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Columbia River Treaty

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his 1974 paper "Ten Year Later, The Results of the Columbia River Treaty." He explained that the original estimate of the cost of the Canadian dams was about C$ 411 million in 1963 dollars. Actual cost in 1973 dollars was about C$ 548 million, and this included $ 50 million in regional improvement beyond replacement of like for like. This was a 33% increase over ten years, and he noted that during that time the average cost of dams and reservoirs in Canada increased by 80%. The value of the U.S. power and flood control payments in 1973 dollars, which had increased with interest, was C$ 479 million; leaving a deficit of C$ 69 million. For this cost, BC was then able to add a power house at Mica, and later at Kootenay Canal, Revelstoke and Keenleyside, and construct transmission lines, to delivery power to major load centers far cheaper than alternatives. Since the end of the 30-year sale of the Canadian Entitlement to the U.S. in March 2003, the U.S. delivery of the Entitlement power to BC has been a benefit far greater than the C$ 5 million per year estimate by the Canadian government in 1964. The BC government reported in Dec. 2012 that the average annual revenue from the Canadian Entitlement power, which is marketed by POWEREX for the Province, over the previous ten years was C$ 202 million per year. Those revenues go into the Province's Consolidated Revenue Fund.
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focused on preserving Kokanee stock jeopardized by the Duncan Dam which ruined kilometers of spawning grounds key to Kokanee, Bull Trout and Rainbow Trout survival. Since Rainbow and Bull Trout feed on Kokanee, it was essential Kokanee stock remained strong. As a result, BC Hydro funded the construction of Meadow Creek Spawning Channel in 1967, which is 3.3 km (2.1 miles) long, and at the time was longest human-made spawning ground and first made for fresh water sport fish. The channel supports 250,000 spawning Kokanee every year, resulting in 10 to 15 million fry, with the mean egg to fry survival rate at around 45%. BC Hydro has also provided some funding to Creston Valley Wildlife Management Area to help alleviate damage done by Duncan Dam to surrounding habitats. The area is a seasonal home to many unique bird species, such as Tundra Swans, Greater White-Fronted Geese and many birds of prey. Such species are sensitive to changes in the river as they rely on it for food and their nesting grounds are typically found quite close to the water. BC Hydro, in partnership with the Province of BC and Fisheries and Oceans Canada, has also been contributing to the Columbia Basin Fish and Wildlife Compensation Program since 1988.
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many fish are killed by the dam turbines as they try to swim further downstream. It is unclear exactly how many fish are killed in the turbines, but old estimates range between 8 and 12% per dam. If a fish hatches high upstream they will have to swim through multiple dams, leading to possible cumulative losses of over 50 to 80% of the migrating fry. Efforts to make turbines safer for fish to pass through have significantly reduced fish loses to near pre-dam levels. While hatcheries appear to be quite successful for some species of fish, their efforts to increase fish populations will not be effective until up and downstream migration is improved. There is no one solution to improving the salmon and trout populations on the Columbia as it is the cumulative effects of the dams, slack-water reservoirs, loss of habitat, pollution and overfishing that are killing the fish. From 1965 to 1969, 27,312 acres were logged along the Columbia River to remove timber from the new flood plain. The slashing of vegetation along the shoreline weakened soil stability and made the land susceptible to wind erosion, creating sandstorms. Conversely, in wet periods, the cleared areas turned into vast mud flats.
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food source availability become unreliable. Plankton, a main staple of salmon and trout's diet, is especially sensitive to changes in water level. Nutrient-rich sediment, that would previously have flowed downstream, becomes trapped in the reservoirs above dams, resulting in changes in water properties and temperatures on either side of the barrier. A difference in water temperature of 9 degrees Celsius (48 °F) was once measured between the Columbia and its tributary the Snake River. When silt settles to the bottom of the river or reservoir it covers rocks, ruins spawning grounds and eliminates all hiding place for smaller fish to escape from predators. Alteration in water quality, such as acidity or gas saturation, may not be visually dramatic, but can be deadly to certain types of aquatic life. The Columbia River, with its series of dams and reservoirs, is influenced by a complex combination of these effects, making it difficult to predict or understand exactly how the animal populations will react.
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rivers and privately owned utility BC Electric was unwilling to pay for hydroelectric development on these rivers. Therefore, the BC Energy Board recommended that hydroelectric development be undertaken as a public venture. On 1 August 1961 Bill 5 was proposed to the BC legislature calling for provincial control over BC Electric and creation of the Peace River Power Development Company. Later that month, Bill 5 was passed into law paving the way for the creation of BC Hydro in 1963, completing Bennett's vision of "public power". BC Hydro thereafter consisted of BC Electric, the Peace River Power Development Company and the BC Power Commission. The creation of a government-owned power entity allowed Bennett to finance the dams and powerhouses on the Columbia at lower interest rates, thus reducing the cost. The BC-Canada Agreement of 8 July 1963 designated BC Hydro as the entity responsible for Canadian dams outlined in the treaty and annual operations of the treaty.
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increased power generation at both new and existing facilities, assured winter flows (for power) and the Canadian Entitlement power currently owed to BC by the U.S. (valued at approximately $ 300 million annually). At the beginning of the treaty, the province received lump sum payments from the U.S. for the sale of the Canadian Entitlement for 30 years and for the provision of 60 years of assured flood protection to the Northwestern States. Indirect benefits to the province have included the creation of employment opportunities for several thousand people in the construction and operation of dams as well as lower power rates for customers in both BC and the Northwestern U.S. Furthermore, many later developments in BC were made possible by the CRT because of water regulation provided by upstream storage. The
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area. The kind of wealth that went unnoticed consisted of agriculture, livestock, tourism and lumber. Paying minimal taxes also enabled a self-sufficient lifestyle with little cost. In addition, from an outsiders perspective it seemed as though BC Hydro was being fair with the resident's settlement prices for their land and homes. However, many people thought that the settlement prices from BC Hydro were unfair, but were intimidated and felt powerless to challenge them in court, so they accepted the prices begrudgingly. The residents questioned what benefits the dam would have for them if they were just going to be relocated, and lose money in the long run. However, BC Hydro built new communities for those living from
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Canadian Entitlement amounts and establish a base operation for Canadian Treaty storage, include little direct treatment of other interests that have grown in importance over the years, such as fish protection, irrigation and other environmental concerns. However, the treaty permits the Entities to incorporate a broad range of interests into the "Detailed Operating Plans" that are agreed to immediately prior to the operating year, and which modify the "Assured Operating Plans" to produce results more advantageous to both countries. For more than 20 years, the "Detailed Operating Plans" have included a growing number of fish-friendly operations designed to address environmental concerns on both sides of the border.
144:. This was a new federal institution meant to build transmission lines and sell the power generated by Bonneville, Grand Coulee and future Columbia Dams. While these projects substantially increased the ability to control floods and generate power, the system was unable to provide full protection or maximize the amount of power generated. American planners realized that the full potential of the river could only be harnessed through transboundary cooperation to create additional storage capacity above the existing lower Columbia complex. With the storage provided in Canada, water releases could be timed to meet power demand, rather than relying on the snowmelt-determined natural flow rates of the river. 1261: 1613:(1973). The latter dam, however, was built higher than required by the treaty, and thus provides a total of 14.80 km (12 Maf) including 6.17 km (5.0 Maf) of Non Treaty Storage space. Unless otherwise agreed, the three Canadian Treaty projects are required to operate for flood protection and increased power generation at-site and downstream in both Canada and the United States, although the allocation of water storage operations among the three projects is at Canadian discretion. The downstream power and flood control benefits in the United States created by the operation of Canada's Treaty reservoirs are shared by the two countries in accordance with Treaty provisions. 1985:
fall lows. After the dams were built, the river flows changed and in some areas the previous maximum and minimum water levels were altered by several tens of meters. High spring–summer flows were reduced, and fall–winter flows were increased to satisfy United States power demands. After the damming, the water during high floods began to cover much of the valley's arable land—and when it was drawn down to produce power it carried away fertile soil, leaving agricultural land useless. Additionally, it is estimated that the habitat of 8,000 deer, 600 elk, 1,500 moose, 2,000 black bears, and 70,000 ducks and geese was flooded due to the creation of the reservoirs.
