149:, are continuing to increase the ability to both monitor and directly influence human cognition. As a result, many theorists have emphasized the importance of recognizing cognitive liberty in order to protect individuals from the state using such technologies to alter those individuals' mental processes: "states must be barred from invading the inner sphere of persons, from accessing their thoughts, modulating their emotions or manipulating their personal preferences." These specific ethical concerns regarding the use of neuroscience technologies to interfere or invade the brain form the fields of
250:" is in fact a "war on mental states". The CCLE, as well as other cognitive liberty advocacy groups such as Cognitive Liberty UK, have lobbied for the re-examination and reform of prohibited drug law; one of the CCLE's key guiding principles is that "governments should not criminally prohibit cognitive enhancement or the experience of any mental state". Calls for reform of restrictions on the use of prescription cognitive-enhancement drugs (also called smart drugs or
205:
punishing "interventions severely interfering with another's mental integrity by undermining mental control or exploiting pre-existing mental weakness." Direct interventions that reduce or impair cognitive capacities such as memory, concentration, and willpower; alter preferences, beliefs, or behavioral dispositions; elicit inappropriate emotions; or inflict clinically identifiable mental injuries would all be
311:
liberty in previous human rights instruments was due to the relative lack of technology capable of directly interfering with mental autonomy at the time the core human rights treaties were created. As the human mind was considered invulnerable to direct manipulation, control or alteration, it was deemed unnecessary to expressly protect individuals from unwanted mental interference. With modern advances in
413:. Hardison argued that "individual sovereignty over one's interior environment constitutes the very core of what it means to be free", and that as psychotropic drugs are a potent method of altering an individual's mental process, prohibition of them under the MDA was in opposition to Article 9. The court however disagreed, calling Hardison's arguments a "portmanteau defense" and relying upon the
339:
among the most important legal and political freedoms…This freedom is not often regarded in its own right but should be recognized and more fully developed in face of emerging mind-altering technologies…Freedom of mind is the freedom of a person to use her mental capacities as she pleases, free from external interferences and internal impediments".
319:
some have instead argued that cognitive liberty is already an inherent part of the international human rights framework as the principle underlying the rights to freedom of thought, expression and religion. The freedom to think in whatever manner one chooses is a "necessary precondition to those guaranteed freedoms."
70:, the founders and directors of the non-profit Center for Cognitive Liberty and Ethics (CCLE). Sententia and Boire define cognitive liberty as "the right of each individual to think independently and autonomously, to use the full power of his or her mind, and to engage in multiple modes of thought."
196:
has also proposed legislative protection of cognitive liberty as a way of safeguarding the protection from self-incrimination found in the Fifth
Amendment to the US Constitution, in the light of the increasing ability to access human memory. Her book 'The Battle for Your Brain: Defending the Right to
338:
At least one scholar and proponent of cognitive liberty, Christoph
Bublitz, has used the term 'freedom of mind' to describe cognitive liberty: "mind altering interventions primary affect another sense of freedom, freedom of mind, a concept that has not received much attention although it should rank
277:
of human mental function. Wrye
Sententia has emphasized the importance of cognitive liberty in ensuring the freedom to pursue human mental enhancement, as well as the freedom to choose against enhancement. Sententia argues that the recognition of a "right to (and not to) direct, modify, or enhance
120:
This first obligation, to refrain from non-consensually interfering with an individual's cognitive processes, seeks to protect individuals from having their mental processes altered or monitored without their consent or knowledge, "setting up a defensive wall against unwanted intrusions". Ongoing
327:
have argued that cognitive liberty is fundamental to
Freedom of Thought because it encompasses the ability to have certain types of experiences, including the right to experience altered or non-ordinary states of consciousness. It has also been suggested that cognitive liberty can be seen to be a
318:
Cognitive liberty then can be seen as an extension of or an "update" to the right to freedom of thought as it has been traditionally understood. Freedom of thought should now be understood to include the right to determine one's own mental state as well as the content of one's thoughts. However,
310:
they want. Cognitive liberty seeks to protect an individual's right to determine their own state of mind and be free from external control over their state of mind, rather than just protecting the content of an individual's thoughts. It has been suggested that the lack of protection of cognitive
204:
interference with human cognition, Jan
Christoph Bublitz and Reinhard Merkel among others suggest that cognitive liberty should also prevent other, non-state entities from interfering with an individual's mental "inner realm". Bublitz and Merkel propose the introduction of a new criminal offense
439:
