349:(4): 504–511.
4334:
4332:
4319:
4304:
4290:
4267:
4246:
4225:
4190:
4165:
4146:
4128:(2): 385–394.
4111:
4090:
4050:
4044:
4031:
4011:(2): 270–305.
3993:
3964:
3914:
3879:
3854:
3834:
3827:
3826:
3796:
3794:, p. 274.
3784:
3782:, p. 147.
3772:
3770:, p. 297.
3760:
3758:, p. 806.
3745:
3743:, p. 106.
3733:
3718:
3669:
3654:
3642:
3630:
3615:
3596:
3584:
3555:(1): 146–154.
3535:
3508:(2): 385–394.
3488:
3445:(4): 504–511.
3423:
3408:
3388:
3339:
3316:
3273:(4): 504–511.
3251:
3249:, p. 189.
3230:
3228:, p. 188.
3218:
3203:
3191:
3189:, pp. 62.
3176:
3174:, p. 215.
3164:
3152:
3137:
3110:
3087:
3080:
3077:
3060:
3057:
3033:Ornithologist
3026:
3023:
3019:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3010:
3009:
3006:
3005:
3001:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2992:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2983:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2974:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2965:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2956:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2947:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2938:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2914:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2887:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2865:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2843:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2825:U. columbianus
2821:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2775:
2770:
2768:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2749:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2740:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2731:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2704:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2682:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2660:
2655:
2653:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2631:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2609:
2604:
2602:
2594:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2576:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2567:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2558:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2549:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2513:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2491:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2472:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2445:
2440:
2438:
2433:
2431:
2423:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2414:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2405:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2396:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2369:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2347:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2328:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2301:
2296:
2294:
2289:
2287:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2260:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2200:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2178:
2173:
2171:
2161:
2159:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2041:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2019:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2005:
2004:
1997:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1975:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1953:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1931:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1909:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1839:
1834:
1832:
1827:
1825:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1761:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1739:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1717:
1712:
1710:
1705:
1703:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1589:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1567:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1521:
1516:
1514:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1459:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1437:
1432:
1430:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1366:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1344:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1322:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1285:
1280:
1278:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1209:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1187:
1182:
1180:
1172:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1112:
1107:
1105:
1100:
1098:
1088:
1086:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1013:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1002:
999:
998:
991:
986:
984:
981:
980:
977:
976:
969:
964:
