Coleman Young - Knowledge

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retail dollars, sales taxes, mortgages, interest, property taxes, development dollars, investment dollars, tourism dollars, and plain damn money. The money was carried out in the pockets of the businesses and the white people who fled as fast as they could. The white exodus from Detroit had been prodigiously steady prior to the riot, totalling twenty-two thousand in 1966, but afterwards it was frantic. In 1967, with less than half the year remaining after the summer explosion – the outward population migration reached sixty-seven thousand. In 1968 the figure hit eighty-thousand, followed by forty-six thousand in 1969.

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this great city, the first fact that we must look squarely in the eye, is that this city has too long been polarized”. He stated that "we can no longer afford the luxury of hatred and racial division. What is good for the black people of this city is good for the white people of this city. What is good for the rich people of this city is good for the poor people of this city. What is good for those who live in the suburbs is good for those of us who live in the central city". Winning by such a small margin in a racially polarized city, Young knew the burden he would have to shoulder as mayor.

747: 584:"Congressman, neither me or none of my friends were at this plant the other day brandishing a rope in the face of John Cherveny, a young union organizer and factory worker who was threatened with repeated violence after members of the HUAC alleged that he might be a communist, I can assure you I have had no part in the hanging or bombing of Negroes in the South. I have not been responsible for firing a person from his job for what I think are his beliefs, or what somebody thinks he believes in, and things of that sort. That is the hysteria that has been swept up by this committee." 2821: 849:

correct some of the imbalances between land and people. Young's administration sought to redevelop many neighborhoods throughout Detroit in order to revitalize the city's landscape. These construction projects often led to opposition among neighborhood activists. This opposition typically manifested itself in rigorous budget debate, rather than in serious electoral challenges against Young. Most of the time Young prevailed over this opposition, seeking jobs and economic stimulus as a way to help rebuild Detroit's neighborhoods.

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under provocation, not firing a single shot. We also found leaders, black and white who had the courage to get out there in front of angry citizens and help keep the peace". In contrast, his biggest challenge was the fact that Detroit had been in a depression for the two and a half years he had been in office. He stated that “most of time has been spent putting out fires instead of going ahead with plans for the city”, something he hoped to address in his second term.

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Nichols represented a national trend of increased police power and brutality in post-riot cities, and therefore, in Young's opinion, had to be defeated. While neither candidate openly spoke about race, after the fact, Young admitted that in 1973, “the race was about race”. Both mayoral candidates were conscious of the high racial tensions in the city, but both attempted to appeal to all groups.

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the police department. Young addressed the issue of Affirmative Action head on, and welcomed the NAACP to Detroit with the words, "welcome to Detroit, the Affirmative Action City – I can’t think of any recent issue that is more important to the future of minorities and women and the whole American people than the issue of affirmative action" (Young, 1978).

2664: 620:. His most significant legislation was a law requiring arbitration in disputes between public-sector unions and municipalities. During his senate career, he also pointed out inequities in Michigan state funding, "spending $ 20 million on rural bus service and a fat zero for the same thing in Detroit." 2427:

The FBI investigated Young for decades. They confronted him in random places; asked about his politics; wiretapped his condo; wired a convicted con man who was his business associate and scrutinized the mayor's finances. But while relatives and people around Young went to prison for corruption, Young

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Economic conditions in Detroit generally trended sideways or downward over the period of Young's political tenure, with the unemployment rate trending from approximately 9% in 1971 to approximately 11% in 1993, when Young retired. However, most economic metrics (unemployment, median income rates, and

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The FBI investigated Young for decades. They confronted him in random places; asked about his politics; wiretapped his condo; wired a convicted con man who was his business associate and scrutinized the mayor’s finances. But while relatives and people around Young went to prison for corruption, Young

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Detroit experienced a severe population drop during Young's mayoralty, suffering a loss of 500,000 residents. Young attributed this 40 percent drop in population to the deterioration of neighborhoods which he promptly worked to overcome. Instead of agonizing over the issue, Young came up with ways to

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When asked in an interview about the high and low points of his first term, Young responded that avoiding the near riot he faced after the shooting of a black teenager was a high. He stated that "we found a police department, which had been guilty of excesses in the past, being professional and, even

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In November 1973, Young narrowly defeated Nichols for mayor, becoming the first black mayor of Detroit. His election represented a major turning point in both the city's racial and political history. In his inaugural address, Mayor Young stated that “the first problem that we must face as citizens of

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with executive assistant director of public works Annivory Calvert and initially denied paternity until DNA tests proved that he was the child's biological father. He served as a state senator in Michigan's 1st Senate district and was previously a state representative in Michigan's 4th District, the

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Young's third term as mayor focused heavily on both the covert and overt forces of racism that divided the city and suburbs. Being mayor of a predominantly black city surrounded by predominantly white suburbs meant that Young dealt with an inescapable rift between the two. In 1984, Young stated that

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Throughout the campaign, Young had an edge over Nichols due to both a growing black population base and due to his broad political experience in local, state, and national politics. In opposition, Nichols took advantage of the white fear of black crime in the street in order to advance his campaign.

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The heaviest casualty, however, was the city. Detroit's losses went a hell of a lot deeper than the immediate toll of lives and buildings. The riot put Detroit on the fast track to economic desolation, mugging the city and making off with incalculable value in jobs, earnings taxes, corporate taxes,

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In 1978, Mayor Young won his second term as mayor and planned to execute many campaign promises unfulfilled from his first term. At the forefront of his agenda, Young wanted to ensure affirmative action initiatives in order to positively transform the racial makeup of city departments, particularly

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Coleman Young decided to run for mayor of Detroit in 1973. At the forefront of his campaign, he sought to address the increasing police violence suffered by black residents in the city. By 1972, the black population in Detroit was nearly half of the population – but was patrolled disproportionately

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From 1965 onward, Detroit had experienced an upwards trajectory of its homicide rate. In 1974, the year Young took office, the homicide rate in Detroit was slightly above 50 per 100,000 residents. Over the rest of the 1970s, Detroit's homicide rate trended downward, dropping below 40 homicides per

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years of operation. In his campaign, Young quoted "one of the problems is that the police run the city… STRESS is responsible for the explosive polarization that now exists; STRESS is an execution squad rather than an enforcement squad. As mayor, I will get rid of STRESS". The police responded by

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Records obtained under the federal Freedom of Information Act show the surveillance began in the 1940s, when federal agents who suspected the well-known labor activist had communist ties followed him to union organizing meetings, the newspaper said. Federal agents continued keeping tabs on Young

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House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC) and defied the congressmen. He made sarcastic retorts and repeatedly cited the Fifth Amendment, refusing to answer whether or not he was a member of the Communist Party. The encounter came at a highly publicized formal hearing in Detroit. Young's

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His efforts for affirmative action were stalled in 1981, when a budget crisis forced Detroit voters to approve an income tax hike and city officials to sell $ 125 million in emergency bonds. Young had to convince Detroit voters to trust his plans to save the city from bankruptcy, and he had to

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During his fourth term, Young continued to work on improving racial relations of the city and neighborhood standards. He worked on many successful projects to build more than 1,800 apartment units in the city, with “50 percent black and 50 percent white, half from within Detroit and half from

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As mayor during his first term, Young promptly disbanded the STRESS unit, began efforts to integrate the police department and increased patrols in high crime neighborhoods utilizing a community policing approach. Young's effect on integrating the Detroit Police Department was successful; the

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Young himself expressed his belief that reform of the police department stood as one of his greatest accomplishments. He implemented broad affirmative action programs that lead to racial integration, and created a network of Neighborhood City Halls and Police Mini Stations. Young used the

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investigation showed that Young was under FBI surveillance beginning in the 1940s (because of his suspected link to communists) and continuing through the 1980s. The Detroit FBI office turned over 935 of its 1,357 pages of material, which included business records and wiretap transcripts.