The recent development of neurosciences is increasing the possibility of controlling and influence specific mental functions. The risks inherent in removing restrictions on controlled cognitive-enhancing drugs, including of widening the gap between those able to afford such treatments and those
218:
Where the first obligation seeks to protect individuals from interference with cognitive processes by the state, corporations or other individuals, this second obligation seeks to ensure that individuals have the freedom to alter or enhance their own consciousness. An individual who enjoys this
73:
The CCLE is a network of scholars dedicated to protecting freedom of thought in the modern world of accelerating neurotechnologies. They seek to develop public policies that will preserve and enhance freedom of thought, and offer guidance with regard to relevant developments in neurotechnology,
160:
This element of cognitive liberty has been raised in relation to a number of state-sanctioned interventions in individual cognition, from the mandatory psychiatric 'treatment' of homosexuals in the US before the 1970s, to the non-consensual administration of psychoactive drugs to unwitting US
77:
Sententia and Boire conceived of the concept of cognitive liberty as a response to the increasing ability of technology to monitor and manipulate cognitive function, and the corresponding increase in the need to ensure individual cognitive autonomy and privacy. Sententia divides the practical
111:
Supporters of cognitive liberty therefore seek to impose both a negative and a positive obligation on states: to refrain from non-consensually interfering with an individual's cognitive processes, and to allow individuals to self-determine their own "inner realm" and control their own mental
46:. Though a relatively recently defined concept, many theorists see cognitive liberty as being of increasing importance as technological advances in neuroscience allow for an ever-expanding ability to directly influence consciousness. Cognitive liberty is not a recognized right in any
456:, wrote that "some who worry about the ethics of cognitive enhancement point to the danger of creating two classes of human beings – those with access to enhancement technologies, and those who must make do with an unaltered memory that fades with age."
285:
to enhance human cognition and that something beyond the current conception of freedom of thought is needed. Sententia claims that "cognitive liberty's strength is that it protects those who do want to alter their brains, but also those who do not".
209:
impermissible and subject to criminal prosecution. Sententia and Boire have also expressed concern that corporations and other non-state entities might utilize emerging neurotechnologies to alter individuals' mental processes without their consent.
82:
As long as their behavior does not endanger others, individuals should not be compelled against their will to use technologies that directly interact with the brain or be forced to take certain psychoactive
335:
Most proponents of cognitive liberty agree, however, that cognitive liberty should be expressly recognized as a human right in order to properly provide protection for individual cognitive autonomy.
2774:
779:
2694:
86:
As long as they do not subsequently engage in behavior that harms others, individuals should not be prohibited from, or criminalized for, using new mind-enhancing drugs and technologies.
421:
to deny
Hardison's right to appeal to a superior court. Hardison was convicted and given a 20-year prison sentence, though he was released on 29 May 2013 after nine years in prison.
2188:
2269:
2284:
2274:
2200:
2719:
2714:
2699:
2264:
410:
67:
2908:
2394:
302:(UDHR), freedom of thought can be distinguished from cognitive liberty in that the former is concerned with protecting an individual's freedom to think
743:
Bublitz, Jan
Christoph; Merkel, Reinhard (2014). "Crime Against Minds: On Mental Manipulations, Harms and a Human Right to Mental Self-Determination".
2862:
2724:
2279:
320:
810:
2709:
2609:
2704:
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177:
219:
aspect of cognitive liberty has the freedom to alter their mental processes in any way they wish to, whether through indirect methods such as
2654:
2644:
2639:
2369:
2674:
2659:
2594:
2584:
2414:
2289:
1528:
2744:
2529:
2514:
2344:
2329:
1927:
1467:
1465:"Brief Amicus Curiae Of The Center For Cognitive Liberty & Ethics In Support Of The Petition, in the case of Sell v United States"
1120:
242:
As psychotropic drugs are a powerful method of altering cognitive function, many advocates of cognitive liberty are also advocates of
2749:
2664:
2544:
2469:
2449:
2444:
2314:
315:
and in anticipation of its future development however, it is argued that such express protection is becoming increasingly necessary.
667:
Sententia, Wrye (2004). "Neuroethical
Considerations: Cognitive Liberty and Converging Technologies for Improving Human Cognition".
2764:
2689:
2599:
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2499:
2419:
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1165:
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134:
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47:
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1932:
1443:
299:
1227:
1028:
2624:
2614:
2479:
2474:
2404:
279:
2883:
2324:
1901:
894:
The
Transhumanist Reader: Classical and Contemporary Essays on the Science, Technology and Philosophy of the Human Future
836:"What an International Declaration on Neurotechnologies and Human Rights Could Look like: Ideas, Suggestions, Desiderata"
414:
2339:
2141:
2852:
2146:
1609:
1576:
1101:
727:
126:
440:
unable to do so, have caused many to remain skeptical about the wisdom of recognizing cognitive liberty as a right.
