305:, was also marked by atmospheric loading through the mass exsolution and emission of volatiles, via the process of volcanic degassing. Comparative analysis of volatile concentrations in source feeder dikes to associated extruded flow units have been quantitatively measured to determine the magnitude of degassing exhibited in CRBG eruptions. Of the more than 300 individual flows associated with the CRBG, the Roza flow contains some of the most chemically well preserved basalts for volatile analysis. Contained within the Wanapum formation, Roza is one of the most extensive members of the CRBG with an area of 40,300 square kilometres and a volume of 1,300 cubic kilometres. With magmatic volatile values assumed at 1 - 1.5 percent by weight concentration for source feeder dikes, the emission of
651:
22:
248:
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459:, as turbulent flow would cool more quickly. This could be accomplished by sheet flow, which can travel at velocities of 1 to 8 metres per second (2.2 to 17.9 mph) without turbulence and minimal cooling, suggesting that the Ginkgo flow occurred in less than a week. The cooling/hydraulics analyses are supported by an independent indicator; if longer periods were required, external water from temporarily dammed rivers would intrude, resulting in both more dramatic cooling rates and increased volumes of
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magnetic field's orientation-normal, reversed, or in one of several intermediate positions. Most of the flows froze with a single magnetic orientation. However, several of the flows, which freeze from both the upper and lower surfaces, progressively toward the center, captured substantial variations in magnetic field direction as they froze. The observed change in direction was reported as 50⁰ over 15 days.
735:, is made up of the Umatilla Member flows, the Wilbur Creek Member flows, the Asotin Member flows (13 million years ago), the Weissenfels Ridge Member flows, the Esquatzel Member flows, the Elephant Mountain Member flows (10.5 million years ago), the Bujford Member flows, the Ice Harbor Member flows (8.5 million years ago) and the Lower Monumental Member flows (6 million years ago).
817:
479:. The layers can be distinguished by physical characteristics and chemical composition. Each distinct layer is typically assigned a name usually based on area (valley, mountain, or region) where that formation is exposed and available for study. Stratigraphy provides a relative ordering (ordinal ranking) of the CRBG layers.
601:
The next oldest of the flows, from 17 million to 15.6 million years ago, make up the Grande Ronde Basalt. Units (flow zones) within the Grande Ronde Basalt include the Meyer Ridge and the
Sentinel Bluffs units. Geologists estimate that the Grande Ronde Basalt comprises about 85 percent
681:
Individual flows included large quantities of basalt. The McCoy Canyon flow of the
Sentinel Bluffs Member released 4,278 km (1,026 cu mi) of basalt in layers of 10 to 60 m (33 to 197 ft) in thickness. The Umtanum flow has been estimated at 2,750 km (660 cu mi)
568:
flows welled up across northeastern Oregon. There were 26 major flows over the period, one roughly every 15,000 years. Although estimates are that this amounts to about 10% of the total flows, they have been buried under more recent flows, and are visible in few locations. They can be seen along the
622:
through which the lava upwelling occurred (estimates range to up to 20,000 such dikes). Many of the dikes were fissures 5 to 10 m (16 to 33 ft) wide and up to 10 miles (16 km) in length, allowing for huge quantities of magma upwelling. Much of the lava flowed north into
Washington as
592:
The Imnaha lavas have been dated using the K–Ar technique, and show a broad range of dates. The oldest is 17.67±0.32 Ma with younger lava flows ranging to 15.50±0.40 Ma. Although the Imnaha Basalt overlies Lower Steens Basalt, it has been suggested that it is interfingered with Upper Steens Basalt.
412:
Yellowstone images show necking of the plume at 650 and 400 km (400 and 250 mi), which may correspond to phase changes or may reflect still-to-be-understood viscosity effects. Additional data collection and further modeling will be required to achieve a consensus on the actual mechanism.
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The Steens Basalt captured a highly detailed record of the Earth's magnetic reversal that occurred roughly 15 million years ago. Over a 10,000-year period, more than 130 flows solidified – roughly one flow every 75 years. As each flow cooled below about 500 °C (932 °F), it captured the
420:
The
Columbia River Basalt Group flows exhibit essentially uniform chemical properties through the bulk of individual flows, suggesting rapid placement. Ho and Cashman (1997) characterized the 500 km (310 mi)-long Ginkgo flow of the Frenchman Springs Member, determining that it had been
551:
One geomagnetic field reversal occurred during the Steens Basalt eruptions at approximately 16.7 Ma, as dated using Ar/Ar ages and the geomagnetic polarity timescale. Steens
Mountain and related sections of Oregon Plateau flood basalts at Catlow Peak and Poker Jim Ridge 70 to 90 km (43 to
555:
The observed trend in feeder dike swarms associated with the Steens Basalt flow are considered to be atypical of other dike swarm trends associated with the CRBG. These swarms, characterized by a maintained trend of N20°E, trace the northward continuation of the Nevada shear zone and have been
508:
is also used to determine age. This technique uses the pattern of magnetic polarity zones of CRBG layers by comparison to the magnetic polarity timescale. The samples are analyzed to determine their characteristic remanent magnetization from the Earth's magnetic field at the time a stratum was
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showing multiple layers of basalt. The oldest of the flows considered part of the
Columbia River Basalt Group, the Steens basalt, includes flows geographically separated but roughly concurrent with the Imnaha flows. Older Imnaha basalt north of Steens Mountain overlies the chemically distinct
411:
The hot spot hypothesis is not universally accepted as it has not resolved several questions. The
Yellowstone hot spot volcanism track shows a large apparent bow in the hot-spot track that does not correspond to changes in plate motion if the northern CRBG floods are considered. Further, the
201:
Some time during a 10–15 million-year period, lava flow after lava flow poured out of multiple dikes which trace along an old fault line running from south-eastern Oregon through to western
British Columbia. The many layers of lava eventually reached a thickness of more than 1.8 km
690:
The
Wanapum Basalt is made up of the Eckler Mountain Member (15.6 million years ago), the Frenchman Springs Member (15.5 million years ago), the Roza Member (14.9 million years ago) and the Priest Rapids Member (14.5 million years ago). They originated from vents between
421:
formed in roughly a week, based on the measured melting temperature along the flow from the origin to the most distant point of the flow, combined with hydraulics considerations. The Ginkgo basalt was examined over its 500 km (310 mi) flow path from a Ginkgo flow feeder dike near
1897:(1996). Flood Basalts and Glacier Floods: Roadside Geology of Parts of Walla Walla, Franklin, and Columbia Counties, Washington (Report). Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources Information Circular. Vol. 90. Olympia, WA: Washington State Department of Natural Resources.
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observed that the Oregon High Lava Plains is a complementary system of propagating rhyolite eruptions, with the same point of origin. The two phenomena occurred concurrently, with the High Lava Plains propagating westward since ~10 Ma, while the Snake River Plains propagated eastward.