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racism was "at an all time high" (Young, 1984). Young understood the need for suburban-city cooperation as essential for regional growth; the two needed to work with each other. Young attempted to resolve this division by attracting more jobs in the city for a stronger partnership.

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during Young's terms as mayor, he has been blamed for failing to stem crime in the city. Several violent gangs controlled the region's drug trade in the 1970s and 1980s. Major criminal gangs that were founded in Detroit and dominated the drug trade at various times included The

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The Rodney King beating in Los Angeles that had been caught on video had happened about 18 months prior to Green's death. Even though King did not die from his beating, the four officers who were involved were acquitted in April of 1992 sparking a six-day riot in Los

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proportion of blacks rose to more than 50 percent in 1993 from less than 10 percent in 1974 and has remained at about that level. Both actions were credited with reducing the number of brutality complaints against the city's police to 825 in 1982 from 2,323 in 1975.

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Young had emerged from the far-left element in Detroit, and moderated somewhat after his election as mayor. He called an ideological truce and gained widespread support from the city's business leaders. The new mayor was energetic in the construction of the

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In the 1940s, Young was labelled a fellow traveler of the Communist Party by belonging to groups whose members also belonged to the Party, and was accused of being a former member. Young's involvement in worker-oriented organizations, including the

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that the police decoy unit, STRESS (Stop the Robberies and Enjoy Safe Streets), was a major racially charged problem of the city. Officers deployed under STRESS had been accused of killing 22 people and arresting hundreds without cause during its

995:, deteriorating housing stock, aging industrial plants and a declining automotive industry leading to a loss of economic opportunities inside the city. Over the course of his time as mayor, Detroit lost about one-third of its population. 888:

Republican Michigan Gov. John Engler called the former Democratic mayor "a man of his word who was willing to work with anyone, regardless of party or politics, to help Detroit – the city he loved and fought for all his life."

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city gross domestic product) initially dropped sharply during economic recessions, reaching their lowest points in the 1980s and early 1990s, with the unemployment rate in particular peaking at approximately 20% in 1982.

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arson that had come to plague the city each year. These patrols have been continued by succeeding administrations and have mobilized as many as 30,000 citizens in a single year in an effort to forestall seasonal arson.

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Six federal investigations of his administration resulted in trials and convictions for some of his associates, including Detroit Police Chief and Deputy Chief, William L. Hart and Kenneth Weiner, but none for Young.

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convince state legislature and municipal workers to accept a two-year wage freeze. In addition, Black unemployment in the city remained at 25 percent – all issues that Young attempted to tackle during his third term.

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100,000 in 1977 and 1979. However, in the 1980s the homicide rate significantly increased, reaching a peak of 63.5 in 1987. In 1994, the year Young retired from office, the homicide rate was roughly 54 per 100,000.

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Young built his political base in Detroit on the East Side in the 1940s and 1950s, which had become a center of the African-American community. In 1960, he was elected as a delegate to help draft a new

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Green's case generated intense community interest and unprecedented media coverage. People held – and still hold – vastly different views about what happened that night, which was not caught on video.

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Young served five terms as mayor of Detroit from 1974 to 1994. Young won re-election by wide margins in 1977, 1981, 1985 and 1989, to serve a total of 20 years as mayor, based largely on black votes.

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said, "the foundation upon which Mayor Coleman Young built his career and his administration was rocked Thursday by the beating death of a Detroit man at the hands of Detroit police officers."

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plant in Hamtramck. Some opponents said that he pulled money out of the neighborhoods to rehabilitate the downtown business district, but he said "there were no other options."

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Bixby, Michael B. "Condemnation of Private Property in Order to Construct General Motors Plant Is for Public Use: Poletown Neighborhood Council v. City of Detroit."

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Integrating the police department was one of Young's greatest accomplishments in improving race relations in the city. He also presided over two fiscal crises.

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performance made him a hero in Detroit's growing black community. To a committee member's statement that he seemed reluctant to fight communism, Young said:

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In 1979, Young received the U.S. Senator John Heinz Award for Greatest Public Service by an Elected or Appointed Official, an award given out annually by

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Throughout his time as mayor, Young was an outspoken advocate for large Detroit construction projects, and his administration saw the completion of the

5817: 481:, though Young was denied entry to a Catholic high school due to his race. Young graduated from Eastern High School in 1935. He became a member of the 2060: 1828: 5772: 1683: 2473: 775:

During Mayor Young's fifth and final term, the Detroit community had sharply divided opinions about his response to the death of a young Black man

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Lewis, Emily J. "Corporate Prerogative, Public Use and a People's Plight: Poletown Neighborhood Council v. City of Detroit".

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also thought the Revolutionary War was unnecessary.. Had it not been fought and won, Detroit would be a British possession.

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Young's administration coincided with some periods of broad social and economic challenges in the United States, including

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Bockmeyer, Janice L. "A culture of distrust: the impact of local political culture on participation in the Detroit EZ."

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Shaw, Todd C.; Spence, Lester K. (July 2004). "Race and Representation in Detroit's Community Development Coalitions".

1879: 1607: 1573: 1456: 1153: 992: 718: 474: 5792: 5420: 3416: 2926: 2592: 1093: 1031: 157: 473:, to William Coleman Young, a dry cleaner, and Ida Reese Jones. His family moved in 1923 to Detroit, as part of the 4737: 2806: 1203: 268: 17: 2826: 4712: 2883: 2181: 1904: 1262: 951:(east side), Nasty Flynns (later the NF Bangers) and Black Killers and the drug consortiums of the 1980s such as 842: 826: 541: 2406: 2208:

The History of the Most Worshipful Prince Hall Grand Lodge of Ohio F&AM 1971–2011: The Fabric of Freemasonry

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Halpern, Martin. "'I'm Fighting for Freedom': Coleman Young, HUAC, and the Detroit African American Community."

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after a beating by two white police officers. Green's death on November 5, 1992, occurred only months after the

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Neill, William J. V. "Lipstick on the Gorilla: The Failure of Image-led Planning in Coleman Young's Detroit,"

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relationship established by community policing to mobilize large civilian patrols to address the incidents of

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Young, Carlito H. "Constant Struggle: Coleman Young's Perspective on American Society and Detroit Politics,"

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ranked Young as the twelfth-worst American big-city mayor to have served between the years 1820 and 1993.

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A 1993 survey of historians, political scientists and urban experts conducted by Melvin G. Holli of the

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Hill, Richard Child. "Crisis in the motor city: The politics of economic development in Detroit", in

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in 1945. Some 162 African-American officers were arrested for resisting segregation at a base near

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out of the South to industrial cities that offered more opportunity. His family later converted to

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endorsing John Nichols, the Police Commissioner who was running for mayor against Coleman Young.

