60:
424:
397:
44:
306:
About 230 people answered this question. The top reason given for choosing the
Portland–Vancouver shipyards was that "they thought it their duty to go into defense work". The second-ranked reason was a desire for a better job, and the third, higher wages. However, the situation changed when the war ended in 1945. The Housing Authority of Portland (HAP) then sought to attract World War II veterans who needed housing, a community to raise their families, and higher education through the
1918:
1393:
484:
1930:
353:—by April 1944, HAP began placing incoming Blacks into the "white" areas of the settlement. However, word quickly spread and 63 white residents quickly signed a petition demanding a reversal of the policy. Entire buildings were free in the "Black" areas of town, they argued, and after opponents of the integration plan appeared at a HAP meeting the authority decided to resume its previous policies.
67:
381:
attitudes on the part of officials, who pointedly neglected to respond appropriately to the destruction of a community that had a relatively large number of black residents. However, many dispute the role of racism, pointing to the transformation of
Vanport by the influx of World War II veterans
365:
Although some of
Portland's Black people lived in 53 of the city's 60 census tracts before the war, about half were concentrated in two tracts east of the Willamette River and north of the east–west centerline of the city. After the war, much of Portland's Black community remained centered
330:
The hastily constructed wartime development's social and cultural mores had little in common with
Portland as a whole. Vanport's immigrants imported their particular brands of racism from throughout the country. White migrants from the South were the most vocal in opposing the degree of integration
445:
At the time of the flood, the population of
Vanport was down to about 18,500 people. Because of the holiday, many residents were away from their homes for the day. These factors contributed to the low loss of life: officially, there were only 15 deaths. Nonetheless, the city was a complete
412:
A radio alert was issued the night before the flood, and some residents moved their belongings into attics and upper floors. Few imagined the possible extent to which the water levels would rise. Another contributing factor to the lack of voluntary evacuation was the fact that many residents relied
408:
is a massive area encompassing seven U.S. states and
British Columbia, Canada. The previous winter snowpack was 75 to 135% of normal. Above normal temperatures accompanied two major rainstorms May 19 to 23, 1948, and again May 26 to 29. Rainfall combined with melt water swelled the many tributaries
326:
secretary Edwin C. Berry, described
Portland as a " 'northern' city with a 'southern' exposure", arguing that the city shared with southern cities "traditions, attitudes, and things interracial in character." Berry argued that prior to the war the city exhibited remarkably unprogressive racial
305:
By 1943–44, families living in
Vanport were moving out at the rate of 100 a day. A questionnaire mailed to 1,000 former Vanport families, selected randomly from the approximately 3,000 families who had left by then, asked, among other things, why they had moved to Vanport in the first place.
348:
HAP never had any explicit policy advocating segregation; nonetheless, for various reasons de facto segregation was the norm. Whites complained when placed near "Black" areas, and segregation of
Vanport by neighborhood might as well have been enforced legally. Only in 1944 were complaints raised
301:
from all corners of the country; few residents had any long-term connections with each other and little opportunity or interest to build them. The temporary nature of the new city contributed to an overall sense of insecurity and anxiety among residents. The lack of businesses and recreation
438:
burst, sending a 10-foot (3 m) wall of water into the area of
Vanport College. According to a historical marker, the break happened at an old railroad cut that had been filled in. Because of the numerous sloughs and backwaters in the area, the progress of the flood was delayed about
270:, making it Oregon's second-largest city at the time, and the largest public housing project in the nation. After the war, Vanport lost more than half of its population, dropping to 18,500, as many wartime workers left the area. However, there was also an influx of returning
356:
The unprecedented level of integration and lack of any major racial incidents or severe tensions did not mean there were no problems. Black/white tensions were still a part of Vanport life as well as a problem in relating to Portland. A 1943–44 study published in the
475:
Vanport led Portland and Oregon in integrating Black people. "The first black teachers and policemen in the state were hired in Vanport during the war years". One of those Black teachers, Martha Jordan, later became the first Black teacher hired by
1082:
Jantzen Beach Amusement Park was heralded as Portland’s Million Dollar Playground. When it opened on May 26, 1928, Jantzen Beach was the largest amusement park in the nation. The park sprawled over 123 acres at Hayden Island at the northern tip of
491:
Vanport's destruction eased the integration of a large African-American population into North and Northeast Portland. Indeed, some Black leaders argued that the flood was ultimately beneficial for the city's Black community. Vanport, argued
377:. In both cases, public officials led the population to believe that the damage would be slight, and in both cases the government response to the disaster was harshly criticized. Critics attributed the poor response, in both cases, to
382:
and their families and official commitment to the area shown by the establishment at Vanport of the only state college in the greater Portland metropolitan area. At the time of the flood, one-third of Vanport residents were black.