230:
or upwelling (similar to that associated with present-day Hawaii) initiated the widespread and voluminous basaltic volcanism about 17 million years ago. As hot mantle plume materials rise and reach lower pressures, the hot materials melt and interact with the materials in the
463:. Ho's analysis is consistent with the analysis by Reidel, Tolan, & Beeson (1994), who proposed a maximum Pomona flow emplacement duration of several months based on the time required for rivers to be reestablished in their canyons following a basalt flow interruption.
710:
The
Frenchman Springs Member flowed along similar paths as the Grande Ronde basalts, but can be identified by different chemical characteristics. It flowed west to the Pacific, and can be found in the Columbia Gorge, along the upper Clackamas River, the hills south of
96:
with an estimated volume of 174,300 km (41,800 cu mi). Eruptions were most vigorous 17–14 million years ago, when over 99 percent of the basalt was released. Less extensive eruptions continued 14–6 million years ago.
221:
In the middle Miocene, 17 to 15 Ma, the Columbia Plateau and the Oregon Basin and Range of the Pacific Northwest were flooded with lava flows. Both flows are similar in composition and age, and have been attributed to a common source, the
202:(5,900 ft). As the molten rock came to the surface, the Earth's crust gradually sank into the space left by the rising lava. This subsidence of the crust produced a large, slightly depressed lava plain now known as the Columbia Basin or
538:
The Steens Basalt flows covered about 50,000 km (19,000 sq mi) of the Oregon Plateau in sections up to 1 km (3,300 ft) thick. It contains the earliest identified eruption of the CRBG large igneous province. The
471:
Three major tools are used to date the CRBG flows: Stratigraphy, radiometric dating, and magnetostratigraphy. These techniques have been key to correlating data from disparate basalt exposures and boring samples over five states.
374:. Consistent with the hot spot hypothesis, the lava flows are progressively younger as one proceeds east along this path. Previous to this eruptive period, it is believed the Yellowstone Hotspot created features like
317:
analysis has yielded SO2 mass degassing values at 0.12% - 0.28% of the total erupted mass of the magma, translating to lower emission estimates in the range of 9.2Gt of sulfur dioxide for the Roza flow.
682:
in layers 50 m (160 ft) deep. The Pruitt Draw flow of the Teepee Butte Member released about 2,350 km (560 cu mi) with layers of basalt up to 100 m (330 ft) thick.
298:. The Columbia River flood basalt province comprises more than 300 individual basalt lava flows that have an average volume of 500 to 600 cubic kilometres (120 to 140 cu mi).
210:
into its present course. The lava, as it flowed over the area, first filled the stream valleys, forming dams that in turn caused impoundments or lakes. In these ancient lake beds are found
1083:
Blake, S.; Self, S.; Sharma, K.; Sephton, S. (November 2010). "Sulfur release from the Columbia River Basalts and other flood lava eruptions constrained by a model of sulfide saturation".
1358:
Reidel, Stephen P.; Camp, Victor E.; Tolan, Terry L.; Martin, Barton S. (2013). "The Columbia River flood basalt province: Stratigraphy, areal extent, volume, and physical volcanology".
552:
56 mi) to the southeast and west of Steens Mountain, provide the most detailed magnetic field reversal data (reversed-to-normal polarity transition) yet reported in volcanic rocks.
1443:
Perry-Houts, Jonathan; Humphreys, Eugene (7 June 2018). "Eclogite-driven subsidence of the Columbia Basin (Washington State, USA) caused by deposition of Columbia River Basalt".
1121:
Thordarson, Th.; Self, S. (November 1996). "Sulfur, chlorine and fluorine degassing and atmospheric loading by the Roza eruption, Columbia River Basalt Group, Washington, USA".
400:
have been detected under Yellowstone and several other hot spots. These plumes are much more focused than the upwelling observed with large-scale plate-tectonics circulation.
1854:
Camp, V.E.; Ross, M.E.; Hanson, W.E. (January 2003). "Genesis of flood basalts and Basin and Range volcanic rocks from Steens Mountain to the Malheur River Gorge, Oregon".
962:
Barry, T.L.; Kelley, S.P.; Reidel, S.P.; Camp, V.E.; Self, S.; Jarboe, N.A.; Duncan, R.A.; Renne, P.R. (2013). "Eruption chronology of the Columbia River Basalt Group".
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dating, which can be used to identify the date of solidifying basalt. In the CRBG deposits Ar, which is produced by K decay, only accumulates after the melt solidifies.
487:
150:
dating, which can be used to identify the date of solidifying basalt. In the CRBG deposits Ar, which is produced by K decay, only accumulates after the melt solidifies.
631:. The weight of this flow (and the emptying of the underlying magma chamber) caused central Washington to sink, creating the broad Columbia Basin in Washington. The
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Factors that influenced the eruptive and emplacement histories of flood basalt flows: A field guide to selected vents and flows of the Columbia River Basalt Group
2030:"Quickly erupted volcanic sections of the Steens Basalt, Columbia River Basalt Group: Secular variation, tectonic rotation, and the Steens Mountain reversal"
255:
Canyon just downstream of Palouse Falls, the Sentinel Bluffs flows of the Grand Ronde Formation can be seen on the bottom, covered by the Ginkgo Flow of the
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deposited. This is possible because, as magnetic minerals precipitate in the melt (crystallize), they align themselves with Earth's current magnetic field.
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490:, Washington. The upper basalt is a Priest Rapids Member flow lying above a Roza Member flow, while the lower canyon exposes a layer of Grand Ronde basalt.
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for the Roza flow is calculated to be on the order of 12Gt (12,000 million tonnes) at a rate of 1.2Gt (1,200 million tonnes) annually, in the form of
2509:
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this indicates that the maximum temperature drop along the Ginkgo flow was 20 °C. The lava must have spread quickly to achieve this uniformity.
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and atmospheric interactions, has been calculated to be 1.7Gt annually for the Roza flow and 17Gt in total. Analysis of glass inclusions within
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2946:
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1699:"New 40Ar/39Ar dating of the Grande Ronde lavas, Columbia River Basalts, USA: Implications for duration of flood basalt eruption episodes"
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sediments of Washington and Idaho are interbedded with a number of the Columbia River Basalt Group flows, and outcrop across the region.
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for the Steens basalt, which covers a large portion of the Oregon Plateau, is an approximately 1,000 m (3,300 ft) face of
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Basalt. The various lava flows have been dated by radiometric dating—particularly through measurement of the ratios of isotopes of
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lowermost flows of Steens basalt; hence some flows of the Imnaha are stratigraphically younger than the lowermost Steens basalt.
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sits atop erosion-resistant Ginkgo flow basalt of the Frenchman Springs Member over 500 km (310 mi) from its origin.
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Ho, Anita M.; Cashman, Katharine V. (1997). "Temperature constraints on the Ginkgo flow of the Columbia River Basalt Group".