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The City-County Building which houses City of Detroit and Wayne County offices was renamed the

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outside”. He sought for these projects to promote economic and racial integration in the city.

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Bachelor, Lynn. "Reindustrialization in Detroit: Capital Mobility and Corporate Influence."

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through the 1980s, when bugs were planted in his office in the official mayoral residence.

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Orr, Marion. "Urban regimes and school compacts: The development of the Detroit compact."

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Detroit City Airport, a general aviation facility serving Detroit, has since been renamed

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Boyle, Kevin. "The ruins of Detroit: Exploring the urban crisis in the motor city."

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On December 6, 2022, the Michigan Legislature adopted a resolution to replace the

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to the Detroit suburbs, which had begun in the 1950s and accelerated after the

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by a white police department. Specifically, Young notified Police Commissioner

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Detroit: Race Riots, Racial Conflicts, and Efforts to Bridge the Racial Divide

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Young was twice married and divorced, and had a twelve-year relationship with

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Lesson by Ursula Wolfe-Rocca (Coleman Young is featured in this lesson).

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Coleman Young and Detroit Politics: From Social Activist to Power Broker

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McCarthy, John. "Revitalization of the core city: The case of Detroit."

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Though there were no civil disturbances as serious as the race riots of

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McCarthy, John. "Entertainment-led regeneration: the case of Detroit."

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Klehr, Harvey; Haynes, John Earl; Radosh, Ronald (September 5, 2011).

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Chafets, Zev "Devil's Night: And Other True Tales of Detroit (1990)",

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Young himself explained the impact of the riots in his autobiography:

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same district where Young lived as mayor and served as state senator.

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Rich, Wilbur C. "Coleman Young and Detroit Politics: 1973–1986", in

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Restructuring the city: The political economy of urban redevelopment

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Boyd, Herb. "Blacks and the Police State: A Case Study of Detroit,"

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The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science,

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columnist Bill McGraw said claims Young was corrupt were a "myth":

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The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

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called Young "one of the greatest mayors our country has known."

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Redevelopment and Race: Planning a finer city in postwar Detroit

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Delegates to the 1961–1962 Michigan Constitutional Convention

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In 1952, Young stunned observers when he appeared before the

2232:"Coleman Young Dead at 79, Detroit Mourns Loss of a Pioneer" 438:, and upgrading the city's mass transit system. He assisted 2715:

City was well represented at CBCF weekend. (1982, Sep 21).

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Largest cities in the United States by population by decade

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in 1997. Upon learning of Young's death, former President

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From 1982 until 1983, Young served as president of the

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The New Black Politics: The Search for Political Power

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international Journal of Urban & Regional Research

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Young, Coleman; Wheeler, Lonnie (February 24, 1994).

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United States Army Air Forces pilots of World War II

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Presidents of the United States Conference of Mayors

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Hard Stuff: The Autobiography of Mayor Coleman Young

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Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History

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https://freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1251143/posts

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President of the United States Conference of Mayors