500:" where "negroes lived in the same patterns as they did in the South." The flood that wiped out the district, he continued, was a benefit in that it allowed Black people to further integrate into Portland's society.
409:
feeding the Columbia in the days prior to the flood, creating high water levels not seen since the record flood of 1894. The lowest point in Vanport was about 15 feet (4.6 m) below the water level in the river.
322:, the state had a population of fewer than 1,800 Black people in 1940; by 1946 more than 15,000 lived in the Portland area, mostly in Vanport and other segregated housing districts. One prewar observer, Portland
361:
indicates that the top five complaints from Vanport residents included "negroes and whites in same neighborhood", "negroes and whites in same school", and "discrimination against Vanport people by Portlanders".
340:
imposed on any of Vanport's facilities. When police were called because Black men were dancing with white women at a local event, only the white women were detained and warned that their conduct might lead to a
420:, May 30, 1948, the Housing Authority of Portland issued the following statement: "Remember: Dikes are safe at present. You will be warned if necessary. You will have time to leave. Don't get excited."
302:
opportunities contributed to a sense of distrust, and the relative isolation of the largely male workforce meant there was little demand for community institutions such as a newspaper or high school.
821:
318:
The establishment of Vanport coincided with an unprecedented influx of African-Americans into Oregon, attracted to work in newly federally-desegregated wartime defence industries. Due to
538:
refused to close after the flood disaster and quickly reopened in downtown Portland. Dubbed by a national magazine "The College that Wouldn't Die," it became present-day
2036:
285:
Vanport was dramatically destroyed at 4:05 p.m. on May 30, 1948, when a 200-foot (60 m) section of a railroad berm holding back the Columbia River collapsed
1711:
1721:
1966:
1264:
1754:
2016:
1120:
1320:
91:
2011:
310:(G.I. Bill). The establishment of a college at Vanport in 1946 was a key part of the strategy to keep Vanport a thriving Oregon community.
2031:
442:
An emergency siren began to sound shortly after the initial breach, and residents began to head up North Denver Avenue to higher ground.
1981:
1961:
1934:
331:
that HAP dictated for schools, buses and work sites. The Authority was largely unsympathetic to these complaints and at no time was
1976:
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43:
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2001:
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195:
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Vanport was especially vulnerable to flooding, since it was built on reclaimed lowlands along the Columbia River. The
1996:
1991:
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1971:
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289:, killing 15 people. The city was underwater by nightfall, leaving around 18,000 of its inhabitants homeless.
2006:
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Tim Hills, "Swept Away: Vanport and the Memorial Day Flood" Kennedy School, Portland, Oregon, May 18, 2009
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African American History in the American West: Online Encyclopedia of Significant People and Places
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Personal recollections of life in Vanport, living through the flood, and its aftermath, from
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259:
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opened a college named the Vanport Extension Center; the school would eventually be renamed
266:
of "Vancouver" and "Portland"—was home to 40,000 people, about 40 percent of them
1813:
1392:
1269:
180:
1298:
985:"Harry S. Truman: 126 - Rear Platform and Other Informal Remarks in Oregon, June 11, 1948"
349:
about the segregation situation in the city. Reacting to the criticism—and pressure from
8:
1898:
1545:
1494:
643:
427:
Aerial view of the Vanport flood, looking west from North Denver Avenue on June 15, 1948
1355:
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708:
700:
337:
1250:, a housing development for defense workers built in North Portland in the early 1940s
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in 1970. Several acres of the former city became "West Delta Park" which is now the
508:
370:
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1034:
661:(Thesis). Eugene, Oregon: University of Oregon Department of Sociology. p. 114.