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Bryan, S.E.; Peate, I.U.; Peate, D.W.; Self, S.; Jerram, D.A.; Mawby, M.R.; Marsh, J.S.; Miller, J.A. (21 July 2010).
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25:
The Columbia River Basalt Group (including the Steen and Picture Gorge basalts) extends over portions of four states.
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Reidel, Stephen P. (January 2005). "A lava flow without a source: The Cohasset flow and its compositional members".
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where the falls plunge over multiple layers of the Grande Ronde basalt. Evidence of eight flows can be found in the
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2098:. Geologic Field Trips in the Pacific Northwest. Vol. V. Seattle, WA: University of Washington. pp. 1–18.
997:"The Roza Member, Columbia River Basalt Group: A gigantic pahoehoe lava flow field formed by endogenous processes?"
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erupted with periodic regularity for over 20 million years, even as they do today. An abrupt transition to
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1993:"Evidence from lava flows for complex polarity transitions: the new composite Steens Mountain reversal record"
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226:. The ultimate cause of the volcanism is still up for debate, but the most widely accepted idea is that the
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Igneous rock associations in Canada 3. Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs) in Canada and adjacent regions: 3
639:. Grande Ronde basalt flows and dikes can also be seen in the exposed 2,000-foot (610 m) walls of
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Fire, Faults & Floods: A road & trail guide exploring the origins of the Columbia River Basin
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The Grande Ronde basalt flows flooded down the ancestral Columbia River channel to the west of the
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flooding took place in the mid-Miocene. The flows can be divided into four major categories: The
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The transition to flood volcanism in the Columbia River Basalt Group (CRBG), similar to other
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There is additional confirmation that Yellowstone is associated with a deep hot spot. Using
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2114:
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1130:
1092:
1049:
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232:
113:
239:. Once that magma breaches the surface, it flows as lava and then solidifies into basalt.
8:
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has extensively exposed these lava flows, laying bare many layers of the basalt flows at
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Reidel, S.P.; Tolan, T.L.; Beeson, M.H. (1994). Swanson, D.A.; Haugerud, R.A. (eds.).
1819:"Mantle dynamics and genesis of mafic magmatism in the intermontane Pacific Northwest"
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2017:
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Barry, T. L.; Self, S.; Kelley, S. P.; Reidel, S.; Hooper, P.; Widdowson, M. (2010).
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of the basaltic deposits have yielded emission volumes on the magnitude of 310 Mt of
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1807:
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Where the Great River Bends: A natural and human history of the Columbia at Wallula
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161:), that cover an area of 500,000 km (190,000 sq mi) in west-central
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moved several centimeters per year westward, the eruptions progressed through the
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81:
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Carson, Robert J.; Denny, Michael E.; Dickson, Catherine E.; Dodd, Lawrence L.;
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On the Trail of the Ice Age Floods: A Geological Guide to the Mid-Columbia Basin
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on Earth, covering over 210,000 km (81,000 sq mi) mainly eastern
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The second oldest flows, the Imnaha Basalt, are exposed at the type locality:
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Absolute dates, subject to a statistical uncertainty, are determined through
319:
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Absolute dates, subject to a statistical uncertainty, are determined through
109:
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for the Grande Ronde Basalt lies along the lower Grande Ronde as shown here.
482:
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2028:
Jarboe, N.A.; Coe, R.S.; Renne, P.R.; Glen, J.M.G.; Mankinen, E.A. (2008).
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1960:
Humphreys, Eugene; Schmandt, Brandon (2011). "Looking for mantle plumes".
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which underlies much of the Pacific Northwest coast with exposures in the
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123:
The Columbia River Basalt Group is thought to be a potential link to the
105:
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USGS Oregon Water Science Center - Columbia River Basalt Group in Oregon
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327:
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have often been tracked back to flood-basalt events. In this case the
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3235:
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1666:
Appenzeller, Tim (3 January 1992). "A Conundrum at Steens Mountain".
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is the youngest, smallest and one of the best-preserved continental
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attributed to magmatic rise through this zone on a regional scale.
444:
379:
173:), which cover more than 250,000 square kilometers in southwestern
706:
Priest Rapids Member exposed on the walls of Park Lake Side Canyon
378:
in Central Oregon and perhaps another flood basalt event known as
3039:
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based on seismic waves, relatively narrow, deeply seated, active
371:
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182:
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78:
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1169:"Central Oregon Geoscience Society - The Crooked River Caldera"
907:
Portions of this article, including a figure, are adapted from
430:
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132:
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engulfed about 163,700 km (63,200 sq mi) of the
57:
group includes the Steens and Picture Gorge basalt formations.
54:
50:
38:
1991:
Jarboe, Nicholas A.; Coe, Robert; Glen, Jonathan M.G. (2011).
16:
Continental flood basalt province in the Western United States
1739:
In Search of Ancient Oregon: A geological and natural history
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of the total flow volume. It is characterized by a number of
407:
Location of Yellowstone Hotspot in millions of Years Ago
367:
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236:
174:
162:
46:
827:"Columbia River Basalt Group Stretches from Oregon to Idaho"
2170:
Volcano World: page on Columbia River Flood Basalt Province
1951:
10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025<0403:TCOTGF>2.3.CO;2
1876:
10.1130/0016-7606(2003)115<0105:GOFBAB>2.0.CO;2
1195:"The Case for a Long-Lived and Robust Yellowstone Hotspot"
475:
Major eruptive pulses of flood basalt lavas are laid down
1036:
Self, S.; Thordarson, T.; Widdowson, M. (December 2005).
1035:
1903:
1640:
Northwest Exposures: a Geologic Story of the Northwest
1082:
206:. The northwesterly advancing lava forced the ancient
1357:
961:
731:
The Saddle Mountains Basalt, seen prominently at the
530:
View from the top of Steens Mountain, looking out to
2402:
Steamboats of the upper Columbia and Kootenay Rivers
1442:
759:
415:
564:Virtually coeval with the oldest of the flows, the
466:
358:when the Imnaha and Steens eruptions began. As the
218:, fossil insects, and bones of vertebrate animals.
2156:Geology of Lake Roosevelt National Recreation Area
2066:
1270:
1268:
1116:
1114:
263:Prior to 17.5 million years ago, the Western
2093:
1959:
1274:
1245:
1233:
433:. The basalt had an upper melting temperature of
4509:
2915:Ice Age Floods Erosion & Deposition Features
1619:Glacial Lake Missoula & Its Humongous Floods
242:
2310:Bonneville Slide/Bridge of the Gods land bridge
1265:
1256:
1254:
1111:
623:well as down the Columbia River channel to the
2064:
1853:
1533:
1321:
1123:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
1120:
994:
738:
534:with basalt layers visible on the eroded face.
3024:
2788:
2503:
2190:
1990:
1345:
995:Thordarson, T.; Self, S. (10 November 1998).