2898: 2004: 1562: 1472: 2552:"Civic Angels Curb Detroit 'Devil's Night' Fires" 1826: 1057:Young put together the financing package for the 833:, the Harbortown retail and residential complex, 741:Young's Press Conference with Mickey Mouse (1988) 724: 695: 5734: 2277:"Detroit's 'great warrior,' Coleman Young, dies" 770: 708: 682: 2774:. The Department of Interdisciplinary Studies, 1657:The Freeman Field Mutiny: A Study in Leadership 1654: 1630:"Former Detroit Mayor Coleman Young dies at 79" 815:General Motors Detroit/Hamtramck Assembly Plant 5768:African-American state legislators in Michigan 1667: 600:, Coleman Young was "a secret CPUSA member." 4819: 4360: 3317: 2884: 2507: 2086: 1596: 2368: 1863: 1829:"Childs at Play: The FBI's Cold War triumph" 1571: 2428:never was indicted or charged with a crime. 2312:"FBI Reportedly kept an eye on Mayor Young" 2306: 2304: 1979:Darden, Joe T.; Thomas, Richard W. (2013). 1748: 1718: 1716: 1714: 1712: 925:never was indicted or charged with a crime. 464: 4833: 4826: 4812: 4367: 4353: 3324: 3310: 2891: 2877: 2819: 2126: 77:January 1, 1974 – January 3, 1994 47: 5818:20th-century African-American politicians 2782:Special section remembering Coleman Young 2679: 2646: 2640: 2398: 1814: 1769: 1754: 5773:Democratic Party Michigan state senators 2827:Subversives: Stories from the Red Scare. 2549: 2543: 2301: 2171: 2058: 1894: 1888: 1757:The Quotations of Mayor Coleman A. Young 1709: 1606:. Detroit Public Library. Archived from 1496: 1343:The Quotations of Mayor Coleman A. Young 1265:: Race and Inequality in Postwar Detroit 759:Young giving a press conference in 1988. 670: 2466: 1622: 1504:"Spingarn Medal Winners: 1915 to Today" 845:restoration, among other developments. 823:Chrysler Jefferson North Assembly Plant 426:from 1974 to 1994. Young was the first 14: 5783:United States Army Air Forces officers 5735: 4198:Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site 2628:from the original on November 15, 2023 2439: 2433: 2407:"Coleman Young: The 10 greatest myths" 2404: 2224: 2199: 2104:from the original on November 12, 2021 2052: 1987: 1974: 1972: 1970: 1968: 1966: 1964: 1962: 1960: 1958: 1956: 1954: 1895:Deslippe, Dennis A. (April 23, 2006). 1673: 1281:(Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997) 1066:Coleman A. Young International Airport 1061:. He has a wing named after him there. 970: 580:He said to another HUAC congressman: 5778:Burials at Elmwood Cemetery (Detroit) 4807: 4348: 3305: 2872: 2649:"City-County Building to honor Young" 2580: 2550:Meredith, Robyn (February 19, 2008). 2537: 2356:from the original on January 18, 2014 2338: 2289:from the original on January 17, 2006 2059:Anderson, Elisha (November 5, 2017). 2040:from the original on 15 February 2019 2027: 1952: 1950: 1948: 1946: 1944: 1942: 1940: 1938: 1936: 1934: 1820: 1736:from the original on November 6, 2017 1531:"Detroit Mayor Coleman A. Young Dies" 1528: 1422:Military history of African Americans 1322: 1080:Congressional Black Caucus Foundation 30:For the politician born in 1982, see 5788:Politicians from Tuscaloosa, Alabama 2740:from the original on 7 December 2022 2727: 2417:from the original on January 2, 2022 2322:from the original on January 2, 2022 2205: 2120: 2071:from the original on January 7, 2022 2028:Burns, David W. (23 November 2016). 1857: 1817:, pp. Kindle locations 264–268. 1781: 1775: 1703: 1490: 1478: 1444: 1011: 491:United States Post Office Department 5813:20th-century American Episcopalians 5743:African-American mayors in Michigan 3331: 2647:McConnell, Darci (March 24, 1999). 2607: 2562:from the original on August 8, 2014 2386:from the original on March 31, 2014 2269: 2165: 1772:, p. kindle locations 258–264. 1438: 1052:Coleman A. Young Municipal Building 616:In 1964, Young won election to the 603: 24: 4377:United States Conference of Mayors 2667:from the original on March 4, 2016 2480:. October 27, 1961. Archived from 2440:Damron, Gina (December 28, 2012). 2246:from the original on July 10, 2021 2034:United States Conference of Mayors 2003:. January 14, 1974. Archived from 1931: 1919:from the original on June 17, 2013 1796:from the original on July 10, 2021 1755:Alexander, Coleman (May 5, 2005). 1572:McGraw, Bill (November 30, 1997). 1448:Coleman Young and Detroit Politics 1295: 1160:Journal of American Ethnic History 1100: 719:United States Conference of Mayors 446:" plant at the site of the former 25: 5854: 5823:20th-century American legislators 4275:African American military history 2805:The Coleman A. Young Foundation. 2755: 1995:"New Men for Detroit and Atlanta" 1784:"Rally at Wayne Causes Near Riot" 1682:. Associated Press. p. 11B. 1094:National Statuary Hall Collection 1032:University of Illinois at Chicago 4326: 4313: 4312: 3380: 3290: 2770:Harp, Andrea S. April 17, 2001. 2728:Burr, Alyssa (7 December 2022). 2608:Bak, Richard (October 7, 1998). 2100:. University of Michigan. 2002. 1451:. Wayne State University Press. 1391: 1377: 1363: 1138:(2001), 27#1, pp. 109–127. 852: 745: 731: 628: 326: 299: 2721: 2709: 2601: 2574: 2496: 2258: 2188:from the original on 2022-02-05 2174:"Joyce Garrett: Going it Alone" 2021: 1905:The Journal of American History 1686:from the original on 2021-07-10 1551:from the original on 2022-11-11 1263:The Origins of the Urban Crisis 1250:20040 594#1, pp. 125–142, 1217:(1993), 25#2, pp. 105–122. 1200:(1995), 19#3, pp. 639–653. 1186:(2002), 19#2, pp. 105–111. 861:from 1968 to 1980. He fathered 322: 295: 171:January 1, 1965 – 1973 27:American politician (1918–1997) 5808:African-American Episcopalians 2587:. University Park: PSU Press. 2474:"Michigan: Decline in Detroit" 2172:Haithman, Diane (1983-06-23). 1782:Lunn, Harry (March 13, 1952). 1655:Murphy, John D. (March 1997). 1648: 1522: 1162:(1997), 17#1, pp. 19–38. 790:At the time, a writer for the 725:Fourth mayoral term: 1986–1990 696:Second mayoral term: 1978–1982 13: 1: 2717:Philadelphia Tribune (1912–). 2405:McGraw, Bill (May 26, 2018). 1661:Air Command and Staff College 1432: 1210:(1994), 30#1, pp. 48–73. 1131:(1981), 12#1, pp. 58–61. 