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results of the treaty in the U.S., there were long-ranging environmental implications of the new management regime. The increased storage capacity in the Upper Columbia dams afforded river managers a much greater degree of control over the river's hydrograph. Peak flows could now be more dramatically reduced, and low flows bolstered by controlled releases from storage. Peak power demands tend to occur in midwinter and midsummer, so river managers calibrate releases to coincide with periods of high demand. This is a dramatic change from the snowmelt-driven summer peak flows of the river prior to its development.
1648:, and was the winning entry in a contest to name the reservoir. Water behind the Libby dam floods back 42 mi (68 km) into Canada, while the water released from the dam returns to Canada just upstream of Kootenay Lake. Libby Dam began operation in March 1972 and is operated for power, flood control and other benefits at-site and downstream in both Canada and the United States. The U.S. did not pay Canada for the land submerged by the Libby Dam reservoir and Canada does not pay the U.S. for the resulting power and flood control benefits downstream on the Kootenay River. 1494: 1948:'s administration has often been criticized for being short-sighted in initial negotiations, but it was difficult to accurately value these agreements at the time. In 1960, Columbia River power produced half a million tons of aluminum for the U.S. By 1974, treaty power had increased this production threefold, hurting BC's own aluminum production, effectively exporting thousands of jobs in this industry. Further negative impacts include the flooding of approximately 600 km of fertile and productive valley bottoms to fill the 1978: 1896:(BC) or the U.S. operating individually. It was expected that either additional costs would have been avoided or additional benefits gained by the cooperation between BC/Canada and the U.S. However, many felt that such expectations were left unrealized by the effects of the actual treaty. Soon after the treaty came into effect, it became apparent that greater combined returns had not necessarily been achieved than had each country continued operating independently. Others dispute that idea. 177:
entitlement were the only affordable way for British Columbia to develop both rivers, thus the treaty became integral to Bennett's vision of power in British Columbia. With the cash received from the sale of the additional power generation of the Canadian Entitlement (approximately C$ 274.8 million in September 1964 for the first 30 years) the BC government proceeded to develop power facilities on both the Columbia and Peace Rivers, fulfilling Bennett's 'Two River Policy'.
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which was surplus to the province's needs at the time. The final ratification came in 1964 when a consortium of 37 public and four private utilities in the United States agreed to pay C$ 274.8 million to purchase the Canadian Entitlement for a period of 30 years from the scheduled completion date of each of the Canadian projects. British Columbia used the funds, along with the U.S. payment of C$ 69.6 million for U.S. flood control benefits, to construct the Canadian dams.
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provide for their families on a long term basis. However, due to the exclusion of local hearings for the treaty and the outcome of the Arrow Dam many residents felt powerless in the provinces decision to flood the area. In response, the Columbia Basin Trust was established, in part, to address the long term socio-economic impacts in British Columbia that resulted from this flooding.
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benefit that ignores U.S. dams built after 1961 (e.g. Libby and Dworshak), limits sales of surplus power to California, and excludes modern fish related constraints at U.S. dams. Without the first two of these limits, the Canadian Entitlement would be slightly less than half of current values. The Canadian Entitlement is marketed by
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Division Engineer for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. The treaty also established a Permanent Engineering Board, consisting of equal members from Canada and the U.S., that reports to both governments annually on Treaty issues, any deviations from the operating plans, and assists the Entities in resolving any disputes.
121:. Dam construction on the American side of the border thus began prior to the entry into force of the Columbia River Treaty. There were various plans put forward in the early 20th century for major dams on the Columbia, many focused on irrigation, but development did not begin in earnest until the 1930s. During the 2018:
large game animals, including big-horned sheep and elk. While the Libby Dam opened the possibilities of downstream irrigation, scientists determined that it would also destroy valuable wetland ecosystems and alter the river hydrology throughout the area of its extent, in the reservoir and far downstream.
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Because this project involved a transboundary reservoir, it was slow to move from planning to construction. By 1966, when construction began, the environmental movement had begun to have some political currency. Environmental impact assessments found that this dam would be deleterious to a variety of
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The introduction of a dam affects every living thing in the surrounding area, both up and downstream. Upstream change is obvious as water levels rise and submerge nesting grounds and migration routes for water fowl. As water levels in storage reservoirs change throughout the year, aquatic habitat and
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had to power to possibly influence the signing of the dams in particular the Libby and Wardner Dam and potential cost of replacement as well as "rehabilitating Indians". However, due to the push to assimilate First Nations people into a cash-based economy, and no reserves being physically affected by
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to Edgewood, as part of the compensation process. These communities came with BC Hydro electricity, running water, telephone services, a school, a church, a park and stores. Finally, building the dam did provide work for many families, and supplied electricity to remote communities that were once out
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There was initial controversy over the Columbia River Treaty when British Columbia refused to give consent to ratify it on the grounds that while the province would be committed to building the three major dams within its borders, it would have no assurance of a purchaser for the Canadian Entitlement
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The treaty has no end date, but it includes an option for either country to terminate most treaty provisions anytime after 60 years (i.e. 16 September 2024), given at least 10 years advance notice. If the treaty is terminated, several provisions continue including Called Upon flood control, operation
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Under pressure from environmental activist groups, the Army Corps of Engineers developed a mitigation plan that represents a major departure from the previous treaty dams. This plan addressed concerns about fish by building hatcheries, acquired land to serve as grazing areas for animals whose normal
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The Columbia River has the greatest annual drainage as compared to all other rivers along the Pacific coast. Before the introduction of dams on the river, the changes in water level rose and fell predictably with the seasons and a nine-meter displacement existed between the spring snowmelt highs and
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people who occupied the Columbia River Valley for thousands of years, lost sacred burial grounds, an extremely devastating experience for their community. Furthermore, the Sinixt were labeled as officially extinct by the Canadian government in 1953 despite many Sinixt people still being alive. It is
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percent for the flood damages prevented until September 2024. The U.S. insisted on determining the payment based on benefits until 2024 because the alternative was to construct U.S. dams that would be fully paid for by then. Canada accepted the calculation method and explained to Parliament that the
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The Canadian Entitlement is calculated five years in advance for each operating year using an agreed treaty calculation method, and the amount varies mainly as a function of forecasted power loads, thermal generating resources and operating procedures. The method gives Canada a "first-added" storage
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The ongoing negotiations of the Columbia River Treaty provided a unique opportunity for Bennett to fulfil his Two Rivers Policy by working around British Columbia's monetary issues. During the 1950s, the government of British Columbia lacked the funds necessary to develop both the Columbia and Peace
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The treaty provided for the sharing with Canada of half of the downstream U.S. power and flood benefits, and allows the operation of Treaty storage for other benefits. The long-term impacts of the treaty have been mixed: while the dams have provided enormous economic benefits to British Columbia and
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The Future of the U.S.-Canada Columbia River Treaty, Building on 60 Years of Coordinated Power Generation and Flood Control: Oversight Field Hearing Before the Committee on Natural Resources, U.S. House of Representatives, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, First Session, Monday, December 9, 2013, in
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Migration downriver is also problematic after dams are built. Pre-dam currents on the Columbia efficiently carried fry to the ocean, but the introduction of dams and reservoirs changed the flow of the river, forcing the young fish to exert much more energy to swim through slack waters. In addition,
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dams, but the cost to BC to build the three dams exceeded the revenue initially received from the sale of downstream power and flood control benefits. The province also had to pay for improved highway, bridges, railway relocation, as well as welfare increases for the people affected by installation
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was skeptical about the deal; he observed that the three dams and associated power lines ultimately cost three times that figure, in addition to other costs. Dr. Hugh L. Keenleyside (for whom Keenleyside dam is named) dismissed these claims and other confusion about the treaty benefits and costs in
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The treaty was not implemented until over three years later because of difficulties in creating arrangements for funding the construction of the Canadian dams and marketing the electrical power owed to Canada which was surplus to Canadian needs during the early treaty years. A Treaty Protocol and a