962:
954:
953:
950:
949:
945:
944:
941:
940:
933:
930:
929:
926:
925:
918:
913:
911:
901:
899:
894:
892:
887:
793:
790:
733:), grey wolf (
730:Martes caurina
574:Zapus princeps
566:Myodes gapperi
508:
505:
427:
424:
408:Blue Mountains
381:
378:
326:
323:
276:
275:
273:
272:
263:
257:S. c. albertae
254:
245:
230:
229:
228:
225:
224:
218:
217:
213:
212:
204:
203:
196:
185:
184:
178:
177:
170:
168:
164:
163:
156:
152:
151:
146:
142:
141:
136:
132:
131:
126:
122:
121:
116:
112:
111:
106:
102:
101:
96:
92:
91:
78:
77:
59:
56:
55:
50:
47:
46:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5957:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5927:
5925:
5908:
5903:
5899:
5895:
5890:
5886:
5882:
5877:
5873:
5869:
5864:
5860:
5856:
5851:
5847:
5843:
5838:
5834:
5830:
5825:
5821:
5817:
5812:
5808:
5804:
5799:
5795:
5791:
5786:
5782:
5777:
5771:
5767:
5762:
5756:
5752:
5751:
5749:
5747:
5743:
5735:
5730:
5726:
5722:
5717:
5713:
5709:
5704:
5700:
5696:
5691:
5687:
5683:
5678:
5674:
5670:
5665:
5661:
5657:
5652:
5648:
5643:
5637:
5633:
5632:
5630:
5628:
5624:
5620:
5615:
5605:
5604:
5598:
5592:
5591:
5586:
5583:
5582:
5577:
5574:
5573:
5568:
5565:
5564:
5559:
5558:
5556:
5552:
5551:
5546:
5539:
5538:
5533:
5531:
5530:
5525:
5522:
5521:
5516:
5513:
5512:
5507:
5504:
5503:
5498:
5495:
5494:
5489:
5486:
5485:
5480:
5477:
5476:
5471:
5468:
5467:
5462:
5459:
5458:
5453:
5450:
5449:
5444:
5441:
5440:
5435:
5432:
5431:
5426:
5425:
5423:
5419:
5418:
5413:
5407:
5406:
5401:
5400:
5398:
5396:
5392:
5386:
5385:
5380:
5377:
5376:
5371:
5368:
5367:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5352:
5349:
5348:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5333:
5330:
5329:
5324:
5321:
5320:
5315:
5312:
5311:
5306:
5303:
5302:
5297:
5294:
5293:
5288:
5285:
5284:
5279:
5276:
5275:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5264:S. brevicauda
5260:
5257:
5256:
5251:
5250:
5248:
5244:
5243:sensu stricto
5242:
5237:
5231:
5230:
5225:
5222:
5221:
5216:
5215:
5213:
5209:
5208:
5203:
5197:
5196:
5191:
5190:
5188:
5186:
5185:Poliocitellus
5182:
5176:
5175:
5170:
5167:
5166:
5161:
5158:
5157:
5152:
5151:
5149:
5145:
5144:
5139:
5133:
5132:
5127:
5124:
5123:
5118:
5117:
5115:
5113:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5101:
5096:
5093:
5092:
5087:
5084:
5083:
5078:
5075:
5074:
5069:
5066:
5065:
5060:
5057:
5056:
5051:
5048:
5047:
5042:
5039:
5038:
5033:
5030:
5029:
5024:
5021:
5020:
5015:
5012:
5011:
5006:
5003:
5002:
4997:
4994:
4993:
4988:
4985:
4984:
4979:
4976:
4975:
4970:
4967:
4966:
4961:
4958:
4957:
4952:
4949:
4948:
4943:
4940:
4939:
4934:
4931:
4930:
4925:
4922:
4921:
4916:
4913:
4912:
4907:
4904:
4903:
4898:
4896:
4892:
4891:
4886:
4880:
4879:
4874:
4871:
4870:
4865:
4862:
4861:
4856:
4853:
4852:
4849:Hoary marmot
4846:
4841:
4840:
4835:
4832:
4831:
4826:
4823:
4822:
4817:
4814:
4813:
4808:
4805:
4804:
4799:
4796:
4795:
4790:
4787:
4786:
4781:
4778:
4777:
4772:
4769:
4768:
4765:Bobak marmot
4763:
4762:
4760:
4759:
4753:
4748:
4744:
4743:
4738:
4732:
4731:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4720:(I. parvidens
4716:
4713:
4712:
4707:
4706:
4704:
4700:
4699:
4694:
4688:
4687:
4682:
4681:
4679:
4677:
4676:
4671:
4665:
4664:
4659:
4656:
4655:
4650:
4647:
4646:
4641:
4638:
4637:
4632:
4629:
4628:
4623:
4622:
4620:
4616:
4615:
4610:
4604:
4603:
4598:
4595:
4594:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4580:
4579:
4577:
4573:
4572:
4567:
4561:
4560:
4555:
4552:
4551:
4546:
4543:
4542:
4537:
4534:
4533:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4519:
4518:
4516:
4512:
4511:
4506:
4500:
4496:
4493:
4489:
4486:
4482:
4479:
4475:
4472:
4468:
4465:
4461:
4458:
4454:
4453:
4450:
4446:
4435:
4430:
4428:
4423:
4421:
4416:
4415:
4412:
4405:
4399:
4394:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4335:
4333:
4322:
4320:9780520211995
4316:
4312:
4311:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4287:
4283:
4282:
4277:
4273:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4191:
4179:
4175:
4173:
4166:
4154:
4153:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4118:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4091:
4079:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4065:
4060:
4058:
4051:
4047:
4041:
4037:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4010:
4006:
3999:
3994:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3972:
3965:
3955:on 2015-02-20
3951:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3924:
3922:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3855:
3843:
3842:
3836:
3835:
3833:
3832:
3814:
3810:
3808:
3800:
3793:
3788:
3781:
3776:
3769:
3764:
3757:
3752:
3750:
3742:
3737:
3730:
3725:
3723:
3714:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3673:
3666:
3661:
3659:
3651:
3646:
3640:, p. 33.