897: 892: 771:Fifth mayoral term: 1990–1994 709:Third mayoral term: 1982–1986 683:First mayoral term: 1974–1978 635:1973 Detroit mayoral election 506:United States Army Air Forces 489:. Later Young worked for the 4300:United States Colored Troops 4044:North American B-25 Mitchell 2794:Coleman A. Young (1918–1997) 1317:Race and Rembrance: A Memoir 1288:(1997), 27#2 pp. 31–41 1193:(1997), 14#1, pp. 1–11. 1110:(1982), 4#3, pp. 35–50. 1078:In 1982, Young received the 623: 538:National Negro Labor Council 453:In 1981, Young received the 7: 4873:William Stanley Braithwaite 4049:North American P-51 Mustang 2809:. (Retrieved June 20, 2007) 2778:. (Retrieved June 20, 2007) 2691:Jefferson Awards Foundation 2611:Detroit: A Postcard History 2195:– via Newspapers.com. 1674:Kaczor, Bill (1985-12-21). 1529:Smith, J. Y. (1997-11-30). 1356: 1232:; the major scholarly study 1037: 955:, Pony Down, Best Friends, 831:Millender Center Apartments 792:Detroit News and Free Press 10: 5859: 3856:Isaiah Edward Robinson Jr. 3696:Daniel "Chappie" James Jr. 3545:Eugene Calvin Cheatham Jr. 1136:Michigan Historical Review 1025: 819:Detroit Receiving Hospital 632: 29: 5833:African-American aviators 4842: 4383: 4308: 4267: 4206: 4175: 4138: 4104: 4069: 4062: 4054:Republic P-47 Thunderbolt 4026: 4014: 3916:Charles "Chuck" Stone Jr. 3430: 3389: 3378: 3339: 3288: 2907: 2857: 2848: 2840: 2835: 2636:– via Google Books. 2581:Holli, Melvin G. (1999). 2515:"Detroit Crime Barometer" 1759:. Wayne State Univ Press. 1412:List of mayors of Detroit 1084:Adam Clayton Powell Award 797: 781:Los Angeles riots of 1992 457:for achievement from the 413: 403: 393: 383: 360: 355: 347: 337: 274: 264: 249: 230: 206: 201: 197: 185: 175: 164: 148: 136: 124: 113: 105: 93: 81: 70: 62: 58: 53:Young circa 1972 (age 54) 46: 39: 5793:Politicians from Detroit 5513:A. Leon Higginbotham Jr. 5129:Charles Hamilton Houston 4913:George Washington Carver 4295:U.S. Army Black Panthers 4183:Boeing–Saab T-7 Red Hawk 3495:Henry Cabot Lodge Bohler 2143:10.1177/0002716204265172 2094:"IN FOCUS: Malice Green" 1870:. Viking Adult. p. 1493:, pp. 185–186, 202. 1445:Rich, Wilbur C. (1999). 1256:10.1177/0002716204265172 1108:Journal of Urban Affairs 929: 588:According to historians 465:Early life and education 4290:366th Infantry Regiment 4259:Thomas Franklin Vaughns 3422:Tuskegee Army Air Field 2796:special section by the 1506:. NAACP. Archived from 1417:List of Tuskegee Airmen 1323:Young, Coleman (1994). 1096:with a statue of Young. 827:Riverfront Condominiums 552:in the Army and racial 420:Coleman Alexander Young 398:477th Bombardment Group 211:Coleman Alexander Young 5569:Constance Baker Motley 5449:Frederick D. Patterson 5185:Martin Luther King Jr. 5113:Channing Heggie Tobias 5001:William T. B. Williams 4977:Richard Berry Harrison 4961:Mordecai Wyatt Johnson 4113:Flight of the Red Tail 3986:Oscar Lawton Wilkerson 3981:Malvin "Mal" Whitfield 3362:302nd Fighter Squadron 3357:301st Fighter Squadron 3352:100th Fighter Squadron 2776:Wayne State University 2614:. Arcadia Publishing. 2067:. Detroit Free Press. 1277:Thomas, June Manning. 1009: 927: 676: 586: 578: 5798:Deaths from emphysema 5529:Myrlie Evers-Williams 5285:Clarence Mitchell Jr. 5137:Mabel Keaton Staupers 4897:Charles Sidney Gilpin 3691:Mitchell Higginbotham 3626:James Clayton Flowers 3570:Benjamin O. Davis Jr. 3412:Oscoda Army Air Field 3347:99th Fighter Squadron 2285:. November 29, 1997. 1732:. November 30, 1997. 1680:The Sumter Daily Item 1636:on September 25, 2000 1632:. CNN. Archived from 1043:Young is interred at 1004: 922: 871:Prince Hall Freemason 674: 618:Michigan State Senate 582: 574: 442:in building its new " 5633:Frankie Muse Freeman 5397:Benjamin Elijah Mays 5025:Walter Francis White 4929:James Weldon Johnson 4905:Mary Burnett Talbert 4155:Henry Browne, Farmer 4039:Curtiss P-40 Warhawk 4020:Freeman Field mutiny 3886:Graham Smith (pilot) 3831:Louis R. Purnell Sr. 3821:James O. Plinton Jr. 3455:William N. Alsbrooka 3445:Rutherford H. Adkins 3407:Moton Army Air Field 2697:on November 24, 2010 2527:on October 29, 2013. 2318:. January 10, 2000. 2242:. December 1, 1997. 2206:Gray, David (2012). 2009:on September 6, 2008 1845:on December 30, 2014 1841:(47). Archived from 1407:Executive Order 9981 1208:Urban Affairs Review 859:Joyce Finley Garrett 811:Detroit People Mover 518:Freeman Field Mutiny 325: 1955; 298: 1947; 192:David S. Holmes, Jr. 5803:American Freemasons 5161:Theodore K. Lawless 5009:Mary McLeod Bethune 4953:Charles W. Chesnutt 4849:Ernest Everett Just 4333:aviation portal 4193:Tuskegee University 4078:The Tuskegee Airmen 4034:Bell P-39 Airacobra 3946:Robert B. Tresville 3881:Wilmeth Sidat-Singh 3841:Lawrence E. Roberts 3741:James Johnson Kelly 3731:William H. Holloman 3706:Alexander Jefferson 3701:Clarence C. Jamison 3681:Raymond V. Haysbert 3535:William A. Campbell 3417:Selfridge Air Field 2454:on November 9, 2013 2352:. August 28, 1992. 1910:History Cooperative 1834:The Weekly Standard 1536:The Washington Post 1315:Johnson, Arthur L. 971:Economic conditions 534:United Auto Workers 483:United Auto Workers 471:Tuscaloosa, Alabama 224:Tuscaloosa, Alabama 5673:Nathaniel R. Jones 5537:Earl G. Graves Sr. 5505:John Hope Franklin 5105:Percy Lavon Julian 5065:A. Philip Randolph 4985:Robert Russa Moton 4375:Presidents of the 4214:Leslie Edwards Jr. 4129:Wings for This Man 3911:Harry Stewart, Jr. 3861:John W. Rogers Sr. 3851:Curtis C. Robinson 3806:Walter L. McCreary 3796:Armour G. McDaniel 3771:Wilmore B. Leonard 3766:Clarence D. Lester 3611:John Ellis Edwards 3606:Wilson V. Eagleson 3510:Granville C. Coggs 3372:477th Bomber Group 3367:332d Fighter Group 2836:Political offices 2807:"Coleman A. Young" 2787:Detroit Free Press 2687:"National Winners" 2653:Detroit Free Press 2584:The American Mayor 2556:The New York Times 2447:Detroit Free Press 2411:Detroit Free Press 2380:The New York Times 2350:The New York Times 2236:The Michigan Daily 2178:Detroit Free Press 1789:The Michigan Daily 1729:The New York Times 1578:Detroit Free Press 1260:Sugrue, Thomas J. 1242:Shaw, Todd C. and 977:economic recession 957:Black Mafia Family 917:Detroit Free Press 839:One Detroit Center 835:150 West Jefferson 807:Renaissance Center 677: 611:state constitution 487:Ford Motor Company 469:Young was born in 430:mayor of Detroit. 