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In the late 1940s, the BC Fish and Wildlife Branch began studying the impacts the dams were having on the area's animal inhabitants. Their findings resulted in a small sum being designated for further research and harm mitigation. Their work, in collaboration with local conservation groups, became
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25 properties including trap lines and other economic resourceful lands were bought. Since Arrow Lake had the largest number of people needing to be relocated it generated the most controversy and varying of opinions. People who worked on the dam felt a sense of pride and purpose for being able to
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In recent years, the treaty has garnered significant attention, not because of what it contains, but because of what it is lacking. A reflection of the times in which it was negotiated, the treaty's emphasis is on hydroelectricity and flood control. The "Assured Operating Plans" that determine the
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The local environmental impact of the Libby Dam was to flood 40,000 acres (around 162 square kilometers), altering downstream and upstream ecosystems. This was the greatest direct environmental effect of the treaty in the United States. While the Libby Dam and Lake Koocanusa were the most visible
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Unlike the Columbia's Canadian reach, the U.S. portion of the river had already been heavily developed by the time the treaty entered into force. Because the U.S. role in the agreement was largely to supply power-generating capacity, and that capacity was already in place, it was not obligated to
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However, for the province of BC, the impacts of the CRT were not entirely positive. By 1974, only ten years after the signing of the treaty, professors, politicians and experts across BC were divided on how beneficial it was to the province. Many said that the terms of the treaty would never have
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J.W Wilson who took part in the settlement agreement for BC Hydro noticed that while they looked at the physical value of the resident's houses they were unable to include the losses that went along with living self-sufficiently, which was a lifestyle that would not be possible in a city or urban
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The Canadian and U.S. Entities defined by the treaty, and appointed by the national governments, manage most of the treaty required activities. The Canadian Entity is BC Hydro and Power Authority, and the U.S. Entity is the Administrator of the Bonneville Power Administration and the Northwestern
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were responsible for the development of infrastructure throughout the province during the 1950s and 1960s. Bennett was the Canadian force behind the Columbia River Treaty and as a believer in the development of public power, he created and promoted a "Two Rivers Policy". This policy outlined the
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In short, BC pursued the Columbia River Treaty because it provided a unique opportunity for hydroelectric development that otherwise would not have been possible (due to the financial situation of the province during that period). It was the hope that these developments would promote industrial
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Salmon and Steelhead trout travel from the ocean upriver to various spawning grounds. The construction of multiple dams on the Columbia threatened this fishery as the fish struggled to complete the migration upstream. All dams on the Columbia River downstream of Chief Joseph have fish ladders
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Over the lifespan of the treaty, both positive and negative impacts have been felt by the province of British Columbia. For BC, the positive impacts of the treaty have included both direct and indirect economic and social benefits. Direct benefits came in the form of better flood protection,
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Despite receiving physical reimbursement, Wilson argues that the emotional loss of peoples homes and familiar landscape could not be compensated, and increased the physical and psychological stress of relocating their homes and communities. The emotional loss was especially difficult for the
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Bennett directed the negotiations for a Canadian Entitlement sales agreement which provided the funds to develop both the Columbia and the Peace rivers simultaneously. Since it was illegal for Canada to export power during the 1950s and 1960s, the funds provided by the Columbia River Treaty
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Canada-BC agreement were signed in January 1964 that limited and clarified many treaty provisions, defined rights and obligations between the British Columbia and Canadian governments, and allowed for the sale of the Canadian Entitlement to downstream U.S. power authorities (
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also ignores the flood control benefits provided by the Canadian power storage operation that normally drafts far more than the 8.45 Maf flood control obligation. The estimated annual benefit was capitalized for an up-front payment based on a low U.S. interest rate of
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the U.S. Pacific Northwest through hydroelectric generation and flood control, there are longstanding concerns regarding social and economic impacts to the local communities, and the environmental effects associated with the construction and operation of large dams.
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construct any new dams. While in the Upper Columbia, treaty dams meant the filling of large reservoirs, submerging large tracts of land, on the Lower Columbia no new dams had to be built. The local effects of dam construction were limited to those of the
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the dams, Indian Affairs had minimal participation and influence. Once again, like BC Hydro, Indian Affairs disregarded hunting, fishing, gathering and sacred grounds as having either material, emotional or spiritual significance to First Nations people.
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With the exception of the Mica Dam, which was designed and constructed with a powerhouse, the Canadian Treaty projects were initially built for the sole purpose of regulating water flow. In 2002, however, a joint venture between the
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Under the terms of the agreement, Canada was required to provide 19.12 km (15.5 million acre-feet ) of usable reservoir storage behind three large dams. This was to be accomplished with 1.73 km (1.4 Maf) provided by
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been accepted in their present day. The negative impacts of the CRT have affected both the economy and the environment of BC. Treaty revenue from U.S. was used to pay in part for the construction of the
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of the dams. Because of this deficit, it is alleged that school and hospital construction suffered, and services such as the Forest Service, highways and water resources were secretly tapped for funds.
3344:"The Columbia River Treaty and Protocol, A Presentation", "Appendix", and "Related Documents", 1964 Publications by Canadian Dept. External Affairs and Dept. of Northern Affairs and National Resources. 1920:, which was constructed in the U.S. and to this day remains a key part of the western power grid, facilitating easy trading of power between all parts of western Canada and the western U.S. 2014:
in Montana. The U.S. was authorized to build this optional dam on the Kootenay River, a tributary of the Columbia. Lake Koocanusa, Libby Dam's reservoir, extends some distance into Canada.
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The long range plans for American development of the Columbia for hydroelectricity came together in the late 1930s. In 1937, the U.S. Congress passed the Bonneville Power Act, creating the
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Starting in the 1930s, the United States constructed dams on the lower Columbia River for power generation, flood control, channel navigation and irrigation in Washington as part of the
169:. Bennett wanted to develop the Peace River to fuel northern expansion and development, while using the Columbia River to provide power to growing industries throughout the province. 77:
In 1944, the Canadian and U.S. governments agreed to begin studying the potential for joint development of dams in the Columbia River basin. Planning efforts were slow until the
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which provides a further 6.14 km (4.98 Maf) of active storage in the Koocanusa reservoir. Although the name sounds like it might be of aboriginal origins, it is actually a
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The Canadian and U.S. governments are reviewing the treaty before the 2014 opportunity for notice for earliest termination. Options generally fall into three categories:
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Negotiate changes to the treaty that modify the flood control and power obligations and/or create new provisions for other benefits, especially environmental objectives.
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questionable the timing of labeling these people extinct, with the quick follow up of signing the Columbia River Treat a few years after. With that in mind
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Various attitudes were generated from local residents who would be affected directly or indirectly by the construction of the Columbia River Treaty dams.
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make a one-time monetary payment as each of the dams were completed for half of the value of the estimated future flood damages prevented in the U.S.
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reservoirs. No assessment of the value of flooded forest land was ever made; land which could have produced valuable timber for the BC economy.
1668:, 35 years after the storage dam was originally completed. The Duncan Dam remains a storage project, and has no power generation facilities. 1782: 1525: 1410: 1294: 1177: 3789: 3525: 2039: 1700:. The Canadian Entitlement varies from year to year, but is generally in the range of 4,400 GWh per year and about 1,250 MW of capacity. 3769: 3623: 3154:
Cohen, Stewart; Kathleen Miller; Alan Hamlet; Wendy Avis (2000). "Climate Change and Resource Management in the Columbia River Basin".
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for the flood control benefits due to the operation of 8.45 Maf of Canadian storage. The payment was based on an allocation that:
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Cohen, Stewart; Kathleen Miller; Alan Hamlet; Wendy Avis (2000). "Climate Change and Resource Management in the Columbia Basin".
202: 2754: 1814:, was a tough bargainer. The U.S. paid C$ 275 million, which accrued to C$ 458 million after interest. But Bennett's successor 3376: 3028: 3779: 3356:
Van Huizen, Phil (August 2010). "Building a Green Dam: Environmental Modernism and the Canadian-American Libby Dam Project".
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dams began during this period, but government involvement in Columbia dam construction has continued through to the present.