2171:
2100:
2090:
2559:
2509:
988:
294:
Cognitive liberty is not currently recognized as a human right by any international human rights treaty. While
375:, in which the Supreme Court examined whether the court had the power to make an order to forcibly administer
168:, to the forcible administration of mind-altering drugs on individuals to make them competent to stand trial.
2195:
189:
2649:
2259:
2105:
1084:
Roskies, Adina L. (2015), "Mind
Reading, Lie Detection, and Privacy", in Clausen, Jens; Levy, Neil (eds.),
2847:
2095:
1781:
2898:
1993:
1922:
1642:
1806:
398:
376:
306:
they want, whereas cognitive liberty is concerned with protecting an individual's freedom to think
2903:
2837:
2234:
1047:
2913:
2781:
2244:
2183:
2166:
2074:
1811:
1746:
1482:
1118:
Brief Amicus Curiae Of The Center For Cognitive Liberty & Ethics In Support Of The Petition
980:
974:
720:
Entheogens, Society & Law: Towards a Politics of Consciousness, Autonomy and Responsibility
392:
324:
181:
130:
907:
2893:
2888:
2842:
2030:
1986:
1891:
1866:
1821:
1771:
1720:
1602:
517:
501:
481:
471:
371:
353:
42:. It has been argued to be both an extension of, and the principle underlying, the right to
2176:
2025:
1967:
1947:
1831:
1776:
1766:
1710:
1637:
1464:
1117:
676:
529:
511:
466:
441:
200:
Though this element of cognitive liberty is often defined as an individual's freedom from
8:
2121:
1957:
1952:
1851:
1826:
1741:
1384:
892:
Sententia, Wrye (2013). "Freedom by Design: Transhumanist Values and Cognitive Liberty".
780:"Drugs and human rights: private palliatives, sacramental freedoms and cognitive liberty"
642:
476:
680:
619:
596:
573:
2229:
1886:
1871:
1565:
802:
760:
700:
445:
430:
402:
295:
232:
146:
43:
23:
1260:
1142:
1029:"Freedom of Thought for the Extended Mind: Cognitive Enhancement and the Constitution"
2035:
1881:
1841:
1756:
1725:
1572:
1536:
1439:
1404:
1097:
984:
865:
857:
806:
764:
723:
692:
449:
434:
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to an individual who had refused such treatment, for the sole purpose of making them
274:
27:
704:
2249:
1876:
1846:
1836:
1801:
1715:
1705:
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1659:
1654:
1595:
1431:
1396:
1089:
847:
794:
752:
684:
486:
380:
366:
269:
This element of cognitive liberty is also of great importance to proponents of the
193:
1435:
1093:
852:
835:
197:
Think Freely in the Age of Neurotechnology' discusses the matter in great detail.
1861:
1856:
1796:
1751:
1700:
1471:
1239:
1124:
282:
243:
236:
185:
165:
122:
1527:
Sommaggio, Paolo; Mazzocca, Marco; Gerola, Alessio; Ferro, Fulvio (2017-11-01).
1423:
2224:
1962:
1896:
1674:
1669:
524:
173:
31:
798:
756:
180:
has identified this element of cognitive liberty as being of relevance to the
54:, and is argued to be the principle underlying a number of recognized rights.
2877:
1816:
1791:
1786:
1540:
1408:
861:
506:
359:
270:
91:
51:
39:
688:
2064:
2020:
2009:
1761:
869:
696:
534:
358:
Richard Glen Boire of the Center for Cognitive Liberty and Ethics filed an
312:
247:
154:
1529:"Cognitive liberty. A first step towards a human neuro-rights declaration"
1424:"Cognitive Liberty or the International Human Right to Freedom of Thought"
106:
Thou shalt not prevent thy fellow man from altering his own consciousness.
2796:
2069:
2059:
491:
150:
63:
1400:
453:
251:
220:
138:
2821:
1937:
1679:
1567:
The Case against Perfection: Ethics in the Age of Genetic Engineering
142:
35:
928:
2254:
1942:
1647:
496:
263:
169:
2811:
2806:
1618:
329:
259:
133:(or "brain fingerprinting"), and to pharmacology, in the form of
2791:
1978:
1664:
255:
228:
16:
Freedom of an individual to control their own mental processes
1422:
Bublitz, Christoph (2015), Clausen, Jens; Levy, Neil (eds.),
278:
one's thought processes" is vital to the free application of
94:"Two Commandments for the Molecular Age", from his 1968 book
1526:
289:
2801:
224:
1587:
1342:
1340:
1203:
1201:
1070:
1068:
1004:
1002:
1000:
406:
266:
have also been made on the grounds of cognitive liberty.