425:to the flow terminus in the Pacific Ocean at
2027:
1333:
1251:
1001:Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth
455:Analyses indicate that the flow must remain
354:'s initial flood-basalt event occurred near
2517:
1892:
1778:
1696:
1665:
1568:
1529:
1517:
1426:
1414:
1309:
1285:
949:
937:
874:
847:
723:– a distance of 750 km (470 mi).
3031:
3017:
2795:
2781:
2510:
2496:
2197:
2183:
1637:
1430:
1390:
894:
743:
726:
2053:
2016:
1928:
1842:
1817:Camp, Victor E.; Ross, Martin E. (2004).
1781:"The largest volcanic eruptions on Earth"
1757:
1557:
1260:
1218:
1193:Camp, Victor; Wells, Ray (January 2021).
1192:
1020:
890:
1816:
1360:The Columbia River Flood Basalt Province
1297:
1038:"Gas Fluxes from Flood Basalt Eruptions"
964:The Columbia River Flood Basalt Province
748:
701:
649:
606:called the Chief Joseph Dike Swarm near
579:
525:
481:
443:
402:
246:
64:
20:
4578:Geologic provinces of the United States
3038:
635:for the formation is the canyon of the
313:(SO2). However, other research through
4510:
4297:John Day Fossil Beds National Monument
2804:Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail
2104:
1736:
1545:
1505:
1493:
1402:
1155:
925:
851:
596:
4257:Fort Rock-Christmas Lake Valley Basin
3012:
2776:
2491:
2178:
2065:Mueller, Marge; Mueller, Ted (1997).
1642:. Mountain Press Publishing Company.
1621:. Mountain Press Publishing Company.
909:works of the United States Government
341:
2034:Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems
1638:Alt, David; Hyndman, Donald (1995).
666:. It can be found exposed along the
73:animals at the Picture Gorge Basalts
1613:
1085:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
886:
627:; the tremendous flows created the
13:
2830:
2204:
31:Columbia River Basalt Group (CRBG)
14:
4609:
2144:
1997:Geophysical Journal International
685:
416:Speed of flood basalt emplacement
2756:
2387:Steamboats of the Columbia River
2290:Geology of the Pacific Northwest
2018:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2011.05086.x
1762:. Sand Point, ID: Keokee Books.
820: This article incorporates
815:
762:
559:
521:
467:Dating of the flood basalt flows
153:Other flood basalts include the
4588:Volcanoes of Washington (state)
4548:Volcanism of Washington (state)
2422:Bonneville Power Administration
2412:Historic Columbia River Highway
2151:USGS - Page on Columbia Plateau
1912:. Sandpoint, ID: Keokee Books.
1823:Journal of Geophysical Research
1808:10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.07.001
1574:
1562:
1551:
1539:
1523:
1511:
1499:
1487:
1436:
1420:
1408:
1396:
1384:
1351:
1339:
1327:
1315:
1303:
1291:
1279:
1275:Reidel, Tolan & Beeson 1994
1239:
1227:
1186:
1161:
1149:
1076:
1029:
988:
955:
835:United States Geological Survey
60:
2991:Related contemporaneous events
2889:Ice Age Floods Glacial Residue
1741:. Portland, OR: Timber Press.
943:
931:
919:
900:
880:
868:
857:
841:
809:
678:on the west side of Portland.
516:
1:
4533:Plateaus of the United States
2591:Ethiopian and Yemen Highlands
2476:The Columbia River Collection
2397:Steamboats of the Arrow Lakes
2160:(source of much of this page)
1737:Bishop, Ellen Morris (2003).
1246:Humphreys & Schmandt 2011
1234:Humphreys & Schmandt 2011
1143:10.1016/S0377-0273(96)00054-6
803:
498:using isotope ratios such as
243:Transition to flood volcanism
189:(800,000 sq mi) in
146:using isotope ratios such as
4309:Lava Butte (Basin and Range)
4229:Devils Garden Volcanic Field
4105:Lava Butte (Newberry/Tumalo)
4024:Willamette National Cemetery
3525:Sand Mountain Volcanic Field
2906:Sims Corner Eskers and Kames
1728:10.1016/j.lithos.2010.03.014
1322:Camp, Ross & Hanson 2003
831:Cascades Volcano Observatory
196:
7:
4400:Columbia River Basalt Group
4282:Harney Basin Volcanic Field
3981:Southern Oregon Coast Range
3626:Tom Dick and Harry Mountain
2295:Columbia River Basalt Group
1680:10.1126/science.255.5040.31
1346:Jarboe, Coe & Glen 2011
755:
739:Related geologic structures
437:and a lower temperature to
100:Erosion resulting from the
10:
4614:
4125:Oregon Badlands Wilderness
4014:Upper and Lower Table Rock
3299:Little Chinquapin Mountain
2465:Roll On, Columbia, Roll On
2367:Lewis and Clark Expedition
1605:
1534:Mueller & Mueller 1997
1105:10.1016/j.epsl.2010.09.013
1062:10.2113/gselements.1.5.283
322:, a by-product of emitted
77:During the middle to late
4477:Cobb-Eickelberg Seamounts
4453:
4385:
4194:
4032:
3695:
3157:Davis Lake Volcanic Field
3050:
2990:
2914:
2888:
2862:
2841:
2828:
2814:
2752:
2525:
2452:
2354:
2323:
2282:
2246:
2212:
2075:University of Idaho Press
1758:Bjornstad, Bruce (2006).
488:Hole in the Ground Coulee
4173:Wildcat Mountain Caldera
1334:Jarboe & others 2008
798:Basin and Range Province
4573:Paleogene United States
4518:Large igneous provinces
4487:Devils Elbow State Park
4435:Saddle Mountains Basalt
4262:Four Craters Lava Field
3886:Mount Scott (Clackamas)
2519:Large igneous provinces
2362:Robert Gray exploration
1569:Carson & Pogue 1996
1530:Carson & Pogue 1996
1518:Bryan & others 2010
1427:Carson & Pogue 1996
1415:Barry & others 2010
1286:Barry & others 2010
1097:2010E&PSL.299..328B
950:Bryan & others 2010
938:Carson & Pogue 1996
875:Barry & others 2010
848:Carson & Pogue 1996
744:Oregon High Lava Plains
727:Saddle Mountains Basalt
672:Silver Falls State Park
449:Yaquina Head Lighthouse
303:large igneous provinces
49:, and part of northern
4352:Squaw Ridge Lava Field
4342:Powder River Volcanics
4338:Powder River Volcanics
3971:Siletz River Volcanics
3845:Little Butte Volcanics
3651:Tumalo Volcanic Center
3313:Lost Lake Cinder Cones
2835:
2815:Ice Age Glacial Floods
2535:Northeast Georgia Rise
2417:Columbia Basin Project
1431:Alt & Hyndman 1995
1391:Alt & Hyndman 1995
895:Alt & Hyndman 1995
822:public domain material
749:Camp & Ross (2004)
707:
659:
629:Columbia River Plateau
589:
535:
491:
452:
408:
260:
204:Columbia River Plateau
94:large igneous province
74:
35:flood basalt provinces
26:
4160:Smith Rock State Park
4070:Crooked River Caldera
4047:Bald Mountain Caldera
3410:Mount Scott (Klamath)
3295:Little Cache Mountain
2854:Glacial Lake Columbia
2849:Glacial Lake Missoula
2834:
2444:Vanport flood of 1948
2407:Columbia River Treaty
2283:Geology and geography
1788:Earth-Science Reviews
1558:Ho & Cashman 1997
1368:10.1130/2013.2497(01)
1261:Ho & Cashman 1997
972:10.1130/2013.2497(02)
715:. and as far west as
705:
653:
583:
569:lower benches of the
529:
485:
447:
406:
250:
84:, the Columbia River
68:
24:
4367:Strawberry Volcanics
3916:Oregon's Matterhorns
3470:Pine Marten Mountain
3444:Oregon's Matterhorns
2977:Columbia River Gorge
2674:Mackenzie dike swarm
2300:Columbia River Gorge
2055:10.1029/2008GC002067
1844:10.1029/2003JB002838
1298:Camp & Ross 2004
1007:(B11): 27411–27445.