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As payment for the U.S. benefits realized by the Canadian storage operation, the treaty required the U.S. to:
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deliver to Canada half of the estimated increase in U.S. downstream power benefits, on an ongoing basis (the
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benefits in both countries. Four dams were constructed under this treaty: three in the Canadian province of
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Loo, Tina. (Summer 2004). "PEOPLE IN THE WAY: Modernity, Environment, and Society on the Arrow Lakes".
2056: 1840:, 3,144 properties had to be bought and 1,350 people had to be relocated. With the construction of the 1653: 3799: 3633: 1901: 1120: 78: 2083:, Premier of British Columbia who led the development of dams on the upper Columbia and Peace Rivers 2026:
as part of the dam project that enabled control of the temperature of water released from the dam.
109:). Instruments of ratification were exchanged and the treaty was implemented on 16 September 1964. 3794: 3764: 3444: 2695:. Baltimore, MD: Published for Resources for the Future by Johns Hopkins Press. pp. 191–204. 1863: 82: 3192:"The Columbia River Treaty, the Economics of an International River Basin Development", 1967 by 3189:"The Canada/U.S. Controversy Over the Columbia", 1966 Washington Law Review, by Ralph W. Johnson 3678: 3421: 3231:
Keeping the Lakes' Way: Reburial and the Re-creation of a Moral World among an Invisible People
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The Columbia River Treaty Revisited: Transboundary River Governance in the Face of Uncertainty
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are examples of these developments. Another project made possible in part by the CRT was the
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The BC and US governments launched websites to inform and engage citizens about the review.
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ignores the flood control benefits provided by Libby and other post-1961 U.S. projects, and
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hydroelectric development of two major rivers within the province of British Columbia: the
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gives Canada equal credit to U.S. projects existing in 1961 (better than first added),
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The Columbia Basin and the Columbia River Treaty, Canadian Perspectives in the 1990s
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The Columbia River Treaty: The Economics of an International River Basin Development
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of reach of BC's transmission grid, and dependent on gas and diesel generators.
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was a major player in negotiating the treaty and, according to U.S. Senator
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Continue the treaty with the automatic change to called upon flood control,
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Conflict over the Columbia: The Canadian Background to an Historic Treaty
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Conflict Over the Columbia: The Canadian Background to an Historic Treaty
2128: 1949: 1837: 1661: 1349: 417: 3480: 2053:, province of British Columbia effort to mitigate impacts of the treaty 1925: 1841: 1836:
had to relocate and compensate for people's loss of land and homes. In
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Harnessing The Power: Voices from Two Rivers of the Peace and Columbia
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Bonneville Power Administration and US Army Corps of Engineers Report
3348: 2011: 1617: 1602: 458: 62: 2044: 1940:
It has become obvious, in retrospect, that the 30-year sale of the
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Terminate the treaty (with continued called upon flood control), or
1703:
The treaty required the U.S. to pay a total of $ 64.4 million
1610: 319: 126: 50: 3240:
Voices from Two Rivers: Harnessing the Power of Peace and Columbia
2334: 3436: 2294: 1625: 1513: 58: 2513:
Boyer, David S. (December 1974). "Powerhouse of the Northwest".
2059:, a province owned crown corporation and sister agency with CBT. 1757:
and coordination of Libby, and Kootenay River diversion rights.
3499: 1867: 1854: 1844:
39 properties were bought and 30 people moved, subsequently at
1733:$ 64.4 million is 24% greater than the value to Canada at 1388: 1271: 1157: 1146: 26: 3222:
Sensing Changes: Technologies, Environments and the Everyday
3347:
United States. Congress. House of Representatives. (2014).
3025:"BC Hydro Supports Creston Valley Wildlife Management Area" 1377: 3411: 2228: 2226: 1664:
Hydro project in parallel with the Keenleyside Dam near
181:
growth within the province and help expand the economy.
2453:"Columbia River Treaty 2014/2024 Review Phase 1 Report" 3406: 1944:
was underestimated at the time of the treaty signing.
33:
on the development and operation of dams in the upper
3402:
US Northwest Power & Conservation Council Article
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Dams are in British Columbia unless otherwise noted.
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Steamboats of the upper Columbia and Kootenay Rivers
2322: 3251:. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre Publishers Inc. 2893:. Toronto: Clarke, Irwin & Company. p. 50. 16:
1961 agreement between Canada and the United States
3302: 3279: 3142: 3387:Columbia River Treaty Permanent Engineering Board 2760:. Columbia Basin Trust. 2008–2011. Archived from 2725:. Columbia Basin Trust. 2008–2011. Archived from 1794:at the signing of the Columbia River Treaty, 1961 3751: 3265:. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service 2328: 2250: 188: 3572:Bonneville Slide/Bridge of the Gods land bridge 3186:(Oregon State University Press; 2012) 455 pages 2749: 2747: 2714: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2290: 2288: 1616:The treaty also allowed the U.S. to build the 3452: 2666: 2664: 2662: 1888:(IJC), with regard to the development of the 1590:7.43 km (6.02 million acre⋅ft) 1359:8.76 km (7.10 million acre⋅ft) 1242:1.70 km (1.38 million acre⋅ft) 203: 2997:. BC Ministry of Environment. Archived from 2744: 2040:List of dams in the Columbia River watershed 1675: 3205:Vancouver/Toronto: Douglas & McIntyre. 2699: 2538: 2536: 2412: 2331:"Who Implements the Columbia River Treaty?" 