162:
90:
These two facets of cognitive liberty are reminiscent of
908:"FAQ - Center for Cognitive Liberty & Ethics (CCLE)"
718:
Waterman, Daniel (2013). Hardison, Casey William (ed.).
332:
of human beings as recognized by Article 1 of the UDHR.
103:
Thou shalt not alter the consciousness of thy fellow man
1430:, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 1309–1333,
910:. Center for Cognitive Liberty & Ethics. 2003-09-15
742:
50:, but has gained a limited level of recognition in the
1571:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
1337:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1198:
1065:
997:
950:
948:
78:
application of cognitive liberty into two principles:
397:, the defendant, charged with eight counts under the
411:
Article 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights
409:, claimed that cognitive liberty was safeguarded by
1284:
945:
231:, or through direct cognitive intervention through
2775:of the military dictatorship in Brazil (1964-1985)
1564:
979:. Berkeley, California: Ronin Publishing. p.
2863:United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights
1321:
1319:
643:"John Stuart Mill and the Liberty of Inebriation"
74:psychopharmacology, cognitive sciences and law.
2875:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1145:. Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies
1143:"Cognitive liberty and the right to one's mind"
1316:
178:Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies
1994:
1603:
1513:
1511:
1180:
66:Wrye Sententia and legal theorist and lawyer
213:
115:
62:The term "cognitive liberty" was coined by
2909:Psychedelics, dissociatives and deliriants
2001:
1987:
1928:Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness
1610:
1596:
1508:
1088:, Springer Netherlands, pp. 679–695,
669:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
1263:. Center for Cognitive Liberty and Ethics
891:
851:
666:
290:Relationship with recognized human rights
1163:
717:
386:
2695:in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
1421:
1382:
1083:
833:
347:
135:selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
2876:
2787:List of human rights abuses by country
2275:during the Battle of Mosul (2016-2017)
2240:Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment
1562:
1533:BioLaw Journal - Rivista di BioDiritto
1385:"Moral Enhancement and Mental Freedom"
30:of an individual to control their own
2858:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
1982:
1933:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
1591:
1225:
1045:
1026:
972:
896:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 356.
834:Bublitz, Jan Christoph (2024-04-02).
787:International Journal of Human Rights
777:
640:
617:
594:
571:
300:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
1383:Bublitz, Christoph (February 2016).
567:
565:
553:
342:
1140:
401:(MDA), including the production of
298:is recognized by Article 18 of the
48:international human rights treaties
13:
2285:during the Libyan civil war (2011)
2147:National human rights institutions
2142:List of human rights organisations
14:
2925:
620:"On Cognitive Liberty (Part III)"
562:
452:, when examining the prospect of
127:transcranial magnetic stimulation
2270:at Guantánamo Bay detention camp
2008:
1164:Farahany, Nita (February 2012).
1046:Rosen, Jeffrey (11 March 2007).
597:"On Cognitive Liberty (Part II)"
2395:in Chile under Augusto Pinochet
2101:Natural rights and legal rights
2091:Claim rights and liberty rights
1556:
1547:
1520:
1499:
1496:R v Hardison 1 Cr App R (S) 37
1490:
1476:
1457:
1415:
1376:
1367:
1358:
1349:
1328:
1307:
1298:
1275:
1253:
1219:
1210:
1157:
1134:
1109:
1077:
1039:
1020:
1011:
966:
957:
921:
900:
885:
876:
827:
574:"On Cognitive Liberty (Part I)"
2265:against Palestinians by Israel
1918:Liberty, equality, brotherhood
1232:Journal of Cognitive Liberties
1228:"On Cognitive Liberty Part II"
771:
736:
711:
660:
634:
624:Journal of Cognitive Liberties
611:
601:Journal of Cognitive Liberties
588:
578:Journal of Cognitive Liberties
547:
273:, a key tenet of which is the
1:
1463:Boire, Richard Glen, (2002).
1436:10.1007/978-94-007-4707-4_166
1389:Journal of Applied Philosophy
1115:Boire, Richard Glen, (2002).