423:Kahlotus, Washington
360:North American Plate
114:Columbia River Gorge
4598:Volcanoes of Nevada
4583:Volcanoes of Oregon
4558:Yellowstone hotspot
4543:Volcanism of Oregon
4472:Brown Bear Seamount
4420:Hat Rock State Park
4405:Grande Ronde Basalt
4362:Strawberry Mountain
4075:Deschutes Formation
3677:Williamson Mountain
3593:Three Fingered Jack
3562:South Pinhead Butte
3432:North Pinhead Butte
3148:Cupit Mary Mountain
3116:Chinquapin Mountain
2947:Drumheller Channels
2937:Channeled Scablands
2719:Paraná and Etendeka
2606:Franklin dike swarm
2596:Equatorial Atlantic
2551:Brazilian Highlands
2453:Ecology and culture
2377:Pacific Fur Company
2119:2005JG....113....1R
2046:2008GGG.....911010J
2009:2011GeoJI.186..580J
1974:2011PhT....64h..34H
1943:1997Geo....25..403H
1893:Carson, Robert J.;
1868:2003GSAB..115..105C
1835:2004JGRB..109.8204C
1800:2010ESRv..102..207B
1720:2010Litho.118..213B
1582:"High Lava Plainsa"
1457:2018Geo....46..651P
1220:10.1130/GSATG477A.1
1211:2021GSAT...31a...4C
1135:1996JVGR...74...49T
1054:2005Eleme...1..283S
1013:1998JGR...10327411T
911:, which are in the
783:Channeled scablands
697:Hanford, Washington
597:Grande Ronde Basalt
577:in Wallowa county.
506:Magnetostratigraphy
352:Yellowstone hotspot
224:Yellowstone hotspot
118:Channeled Scablands
116:and throughout the
4593:Volcanoes of Idaho
4538:Volcanism of Idaho
4528:Pliocene volcanism
4459:Juan de Fuca Ridge
4287:Hole-in-the-Ground
4164:Tea Table Mountain
4004:Tualatin Mountains
3701:Oregon Coast Range
3670:West Pinhead Butte
3303:Little Nash Crater
3280:Little Aspen Butte
2836:
2763:Geology portal
2470:Confluence Project
2392:Big Bend Gold Rush
2315:Columbia Mountains
2107:Journal of Geology
1906:Edwards, G. Thomas
708:
676:Tualatin Mountains
660:
637:Grande Ronde River
590:
536:
496:radiometric dating
492:
453:
439:1 085 ± 5 °C;
409:
391:tomographic images
384:Oregon Coast Range
342:Cause of volcanism
261:
214:leaf impressions,
144:radiometric dating
75:
27:
4523:Miocene volcanism
4505:
4504:
4313:Mahogany Mountain
4090:Gearhart Mountain
3849:Little Pilot Rock
3759:Crescent Mountain
3734:Boring Lava Field
3545:Sheridan Mountain
3211:Greylock Mountain
3006:
3005:
2967:Touchet Formation
2808:Pacific Northwest
2770:
2769:
2485:
2484:
2084:978-0-89301-206-9
1982:10.1063/PT.3.1217
1919:978-1-879628-32-8
1769:978-1-879628-27-4
1748:978-0-88192-789-4
1660:
1649:978-0-87842-323-1
1628:978-0-87842-415-3
1377:978-0-8137-2497-3
1022:10.1029/98JB01355
981:978-0-8137-2497-3
693:Pendleton, Oregon
664:Cascade Mountains
486:Looking south in
477:stratigraphically
435:1 095 ± 5 °C
364:Snake River Plain
336:hydrofluoric acid
334:, and 1.78 Gt of
332:hydrochloric acid
159:Cretaceous period
127:in south-central
90:Pacific Northwest
4605:
4568:Pliocene geology
4387:Columbia Plateau
4328:Mutton Mountains
4168:Wildcat Mountain
4120:Ochoco Mountains
4115:Newberry Volcano
4100:Grizzly Mountain
4034:Eastern Cascades
3744:Chamberlain Hill
3697:Western Cascades
3453:Peavine Mountain
3420:Mount Washington
3396:Mount McLoughlin
3342:Maklaks Mountain
3323:Lookout Mountain
3246:Howlock Mountain
3199:Frog Lake Buttes
3120:Clear Lake Butte
3033:
3026:
3019:
3010:
3009:
2998:Bonneville Flood
2797:
2790:
2783:
2774:
2773:
2761:
2760:
2676:
2669:
2667:Coppermine River
2642:
2620:
2608:
2561:Central Atlantic
2541:
2512:
2505:
2498:
2489:
2488:
2433:Sohappy v. Smith
2346:Dalles des Morts
2324:Falls and rapids
2228:British Columbia
2199:
2192:
2185:
2176:
2175:
2138:
2099:
2088:
2072:
2059:
2057:
2022:
2020:
1985:
1954:
1923:
1898:
1887:
1848:
1846:
1811:
1794:(3–4): 207–229.
1785:
1773:
1752:
1731:
1714:(3–4): 213–222.
1703:
1691:
1654:
1653:
1632:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1586:
1578:
1572:
1566:
1560:
1555:
1549:
1543:
1537:
1527:
1521:
1515:
1509:
1503:
1497:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1465:10.1130/g40328.1
1440:
1434:
1424:
1418:
1412:
1406:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1355:
1349:
1343:
1337:
1331:
1325:
1319:
1313:
1310:Appenzeller 1992
1307:
1301:
1295:
1289:
1283:
1277:
1272:
1263:
1258:
1249:
1243:
1237:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1173:www.cogeosoc.org
1165:
1159:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1118:
1109:
1108:
1091:(3–4): 328–338.