2285: 1601:(1967), 8.76 km (7.1 Maf) provided by 3459: 3445: 3355: 3099: 3087: 3075: 3018: 3016: 2888: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2659: 2577: 2575: 1609:), and 8.63 km (7.0 Maf) provided by 1492: 1259: 1145: 210: 196: 3149:. Portland, Oregon: The Touchstone Press. 2174: 2172: 2022:ranges were submerged, and implemented a 1993:installed, from Wells to Bonneville Dam. 1941: 1475:15 km (12 million acre⋅ft) 3330:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 3277: 3198: 3051:"Fish and Wildlife Compensation Program" 2989: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2687: 2533: 2379: 2367: 2355: 2316: 2279: 2244: 2232: 2202: 1976: 1967: 1781: 3246: 3237: 3233:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 3140: 3013: 2963: 2951: 2939: 2927: 2915: 2903: 2876: 2853: 2683: 2681: 2679: 2670: 2617: 2593: 2572: 2566: 2554: 2542: 2527: 2295:BC Citizens Campaign for Public Power. 2089:, the largest dam on the Columbia River 129:make-work program. Construction on the 3752: 3323: 2829: 2795:Sunday Best: The Columbia River Treaty 2720:"History of the Columbia River Treaty" 2629: 2605: 2581: 2418: 2169: 1866:people living around these areas. The 1605:(1968) (subsequently renamed the Hugh 3440: 3300: 3255: 3228: 3202:W.A.C. Bennett & The Rise of B.C. 2980: 2779: 2653: 2641: 2512: 2217: 2190: 2178: 2163: 2069:United States Army Corps of Engineers 1910:185 MW Arrow Lakes Generating Station 3392:BC Ministry of Energy and Mines Site 3219: 2974: 2847: 2835: 2823: 2811: 2755:"An Overview: Columbia River Treaty" 2676: 184: 3790:Treaties entered into force in 1964 3022: 2256: 1365:Dam in Mica Creek, British Columbia 13: 3466: 3242:. Vancouver: Douglas and McIntyre. 2004: 1248:Dam in Castlegar, British Columbia 14: 3811: 3417:Oregon Historical Society Article 3370: 3256:Stern, Charles V. (1 June 2018). 2799:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 1822: 3649:Steamboats of the Columbia River 3552:Geology of the Pacific Northwest 1632:of the first three letters from 1376: 1077: 1058: 1034: 1027: 1020: 1013: 986: 979: 952: 945: 920: 919: 912: 888: 881: 874: 867: 840: 833: 809: 802: 775: 768: 749: 742: 735: 708: 701: 694: 667: 660: 653: 634: 627: 620: 596: 589: 565: 558: 551: 524: 517: 510: 486: 479: 472: 445: 444: 437: 430: 402: 395: 370: 363: 339: 332: 305: 281: 259: 112: 3684:Bonneville Power Administration 3674:Historic Columbia River Highway 3116: 3105: 3093: 3081: 3069: 3043: 2968: 2957: 2945: 2933: 2921: 2909: 2897: 2882: 2841: 2817: 2805: 2793:Poole, Mike (Director) (1974). 2647: 2635: 2623: 2611: 2599: 2587: 2560: 2548: 2521: 2506: 2480: 2469: 2445: 2385: 2373: 2361: 2349: 2310: 2273: 2063:Bonneville Power Administration 1790:(seated left) and US President 1134:Dam in Howser, British Columbia 1113:United States waterways in blue 987: 953: 834: 776: 709: 661: 518: 364: 306: 142:Bonneville Power Administration 57:) and one in the U.S. state of 3432:US Government 2014 Review Site 3427:BC Government 2014 Review Site 2238: 2211: 2196: 2184: 2157: 2122: 2105: 2075:International Joint Commission 1886:International Joint Commission 1751: 1115:Columbia River Treaty dams in 1078: 1014: 868: 743: 566: 1: 3770:Canada–United States treaties 3738:The Columbia River Collection 3659:Steamboats of the Arrow Lakes 3407:Canadian Columbia River Forum 2421:"BC Hydro Annual Report 2011" 2099: 1879: 889: 635: 628: 81:caused extensive damage from 72: 3780:Interior of British Columbia 3259:Columbia River Treaty Review 2045:BC Hydro and Power Authority 1399:Mica Creek, British Columbia 1059: 1035: 1028: 1021: 882: 875: 750: 559: 525: 487: 438: 403: 340: 260: 25:is a 1961 agreement between 7: 3775:History of British Columbia 3557:Columbia River Basalt Group 3309:. New York: Hill and Wang. 3199:Mitchell, David J. (1983). 2889:Waterfield, Donald (1970). 2488:"US Government Review Site" 2119:. 17 January 1961. Page A1. 2033: 1972: 1914:Brilliant Expansion Project 980: 946: 913: 841: 810: 803: 769: 736: 702: 695: 668: 654: 621: 597: 590: 552: 511: 480: 473: 431: 396: 371: 333: 282: 10: 3816: 3785:Treaties concluded in 1961 3727:Roll On, Columbia, Roll On 3629:Lewis and Clark Expedition 3278:Swainson, Neil A. (1979). 3053:. BC Hydro. Archived from 3027:. BC Hydro. Archived from 2797:(Film). British Columbia: 2057:Columbia Power Corporation 1777: 1654:Columbia Power Corporation 219:Dams in the Upper Columbia 95:Prime Minister Diefenbaker 3714: 3616: 3585: 3544: 3508: 3474: 3358:Pacific Historical Review 3168:10.1080/02508060008686827 2476:BC Government Review Site 2143:10.1080/02508060008686827 1676:Payment for U.S. Benefits 1586: 1576: 1571: 1561: 1556: 1519: 1508: 1500: 1491: 1486: 1471: 1461: 1456: 1446: 1441: 1404: 1394: 1384: 1375: 1370: 1355: 1345: 1340: 1330: 1325: 1288: 1277: 1267: 1258: 1253: 1238: 1228: 1223: 1213: 1208: 1171: 1163: 1153: 1144: 1139: 1111:Canadian waterways in red 1086: 1071: 1067: 1052: 1043: 1007: 998: 973: 964: 939: 931: 906: 897: 861: 852: 827: 818: 796: 787: 762: 758: 729: 720: 688: 679: 647: 643: 614: 605: 583: 574: 545: 536: 504: 495: 466: 456: 424: 411: 389: 382: 357: 348: 326: 317: 299: 290: 275: 271: 253: 152:British Columbia Premier 147: 79:1948 Columbia River flood 3352:Washington, D.C.: G.P.O. 1873:Indian Affairs of Canada 1827: 1786:Canadian Prime Minister 1167:Howser, British Columbia 158:Social Credit Government 89:, completely destroying 3760:1964 in the environment 3624:Robert Gray exploration 3301:White, Richard (1995). 3224:. Vancouver: UBC Press. 2393:"Wholesale Electricity" 2203:Swainson, Neil (1979). 1660:constructed the 185 MW 83:Trail, British Columbia 3679:Columbia Basin Project 3422:Papers of Arthur Paget 3324:Wilson, J. W. (1973). 3145:Crisis on the Columbia 3141:Bullard, Oral (1968). 2329:Columbia Basin Trust. 1981: 1795: 1541:48.41028°N 115.31500°W 1426:52.07778°N 118.56639°W 1310:49.33944°N 117.77194°W 1193:50.25083°N 116.95083°W 119:Columbia Basin Project 3706:Vanport flood of 1948 3669:Columbia River Treaty 3545:Geology and geography 3247:Stanley, Meg (2012). 3238:Stanley, Meg (2011). 3229:Pryce, Paula (1999). 3182:Cosens, Barbara, ed. 1980: 1968:Environmental impacts 1884:The objective of the 1785: 1481:Dam in Libby, Montana 1121:Canal Plant Agreement 221:River and Tributaries 23:Columbia River Treaty 3562:Columbia River Gorge 3412:Columbia Basin Trust 3377:Treaty in Plain Text 2891:Continental Waterboy 2261:(142/143): 161–196. 