1094:10.1007/978-94-007-4707-4_123
1035:(1049): 1053–1055, 1058–1060.
1027:Blitz, Marc Jonathan (2010).
853:10.1080/21507740.2023.2270512
722:. Melrose Books. p. 18.
541:
190:Duke University School of Law
2106:Negative and positive rights
1226:Boire, Richard Glen (2000).
641:Boire, Richard Glen (2002).
618:Boire, Richard Glen (2000).
595:Boire, Richard Glen (2000).
572:Boire, Richard Glen (1999).
424:
176:, chair of the Board of the
7:
2848:List of human rights awards
2720:in the United Arab Emirates
2096:Individual and group rights
1782:Freedom from discrimination
1617:
1563:Sandel, Michael J. (2007).
929:"keeping freedom in mind -"
745:Criminal Law and Philosophy
459:
57:
10:
2930:
2884:Civil rights and liberties
2770:of the Marcos dictatorship
1643:Personification of Liberty
554:Mill, John Stuart (1859).
428:
351:
22:, or the "right to mental
2830:
2715:in the State of Palestine
2700:in the Dominican Republic
2280:during the Gaddafi regime
2217:
2162:
2155:
2134:
2114:
2083:
2055:
2044:
2016:
1923:All men are created equal
1910:
1734:
1688:
1625:
1261:"Keeping Freedom in Mind"
1216:Bublitz and Merkel, 68-70
1017:Sententia (2004), 223-224
799:10.1080/13642980802704270
778:Walsh, Charlotte (2010).
757:10.1007/s11572-012-9172-y
214:Freedom to self-determine
116:Freedom from interference
1166:"Incriminating Thoughts"
1048:"The Brain on the Stand"
933:www.cognitiveliberty.org
882:Bublitz and Merkel, 60-1
417:and the earlier case of
399:Misuse of Drugs Act 1971
377:antipsychotic medication
2838:History of human rights
2245:Enforced disappearances
2235:Crimes against humanity
1428:Handbook of Neuroethics
1373:Sententia (2004), 226-7
1304:Sententia (2013), 355-6
1086:Handbook of Neuroethics
1052:New York Times Magazine
976:The Politics of Ecstasy
973:Leary, Timothy (1968).
689:10.1196/annals.1305.014
96:The Politics of Ecstasy
2782:Incitement to genocide
2075:Universal jurisdiction
1346:Bublitz and Merkel, 63
1313:Bublitz and Merkel, 64
1207:Bublitz and Merkel, 68
1074:Bublitz and Merkel, 61
1008:Bublitz and Merkel, 60
650:The Independent Review
325:Casey William Hardison
271:transhumanist movement
131:electroencephalography
2843:List of global issues
1484:Sell v. United States
1295:Sententia (2013), 356
963:Sententia (2004), 227
954:Sententia (2004), 223
518:The Rhetoric of Drugs
502:Personalized medicine
482:Morphological freedom
472:Cosmetic pharmacology
442:Political philosopher
387:In the United Kingdom
372:Sell v. United States
354:Sell v. United States
328:part of the inherent
246:, claiming that the "
184:around the curing of
2725:in the United States
2500:in Jammu and Kashmir
2046:Fundamental concepts
1968:Right-libertarianism
1948:Civil libertarianism
1902:Water and sanitation
1638:Moral responsibility
1130:Sell v United States
1033:Wisconsin Law Review
530:Techno-progressivism
521:, by Jacques Derrida
512:Responsible drug use
467:Cognitive ergonomics
348:In the United States
2710:in the Soviet Union
2610:in Papua New Guinea
2260:Human rights abuses
2218:Human rights abuses
2122:Corporal punishment
1958:Left-libertarianism
1953:Drug liberalization
1486:539 U.S. 166 (2003)
1238:(2). Archived from
1170:Stanford Law Review
681:2004NYASA1013..221S
477:Drug liberalization
415:UN Drug Conventions
2705:in the Philippines
2230:Crime of apartheid
1470:2018-09-26 at the
1401:10.1111/japp.12108
1123:2018-09-26 at the
454:memory enhancement
446:Harvard University
431:Drug policy reform
296:freedom of thought
233:psychoactive drugs
147:psychoactive drugs
68:Richard Glen Boire
44:freedom of thought
24:self-determination
2899:Identity politics
2871:
2870:
2853:Three generations
2213:
2212:
2130:
2129:
1976:
1975:
1633:Cognitive liberty
1445:978-94-007-4707-4
1141:Dvorsky, George.
