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Cohoba is also known as yopo. Historically, this narcotic snuff was prepared and used by the indigenous people living in South
America and the natives of the Caribbean. Early accounts of it first appeared during the time of Christopher Columbus's exploration, with its first documentation written in
274:
dimethyl-5-hydroxytryptamine). The effects of DMT include kaleidoscopic visions similar to LSD that may lead to scenery hallucinations, accompanied by auditory hallucinations. The psychotic effects derived from bufotenine have been suggested to have resulted from central nervous system activity.
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refers to the finely ground, cinnamon-colored snuff itself, as well as the ceremonial practice using it by South
American tribes. Cuiva and Piaroa people of Orinocoan descent commonly consume Cohoba. As a part of important shamanistic rituals, cohoba represents identity and sociality.
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plant are pulverized and skillfully blended with the powdered bark ash to create a dough resembling butter. Once the desired texture is achieved, the dough is flattened into a cookie and cooked over a fire. Traditionally,
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usage is not as widespread as before, it is still taken up today by various localities of South
America for the aforementioned rich, hallucinogenic properties.
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tree is then collected, with its quality judged by the fineness and whiteness of the powdered ash after burning the bark. Meanwhile, the seeds of the
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is taken by deep inhalation through bifurcated tubes from a special apparatus resembling a slightly deep, concave wooden plate.
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is often snuffed with tobacco, it has pharmacologically intriguing properties distinct from tobacco. The active components in
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422:"Snuff Synergy: Preparation, Use and Pharmacology of Yopo and Banisteriopsis Caapi Among the Piaroa of Southern Venezuela"
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Though there are myriad somatic symptoms, ranging from violent sneezing to increased mucus production and bloodshot eyes,
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99:. This was said to have produced the sense of a visionary journey of the kind associated with the practice of
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is appreciated for the altered, other-worldly state of consciousness it lends to the user. Even though
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8:
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480:"Yopo, Ethnicity and Social Change: A Comparative Analysis of Piaroa and Cuiva Yopo Use"
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spp.) were inhaled, the Y-shaped nasal snuff tube used to inhale the substance, and the
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can be prepared fresh by shamans throughout the year, when necessary. The bark of the
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Taíno term for a ceremony in which the ground seeds of the cojóbana tree were inhaled
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541:, vol. 36, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 283–311,
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1496 by Ramon Pane—who travelled with
Columbus in the second voyage. The name of "
181:, the founder of Cuban Cultural Studies, offers a detailed analysis of the use of
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powder was widespread in South
America, being used in ancient times by the
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seeds are harvested once they mature, from
October to February, such that
585:"Dark Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: N , N -Dimethyltryptamine (DMT)"
60:
172:
84:
535:"New World Tryptamine Hallucinogens and the Neuroscience of Ayahuasca"
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56:
19:
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378:, Additional chapter VIII, Fernando Ortiz (Madrid: Cátedra, 2002).
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The blending step of the plant mixture determines the potency of
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transliteration for a ceremony in which the ground seeds of the
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based on the quality of the ingredients and its preparation.
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by
Richard E. Shultes. Golden Press, New York, 1976.
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Carved spatulas were used to blend powdered herbs by
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responsible for the hallucinogenic effects are DMT (
583:Cameron, Lindsay P.; Olson, David E. (2018-10-17).
51:that was inhaled. Use of this substance produced a
73:although it may have been a generalized term for
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151:people of Brazil and Venezuela. Other names for
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298:Diccionario de voces indígenas de Puerto Rico
187:
23:A pictograph depicting cohoba located in the
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539:Behavioral Neurobiology of Psychedelic Drugs
478:Rodd, Robin; Sumabila, Arelis (2011-03-28).
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352:"Los yanomami debaten sobre minería y salud"
532:
376:Contrapunteo cubano del tabaco y el azúcar
189:Contrapunteo cubano del tabaco y el azúcar
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18:
185:in his important anthropological work,
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350:International, Survival (2008-11-24).
335:The Role of Cohoba in Taino Shamanism.
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175:was used along with an inhaling tube.
533:McKenna, Dennis; Riba, Jordi (2016),
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270:dimethyltryptamine) and bufotenine (
87:). The corresponding ceremony using
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122:made contact. However, the use of
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381:
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296:Aquino, Luis Hernández (1977).
67:tree is believed by some to be
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438:10.1080/02791072.2002.10399963
420:Rodd, Robin (September 2002).
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343:
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1:
484:Journal of Psychoactive Drugs
426:Journal of Psychoactive Drugs
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601:10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00101
496:10.1080/02791072.2011.566499
77:, including the quite toxic
7:
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10:
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589:ACS Chemical Neuroscience
340:, in Eleusis No. 1 (1998)
106:The practice of snuffing
70:Anadenanthera peregrina
300:. Editorial Cultural.
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27:
547:10.1007/7854_2016_472
338:Constantino M. Torres
322:Hallucinogenic Plants
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110:was popular with the
95:is transliterated as
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120:Christopher Columbus
83:and related genera (
118:peoples, with whom
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637:Psychedelic drugs
556:978-3-662-55878-2
49:psychoactive drug
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392:"Safford/cohoba"
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432:(3): 273–279.
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179:Fernando Ortiz
53:hallucinogenic
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75:psychotropics
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490:(1): 36–45.
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360:. Retrieved
358:(in Spanish)
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133:Wari culture
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25:Pomier Caves
356:survival.es
171:culture, a
61:psychedelic
57:entheogenic
642:Entheogens
631:Categories
570:2020-11-03
401:2020-11-09
362:2023-08-04
283:References
173:snuff tray
139:people of
85:Solanaceae
609:1948-7193
504:0279-1072
446:0279-1072
101:shamanism
617:30036036
565:28401525
520:45493221
512:21615006
462:23288809
454:12422937
250:Symptoms
169:Tiwanaku
155:include
149:Yanomami
137:Tiwanaku
116:Arawakan
65:cojóbana
39:cojóbana
275:Though
223:cohoba,
204:cohoba"
197:History
145:Bolivia
93:tobacco
91:-laced
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277:cohoba
264:cohoba
260:cohoba
256:cohoba
239:cohoba
235:cohoba
231:cohoba
227:Cohoba
183:cohoba
163:, and
153:cohoba
108:cohoba
97:cojibá
89:cohoba
80:Datura
41:tree (
31:Cohoba
647:Taíno
516:S2CID
458:S2CID
216:Taíno
167:. In
161:cebíl
157:vilca
112:Taíno
59:, or
35:Taíno
33:is a
613:PMID
605:ISSN
561:PMID
551:ISBN
508:PMID
500:ISSN
450:PMID
442:ISSN
302:ISBN
272:N,N-
268:N,N-
244:yopo
165:yopó
143:and
141:Peru
135:and
129:spp.
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