2051:Columbia Basin Trust 1942:Canadian Entitlement 1902:Kootenay Canal Plant 1890:Columbia River Basin 1686:Canadian Entitlement 1658:Columbia Basin Trust 1546:48.41028; -115.31500 1431:52.07778; -118.56639 1315:49.33944; -117.77194 1254:Hugh Keenleyside Dam 1198:50.25083; -116.95083 99:President Eisenhower 37:basin for power and 3715:Ecology and culture 3639:Pacific Fur Company 3305:The Organic Machine 3156:Water International 3133:Bankes, Nigel, ed. 2995:"Spawning Channels" 2850:, pp. 104, 132 2767:on 14 November 2012 2515:National Geographic 2433:on 4 September 2012 2131:Water International 1918:Pacific DC Intertie 1587:Total capacity 1537: /  1472:Total capacity 1422: /  1356:Total capacity 1306: /  1239:Total capacity 1189: /  3732:Confluence Project 3654:Big Bend Gold Rush 3577:Columbia Mountains 3350:Pasco, Washington. 3220:Parr, Joy (2010). 3031:on 7 February 2012 1982: 1796: 1284:, British Columbia 1046:Pend Oreille River 240:Pend Oreille River 3747: 3746: 3327:People in the Way 3123:Cohen et al. 2000 3112:Cohen et al. 2000 3001:on 29 August 2011 2689:Krutilla, John V. 2494:on 22 August 2012 2024:technological fix 1792:Dwight Eisenhower 1705:(C$ 69.6 million) 1594: 1593: 1557:Dam and spillways 1479: 1478: 1442:Dam and spillways 1363: 1362: 1326:Dam and spillways 1246: 1245: 1209:Dam and spillways 1132: 1131: 1106: 1105: 185:Treaty provisions 3807: 3800:W. A. C. Bennett 3695:Sohappy v. Smith 3608:Dalles des Morts 3586:Falls and rapids 3490:British Columbia 3461: 3454: 3447: 3438: 3437: 3365: 3341: 3320: 3308: 3297: 3285: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3264: 3252: 3243: 3234: 3225: 3216: 3194:John V. Krutilla 3179: 3150: 3148: 3126: 3120: 3114: 3109: 3103: 3097: 3091: 3085: 3079: 3073: 3067: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3057:on 30 March 2012 3047: 3041: 3040: 3038: 3036: 3023:Masters, Sally. 3020: 3011: 3010: 3008: 3006: 2991: 2978: 2972: 2966: 2961: 2955: 2949: 2943: 2937: 2931: 2925: 2919: 2913: 2907: 2901: 2895: 2894: 2886: 2880: 2874: 2851: 2845: 2839: 2833: 2827: 2821: 2815: 2809: 2803: 2802: 2790: 2777: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2766: 2759: 2751: 2742: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2732:on 7 August 2011 2731: 2724: 2716: 2697: 2696: 2685: 2674: 2668: 2657: 2651: 2645: 2644:, pp. 87–98 2639: 2633: 2627: 2621: 2615: 2609: 2603: 2597: 2591: 2585: 2579: 2570: 2564: 2558: 2552: 2546: 2540: 2531: 2525: 2519: 2518: 2510: 2504: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2490:. Archived from 2484: 2478: 2473: 2467: 2466: 2464: 2462: 2457: 2449: 2443: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2432: 2426:. Archived from 2425: 2416: 2410: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2389: 2383: 2377: 2371: 2365: 2359: 2353: 2347: 2346: 2344: 2342: 2333:. Archived from 2326: 2320: 2314: 2308: 2307: 2305: 2303: 2292: 2283: 2277: 2271: 2270: 2254: 2248: 2242: 2236: 2230: 2221: 2215: 2209: 2208: 2200: 2194: 2188: 2182: 2176: 2167: 2161: 2155: 2154: 2126: 2120: 2117:Daily News-Miner 2109: 2087:Grand Coulee Dam 2081:W. A. C. Bennett 1946:W. A. C. Bennett 1894:British Columbia 1808:W. A. C. Bennett 1788:John Diefenbaker 1746: 1745: 1741: 1738: 1731: 1730: 1726: 1723: 1706: 1552: 1551: 1549: 1548: 1547: 1542: 1538: 1535: 1534: 1533: 1530: 1496: 1484: 1483: 1437: 1436: 1434: 1433: 1432: 1427: 1423: 1420: 1419: 1418: 1415: 1380: 1368: 1367: 1321: 1320: 1318: 1317: 1316: 1311: 1307: 1304: 1303: 1302: 1299: 1263: 1251: 1250: 1204: 1203: 1201: 1200: 1199: 1194: 1190: 1187: 1186: 1185: 1182: 1149: 1137: 1136: 1081: 1080: 1062: 1061: 1038: 1037: 1031: 1030: 1024: 1023: 1017: 1016: 990: 989: 983: 982: 956: 955: 949: 948: 923: 922: 916: 915: 892: 891: 885: 884: 878: 877: 871: 870: 844: 843: 837: 836: 813: 812: 806: 805: 779: 778: 772: 771: 753: 752: 746: 745: 739: 738: 712: 711: 705: 704: 698: 697: 671: 670: 664: 663: 657: 656: 638: 637: 631: 630: 624: 623: 600: 599: 593: 592: 569: 568: 562: 561: 555: 554: 528: 527: 521: 520: 514: 513: 490: 489: 483: 482: 476: 475: 448: 447: 441: 440: 434: 433: 406: 405: 399: 398: 374: 373: 367: 366: 343: 342: 336: 335: 309: 308: 285: 284: 263: 262: 251: 250: 236:and connections, 212: 205: 198: 189: 154:W. A. C. Bennett 123:Great Depression 43:British Columbia 3815: 3814: 3810: 3809: 3808: 3806: 3805: 3804: 3750: 3749: 3748: 3743: 3710: 3612: 3593:Cascades Rapids 3581: 3567:Missoula Floods 3540: 3504: 3479: 3470: 3465: 3373: 3368: 3338: 3317: 3294: 3268: 3266: 3262: 3213: 3129: 3121: 3117: 3110: 3106: 3100:Van Huizen 2010 3098: 3094: 3088:Van Huizen 2010 3086: 3082: 3076:Van Huizen 2010 3074: 3070: 3060: 3058: 3049: 3048: 3044: 3034: 3032: 3021: 3014: 3004: 3002: 2993: 2992: 2981: 2973: 2969: 2962: 2958: 2950: 2946: 2938: 2934: 2926: 2922: 2914: 2910: 2902: 2898: 2887: 2883: 2875: 2854: 2846: 2842: 2834: 2830: 2822: 2818: 2810: 2806: 2792: 2791: 2780: 2770: 2768: 2764: 2757: 2753: 2752: 2745: 2735: 2733: 2729: 2722: 2718: 2717: 2700: 2686: 2677: 2669: 2660: 2652: 2648: 2640: 2636: 2628: 2624: 2616: 2612: 2604: 2600: 2592: 2588: 2580: 2573: 2565: 2561: 2553: 2549: 2541: 2534: 2526: 2522: 2511: 2507: 2497: 2495: 2486: 2485: 2481: 2474: 2470: 2460: 2458: 2455: 2451: 2450: 2446: 2436: 2434: 2430: 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links 3369: 3367: 3366: 3353: 3345: 3342: 3336: 3321: 3315: 3298: 3292: 3275: 3253: 3244: 3235: 3226: 3217: 3211: 3196: 3190: 3187: 3180: 3162:(2): 253–272. 3151: 3138: 3130: 3128: 3127: 3115: 3104: 3092: 3080: 3068: 3042: 3012: 2979: 2967: 2956: 2944: 2932: 2920: 2908: 2896: 2881: 2852: 2840: 2828: 2816: 2804: 2778: 2743: 2698: 2675: 2658: 2646: 2634: 2622: 2610: 2598: 2586: 2571: 2559: 2547: 2532: 2520: 2517:. p. 833. 2505: 2479: 2468: 2444: 2411: 2384: 2372: 2360: 2348: 2321: 2309: 2284: 2272: 2249: 2237: 2222: 2210: 2195: 2183: 2168: 2156: 2137:(2): 253–272. 2121: 2103: 2101: 2098: 2097: 2096: 2093:Kootenai River 2090: 2084: 2078: 2072: 2066: 2060: 2054: 2048: 2042: 2035: 2032: 2006: 2003: 1974: 1971: 1969: 1966: 1906:Revelstoke Dam 1881: 1878: 1829: 1826: 1824: 1823:Social Impacts 1821: 1779: 1776: 1772: 1771: 1768: 1765: 1753: 1750: 1749: 1748: 1715: 1712: 1693: 1692: 1689: 1677: 1674: 1622:Kootenai River 1592: 1591: 1588: 1584: 1583: 1581:Lake Koocanusa 1578: 1574: 1573: 1569: 1568: 1566:Kootenai River 1563: 1559: 1558: 1554: 1553: 1521: 1517: 1516: 1510: 1506: 1505: 1502: 1498: 1497: 1489: 1488: 1480: 1477: 1476: 1473: 1469: 1468: 1466:Kinbasket Lake 1463: 1459: 1458: 1454: 1453: 1451:Columbia River 1448: 1444: 1443: 1439: 1438: 1406: 1402: 1401: 1396: 1392: 1391: 1386: 1382: 1381: 1373: 1372: 1364: 1361: 1360: 1357: 1353: 1352: 1347: 1343: 1342: 1338: 1337: 1335:Columbia River 1332: 1328: 1327: 1323: 1322: 1290: 1286: 1285: 1279: 1275: 1274: 1269: 1265: 1264: 1256: 1255: 1247: 1244: 1243: 1240: 1236: 1235: 1230: 1226: 1225: 1221: 1220: 1215: 1211: 1210: 1206: 1205: 1173: 1169: 1168: 1165: 1161: 1160: 1155: 1151: 1150: 1142: 1141: 1133: 1130: 1129: 1108: 1107: 1104: 1103: 1101: 