1128:, in the case of
840:AJOB Neuroscience
450:Michael J. Sandel
435:Human enhancement
343:Legal recognition
123:neurotechnologies
20:Cognitive liberty
2921:
2625:in Punjab, India
2250:Forced migration
2160:
2159:
2053:
2052:
2048:and philosophies
2003:
1996:
1989:
1980:
1979:
1660:Positive liberty
1655:Negative liberty
1612:
1605:
1598:
1589:
1588:
1583:
1582:
1570:
1560:
1554:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1524:
1518:
1515:
1506:
1503:
1497:
1494:
1488:
1480:
1474:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1380:
1374:
1371:
1365:
1362:
1356:
1353:
1347:
1344:
1335:
1332:
1326:
1323:
1314:
1311:
1305:
1302:
1296:
1293:
1282:
1281:Blitz, 1058-1060
1279:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1247:
1223:
1217:
1214:
1208:
1205:
1196:
1193:
1178:
1177:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1138:
1132:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1081:
1075:
1072:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1024:
1018:
1015:
1009:
1006:
995:
994:
970:
964:
961:
955:
952:
943:
942:
940:
939:
925:
919:
918:
916:
915:
904:
898:
897:
889:
883:
880:
874:
873:
855:
831:
825:
824:
822:
821:
815:
809:. Archived from
784:
775:
769:
768:
740:
734:
733:
715:
709:
708:
664:
658:
657:
647:
638:
632:
631:
615:
609:
608:
592:
586:
585:
569:
560:
559:
551:
487:Neuroenhancement
383:to stand trial.
367:US Supreme Court
194:Nita A. Farahany
172:and bioethicist
161:citizens during
121:improvements to
32:mental processes
2929:
2928:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2874:
2873:
2872:
2867:
2826:
2655:in South Africa
2645:in Sierra Leone
2640:in Saudi Arabia
2370:in Burkina Faso
2325:in Azad Kashmir
2209:
2151:
2126:
2110:
2079:
2049:
2047:
2040:
2031:Intersex people
2012:
2007:
1977:
1972:
1906:
1892:To be forgotten
1807:Internet access
1730:
1684:
1621:
1616:
1586:
1579:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1548:
1535:(3): 27–45–45.
1525:
1521:
1516:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1491:
1481:
1477:
1472:Wayback Machine
1462:
1458:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1420:
1416:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1368:
1364:Farahany, 405-6
1363:
1359:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1338:
1333:
1329:
1324:
1317:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1285:
1280:
1276:
1266:
1264:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1245:
1243:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1199:
1194:
1181:
1162:
1158:
1148:
1146:
1139:
1135:
1125:Wayback Machine
1114:
1110:
1104:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1066:
1056:
1054:
1044:
1040:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1012:
1007:
998:
991:
971:
967:
962:
958:
953:
946:
937:
935:
927:
926:
922:
913:
911:
906:
905:
901:
890:
886:
881:
877:
832:
828:
819:
817:
813:
782:
776:
772:
741:
737:
730:
716:
712:
665:
661:
645:
639:
635:
616:
612:
593:
589:
570:
563:
552:
548:
544:
539:
462:
437:
427:
391:In the case of
389:
369:in the case of
356:
350:
345:
321:Daniel Waterman
292:
283:neurotechnology
244:drug law reform
237:neurotechnology
216:
186:autism spectrum
166:Project MKUltra
118:
109:
92:Timothy Leary's
60:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2927:
2917:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2904:Medical ethics
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2834:
2832:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2675:in Switzerland
2672:
2667:
2662:
2660:in South Korea
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2595:in North Korea
2592:
2587:
2585:in New Zealand
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2530:in Kyrgyzstan‎
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2415:in El Salvador
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2340:in Balochistan
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2290:in Afghanistan
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2225:Atrocity crime
2221:
2219:
2215:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2163:
2157:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2124:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2056:
2050:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2006:
2005:
1998:
1991:
1983:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1965:
1963:Libertarianism
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1682:
1677:
1675:Social liberty
1672:
1670:Self-ownership
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1640:
1635:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1622:
1615:
1614:
1607:
1600:
1592:
1585:
1584:
1577:
1555:
1546:
1519:
1507:
1498:
1489:
1475:
1456:
1444:
1414:
1375:
1366:
1357:
1348:
1336:
1327:
1325:Boire, Part II
1315:
1306:
1297:
1283:
1274:
1252:
1218:
1209:
1197:
1179:
1156:
1133:
1108:
1102:
1076:
1064:
1038:
1019:
1010:
996:
989:
965:
956:
944:
920:
899:
884:
875:
826:
770:
735:
728:
710:
659:
633:
610:
587:
561:
545:
543:
540:
538:
537:
532:
527:
525:Self-ownership
522:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
463:
461:
458:
426:
423:
388:
385:
352:Main article:
349:
346:
344:
341:
291:
288:
215:
212:
174:George Dvorsky
117:
114:
108:
107:
104:
100:
88:
87:
84:
59:
56:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2926:
2915:
2914:Transhumanism
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2829:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2745:in Uzbekistan
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2635:in the Russia
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2515:in Kazakhstan
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2345:in Bangladesh
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2330:in Azerbaijan
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2196:South America
2194:
2192:
2190:
2189:North America
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2135:Organizations
2133:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2043:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2015:
2011:
2004:
1999:
1997:
1992:
1990:
1985:
1984:
1981:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1822:Morphological
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1721:Morphological
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1613:
1608:
1606:
1601:
1599:
1594:
1593:
1590:
1580:
1578:9780674036383
1574:
1569:
1568:
1559:
1550:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1523:
1514:
1512:
1502:
1493:
1487:
1485:
1479:
1473:
1469:
1466:
1460:
1447:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1418:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1395:(1): 88–106.