3639:
3634:
3628:, p. 40.
3627:
3622:
3620:
3612:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3593:
3588:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3539:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3492:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3435:
3427:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3405:
3401:
3400:
3392:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3343:
3336:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3321:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3263:
3255:
3248:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3235:
3227:
3222:
3216:, p. 24.
3215:
3210:
3208:
3200:
3195:
3188:
3183:
3181:
3173:
3168:
3161:
3156:
3149:
3144:
3142:
3134:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3107:
3105:
3104:IUCN Red List
3099:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3076:
3074:
3070:
3069:least concern
3066:
3056:
3053:
3052:The Citellary
3049:
3045:
3044:the Citellary
3036:
3031:
3017:
3016:
3008:
3007:
2999:
2998:
2990:
2989:
2981:
2980:
2972:
2971:
2963:
2962:
2954:
2953:
2945:
2944:
2936:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2912:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2901:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2842:
2841:
2835:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2800:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2747:
2746:
2738:
2737:
2729:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2723:U. townsendii
2718:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2686:U. townsendii
2681:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2613:U. townsendii
2608:
2607:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2583:
2582:
2574:
2573:
2565:
2564:
2556:
2555:
2547:
2546:
2538:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2517:X. perotensis
2512:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2470:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2449:X. mohavensis
2444:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2412:
2411:
2403:
2402:
2394:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2339:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2326:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2264:P. franklinii
2259:
2258:
2257:Poliocitellus
2254:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2234:
2233:
2225:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2138:
2137:
2129:
2128:
2120:
2119:
2111:
2110:
2102:
2101:
2093:
2092:
2084:
2083:
2075:
2074:
2066:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2011:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2003:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1888:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1804:
1803:
1795:
1794:
1786:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1677:
1676:
1668:
1667:
1659:
1658:
1650:
1649:
1641:
1640:
1632:
1631:
1623:
1622:
1614:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1593:M. himalayana
1588:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1546:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1493:
1492:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1409:
1408:
1400:
1399:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1252:
1251:
1243:
1242:
1234:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1155:O. variegatus