1099: 1097: 1095: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1087: 1085: 1083: 1076: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1068: 1066: 1064: 1057: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1049: 1044: 1042: 1040: 1033: 1026: 1019: 1012: 1010: 1008: 1005: 1004: 997: 994: 992: 985: 978: 976: 974: 971: 970: 967:Seven Mile Dam 963: 960: 958: 951: 944: 942: 940: 937: 936: 930: 927: 925: 918: 911: 909: 907: 904: 903: 900:Columbia River 898: 896: 894: 887: 880: 873: 866: 864: 862: 859: 858: 851: 848: 846: 839: 832: 830: 828: 825: 824: 821:Kootenay River 819: 817: 815: 808: 801: 799: 797: 794: 793: 786: 783: 781: 774: 767: 765: 763: 760: 759: 757: 755: 748: 741: 734: 732: 730: 727: 726: 723:Kootenay Canal 719: 716: 714: 707: 700: 693: 691: 689: 686: 685: 682:Corra Linn Dam 678: 675: 673: 666: 659: 652: 650: 648: 645: 644: 642: 640: 633: 626: 619: 617: 615: 612: 611: 606: 604: 602: 595: 588: 586: 584: 581: 580: 575: 573: 571: 564: 557: 550: 548: 546: 543: 542: 535: 532: 530: 523: 516: 509: 507: 505: 502: 501: 496: 494: 492: 485: 478: 471: 469: 467: 464: 463: 455: 452: 450: 443: 436: 429: 427: 425: 422: 421: 414:Columbia River 412: 410: 408: 401: 394: 392: 390: 387: 386: 384:Revelstoke Dam 381: 378: 376: 369: 362: 360: 358: 355: 354: 349: 347: 345: 338: 331: 329: 327: 324: 323: 316: 313: 311: 304: 302: 300: 297: 296: 293:Kinbasket Lake 291: 289: 287: 280: 278: 276: 273: 272: 270: 267: 265: 258: 256: 254: 247: 246: 243: 242: 230:Columbia River 225: 224: 218: 217: 215: 214: 207: 200: 192: 186: 183: 167:Columbia River 149: 146: 114: 111: 74: 71: 35:Columbia River 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3812: 3801: 3798: 3796: 3793: 3791: 3788: 3786: 3783: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3757: 3755: 3740: 3739: 3735: 3733: 3730: 3728: 3725: 3723: 3720: 3719: 3717: 3713: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3697: 3696: 3692: 3690: 3687: 3685: 3682: 3680: 3677: 3675: 3672: 3670: 3667: 3665: 3662: 3660: 3657: 3655: 3652: 3650: 3647: 3645: 3642: 3640: 3637: 3635: 3632: 3630: 3627: 3625: 3622: 3621: 3619: 3615: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3599: 3596: 3594: 3591: 3590: 3588: 3584: 3578: 3575: 3573: 3570: 3568: 3565: 3563: 3560: 3558: 3555: 3553: 3550: 3549: 3547: 3543: 3537: 3534: 3532: 3529: 3527: 3524: 3522: 3519: 3517: 3514: 3513: 3511: 3507: 3501: 3498: 3496: 3493: 3491: 3488: 3487: 3485: 3482: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3462: 3457: 3455: 3450: 3448: 3443: 3442: 3439: 3433: 3430: 3428: 3425: 3423: 3420: 3418: 3415: 3413: 3410: 3408: 3405: 3403: 3400: 3398: 3395: 3393: 3390: 3388: 3385: 3383: 3382:Treaty in PDF 3380: 3378: 3375: 3374: 3364:(3): 418–453. 3363: 3359: 3354: 3351: 3346: 3343: 3339: 3337:0-8020-5285-1 3333: 3329: 3328: 3322: 3318: 3316:9780809035595 3312: 3307: 3306: 3299: 3295: 3293:0-7735-0325-0 3289: 3284: 3283: 3276: 3261: 3260: 3254: 3250: 3245: 3241: 3236: 3232: 3227: 3223: 3218: 3214: 3212:0-88894-395-4 3208: 3204: 3203: 3197: 3195: 3191: 3188: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3152: 3147: 3146: 3139: 3136: 3132: 3131: 3125:, p. 256 3124: 3119: 3113: 3108: 3102:, p. 452 3101: 3096: 3090:, p. 444 3089: 3084: 3078:, p. 439 3077: 3072: 3056: 3052: 3046: 3030: 3026: 3019: 3017: 3000: 2996: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2977:, p. 126 2976: 2971: 2965: 2960: 2954:, p. 114 2953: 2948: 2942:, p. 105 2941: 2936: 2930:, p. 147 2929: 2924: 2918:, p. 111 2917: 2912: 2906:, p. 106 2905: 2900: 2892: 2885: 2879:, p. 192 2878: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2849: 2844: 2838:, p. 124 2837: 2832: 2826:, p. 122 2825: 2820: 2814:, p. 108 2813: 2808: 2800: 2796: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2763: 2756: 2750: 2748: 2728: 2721: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2694: 2690: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2673:, p. 234 2672: 2667: 2665: 2663: 2655: 2650: 2643: 2638: 2631: 2626: 2620:, p. 236 2619: 2614: 2607: 2602: 2596:, p. 230 2595: 2590: 2583: 2578: 2576: 2569:, p. 231 2568: 2563: 2556: 2551: 2545:, p. 233 2544: 2539: 2537: 2530:, p. 232 2529: 2524: 2516: 2509: 2493: 2489: 2483: 2477: 2472: 2454: 2448: 2429: 2422: 2415: 2400: 2399: 2394: 2388: 2382:, p. 326 2381: 2380:Mitchell 1983 2376: 2370:, p. 323 2369: 2368:Mitchell 1983 2364: 2358:, p. 325 2357: 2356:Mitchell 1983 2352: 2336: 2332: 2325: 2319:, p. 305 2318: 2317:Mitchell 1983 2313: 2298: 2291: 2289: 2282:, p. 300 2281: 2280:Mitchell 1983 2276: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2253: 2247:, p. 297 2246: 2245:Mitchell 1983 2241: 2235:, p. 303 2234: 2233:Mitchell 1983 2229: 2227: 2219: 2214: 2207:. p. 41. 2206: 2199: 2192: 2187: 2180: 2175: 2173: 2165: 2160: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2125: 2118: 2114: 2108: 2104: 2094: 2091: 2088: 2085: 2082: 2079: 2076: 2073: 2070: 2067: 2064: 2061: 2058: 2055: 2052: 2049: 2046: 2043: 2041: 2038: 2037: 2031: 2027: 2025: 2019: 2015: 2013: 2005:United States 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1979: 1965: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1938: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1921: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1897: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1877: 1874: 1869: 1865: 1864:First Nations 1859: 1856: 1850: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1820: 1817: 1813: 1812:Clarence Dill 1809: 1804: 1800: 1793: 1789: 1784: 1775: 1769: 1766: 1763: 1762: 1761: 1758: 1716: 1713: 1710: 1709: 1708: 1701: 1699: 1690: 1687: 1683: 1682: 1681: 1673: 1669: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1649: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1630:concatenation 1627: 1623: 1619: 1614: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1589: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1575: 1570: 1567: 1564: 1560: 1555: 1550: 1522: 1518: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1504:United States 1503: 1499: 1495: 1490: 1485: 1474: 1470: 1467: 1464: 1460: 1455: 1452: 1449: 1445: 1440: 1435: 1407: 1403: 1400: 1397: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1374: 1369: 1358: 1354: 1351: 1348: 1344: 1339: 1336: 1333: 1329: 1324: 1319: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1280: 1276: 1273: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1241: 1237: 1234: 1231: 1227: 1222: 1219: 1216: 1212: 1207: 1202: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1159: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1143: 1138: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1110: 1109: 1102: 1100: 1098: 1096: 1094: 1092: 