1394:
1390:
1386:
1379:
1370:
1361:
1355:Waterman, 345
1352:
1343:
1341:
1331:
1322:
1320:
1310:
1301:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1278:
1262:
1256:
1242:on 2017-02-10
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1222:
1213:
1204:
1202:
1195:Boire, Part I
1192:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1160:
1144:
1137:
1131:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1119:
1112:
1105:
1103:9789400747074
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1080:
1071:
1069:
1053:
1049:
1042:
1034:
1030:
1023:
1014:
1005:
1003:
1001:
992:
986:
982:
978:
977:
969:
960:
951:
949:
934:
930:
924:
909:
903:
895:
888:
879:
871:
867:
863:
859:
854:
849:
846:(2): 96–112.
845:
841:
837:
830:
816:on 2016-02-08
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
781:
774:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
739:
731:
729:9781908645616
725:
721:
714:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
663:
656:(2): 253–258.
655:
651:
644:
637:
629:
625:
621:
614:
606:
602:
598:
591:
583:
579:
575:
568:
566:
557:
550:
546:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
520:
519:
515:
513:
510:
508:
507:Psychonautics
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
464:
457:
455:
451:
447:
443:
436:
432:
422:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
395:
384:
382:
378:
374:
373:
368:
364:
362:
355:
340:
336:
333:
331:
326:
322:
316:
314:
309:
305:
301:
297:
287:
284:
281:
276:
272:
267:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
240:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
211:
208:
203:
198:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
164:
158:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
113:
105:
102:
101:
99:
97:
93:
85:
81:
80:
79:
75:
71:
69:
65:
64:neuroethicist
55:
53:
52:United States
49:
45:
41:
40:consciousness
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
2894:Human rights
2889:Drug culture
2750:in Venezuela
2665:in Sri Lanka
2545:in Lithuania
2470:in Indonesia
2450:in Hong Kong
2445:in Guatemala
2315:in Australia
2305:in Argentina
2156:By continent
2084:Distinctions
2065:Positive law
2010:Human rights
1867:Self-defense
1711:Intellectual
1632:
1566:
1558:
1549:
1532:
1522:
1501:
1492:
1483:
1478:
1459:
1449:, retrieved
1427:
1417:
1392:
1388:
1378:
1369:
1360:
1351:
1330:
1309:
1300:
1277:
1265:. Retrieved
1255:
1244:. Retrieved
1240:the original
1235:
1231:
1221:
1212:
1173:
1169:
1159:
1147:. Retrieved
1136:
1129:
1116:
1111:
1085:
1079:
1055:. Retrieved
1051:
1041:
1032:
1022:
1013:
975:
968:
959:
936:. Retrieved
932:
923:
912:. Retrieved
902:
893:
887:
878:
843:
839:
829:
818:. Retrieved
811:the original
790:
786:
773:
748:
744:
738:
719:
713:
675:(1): 221–8.
672:
668:
662:
653:
649:
636:
627:
623:
613:
604:
600:
590:
581:
577:
555:
549:
535:Thomas Szasz
516:
438:
418:
394:R v Hardison
393:
390:
370:
360:
357:
337:
334:
317:
313:neuroscience
307:
303:
293:
268:
248:war on drugs
241:
217:
206:
201:
199:
188:conditions.