1150:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1137:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1111:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1065:
1064:
1056:
1055:
1047:
1046:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1012:
1011:
1005:
1004:
1001:
1000:
997:
996:
990:
989:
983:
982:
979:
978:
975:
974:
968:
967:
961:
960:
956:
955:
952:
951:
943:
942:
939:
938:
932:
931:
928:
927:
924:
923:
917:
916:
910:
909:
905:
904:
898:
897:
891:
890:
886:
884:
880:
875:
872:
870:
866:
862:
857:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
826:
824:
820:
816:
811:
807:
798:
789:
786:
784:
783:
778:
777:
772:
771:
766:
765:
764:Puma concolor
760:
759:
754:
753:
748:
744:
743:
742:Taxidea taxus
738:
737:
732:
731:
726:
725:
724:Canis latrans
720:
719:
713:
707:
702:
698:
696:
692:
688:
687:
682:
678:
674:
670:
669:
664:
660:
659:
654:
650:
649:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
611:
605:
601:
597:
595:
591:
587:
583:
577:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
530:montane shrew
527:
523:
513:
504:
502:
498:
494:
490:
482:
478:
476:
475:
470:
466:
462:
457:
455:
449:
445:
442:
432:
423:
421:
417:
416:Blue Mountain
413:
409:
404:
402:
398:
393:
391:
387:
377:
374:
369:
367:
363:
359:
355:
346:
342:
340:
334:
332:
322:
320:
315:
311:
307:
306:
301:
300:United States
297:
293:
289:
288:
283:
267:
264:
258:
255:
249:
246:
240:
237:
236:
226:
223:
219:
214:
210:
205:
200:
194:
192:
186:
183:
182:Binomial name
179:
175:
174:
169:
166:
165:
162:
161:
157:
154:
153:
150:
147:
144:
143:
140:
137:
134:
133:
130:
127:
124:
123:
120:
117:
114:
113:
110:
107:
104:
103:
100:
97:
94:
93:
88:
83:
79:
73:
68:
67:Least Concern
57:
53:
48:
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
5745:
5626:
5601:
5589:
5580:
5571:
5562:
5548:
5536:
5528:
5519:
5510:
5501:
5492:
5483:
5474:
5465:
5463:
5456:
5447:
5438:
5429:
5415:
5404:
5394:
5383:
5374:
5365:
5355:
5346:
5336:
5327:
5319:(S. musicus)
5318:
5309:
5300:
5291:
5282:
5273:
5263:
5254:
5241:Spermophilus
5239:
5228:
5219:
5207:Sciurotamias
5205:
5194:
5184:
5173:
5164:
5155:
5141:
5130:
5121:
5111:Notocitellus
5109:
5099:
5090:
5081:
5072:
5063:
5054:
5045:
5036:
5027:
5018:
5009:
5000:
4991:
4982:
4973:
4964:
4955:
4946:
4937:
4928:
4919:
4910:
4901:
4888:
4877:
4868:
4859:
4850:
4845:Petromarmota
4844:
4838:
4829:
4820:
4811:
4802:
4793:
4784:
4775:
4766:
4757:
4756:Gray marmot
4751:
4740:
4729:
4719:
4710:
4696:
4685:
4673:
4662:
4653:
4644:
4635:
4626:
4612:
4601:
4592:
4583:
4569:
4558:
4549:
4540:
4531:
4522:
4508:
4485:Sciuromorpha
4346:
4342:
4324:. Retrieved
4309:
4280:
4276:Wilson, D.E.
4254:
4251:The Murrelet
4250:
4233:
4230:The Murrelet
4229:
4202:
4198:
4182:. Retrieved
4177:
4171:
4157:. Retrieved
4151:
4125:
4121:
4098:
4094:
4082:. Retrieved
4068:
4062:
4056:
4035:
4008:
4004:
3985:. Retrieved
3983:(2): 250–252
3980:
3976:
3970:
3957:. Retrieved
3950:the original
3932:(372): 1–9.
3929:
3920:
3891:
3887:
3866:
3862:
3846:. Retrieved
3840:
3830:
3829:
3817:. Retrieved
3812:
3806:
3799:
3787:
3775:
3763:
3736:
3729:Merriam 1891
3686:
3682:
3672:
3667:, p. 4.
3645:
3633:
3626:Merriam 1891
3613:, p. 3.
3587:
3552:
3548:
3538:
3505:
3501:
3491:
3442:
3438:
3426:
3398:
3391:
3356:
3352:
3342:
3270:
3266:
3254:
3221:
3194:
3167:
3155:
3135:, p. 1.