368:United States Army 5748:Mayors of Detroit 5730: 5729: 5713:Cato T. Laurencin 5097:Thurgood Marshall 5073:William H. Hastie 4937:Carter G. Woodson 4801: 4800: 4342: 4341: 4229:Buford A. Johnson 4224:Maycie Herrington 4188:Red Tail Squadron 4171: 4170: 3996:Romeo M. Williams 3941:Edward L. Toppins 3846:George S. Roberts 3826:Wendell O. Pruitt 3751:George L. Knox II 3746:James B. Knighten 3671:Vernon V. Haywood 3621:Raymond Cassagnol 3601:Charles W. Dryden 3500:George R. Bolling 3480:Charles P. Bailey 3460:William Armstrong 3450:Halbert Alexander 3299: 3298: 2900:Mayors of Detroit 2867: 2866: 2858:Succeeded by 1706:, pp. 70–72. 1610:on March 21, 2016 1510:on August 2, 2014 1351:978-0-8143-3260-3 1334:978-0-670-84551-4 1311:978-1-4000-7596-6 1286:The Black Scholar 1273:978-0-691-12186-4 1230:978-0-8143-2093-8 1090:Lewis Cass statue 1012:Police department 961:Chambers Brothers 754: 530:Progressive Party 510:second lieutenant 485:, and worked for 424:Detroit, Michigan 417: 416: 388:Second Lieutenant 258:Detroit, Michigan 243:Detroit, Michigan 235:November 29, 1997 181:Charles S. Blondy 16:(Redirected from 5850: 5723: 5715: 5707: 5699: 5691: 5683: 5675: 5667: 5659: 5651: 5643: 5635: 5627: 5619: 5611: 5603: 5595: 5587: 5579: 5577:Robert L. Carter 5571: 5563: 5555: 5547: 5539: 5531: 5523: 5515: 5507: 5499: 5491: 5483: 5475: 5467: 5459: 5451: 5443: 5435: 5427: 5415: 5407: 5399: 5391: 5383: 5375: 5363: 5355: 5343: 5335: 5327: 5319: 5311: 5303: 5295: 5287: 5279: 5271: 5263: 5255: 5247: 5239: 5231: 5229:Robert C. Weaver 5223: 5221:Kenneth B. Clark 5215: 5207: 5199: 5197:Little Rock Nine 5187: 5179: 5171: 5163: 5155: 5153:Paul R. Williams 5147: 5139: 5131: 5123: 5115: 5107: 5099: 5091: 5083: 5075: 5067: 5059: 5051: 5043: 5035: 5027: 5019: 5011: 5003: 4995: 4987: 4979: 4971: 4963: 4955: 4947: 4939: 4931: 4923: 4915: 4907: 4899: 4891: 4889:W. E. B. Du Bois 4883: 4881:Archibald Grimké 4875: 4867: 4859: 4851: 4828: 4821: 4814: 4805: 4804: 4369: 4362: 4355: 4346: 4345: 4331: 4330: 4329: 4316: 4315: 4239:Theodore Johnson 4067: 4066: 3971:Sherman W. White 3966:Luke J. Weathers 3951:Andrew D. Turner 3761:Walter I. Lawson 3756:Herman A. Lawson 3721:William Lee Hill 3641:Willie H. Fuller 3596:Elwood T. Driver 3591:Lawrence Dickson 3565:Alfonza W. Davis 3555:Lemuel R. Custis 3515:Woodrow Crockett 3505:Herbert V. Clark 3384: 3326: 3319: 3312: 3303: 3302: 3294: 2893: 2886: 2879: 2870: 2869: 2851:Mayor of Detroit 2841:Preceded by 2833: 2832: 2823: 2750: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2725: 2719: 2713: 2707: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2693:. Archived from 2683: 2677: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2644: 2638: 2637: 2635: 2633: 2605: 2599: 2598: 2578: 2572: 2571: 2569: 2567: 2547: 2541: 2535: 2529: 2528: 2526: 2519: 2511: 2505: 2500: 2494: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2470: 2464: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2450:. 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Archived from 1569: 1560: 1559: 1557: 1556: 1526: 1520: 1519: 1517: 1515: 1500: 1494: 1488: 1482: 1476: 1470: 1469: 1467: 1465: 1442: 1401: 1396: 1395: 1387: 1385:Biography portal 1382: 1381: 1380: 1373: 1368: 1367: 1366: 1341:Young, Coleman. 1338: 1327:. Viking Adult. 1244:Lester K. Spence 1220:Rich, Wilbur C. 1073:Jefferson Awards 1045:Elmwood Cemetery 756: 755: 735: 658: 657: 653: 650: 604:Political career 594:John Earl Haynes 562:Henry A. Wallace 522:Seymour, Indiana 428:African-American 356:Military service 342:Coleman Young II 330: 328: 324: 303: 301: 297: 285:Marion McClellan 254:Elmwood Cemetery 240: 238: 220: 218: 202:Personal details 188: 178: 169: 154: 139: 127: 118: 96: 84: 75: 65:Mayor of Detroit 51: 37: 36: 32:Coleman Young II 21: 18:Coleman A. Young 5858: 5857: 5853: 5852: 5851: 5849: 5848: 5847: 5763:Tuskegee Airmen 5733: 5732: 5731: 5726: 5718: 5710: 5702: 5697:Patrick Gaspard 5694: 5686: 5678: 5670: 5662: 5654: 5646: 5641:Harry Belafonte 5638: 5630: 5622: 5614: 5606: 5598: 5590: 5582: 5574: 5566: 5558: 5550: 5542: 5534: 5526: 5518: 5510: 5502: 5494: 5486: 5478: 5470: 5462: 5454: 5446: 5438: 5430: 5418: 5410: 5402: 5394: 5386: 5378: 5366: 5358: 5346: 5338: 5330: 5322: 5314: 5306: 5298: 5290: 5282: 5277:Sammy Davis Jr. 5274: 5266: 5261:John H. Johnson 5258: 5250: 5242: 5234: 5226: 5218: 5213:Langston Hughes 5210: 5202: 5190: 5182: 5177:Jackie Robinson 5174: 5166: 5158: 5150: 5142: 5134: 5126: 5118: 5110: 5102: 5094: 5086: 5081:Charles R. Drew 5078: 5070: 5062: 5054: 5049:Louis T. Wright 5046: 5041:Marian Anderson 5038: 5030: 5022: 5014: 5006: 4998: 4990: 4982: 4974: 4966: 4958: 4950: 4945:Anthony Overton 4942: 4934: 4926: 4918: 4910: 4902: 4894: 4886: 4878: 4870: 4862: 4854: 4846: 4838: 4832: 4802: 4797: 4379: 4373: 4343: 4338: 4327: 4325: 4304: 4285:Golden Thirteen 4280:Buffalo Soldier 4263: 4249:Wallace P. Reed 4244:Noel F. Parrish 4202: 4167: 4134: 4121:Red Tail Reborn 4100: 4070:Fictional films 4058: 4022: 4010: 3991:Yancey Williams 3956:James A. Walker 3896:Calvin J. Spann 3716:James H. Harvey 3711:Carl C. Johnson 3666:Charles B. Hall 3646:Edward C. Gleed 3616:Joseph Elsberry 3586:Gene Derricotte 3550:Milton Crenchaw 3525:George L. Brown 3485:William Bartley 3432: 3426: 3385: 3376: 3335: 3333:Tuskegee Airmen 3330: 3300: 3295: 3286: 2903: 2897: 2863: 2854: 2846: 2758: 2753: 2743: 2741: 2726: 2722: 2714: 2710: 2700: 2698: 2685: 2684: 2680: 2670: 2668: 2645: 2641: 2631: 2629: 2622: 2606: 2602: 2595: 2579: 2575: 2565: 2563: 2548: 2544: 2536: 2532: 2524: 2517: 2513: 2512: 2508: 2501: 2497: 2487: 2485: 2484:on May 20, 2007 2472: 2471: 2467: 2457: 2455: 2438: 2434: 2420: 2418: 2403: 2399: 2389: 2387: 2382:. May 8, 1992. 