1090: 1089: 1084: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1065: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1047: 1041: 1011: 1009: 1006: 1003: 1002: 993: 977: 975: 972: 969: 968: 959: 943: 941: 938: 935:(Washington) 934: 926: 910: 908: 905: 901: 895: 865: 863: 860: 857: 856: 847: 831: 829: 826: 822: 816: 800: 798: 795: 792: 791: 790:Brilliant Dam 782: 766: 764: 761: 756: 733: 731: 728: 725: 724: 715: 692: 690: 687: 684: 683: 674: 651: 649: 646: 641: 618: 616: 613: 609: 608:Kootenay Lake 603: 587: 585: 582: 578: 572: 549: 547: 544: 541: 540: 531: 508: 506: 503: 499: 493: 470: 468: 465: 461: 460: 451: 428: 426: 423: 419: 415: 409: 393: 391: 388: 385: 377: 361: 359: 356: 352: 346: 330: 328: 325: 322: 321: 312: 303: 301: 298: 294: 288: 279: 277: 274: 266: 257: 255: 252: 249: 248: 245: 244: 241: 238:Lower right: 235: 231: 227: 226: 213: 208: 206: 201: 199: 194: 193: 191: 190: 182: 178: 174: 170: 168: 164: 159: 155: 145: 143: 138: 136: 132: 128: 124: 120: 113:United States 110: 108: 102: 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 80: 70: 66: 64: 60: 56: 52: 48: 44: 40: 39:flood control 36: 32: 31:United States 28: 24: 19: 3736: 3693: 3689:Hanford Site 3668: 3603:Kettle Falls 3598:Celilo Falls 3361: 3357: 3326: 3304: 3281: 3267:. Retrieved 3258: 3248: 3239: 3230: 3221: 3201: 3183: 3159: 3155: 3144: 3134: 3118: 3107: 3095: 3083: 3071: 3059:. Retrieved 3055:the original 3045: 3033:. Retrieved 3029:the original 3003:. Retrieved 2999:the original 2970: 2964:Stanley 2011 2959: 2952:Bullard 1968 2947: 2940:Bullard 1968 2935: 2928:Stanley 2011 2923: 2916:Stanley 2011 2911: 2904:Stanley 2011 2899: 2890: 2884: 2877:Stanley 2011 2843: 2831: 2819: 2807: 2794: 2769:. Retrieved 2762:the original 2734:. Retrieved 2727:the original 2692: 2671:Stanley 2012 2656:, p. 87 2649: 2637: 2632:, p. 89 2625: 2618:Stanley 2012 2613: 2608:, p. 78 2601: 2594:Stanley 2012 2589: 2567:Stanley 2012 2562: 2555:Stanley 2012 2550: 2543:Stanley 2012 2528:Stanley 2012 2523: 2514: 2508: 2496:. Retrieved 2492:the original 2482: 2471: 2459:. Retrieved 2447: 2435:. Retrieved 2428:the original 2419:B.C. Hydro. 2414: 2402:. Retrieved 2396: 2387: 2375: 2363: 2351: 2339:. Retrieved 2335:the original 2324: 2312: 2300:. Retrieved 2275: 2258: 2252: 2240: 2220:, p. 77 2213: 2204: 2198: 2193:, p. 65 2186: 2181:, p. 56 2166:, p. 54 2159: 2134: 2130: 2124: 2116: 2112: 2107: 2028: 2020: 2016: 2008: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1939: 1922: 1898: 1883: 1860: 1851: 1831: 1816:Dave Barrett 1805: 1801: 1797: 1773: 1759: 1755: 1702: 1694: 1685: 1679: 1670: 1650: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1615: 1595: 1218:Duncan River 1124: 1116: 999: 965: 933:Boundary Dam 853: 788: 721: 680: 577:Duncan River 537: 457: 318: 234:Duncan River 179: 175: 171: 151: 139: 135:Grand Coulee 116: 103: 76: 67: 22: 20: 18: 3536:Tributaries 2630:Wilson 1973 2606:Wilson 1973 2584:, p. 9 2582:Wilson 1973 2557:, p. 5 1950:Arrow Lakes 1930:Keenleyside 1806:BC Premier 1752:Termination 1662:Arrow Lakes 1544: / 1532:115°18′54″W 1520:Coordinates 1429: / 1417:118°33′59″W 1405:Coordinates 1350:Arrow Lakes 1313: / 1301:117°46′19″W 1289:Coordinates 1233:Duncan Lake 1196: / 1184:116°57′03″W 1172:Coordinates 498:Duncan Lake 418:Arrow Lakes 163:Peace River 3754:Categories 3495:Washington 2654:Pryce 1999 2642:Pryce 1999 2297:"BC Hydro" 2259:BC Studies 2218:White 1995 2191:White 1995 2179:White 1995 2164:White 1995 2100:References 1880:Provincial 1842:Duncan Dam 1838:Arrow Lake 1599:Duncan Dam 1529:48°24′37″N 1414:52°04′40″N 1298:49°20′22″N 1181:50°15′03″N 1140:Duncan Dam 1001:Waneta Dam 539:Duncan Dam 462:(Montana) 268:height (m) 131:Bonneville 85:, to near 73:Background 47:Duncan Dam 3521:Crossings 3483:traversed 3476:Provinces 3176:133265163 2975:Parr 2010 2848:Parr 2010 2836:Parr 2010 2824:Parr 2010 2812:Parr 2010 2267:196909730 2151:133265163 2115:(Alaska) 2113:Fairbanks 2012:Libby Dam 1962:Koocanusa 1958:Kinbasket 1666:Castlegar 1618:Libby Dam 1603:Arrow Dam 1572:Reservoir 1487:Libby Dam 1457:Reservoir 1341:Reservoir 1282:Castlegar 1224:Reservoir 459:Libby Dam 232:, Right: 63:Libby Dam 3061:27 March 3035:27 March 3005:27 March 2771:19 March 2736:19 March 2691:(1967). 2302:10 April 2263:ProQuest 2034:See also 1912:and the 1908:(1984), 1904:(1975), 1846:Mica Dam 1834:BC Hydro 1656:and the 1644:ada and 1636:tenai / 1611:Mica Dam 1562:Impounds 1509:Location 1447:Impounds 1395:Location 1371:Mica Dam 1331:Impounds 1278:Location 1214:Impounds 1164:Location 1123:dams in 320:Mica Dam 165:and the 156:and his 127:New Deal 51:Mica Dam 29:and the 3617:History 3269:17 June 2461:5 April 2437:5 April 2398:Powerex 2341:3 March 1778:Impacts 1742:⁄ 1727:⁄ 1698:Powerex 1640:tenay, 1626:Montana 1620:on the 1577:Creates 1514:Montana 1512:Libby, 1501:Country 1462:Creates 1385:Country 1346:Creates 1268:Country 1229:Creates 1154:Country 91:Vanport 59:Montana 3531:Rapids 3516:Cities 3500:Oregon 3481:states 3334:  3313:  3290:  3209:  3174:  2498:17 May 2404:5 July 2265:  2149:  1973:Canada 1954:Duncan 1926:Duncan 1868:Sinixt 1855:Nakusp 1688:), and 1389:Canada 1272:Canada 1158:Canada 1125:italic 228:Left: 148:Canada 27:Canada 3509:Lists 3263:(PDF) 3172:S2CID 2765:(PDF) 2758:(PDF) 2730:(PDF) 2723:(PDF) 2456:(PDF) 2431:(PDF) 2424:(PDF) 2147:S2CID 1828:Local 3526:Dams 3332:ISBN 3311:ISBN 3288:ISBN 3271:2018 3207:ISBN 3137:1996 3063:2012 3037:2012 3007:2012 2773:2012 2738:2012 2500:2012 2463:2012 2439:2012 2406:2021 2343:2012 2304:2012 1960:and 1934:Mica 1932:and 1117:bold 133:and 97:and 21:The 3478:and 3164:doi 2139:doi 1646:USA 1642:Can 1638:Koo 1634:Koo 1624:in 928:104 453:129 379:152 314:243 107:BPA 65:). 3756:: 3362:76 3360:. 3170:. 3160:25 3158:. 3015:^ 2982:^ 2855:^ 2781:^ 2746:^ 2701:^ 2678:^ 2661:^ 2574:^ 2535:^ 2395:. 2287:^ 2225:^ 2171:^ 2145:. 2135:25 2133:. 1956:, 1952:, 1928:, 995:67 961:67 849:59 784:42 717:84 676:16 533:40 101:. 53:, 49:, 3460:e 3453:t 3446:v 3340:. 3319:. 3296:. 3273:. 3215:. 3178:. 3166:: 3065:. 3039:. 3009:. 2801:. 2775:. 2740:. 2502:. 2465:. 2441:. 2408:. 2345:. 2306:. 2269:. 2153:. 2141:: 1744:2 1740:1 1737:+ 1735:5 1729:8 1725:7 1722:+ 1720:3 416:/ 211:e 204:t 197:v 61:( 45:(

Index

Canada
United States
Columbia River
flood control
British Columbia
Duncan Dam
Mica Dam
Keenleyside Dam
Montana
Libby Dam
1948 Columbia River flood
Trail, British Columbia
Astoria, Oregon
Vanport
Prime Minister Diefenbaker
President Eisenhower
BPA
Columbia Basin Project
Great Depression
New Deal
Bonneville
Grand Coulee
Bonneville Power Administration
W. A. C. Bennett
Social Credit Government
Peace River
Columbia River
v
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