3103:
3083:
3082:
3062:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3040:
2929:
2928:
2905:
2904:
2890:
2889:
2868:
2867:
2847:U. undulatus
2846:
2845:
2824:
2823:
2793:
2792:
2778:
2777:
2722:
2721:
2707:
2706:
2685:
2684:
2664:U. brunnenus
2663:
2662:
2634:
2633:
2612:
2611:
2597:
2532:X. spilosoma
2531:
2530:
2516:
2515:
2495:X. spilosoma
2494:
2493:
2463:
2462:
2448:
2447:
2426:
2387:
2386:
2373:C. gunnisoni
2372:
2371:
2351:C. parvidens
2350:
2349:
2320:C. mexicanus
2319:
2318:
2304:
2303:
2282:
2263:
2262:
2255:
2218:
2217:
2204:I. parvidens
2203:
2202:
2182:I. mexicanus
2181:
2180:
2166:
2059:
2058:
2044:
2043:
2022:
2021:
2000:
1999:
1978:
1977:
1956:
1955:
1934:
1933:
1912:
1911:
1881:
1880:
1857:
1856:
1842:
1841:
1779:
1778:
1764:
1763:
1742:
1741:
1720:
1719:
1700:Spermophilus
1698:
1607:
1606:
1592:
1591:
1570:
1569:
1539:
1538:
1525:M. baibacina
1524:
1523:
1477:
1476:
1463:M. menzbieri
1462:
1461:
1440:
1439:
1384:
1383:
1369:
1368:
1347:
1346:
1325:
1324:
1303:
1302:
1288:
1287:
1273:
1228:C. madrensis
1227:
1226:
1213:C. lateralis
1212:
1211:
1191:C. saturatus
1190:
1189:
1175:
1154:
1153:
1130:
1129:
1115:
1114:
1093:
1032:A. interpres
1031:
1030:
1016:
1015:
994:
993:
972:
971:
957:
937:N. annulatus
936:
935:
921:
920:
908:Notocitellus
906:
876:
873:
869:Wallowa Lake
860:
858:
853:
845:
837:
829:
827:
818:
814:
803:
787:
780:
774:
768:
762:
756:
750:
740:
734:
728:
722:
716:
714:
710:
694:
691:black plague
684:
680:
676:
672:
666:
662:
656:
652:
646:
642:
638:
637:; the mites
634:
630:
626:
625:; the fleas
622:
618:
608:
606:
602:
598:
593:
590:meadow voles
585:
578:
573:
565:
557:
549:
541:
533:
518:
499:
495:
491:
487:
472:
459:Mammalogist
458:
450:
446:
441:hibernaculum
437:
405:
394:
383:
370:
365:
357:
353:
351:
335:
328:
303:
286:
285:
281:
279:
265:
256:
247:
238:
190:
188:
172:
171:
159:
18:
5940:Urocitellus
5876:NatureServe
5824:iNaturalist
5770:Wikispecies
5417:Urocitellus
5356:S. relictus
4497:Subfamily:
4326:20 February
4205:: 146–154.
4159:20 February
3869:: 147–149.
3848:21 February
3780:Bailey 1936
3650:Harris 1985
3160:Svihla 1933
3148:Svihla 1932
2794:U. beldingi
2599:Urocitellus
2388:C. leucurus
1979:S. citellus
1935:S. relictus
1913:S. citellus
1882:S. suslicus
1843:S. dauricus
1780:S. pygmaeus
1743:S. pygmaeus
1608:M. sibirica
1348:M. caligata
1131:O. beecheyi
1017:A. harrisii
995:A. leucurus
973:A. harrisii
922:N. adocetus
877:Below is a
736:Canis lupus
721:), coyote (
658:Trypanosoma
568:), and the
465:Piegan Pass
401:Pleistocene
325:Description
305:Urocitellus
261:Allen, 1903
160:Urocitellus
5924:Categories
4483:Suborder:
4442:Marmotini
4045:0231037333
3959:2015-02-19
3084:Footnotes:
3079:References
3035:George Ord
2930:U. parryii
2891:U. elegans
2869:U. parryii
2779:U. armatus
1721:S. musicus
1478:M. caudata
1441:M. broweri
1370:M. olympus
1304:M. marmota
850:Rafinesque
665:, and the
454:postpartum
390:Washington
5761:Q21730465
4890:Neotamias
4843:Subgenus
4750:Subgenus
4746:(marmots)
4698:Ictidomys
4492:Sciuridae
4455:Kingdom:
4343:Oecologia
4257:(3): 78.