2374: 2373: 2369: 2359: 2357: 2344: 2343: 2339: 2325: 2323: 2316:Chicago Tribune 2310: 2309: 2302: 2292: 2290: 2275: 2274: 2270: 2263: 2259: 2249: 2247: 2230: 2229: 2225: 2218: 2204: 2200: 2191: 2189: 2180:. pp. 1B, 2170: 2166: 2125: 2121: 2107: 2105: 2092: 2091: 2087: 2074: 2072: 2057: 2053: 2043: 2041: 2026: 2022: 2012: 2010: 1993: 1992: 1988: 1977: 1932: 1922: 1920: 1916: 1899: 1893: 1889: 1882: 1862: 1858: 1848: 1846: 1825: 1821: 1813: 1809: 1799: 1797: 1780: 1776: 1768: 1764: 1753: 1749: 1739: 1737: 1722: 1721: 1710: 1702: 1698: 1689: 1687: 1672: 1668: 1653: 1649: 1639: 1637: 1628: 1627: 1623: 1613: 1611: 1602: 1601: 1597: 1587: 1585: 1570: 1563: 1554: 1552: 1527: 1523: 1513: 1511: 1502: 1501: 1497: 1489: 1485: 1477: 1473: 1463: 1461: 1459: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1427:Tuskegee Airmen 1399:Politics portal 1397: 1390: 1383: 1378: 1376: 1371:Michigan portal 1369: 1364: 1362: 1359: 1335: 1303:Made in Detroit 1301:Clemens, Paul. 1298: 1296:Primary sources 1172:(1983): 80–125. 1117:13 (1981): 694. 1103: 1101:Further reading 1040: 1028: 1014: 973: 953:Young Boys Inc. 932: 900: 895: 873:. He died from 855: 800: 773: 764: 763: 762: 761: 760: 757: 746: 743: 736: 727: 711: 698: 685: 655: 651: 648: 646: 637: 631: 626: 606: 548:. He protested 502:Tuskegee Airmen 475:Great Migration 467: 436:Joe Louis Arena 379: 373:Army Air Forces 333: 332: 329: 1960) 320: 316: 313: 305: 302: 1954) 293: 289: 286: 265:Political party 241: 239:(aged 79) 236: 234: 222: 216: 214: 213: 212: 186: 176: 170: 165: 155: 152:Michigan Senate 150: 137: 125: 119: 114: 94: 82: 76: 71: 54: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5856: 5846: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5728: 5727: 5725: 5724: 5716: 5708: 5700: 5692: 5684: 5676: 5668: 5665:Sidney Poitier 5660: 5652: 5644: 5636: 5628: 5620: 5612: 5604: 5596: 5588: 5580: 5572: 5564: 5556: 5548: 5540: 5532: 5524: 5516: 5508: 5500: 5492: 5489:Dorothy Height 5484: 5481:Barbara Jordan 5476: 5468: 5465:Douglas Wilder 5460: 5452: 5444: 5436: 5433:Benjamin Hooks 5428: 5416: 5408: 5400: 5392: 5384: 5376: 5364: 5356: 5344: 5336: 5328: 5320: 5312: 5304: 5296: 5293:Jacob Lawrence 5288: 5280: 5272: 5264: 5256: 5253:Leontyne Price 5248: 5240: 5232: 5224: 5216: 5208: 5205:Duke Ellington 5200: 5188: 5180: 5172: 5169:Carl J. Murphy 5164: 5156: 5148: 5145:Harry T. Moore 5140: 5132: 5124: 5116: 5108: 5100: 5092: 5084: 5076: 5068: 5060: 5057:Richard Wright 5052: 5044: 5036: 5028: 5020: 5012: 5004: 4996: 4988: 4980: 4972: 4964: 4956: 4948: 4940: 4932: 4924: 4916: 4908: 4900: 4892: 4884: 4876: 4868: 4865:Harry Burleigh 4860: 4852: 4843: 4840: 4839: 4835:Spingarn Medal 4831: 4830: 4823: 4816: 4808: 4799: 4798: 4796: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4758:M. J. Landrieu 4755: 4750: 4748:Rawlings-Blake 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4548:M. E. Landrieu 4545: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4384: 4381: 4380: 4372: 4371: 4364: 4357: 4349: 4340: 4339: 4337: 4336: 4322: 4309: 4306: 4305: 4303: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4271: 4269: 4265: 4264: 4262: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4221: 4219:Wilfred DeFour 4216: 4210: 4208: 4204: 4203: 4201: 4200: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4179: 4177: 4173: 4172: 4169: 4168: 4166: 4165: 4158: 4151: 4142: 4140: 4136: 4135: 4133: 4132: 4125: 4117: 4108: 4106: 4102: 4101: 4099: 4098: 4090: 4082: 4073: 4071: 4064: 4060: 4059: 4057: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4030: 4028: 4024: 4023: 4018: 4016: 4012: 4011: 4009: 4008: 4003: 4001:Henry Wise Jr. 3998: 3993: 3988: 3983: 3978: 3976:James T. Wiley 3973: 3968: 3963: 3958: 3953: 3948: 3943: 3938: 3933: 3928: 3923: 3918: 3913: 3908: 3906:Lowell Steward 3903: 3898: 3893: 3888: 3883: 3878: 3873: 3868: 3863: 3858: 3853: 3848: 3843: 3838: 3833: 3828: 3823: 3818: 3816:Fitzroy Newsum 3813: 3808: 3803: 3798: 3793: 3788: 3786:Walter Manning 3783: 3778: 3773: 3768: 3763: 3758: 3753: 3748: 3743: 3738: 3736:George J. Iles 3733: 3728: 3726:Lincoln Hudson 3723: 3718: 3713: 3708: 3703: 3698: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3678: 3673: 3668: 3663: 3661:Oliver Goodall 3658: 3653: 3648: 3643: 3638: 3633: 3631:Julius Freeman 3628: 3623: 3618: 3613: 3608: 3603: 3598: 3593: 3588: 3583: 3581:Robert W. Deiz 3578: 3573: 3567: 3562: 3557: 3552: 3547: 3542: 3540:Herbert Carter 3537: 3532: 3527: 3522: 3517: 3512: 3507: 3502: 3497: 3492: 3487: 3482: 3477: 3472: 3467: 3462: 3457: 3452: 3447: 3442: 3436: 3434: 3428: 3427: 3425: 3424: 3419: 3414: 3409: 3404: 3399: 3393: 3391: 3387: 3386: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3374: 3369: 3364: 3359: 3354: 3349: 3343: 3341: 3337: 3336: 3329: 3328: 3321: 3314: 3306: 3297: 3296: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3284: 3279: 3274: 3269: 3264: 3259: 3254: 3249: 3244: 3239: 3234: 3229: 3224: 3219: 3214: 3209: 3204: 3199: 3194: 3189: 3184: 3179: 3174: 3169: 3164: 3159: 3154: 3152:W. B. Thompson 3149: 3144: 3142:W. B. Thompson 3139: 3134: 3129: 3124: 3119: 3114: 3109: 3104: 3102:W. G. Thompson 3099: 3094: 3089: 3084: 3079: 3074: 3069: 3064: 3059: 3054: 3049: 3044: 3039: 3034: 3029: 3024: 3019: 3014: 3009: 3004: 2999: 2994: 2989: 2984: 2979: 2974: 2969: 2964: 2959: 2954: 2949: 2944: 2939: 2934: 2929: 2924: 2919: 2914: 2908: 2905: 2904: 2896: 2895: 2888: 2881: 2873: 2865: 2864: 2859: 2856: 2847: 2842: 2838: 2837: 2831: 2830: 2824: 2810: 2803: 2791: 2779: 2768: 2757: 2756:External links 2754: 2752: 2751: 2720: 2708: 2678: 2639: 2621:978-1439618080 2620: 2600: 2593: 2573: 2542: 2540:, p. 179. 2530: 2506: 2495: 2465: 2432: 2397: 2367: 2337: 2300: 2268: 2257: 2223: 2217:978-0615632957 2216: 2198: 2164: 2119: 2085: 2051: 2020: 1986: 1930: 1887: 1881:978-0670845514 1880: 1856: 1819: 1815:Alexander 2005 1807: 1774: 1770:Alexander 2005 1762: 1747: 1708: 1696: 1666: 1647: 1621: 1595: 1561: 1521: 1495: 1483: 1481:, p. 139. 1471: 1458:978-0814320945 1457: 1436: 1434: 1431: 1430: 1429: 1424: 1419: 1414: 1409: 1403: 1402: 1388: 1374: 1358: 1355: 1354: 1353: 1339: 1333: 1320: 1313: 1297: 1294: 1293: 1292: 1282: 1275: 1258: 1240: 1233: 1218: 1211: 1204:Orr, Marion E. 1201: 1194: 1187: 1180: 1173: 1166: 1156: 1154:978-0679735915 1142: 1132: 1125: 1118: 1111: 1102: 1099: 1098: 1097: 1086: 1076: 1069: 1062: 1055: 1048: 1039: 1036: 1027: 1024: 1013: 1010: 989:1967 race riot 972: 969: 931: 928: 899: 896: 894: 891: 854: 851: 799: 796: 772: 769: 758: 744: 739: 738: 737: 730: 729: 728: 726: 723: 710: 707: 697: 694: 684: 681: 630: 627: 625: 622: 613:for Michigan. 