159:
155:neuroprivacy
119:
110:
95:
89:
76:
72:
61:
19:
18:
2797:Persecution
2765:in Zimbabwe
2690:in Thailand
2600:in Pakistan
2555:in Malaysia
2420:in Ethiopia
2380:in Cambodia
2360:in Botswana
2172:Middle East
2070:Sovereignty
2060:Natural law
1812:Information
1777:Family life
1747:Association
1553:Blitz, 1063
492:Neuroethics
275:enhancement
207:prima facie
151:neuroethics
112:functions.
2878:Categories
2822:War crimes
2755:in Vietnam
2740:in Ukraine
2630:in Romania
2590:in Nigeria
2575:in Myanmar
2570:in Morocco
2560:in Manipur
2535:in Lebanon
2510:in Kashmir
2485:in Ireland
2440:in Germany
2375:in Burundi
2355:in Bolivia
2350:in Belarus
2335:in Bahrain
2320:in Austria
2310:in Armenia
2295:in Algeria
1772:Fair trial
1517:Walsh, 437
1505:Walsh, 433
1451:2024-06-07
1246:2015-05-16
1176:: 405–406.
990:1579510310
938:2024-06-07
914:2020-06-07
820:2015-05-16
793:(3): 433.
556:On Liberty
542:References
448:professor
429:See also:
419:R v Taylor
254:) such as
252:nootropics
221:meditation
192:Professor
145:and other
139:nootropics
125:, such as
26:", is the
2735:in Uganda
2730:in Turkey
2685:in Taiwan
2620:in Poland
2605:in Panama
2565:in Mexico
2550:in Malawi
2525:in Kuwait
2490:in Israel
2425:in France
2385:in Canada
2365:in Brazil
2300:in Angola
1938:Anarchism
1872:Sexuality
1767:Education
1726:Political
1680:Free will
1541:2284-4503
1409:0264-3758
1334:Walsh 433
862:2150-7740
807:143908075
765:144449130
425:Criticism
381:competent
365:with the
143:modafinil
137:(SSRIs),
36:cognition
2760:in Yemen
2680:in Syria
2670:in Sudan
2650:in Sindh
2580:in Nepal
2540:in Libya
2520:in Kenya
2505:in Japan
2495:in Italy
2465:in India
2460:in Haiti
2455:in Egypt
2435:in Ghana
2430:in Gabon
2410:in Egypt
2400:in China
2390:in Chile
2255:Genocide
2026:Children
1943:Autonomy
1911:See also
1852:Religion
1842:Property
1827:Movement
1742:Assembly
1735:By right
1716:Internet
1706:Economic
1696:Academic
1648:Libertas
1626:Concepts
1468:Archived
1121:Archived
870:37921859
705:44354219
697:15194617
497:Neurolaw
460:See also
304:whatever
280:emerging
264:Adderall
170:Futurist
58:Overview
2831:Related
2817:Victims
2812:Torture
2807:Slavery
2615:in Peru
2480:in Iraq
2475:in Iran
2405:in Cuba
2201:Oceania
2115:Aspects
1887:Thought
1877:Silence
1847:Protest
1837:Privacy
1802:Housing
1689:By type
1619:Liberty
677:Bibcode
330:dignity
308:however
260:Ritalin
28:freedom
2792:Murder
2184:Europe
2167:Africa
2021:Humans
1882:Speech
1862:Resist
1857:Repair
1797:Health
1757:Choice
1752:Asylum
1665:Rights
1575:
1539:
1442:
1407:
1267:7 June
1100:
987:
868:
860:
805:
763:
751:: 61.
726:
703:
695:
361:amicus
256:Prozac
229:prayer
182:debate
83:drugs.
38:, and
2036:Women
1897:Truth
1832:Press
1762:Death
1701:Civil
1149:3 May
1057:3 May
814:(PDF)
803:S2CID
783:(PDF)
761:S2CID
701:S2CID
646:(PDF)
363:brief
202:state
2802:Rape
2177:Asia
1817:Life
1787:Food
1573:ISBN
1537:ISSN
1440:ISBN
1405:ISSN
1269:2024
1151:2014
1098:ISBN
1059:2014
985:ISBN
866:PMID
858:ISSN
724:ISBN
693:PMID
673:1013
630:(1).
607:(1).
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444:and
433:and
405:and
323:and
262:and
225:yoga
153:and
129:and
1792:Gun
1432:doi
1397:doi
1090:doi
848:doi
795:doi
753:doi
685:doi
407:LSD
403:DMT
235:or
227:or
163:CIA
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