1080:
1074:
1073:
1033:
1027:
1026:
1024:
992:
986:
985:
959:
953:
947:
941:
935:
929:
923:
917:
904:
898:
884:
878:
872:
866:
861:
855:
845:
839:
838:
819:
818:
813:
793:Interior Plateau
772:
767:
766:
733:Saddle Mountains
440:
436:
338:, additionally.
288:Saddle Mountains
286:Basalt, and the
188:
129:British Columbia
4613:
4612:
4608:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4603:
4602:
4563:Miocene geology
4508:
4507:
4506:
4501:
4449:
4430:Pendleton Vents
4425:Hermiston Butte
4381:
4357:Steens Mountain
4335:Poker Jim Ridge
4332:Pillars of Rome
4237:Diamond Craters
4233:Dooley Mountain
4196:Basin and Range
4190:
4186:Yamsay Mountain
4028:
3961:Saddle Mountain
3926:Pepper Mountain
3857:Lost Lake Butte
3835:Laurel Mountain
3816:Indian Mountain
3797:Harter Mountain
3782:Elk Rock Island
3691:
3687:Zigzag Mountain
3646:Tumalo Mountain
3401:Mount Multnomah
3386:Mount Jefferson
3266:Le Conte Crater
3134:Crater Mountain
3046:
3037:
3007:
3002:
2986:
2910:
2896:Withrow Moraine
2884:
2863:Temporary Lakes
2858:
2837:
2826:
2822:Missoula Floods
2810:
2801:
2771:
2766:
2755:
2748:
2672:
2665:
2638:
2616:
2604:
2571:Circum-Superior
2566:Central Iapetus
2533:
2521:
2516:
2486:
2481:
2448:
2350:
2331:Cascades Rapids
2319:
2305:Missoula Floods
2278:
2242:
2217:
2208:
2203:
2147:
2142:
2141:
2085:
2040:(Q11010): n/a.
1920:
1895:Pogue, Kevin R.
1783:
1770:
1749:
1701:
1674:(5040): 31–51.
1650:
1629:
1608:
1603:
1593:
1591:
1584:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1567:
1563:
1556:
1552:
1544:
1540:
1528:
1524:
1516:
1512:
1504:
1500:
1492:
1488:
1441:
1437:
1425:
1421:
1413:
1409:
1401:
1397:
1389:
1385:
1378:
1356:
1352:
1344:
1340:
1332:
1328:
1320:
1316:
1308:
1304:
1296:
1292:
1284:
1280:
1273:
1266:
1259:
1252:
1244:
1240:
1232:
1228:
1191:
1187:
1177:
1175:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1154:
1150:
1119:
1112:
1081:
1077:
1034:
1030:
993:
989:
982:
960:
956:
948:
944:
936:
932:
924:
920:
905:
901:
885:
881:
873:
869:
862:
858:
846:
842:
825:
816:
814:
810:
806:
768:
761:
758:
746:
741:
729:
721:Newport, Oregon
688:
668:Clackamas River
599:
562:
545:Steens Mountain
524:
519:
469:
438:
434:
418:
356:Steens Mountain
344:
311:sulphur dioxide
272:shield volcanic
268:stratovolcanoes
245:
199:
186:
137:Latah Formation
125:Chilcotin Group
102:Missoula Floods
69:Restoration of
63:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4611:
4601:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4553:Columbia River
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4503:
4502:
4500:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4467:Axial Seamount
4463:
4461:
4451:
4450:
4448:
4447:
4445:Wanapum Basalt
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4391:
4389:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4379:
4374:
4372:Tower Mountain
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4336:
4333:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4307:
4304:
4302:Jordan Craters
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4272:Hager Mountain
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4218:
4215:
4210:
4204:
4202:
4200:Eastern Oregon
4192:
4191:
4189:
4188:
4183:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4080:Hager Mountain
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4038:
4036:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3999:Three Pyramids
3996:
3991:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3911:Olson Mountain
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3891:Mount Sylvania
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3871:Mount Defiance
3868:
3863:
3858:
3855:
3850:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3830:Larch Mountain
3827:
3822:
3817:
3814:
3812:Hunsinger Peak
3809:
3804:
3802:Highland Butte
3799:
3794:
3789:
3787:Grass Mountain
3784:
3779:
3774:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3705:
3703:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3673:Whiteface Peak
3671:
3668:
3666:Waldo Mountain
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3616:Three Trappers
3613:
3595:
3590:
3587:
3584:
3579:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3563:
3560:
3555:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3510:Royce Mountain
3507:
3502:
3499:
3498:Robinson Butte
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3478:
3475:
3472:
3467:
3466:Pinhead Buttes
3464:
3459:
3454:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3433:
3430:
3425:
3422:
3417:
3415:Mount Thielsen
3412:
3407:
3404:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3376:Mount Harriman
3373:
3368:
3363:
3361:Mount Bachelor
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3340:
3338:Maklaks Crater
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3297:
3292:
3290:Little Brother
3287:
3285:Little Belknap
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3264:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3250:Irish Mountain
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3200:
3197:
3194:
3192:Forgotten Cone
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3162:Davis Mountain
3159:
3154:
3149:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3118:
3113:
3111:Cache Mountain
3108:
3107:Buckskin Butte
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3088:Belknap Crater
3085:
3080:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3060:Applegate Peak
3056:
3054:
3048:
3047:
3036:
3035:
3028:
3021:
3013:
3004:
3003:
3001:
3000:
2994:
2992:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2918:
2916:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2892:
2890:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2866:
2864:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2856:
2851:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2838:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2818:
2816:
2812:
2811:
2800:
2799:
2792:
2785:
2777:
2768:
2767:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2698:
2693:
2691:North Atlantic
2688:
2683:
2678:
2670:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2618:Sverdrup Basin
2610:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2576:Columbia River
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2515:
2514:
2507:
2500:
2492:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2479:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2460:Pacific salmon
2456:
2454:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2441:
2439:Boldt Decision
2436:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2382:Fort Vancouver
2379:
2374:
2372:David Thompson
2369:
2364:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2286:
2284:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2224:
2222:
2210:
2209:
2206:Columbia River
2202:
2201:
2194:
2187:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2153:
2146:
2145:External links
2143:
2140:
2139:
2127:10.1086/425966
2101:
2100:
2090:
2089:
2083:
2073:. Moscow, ID:
2061:
2060:
2024:
2023:
2003:(2): 580–602.
1987:
1986:
1956:
1955:
1937:(5): 403–406.
1925:
1924:
1918:
1900:
1899:
1889:
1888:
1862:(1): 105–128.
1850:
1849:
1813:
1812:
1775:
1774:
1768:
1754:
1753:
1747:
1733:
1732:
1693:
1692:
1662:
1661:
1648:
1634:
1633:
1627:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1601:
1573:
1561:
1550:
1538:
1522:
1510:
1498:
1486:
1451:(7): 651–654.