605: 602: 554:discrimination 466: 463: 455:Spingarn Medal 440:General Motors 415: 414: 411: 410: 405: 401: 400: 395: 391: 390: 385: 381: 380: 378: 377: 376: 375: 364: 362: 361:Branch/service 358: 357: 353: 352: 349: 345: 344: 339: 335: 334: 318: 314: 311: 310: 309: 308: 291: 287: 284: 283: 282: 281: 278: 276: 272: 271: 266: 262: 261: 251: 247: 246: 232: 228: 227: 210: 208: 204: 203: 199: 198: 195: 194: 189: 183: 182: 179: 173: 172: 162: 161: 149:Member of the 146: 145: 143:Richard Fulton 140: 134: 133: 131:Helen Boosalis 128: 122: 121: 111: 110: 103: 102: 97: 91: 90: 85: 79: 78: 68: 67: 60: 59: 56: 55: 52: 44: 43: 40: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5855: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5740: 5738: 5722: 5717: 5714: 5709: 5706: 5701: 5698: 5693: 5690: 5685: 5682: 5677: 5674: 5669: 5666: 5661: 5658: 5653: 5650: 5649:Jessye Norman 5645: 5642: 5637: 5634: 5629: 5626: 5621: 5618: 5613: 5610: 5605: 5602: 5597: 5594: 5589: 5586: 5581: 5578: 5573: 5570: 5565: 5562: 5557: 5554: 5553:Vernon Jordan 5549: 5546: 5545:Oprah Winfrey 5541: 5538: 5533: 5530: 5525: 5522: 5517: 5514: 5509: 5506: 5501: 5498: 5493: 5490: 5485: 5482: 5477: 5474: 5469: 5466: 5461: 5458: 5457:Jesse Jackson 5453: 5450: 5445: 5442: 5437: 5434: 5429: 5426: 5422: 5417: 5414: 5409: 5406: 5401: 5398: 5393: 5390: 5389:Coleman Young 5385: 5382: 5381:Rayford Logan 5377: 5374: 5370: 5365: 5362: 5357: 5354: 5350: 5345: 5342: 5337: 5334: 5329: 5326: 5321: 5318: 5313: 5310: 5305: 5302: 5301:Leon Sullivan 5297: 5294: 5289: 5286: 5281: 5278: 5273: 5270: 5269:Edward Brooke 5265: 5262: 5257: 5254: 5249: 5246: 5241: 5238: 5233: 5230: 5225: 5222: 5217: 5214: 5209: 5206: 5201: 5198: 5194: 5189: 5186: 5181: 5178: 5173: 5170: 5165: 5162: 5157: 5154: 5149: 5146: 5141: 5138: 5133: 5130: 5125: 5122: 5117: 5114: 5109: 5106: 5101: 5098: 5093: 5090: 5085: 5082: 5077: 5074: 5069: 5066: 5061: 5058: 5053: 5050: 5045: 5042: 5037: 5034: 5029: 5026: 5021: 5018: 5013: 5010: 5005: 5002: 4997: 4994: 4989: 4986: 4981: 4978: 4973: 4970: 4969:Henry A. Hunt 4965: 4962: 4957: 4954: 4949: 4946: 4941: 4938: 4933: 4930: 4925: 4922: 4917: 4914: 4909: 4906: 4901: 4898: 4893: 4890: 4885: 4882: 4877: 4874: 4869: 4866: 4861: 4858: 4857:Charles Young 4853: 4850: 4845: 4844: 4841: 4836: 4829: 4824: 4822: 4817: 4815: 4810: 4809: 4806: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4385: 4382: 4378: 4370: 4365: 4363: 4358: 4356: 4351: 4350: 4347: 4335: 4334: 4323: 4321: 4320: 4311: 4310: 4307: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4272: 4270: 4266: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4254:Willie Rogers 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4220: 4217: 4215: 4212: 4211: 4209: 4205: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4180: 4178: 4174: 4163: 4159: 4157: 4156: 4152: 4149: 4148: 4144: 4143: 4141: 4137: 4131: 4130: 4126: 4123: 4122: 4118: 4115: 4114: 4110: 4109: 4107: 4105:Documentaries 4103: 4096: 4095: 4091: 4088: 4087: 4083: 4080: 4079: 4075: 4074: 4072: 4068: 4065: 4061: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4031: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4007: 4006:Coleman Young 4004: 4002: 3999: 3997: 3994: 3992: 3989: 3987: 3984: 3982: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3972: 3969: 3967: 3964: 3962: 3959: 3957: 3954: 3952: 3949: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3939: 3937: 3934: 3932: 3929: 3927: 3924: 3922: 3919: 3917: 3914: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3892: 3889: 3887: 3884: 3882: 3879: 3877: 3876:David Showell 3874: 3872: 3871:Robert Searcy 3869: 3867: 3864: 3862: 3859: 3857: 3854: 3852: 3849: 3847: 3844: 3842: 3839: 3837: 3836:Price D. Rice 3834: 3832: 3829: 3827: 3824: 3822: 3819: 3817: 3814: 3812: 3809: 3807: 3804: 3802: 3801:Charles McGee 3799: 3797: 3794: 3792: 3791:Robert Martin 3789: 3787: 3784: 3782: 3779: 3777: 3774: 3772: 3769: 3767: 3764: 3762: 3759: 3757: 3754: 3752: 3749: 3747: 3744: 3742: 3739: 3737: 3734: 3732: 3729: 3727: 3724: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3712: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3697: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3677: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3667: 3664: 3662: 3659: 3657: 3656:Alfred Gorham 3654: 3652: 3649: 3647: 3644: 3642: 3639: 3637: 3636:Robert Friend 3634: 3632: 3629: 3627: 3624: 3622: 3619: 3617: 3614: 3612: 3609: 3607: 3604: 3602: 3599: 3597: 3594: 3592: 3589: 3587: 3584: 3582: 3579: 3577: 3576:Charles DeBow 3574: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3563: 3561: 3560:Clarence Dart 3558: 3556: 3553: 3551: 3548: 3546: 3543: 3541: 3538: 3536: 3533: 3531: 3528: 3526: 3523: 3521: 3518: 3516: 3513: 3511: 3508: 3506: 3503: 3501: 3498: 3496: 3493: 3491: 3488: 3486: 3483: 3481: 3478: 3476: 3475:Willie Ashley 3473: 3471: 3468: 3466: 3463: 3461: 3458: 3456: 3453: 3451: 3448: 3446: 3443: 3441: 3438: 3437: 3435: 3429: 3423: 3420: 3418: 3415: 3413: 3410: 3408: 3405: 3403: 3400: 3398: 3397:Chanute Field 3395: 3394: 3392: 3388: 3383: 3373: 3370: 3368: 3365: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3348: 3345: 3344: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3327: 3322: 3320: 3315: 3313: 3308: 3307: 3304: 3293: 3283: 3280: 3278: 3275: 3273: 3270: 3268: 3265: 3263: 3260: 3258: 3255: 3253: 3250: 3248: 3245: 3243: 3240: 3238: 3235: 3233: 3230: 3228: 3225: 3223: 3220: 3218: 3215: 3213: 3210: 3208: 3205: 3203: 3200: 3198: 3195: 3193: 3190: 3188: 3185: 3183: 3180: 3178: 3175: 3173: 3170: 3168: 3165: 3163: 3160: 3158: 3155: 3153: 3150: 3148: 3145: 3143: 3140: 3138: 3135: 3133: 3130: 3128: 3125: 3123: 3120: 3118: 3115: 3113: 3110: 3108: 3105: 3103: 3100: 3098: 3095: 3093: 3090: 3088: 3085: 3083: 3080: 3078: 3075: 3073: 3070: 3068: 3065: 3063: 3060: 3058: 3055: 3053: 3050: 3048: 3045: 3043: 3040: 3038: 3035: 3033: 3030: 3028: 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