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231:
219:
972:
The Columbia River - Vanport, the 1948 Vanport Flood, and the Vanport Wetlands
904:"USGS Real-Time Water Data for USGS 14105700 Columbia River at the Dalles, OR"
903:
254:
Vanport construction began in August 1942 to house the workers at the wartime
1950:
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1628:
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106:
93:
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flew to Portland to examine the damage. The recovery effort was assisted by
1782:
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The loss of Vanport is considered a factor in the eventual closing of the
1849:
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1658:
1618:
1580:
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374:
263:
1253:
1839:
1678:
1633:
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822:"Troubled Waters in Ecotopia: Environmental Racism in Portland, Oregon"
758:
704:
659:
The Effect of Living in Vanport City on the Behavior of Its Inhabitants
239:
133:
1653:
878:
Speers, Douglas D.; Barcellos, Daniel J.; Wortman, Randal T. (1990).
516:
487:
Vanport College plaque near Lincoln Hall at Portland State University
458:
342:
307:
165:
750:
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333:
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has been held annually to commemorate the city and its history.
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veterans. In order to attract veterans and their families, the
138:
1223:
Vanport City, the 1948 Vanport Flood, and the Vanport Wetlands
1012:
Portland State University: The First 25 Years: 1955–1980
1121:"Oregon's lost city comes to life in Vanport Mosaic Festival"
923:
921:
187:
170:
679:
Kilbourn, Charlotte & Lantis, Margaret (February 1946).
1328:
435:
400:
Overturned cars in the aftermath of the Vanport flood, 1948
33:
1225:
with photos of gauge comparing 1894, 1948, and 1996 floods
918:
952:
Freeman, Harry D; Jaeger, Harry D; Taylor, Roy W (1948).
681:"Elements of Tenant Instability in a War Housing Project"
238:
and not rebuilt. It sat on what is currently the site of
737:
Berry, Edwin C. (November 1945). "Profiles: Portland".
439:
30 minutes, giving residents more time to escape.
18:
Former city destroyed by flood in Oregon, United States
877:
1171:
Taylor, George H.; Hatton, Raymond R. Hatton (1999).
1265:"How Oregon's Second-Largest City Vanished in a Day"
1175:. Corvallis, Oregon: Oregon State University Press.
933:
577:. United States Geological Survey. November 28, 1980
1234:
951:
868:
Portland State University Library Archives, Box 49.
801:
789:
777:
1010:Epler, Stephen E. (1980). John Eliot Allen (ed.).
765:
718:
503:To prevent future incidents, Congress enacted the
496:director Lester Granger, was a "nasty, segregated
2037:Populated places established by African Americans
1293:The Voices of Vanport: Radio and the Flood of ‘48
745:(3). American Sociological Association: 158–165.
656:
369:The 1948 Vanport Flood parallels the more recent
1948:
712:(reprinted by Center for Columbia River History)
736:
1213:http://www.vanportmosaic.org/#a-forgotten-city
678:
1748:
1314:
1032:
1967:African-American history in Portland, Oregon
1762:
1173:The Oregon Weather Book: A State of Extremes
1170:
927:
862:
48:Vanport in 1943, five years before the flood
1118:
1755:
1741:
1321:
1307:
983:Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T. (eds.).
674:
672:
670:
668:
644:"History | Portland State University"
226:, United States, between the contemporary
982:
1196:
991:. University of California Santa Barbara
616:
614:
482:
422:
395:
2017:Populated places disestablished in 1948
1793:Portland Metropolitan Exposition Center
1262:
1062:
665:
66:
1949:
1263:Geiling, Natasha (February 18, 2015).
896:
880:"The 1948 Flood on the Columbia River"
819:
813:
565:
563:
561:
511:. The flood also resulted in the 1961
1736:
1302:
1147:
1009:
954:Report on Vanport City flood disaster
939:
807:
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783:
771:
724:
611:
433:Spokane, Portland and Seattle Railway
2012:Populated places established in 1943
1929:
1798:Thomas M. and Alla M. Paterson House
835:(74). New York, N.Y.: MARHO: 65–95.
730:
650:
1845:Kenton Commercial Historic District
1119:Vondersmith, Jason (May 16, 2022).