1435:
1419:
1407:
1395:
1383:
1376:
1350:
1338:
1326:
1314:
1302:
1290:
1278:
1264:
1250:
1238:
1226:
1185:
1160:
1148:
1129:(1–2): 49–73.
1110:
1075:
1048:(5): 283–287.
1028:
987:
980:
954:
942:
930:
918:
899:
891:Bjornstad 2006
879:
867:
856:
840:
807:
805:
802:
801:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
774:
773:
770:Geology portal
757:
754:
745:
742:
740:
737:
728:
725:
687:
686:Wanapum Basalt
684:
645:Oregon Route 3
598:
595:
586:Imnaha, Oregon
561:
558:
523:
520:
518:
515:
468:
465:
417:
414:
343:
340:
324:sulfur dioxide
244:
241:
216:petrified wood
208:Columbia River
198:
195:
179:Siberian Traps
167:Emeishan Traps
62:
59:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4610:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4515:
4513:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4464:
4462:
4460:
4456:
4455:Pacific Coast
4452:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4440:Steens Basalt
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4415:Imnaha Basalt
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4392:
4390:
4388:
4384:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4337:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4323:Modoc Plateau
4321:
4319:
4318:Malheur Butte
4316:
4314:
4311:
4308:
4306:Lambert Rocks
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4292:Jackies Butte
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4242:Doherty Slide
4240:
4238:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4205:
4203:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4187:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4145:Powell Buttes
4143:
4141:
4140:Pine Mountain
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4042:Bald Mountain
4040:
4039:
4037:
4035:
4031:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:Sunshine Rock
3989:
3987:
3986:Spencer Butte
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3956:Roxy Ann Peak
3954:
3952:
3951:Ross Mountain
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3906:Nesmith Point
3904:
3902:
3901:Mount Talbert
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3866:Mount Ashland
3864:
3862:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3853:Lookout Point
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3840:Lenhart Butte
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3820:Iron Mountain
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:French's Dome
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3749:Clatsop Butte
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3729:Bone Mountain
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3682:Wizard Island
3680:
3678:
3675:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3641:Triangle Peak
3639:
3637:
3636:Triangle Hill
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3621:Timber Crater
3619:
3617:
3614:
3611:
3607:
3606:Middle Sister
3603:
3599:
3598:Three Sisters
3596:
3594:
3591:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3574:Teardrop Pool
3572:
3570:
3569:Talapus Butte
3567:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3558:South Belknap
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3535:Sentinel Rock
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3520:Sand Mountain
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3479:
3476:
3474:Pothole Butte
3473:
3471:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3457:Pelican Butte
3455:
3452:
3450:
3449:Olallie Butte
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3405:
3403:(unconfirmed)
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3371:Mount Carmine
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3356:Merriam Point
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3318:Lookout Butte
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3226:Hayrick Butte
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3206:Garfield Peak
3204:
3202:Fuji Mountain
3201:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3052:High Cascades
3049:
3045:
3041:
3034:
3029:
3027:
3022:
3020:
3015:
3014:
3011:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2983:
2982:Alameda Ridge
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2962:Palouse Falls
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2922:Foster Coulee
2920:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2887:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2861:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2842:Glacial Lakes
2840:
2833:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2798:
2793:
2791:
2786:
2784:
2779:
2778:
2775:
2765:
2764:
2759:
2751:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2668:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2641:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2619:
2614:
2611:
2607:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2524:
2520:
2513:
2508:
2506:
2501:
2499:
2494:
2493:
2490:
2478:
2477:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2353:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2200:
2195:
2193:
2188:
2186:
2181:
2180:
2177:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2103:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2091:
2086:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2070:
2063:
2062:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2025:
2019:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1989:
1988:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1962:Physics Today
1958:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1927:
1926:
1921:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1890:
1885:
1881:
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1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1852:
1851:
1845:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1815:
1814:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1782:
1777:
1776:
1771:
1765:
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922:
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914:
913:public domain
910:
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883:
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844:
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722:
718:
714:
704:
700:
698:
694:
683:
679:
677:
673:
669:
665:
657:
656:type locality
652:
648:
646:
642:
641:Joseph Canyon
638:
634:
633:type locality
630:
626:
625:Pacific Ocean
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
594:
587:
582:
578:
576:
572:
567:
566:Imnaha basalt
560:Imnaha Basalt
557:
553:
549:
546:
542:
541:type locality
533:
532:Alvord Desert
528:
522:Steens Basalt
514:
510:
507:
503:
501:
497:
489:
484:
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320:Sulfuric acid
316:
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266:
258:
254:
253:Palouse River
249:
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185:) that cover
184:
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130:
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115:
111:
110:Palouse River
107:
103:
98:
95:
91:
87:
86:flood basalts
83:
80:
72:
67:
58:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
23:
19:
4497:Yaquina Head
4482:Devils Elbow
4444:
4439:
4434:
4414:
4404:
4399:
4347:Saddle Butte
4277:Harney Basin
4267:Glass Buttes
4220:Clarks Butte
4182:Yainax Ridge
4178:Yainax Butte
4130:Paulina Peak
4065:Cline Buttes
4056:Bly Mountain
4052:Barnes Butte
3936:Powell Butte
3881:Mount Pisgah
3807:High Prairie
3792:Grizzly Peak
3764:Devil's Rest
3754:Cook's Butte
3739:Cascade Head
3656:Twin Craters
3631:Tot Mountain
3610:South Sister
3602:North Sister
3582:The Pinnacle
3565:Summit Butte
3515:Rustler Peak
3462:Phantom Ship
3435:North Wilson
3424:Mount Wilson
3391:Mount Mazama
3366:Mount Bailey
3351:Merriam Cone
3346:Melvin Butte
3328:Lumrum Butte
3263:Lemiti Butte
3254:Katsuk Butte
3241:Hoodoo Butte
3231:Hillman Peak
3221:Hamner Butte
3182:Dutton Cliff
3172:Diamond Peak
3144:Cryder Butte
3098:Black Crater
3079:Barlow Butte
2932:Moses Coulee
2927:Grand Coulee
2901:Boulder Park
2880:Lake Allison
2754:
2640:Broken Ridge
2630:Karoo-Ferrar
2575:
2474:
2431:
2427:Hanford Site
2341:Kettle Falls
2336:Celilo Falls
2294:
2159:
2110:
2106:
2095:
2068:
2037:
2033:
2000:
1996:
1965:
1961:
1934:
1930:
1909:
1859:
1856:GSA Bulletin
1855:
1826:
1822:
1791:
1787:
1759:
1738:
1711:
1705:
1671:
1667:
1639:
1618:
1592:. Retrieved
1588:
1576:
1564:
1553:
1541:
1525:
1513:
1501:
1489:
1448:
1444:
1438:
1422:
1410:
1398:
1386:
1359:
1353:
1341:
1329:
1317:
1305:
1293:
1281:
1241:
1229:
1202:
1198:
1188:
1176:. Retrieved
1172:
1163:
1151:
1126:
1122:
1088:
1084:
1078:
1045:
1041:
1031:
1004:
1000:
990:
963:
957:
945:
933:
921:
906:
902:
882:
870:
859:
843:
830:
811:
778:Grand Coulee
747:
730:
717:Yaquina Head
709:
689:
680:
661:
600:
591:
571:Imnaha River
563:
554:
550:
537:
511:
504:
493:
474:
470:
454:
427:Yaquina Head
419:
410:
388:
345:
300:
282:Basalt, the
280:Grande Ronde
262:
233:upper mantle
228:mantle plume
220:
200:
187:2 million km
155:Deccan Traps
152:
141:
122:
108:, the lower
99:
92:, forming a
76:
61:Introduction
30:
28:
18:
4492:Heceta Head
4377:Warner Peak
4224:Clarno Unit
4217:Chalk Basin
4213:Black Hills
4150:Round Butte
4135:Pilot Butte
4085:Horse Ridge
4019:Walker Peak
3946:Rogers Peak
3941:Rocky Butte
3921:Palmer Peak
3896:Mount Tabor
3825:Kelly Butte
3769:East Buttes
3714:Armet Creek
3709:Angels Rest
3578:The Husband
3494:Ringo Butte
3439:Odell Butte
3428:Nash Crater
3333:Maiden Peak
3308:Lolah Butte
3259:Kwolh Butte
3216:Grouse Hill
3167:Desert Cone
3139:Crater Peak
3129:Crater Lake
3093:Black Butte
3070:Bald Crater
3065:Aspen Butte
2972:Wallula Gap
2957:Corfu Slide
2875:Lake Condon
2701:Ontong Java
2613:High Arctic
2274:Tributaries
2113:(1): 1–21.