4236:(2): 55.
4101:: 39–42.
3571:0022-2372
3522:1545-1542
3467:0029-8549
3439:Oecologia
3375:0006-3363
3335:Shaw 1918
3295:0029-8549
3267:Oecologia
2708:U. mollis
2168:Ictidomys
2023:S. fulvus
883:Marmotini
879:cladogram
825:in 1815.
671:species:
600:hectare.
582:deer mice
522:sympatric
314:holarctic
310:Marmotini
243:Ord, 1815
167:Species:
149:Sciuridae
105:Kingdom:
99:Eukaryota
5881:2.103644
5755:Wikidata
5721:12401015
5695:11166818
5642:Q1767988
5636:Wikidata
5603:Category
4675:Eutamias
4490:Family:
4478:Rodentia
4471:Mammalia
4464:Chordata
4462:Phylum:
4457:Animalia
4371:28313184
4300:62265494
4221:86280776
4027:28483038
3831:Sources:
3713:14667386
3579:86280776
3475:28313184
3418:47011896
3303:28313184
3048:Citellus
2060:S. major
1765:S. major
1540:M. bobak
1289:M. monax
819:Arctomys
792:Taxonomy
661:species
426:Behavior
371:Several
222:Synonyms
145:Family:
139:Rodentia
129:Mammalia
119:Chordata
115:Phylum:
109:Animalia
95:Domain:
72:IUCN 3.1
5907:1014254
5868:1001790
5816:7786966
5682:2437295
4761:
4752:Marmota
4742:Marmota
4614:Cynomys
4499:Xerinae
4476:Order:
4469:Class:
4379:2681433
4351:Bibcode
4263:3535311
4242:3534104
4184:1 March
4142:1382073
4084:30 July
3987:1 March
3946:3504178
3910:3828438
3819:5 March
3704:1809932
3530:1382073
3483:2681433
3447:Bibcode
3383:3828438
3311:2681433
3275:Bibcode
3073:Montana
2284:Cynomys
1275:Marmota
758:Neogale
752:Mustela
747:weasels
668:Eimeria
588:), and
560:), the
552:), the
544:), the
507:Ecology
412:Wallowa
339:Molting
201:, 1815)
155:Genus:
135:Order:
125:Class:
70: (
40:Alberta
5842:930318
5829:179998
5790:741555
5708:180151
5584:
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651:, and
633:, and
373:albino
362:rufous
296:Canada
292:rodent
44:Canada
5894:50862
5855:42466
5803:7DTRZ
5734:51688
5690:IRMNG
5669:6Z8WY
4375:S2CID
4274:. In
4259:JSTOR
4238:JSTOR
4217:S2CID
4138:JSTOR
4023:S2CID
4001:(PDF)
3953:(PDF)
3942:JSTOR
3926:(PDF)
3575:S2CID
3526:JSTOR
3479:S2CID
3307:S2CID
834:Idaho
524:with
5889:NCBI
5850:IUCN
5837:ITIS
5811:GBIF
5785:BOLD
5703:ITIS
5677:GBIF
4367:PMID
4328:2015
4315:ISBN
4296:OCLC
4286:ISBN
4186:2015
4161:2015
4086:2021
4069:2016
4040:ISBN
3989:2015
3906:PMID
3850:2015
3821:2015
3709:PMID
3567:ISSN
3518:ISSN
3471:PMID
3463:ISSN
3414:OCLC
3404:ISBN
3379:PMID
3371:ISSN
3299:PMID
3291:ISSN
3106:2016
3065:IUCN
3063:The
836:.
755:and
621:and
414:and
280:The
232:List
5863:MDD
5798:CoL
5716:MSW
5664:CoL
5651:ADW
4359:doi
4207:doi
4130:doi
4103:doi
4073:doi
4013:doi
3934:doi
3896:doi
3871:doi
3699:PMC
3691:doi
3687:270
3557:doi
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