624:. Center for Columbia River History
575:Geographic Names Information System
558:
507:which spawned projects such as the
366:in northeastern parts of the city.
79:Location within the state of Oregon
13:
2032:African-American history of Oregon
1904:Kenton/North Denver Avenue station
1254:Memories of the 1948 Vanport Flood
1033:Pearson, Rudy (January 22, 2007).
589:
14:
2048:
1982:Former populated places in Oregon
1190:
906:. United States Geological Survey
599:. Portland Parks & Recreation
413:solely on public transportation.
313:
1962:1948 disestablishments in Oregon
1928:
1917:
1916:
1391:
739:Journal of Educational Sociology
65:
58:
42:
1977:East Columbia, Portland, Oregon
1446:1980 eruption of Mt. St. Helens
1154:Oregon Historical Society Press
1112:
1087:
1075:
1053:
1026:
1003:
989:The American Presidency Project
976:
961:
945:
871:
1819:Portland International Raceway
1141:
636:
622:"Kaiserville: A Muddy Miracle"
532:Portland International Raceway
515:and later the construction of
292:
244:Portland International Raceway
1:
1957:1943 establishments in Oregon
1456:Rajneeshee assassination plot
1014:. Portland State University.
552:
308:Servicemen's Readjustment Act
276:Housing Authority of Portland
1243:. Oregon Historical Society.
1235:Michael N. McGregor (2003).
1231:at Oregon Historical Society
685:American Sociological Review
524:Jantzen Beach Amusement Park
449:On June 11, 1948, President
431:At about 4:17 p.m. the
359:American Sociological Review
7:
2022:History of racism in Oregon
2002:Natural disasters in Oregon
1987:History of Portland, Oregon
1451:Rajneeshee bioterror attack
1258:Oregon Historical Quarterly
1035:"Vanport (1942–1948)"
841:10.1215/01636545-1999-74-65
571:"Vanport City (historical)"
210:, sometimes referred to as
10:
2053:
1367:Roll On, Columbia, Roll On
1288:Oregon Public Broadcasting
1280:Oregon Public Broadcasting
1241:The Oregon History Project
1099:www.oregonencyclopedia.org
1095:"Vanport Extension Center"
657:Lunin Boyle, Hope (1946).
468:
389:
249:
234:. It was destroyed in the
1912:
1891:
1868:
1832:
1806:
1770:
1702:
1609:
1528:
1477:
1421:Oregon land fraud scandal
1400:
1389:
1383:Direct Legislation League
1338:
1218:Aerial view of 1948 flood
1068:"Vanport Deemed Ghetto,"
540:Portland State University
505:Flood Control Act of 1950
464:
392:1948 Columbia River flood
280:Portland State University
236:1948 Columbia River flood
194:
177:
164:
156:
144:
132:
122:
87:
53:
41:
30:
23:
1997:Multnomah County, Oregon
1992:Kenton, Portland, Oregon
1824:World Famous Kenton Club
1764:Kenton, Portland, Oregon
1436:Florence whale explosion
1286:Documentary produced by
928:Taylor & Hatton 1999
536:Vanport Extension Center
471:Kenton, Portland, Oregon
385:
320:exclusionary racial laws
224:Multnomah County, Oregon
218:, was a city of wartime
1972:Company towns in Oregon
1469:Willamette Valley Flood
1278:Think Out Loud: Vanport
1204:The Oregon Encyclopedia
547:Vanport Mosaic Festival
545:Beginning in 2016, the
478:Portland Public Schools
2007:North Portland, Oregon
1707:Native peoples history
1416:Lewis & Clark Expo
829:Radical History Review
820:Stroud, Ellen (1999).
488:
428:
401:
297:The city was a hub of
230:city boundary and the
107:45.60194°N 122.70000°W
1882:Voices of Remembrance
1876:Statue of Paul Bunyan
1855:North Portland Harbor
1814:Cup & Saucer Cafe
1639:Abigail Scott Duniway
1378:Willamette Industries
1148:Maben, Manly (1987).