1546:Bishop 2003
1506:Bishop 2003
1494:Bishop 2003
1403:Bishop 2003
1205:(1): 4–10.
1178:18 February
1156:Bishop 2003
926:Bishop 2003
852:Reidel 2005
788:Wallula Gap
713:Oregon City
620:Walla Walla
575:Snake River
517:Major flows
461:pillow lava
328:phenocrysts
235:, creating
106:Wallula Gap
4512:Categories
4247:Drake Peak
4155:Smith Rock
4110:Monkeyface
4095:Gray Butte
3994:Swede Hill
3966:Scout Camp
3931:Pilot Rock
3876:Mount Hebo
3861:Marys Peak
3661:Union Peak
3554:Sisi Butte
3550:Siah Butte
3540:Sharp Peak
3530:Scout Hill
3501:Rock Butte
3489:Red Crater
3381:Mount Hood
3196:Fort Butte
3152:Danger Bay
3103:Broken Top
3083:Bear Butte
3075:Ball Butte
2952:Crab Creek
2870:Lake Lewis
2686:Mistassini
2681:Matachewan
2657:Long Range
2652:Keweenawan
2233:Washington
1829:(B08204).
1615:Alt, David
1594:23 January
804:References
612:Enterprise
395:convective
376:Smith Rock
315:petrologic
45:, western
43:Washington
4395:Boat Rock
4252:Fort Rock
4060:China Hat
3976:Snow Peak
3777:Elk Point
3724:Battle Ax
3586:The Twins
3505:Rock Mesa
3406:Mount Ray
3275:Llao Rock
3236:Hogg Rock
3187:Egan Cone
3177:Dry Butte
3124:Cleetwood
3040:Volcanoes
2942:Dry Falls
2734:Skagerrak
2709:Hikurangi
2662:Mackenzie
2635:Kerguelen
2556:Caribbean
2539:Maud Rise
2259:Crossings
2221:traversed
2214:Provinces
1968:(8): 34.
1884:0016-7606
1481:133835114
1473:0091-7613
1199:GSA Today
1070:128482065
370:and into
292:potassium
197:Formation
4410:Hat Rock
4208:Big Hole
3589:The Wife
3484:Red Cone
3477:Redcloud
3270:Llao Bay
2744:Winagami
2729:Siberian
2705:Manihiki
2647:Marathon
2601:Franklin
2586:Emeishan
2135:12587046
1908:(2008).
1688:17739912
1617:(2001).
1042:Elements
887:Alt 2001
756:See also
380:Siletzia
348:hotspots
278:Basalt,
4009:TV Hill
3480:Red Box
2806:in the
2724:Shatsky
2696:Ongeluk
2625:Iceland
2530:Agulhas
2355:History
2115:Bibcode
2042:Bibcode
2005:Bibcode
1970:Bibcode
1939:Bibcode
1931:Geology
1864:Bibcode
1831:Bibcode
1796:Bibcode
1716:Bibcode
1668:Science
1606:Sources
1589:WOU.EDU
1453:Bibcode
1445:Geology
1207:Bibcode
1131:Bibcode
1093:Bibcode
1050:Bibcode
1009:Bibcode
850:, p.2;
670:and at
457:laminar
372:Wyoming
366:across
307:sulphur
284:Wanapum
265:Cascade
259:Basalt.
257:Wanapum
251:In the
183:Permian
171:Permian
79:Miocene
71:Miocene
4457:&
4198:&
3699:&
3044:Oregon
2739:Ungava
2714:Panjal
2581:Deccan
2546:Azores
2269:Rapids
2254:Cities
2238:Oregon
2219:states
2133:
2081:
1916:
1882:
1766:
1745:
1707:Lithos
1686:
1646:
1625:
1479:
1471:
1429:, p.;
1374:
1068:
978:
893:, p.;
889:, p.;
643:along
608:Joseph
431:Oregon
398:plumes
346:Major
276:Steens
212:fossil
191:Russia
181:(late
177:; and
165:; the
157:(late
135:. The
133:Canada
112:, the
55:basalt
53:. The
51:Nevada
39:Oregon
3719:Baldy
2247:Lists
2131:S2CID
1784:(PDF)
1702:(PDF)
1657:WP:RS
1585:(PDF)
1477:S2CID
1066:S2CID
854:, p..
824:from
719:near
604:dikes
500:Ar/Ar
368:Idaho
296:argon
237:magma
175:China
163:India
148:Ar/Ar
82:epoch
47:Idaho
2264:Dams
2079:ISBN
1914:ISBN
1880:ISSN
1764:ISBN
1743:ISBN
1684:PMID
1655:Not
1644:ISBN
1623:ISBN
1596:2018
1571:, p.
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940:, p.
928:, p.
897:, p.
877:, p.
695:and
654:The
618:and
616:Troy
573:and
41:and
29:The
3042:of
2216:and
2123:doi
2111:113
2050:doi
2013:doi
2001:186
1978:doi
1947:doi
1872:doi
1860:115
1839:doi
1827:109
1804:doi
1792:102
1724:doi
1712:118
1676:doi
1672:255
1461:doi
1364:doi
1215:doi
1139:doi
1101:doi
1089:299
1058:doi
1017:doi
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968:doi
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