513:Columbia River Treaty
494:National Urban League
486:
426:
399:
260:Vancouver, Washington
179: • Summer (
160:23 ft (7 m)
1284:The Story of Vanport
1270:Smithsonian Magazine
968:Vanport history sign
112:45.60194; -122.70000
1899:Expo Center station
1546:David B. Frohnmayer
1237:"The Vanport Flood"
1229:War Production page
103: /
1541:George Chamberlain
1431:Columbus Day Storm
489:
429:
416:On the morning of
402:
299:transient laborers
36:destroyed by flood
1944:
1943:
1730:
1729:
1684:Steve Prefontaine
1664:Ursula K. Le Guin
1586:Maurine Neuberger
1561:Nan Wood Honeyman
1426:Lookout Air Raids
1373:Meier & Frank
1361:Centennial Tokens
1331:history of Oregon
1295:Dan Howard (2020)
1072:, March 10, 1952.
714:on June 24, 2016.
597:"East Delta Park"
509:Priest Rapids Dam
371:Hurricane Katrina
351:Eleanor Roosevelt
205:
204:
2044:
1932:
1931:
1920:
1919:
1778:David Cole House
1757:
1750:
1743:
1734:
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1624:Pietro Belluschi
1551:Neil Goldschmidt
1515:Shanghai tunnels
1510:Kaiser Shipyards
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1211:Van Port Mosaic
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707:. Archived from
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258:in Portland and
256:Kaiser Shipyards
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2027:Henry J. Kaiser
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1860:Vanport, Oregon
1828:
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1717:Pioneer history
1712:History to 1806
1698:
1674:Brian McMenamin
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1601:James H. Weaver
1596:Barbara Roberts
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1441:1977 NBA Finals
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1041:. BlackPast.org
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451:Harry S. Truman
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1669:Hall S. Lusk
1644:James A. Fee
1591:Norma Paulus
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1505:Harbor Drive
1500:Fort Stevens
1490:Celilo Falls
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1128:. Retrieved
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993:. Retrieved
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691:(1): 57–66.
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272:World War II
262:. Vanport—a
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212:Vanport City
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1850:Kenton Park
1689:Jack Ramsay
1659:Phil Knight
1619:Terry Baker
1581:Wayne Morse
1529:Politicians
1495:Copperfield
1462:New Carissa
1356:Bottle Bill
1142:Works cited
1104:January 11,
375:New Orleans
338:segregation
327:attitudes.
293:Inhabitants
264:portmanteau
216:Kaiserville
110: /
98:122°42′00″W
1951:Categories
1869:Public art
1840:Delta Park
1679:Bill Naito
1634:Gert Boyle
1612:Oregonians
1566:Tom McCall
1346:Tax revolt
940:Maben 1987
808:Maben 1987
796:Maben 1987
784:Maben 1987
772:Maben 1987
725:Maben 1987
553:References
469:See also:
240:Delta Park
198:feature ID
95:45°36′07″N
1833:Geography
1771:Buildings
1654:Ken Kesey
1465:oil spill
1351:Governors
1199:"Vanport"
1083:Portland.
849:0163-6545
517:Libby Dam
459:Red Cross
343:race riot
190:(Pacific)
173:(Pacific)
166:Time zone
157:Elevation
151:Multnomah
1923:Category
1807:Business
1130:June 30,
1045:June 21,
1020:16732141
910:July 12,
888:July 12,
854:June 24,
628:June 21,
581:June 21,
457:and the
242:and the
228:Portland
1935:Commons
1892:Transit
1520:Vanport
1329:Modern
1150:Vanport
970:, from
759:2263420
705:2085277
534:. The
334:de jure
250:History
208:Vanport
201:1128512
124:Country
32:Former
1478:Places
1410:Oregon
1401:Events
1339:Topics
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958:, 2,3;
847:
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498:ghetto
465:Legacy
446:loss.
379:racist
146:County
139:Oregon
1610:Other
883:(PDF)
825:(PDF)
755:JSTOR
701:JSTOR
386:Flood
188:UTC-7
171:UTC-8
134:State
1408:USS
1177:ISBN
1158:ISBN
1132:2022
1106:2024
1047:2014
1016:OCLC
997:2019
912:2011
890:2017
856:2014
845:ISSN
833:1999
630:2014
605:2006
583:2014
436:berm
196:GNIS
34:city
837:doi
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526:on
222:in
214:or
181:DST
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