284:
125:
22:
434:
488:
326:
309:. A limitation of cogs is that they lack points to mount additional masts: at least some fore-and-aft sails are desirable for maneuverability but clinker-built cogs were effectively limited to a single sail. This made them unhandy, limiting their ability to tack in the harbour and making them very reliant on wind direction at the start of voyages. The flat bottom permitted cogs to be readily beached and unloaded at low tide when
93:
479:, which already existed but was much less common than the cog. There is no evidence that hulks descended from cogs, but it is clear that a lot of technological ideas were adapted between the two types. The transition from cogs to hulks was not linear, according to some interpretations, both vessels coexisted for many centuries but followed diverse lines of evolution.
301:. However, their simpler sail setup meant that cogs only required half the crew of similar-sized vessels equipped with lateen sails, as were common in the Mediterranean. A structural benefit of clinker construction is that it produces a vessel that can safely twist and flex around its long axis (running from bow to stern), which is an advantage in North Atlantic
462:
and the Baltic. Due to its unusual geographical conditions and strong currents, the passage was constantly filling with sand and was completely blocked by the early 12th century. This change produced new challenges. The larger ships, which could not be pulled across the sand bars, had to sail around
83:
in northern waters during the 13th century. Cogs could carry more cargo than knarrs of a similar size. Their flat bottoms allowed them to settle on a level in harbour, making them easier to load and unload. Their high sides made them more difficult to board in a sea fight, which made them safer from
467:
to get to the Baltic. This resulted in major modifications to old ship structures, which can be observed by analyzing the evolution of the earliest cog finds of
Kollerup, Skagen, and Kolding. This caused a boom in the number of small cogs, and the need for spacious and seaworthy ships led to the
513:. The artifact originates from the 1380s and was discovered in 1962. Prior to this discovery, the existence of cogs was primarily documented in medieval texts and seals. In 1990 the well-preserved remains of a Hanseatic cog were discovered in the estuary sediment of the
417:
and developed in the typical medieval cog. Cogs could carry more cargo than knarrs; the rudder made steering easier than did the steering oar of the knarr, especially for larger vessels; and cogs were cheaper to build. The latter was due to the cog's use of
453:
as the possible birthplace of this type of vessel. The transformation of the cog into a true seagoing trader came not only during the time of the intense trade between West and East but also as a direct answer to the closure of the western entrance to the
174:
with the outside of the planking mutually flush at that point and flush with the stem. This means that the boat's passage through the water will not tend to lift the ends of the planking away from the stem. Before the next plank is fitted, the face of the
380:
in Roman times was mostly carried on
Mediterranean-style sailing vessels and controlled by Roman merchants. After Roman power collapsed in the middle of the first millennium AD, transports on the large river estuaries and the sheltered waters of the
506:(plot NM 107). The wreck was reburied in situ and a 2008 re-excavation confirmed the interpretation as a cog. It was around 16 m long and its wood dated from 1339. The discovery by Modderman was however not well known in the literature.
1434:
970:
389:
who used vessels based on indigenous, flat-bottomed designs that were precursors of later medieval cogs. These had much lower sides than later cogs and would have been very similar to contemporary
Scandinavian craft, such as
104:
near the posts. They were propelled by a single, large, rectangular sail. Typical seagoing cogs ranged from about 15 to 25 meters (49 to 82 ft) in length with a beam of 5 to 8 meters (16 to 26 ft) and were 40–200
183:
to suit the angle at which the next strake will lie in relation with it. This varies all along the land. The new strake is held in position on the preceding one before the fastening is done.
982:
345:
from around northern
Germany. These developed into larger craft built in the same basic shape, but with planking instead of hollowed-out logs. Another development was into
540:
test on the wood has dated the wreck to 1298. The ship is 24 meters long and nine meters wide. The boards are intact up to three meters from the bottom of the ship.
521:
which has been dated to 1300. In 2012, a cog dating from the early 15th century was discovered preserved from the keel up to the decks in the silt of the River
475:
Eventually, around the 14th century, the cog reached its structural limits, and larger or more seaworthy vessels needed to be of a different type. This was the
430:, or to enable the use of these vessels as warships. The stern castle also afforded more cargo space below by keeping the crew and tiller up, out of the way.
536:
In April 2022, a 13th-century cog was found in
Tallinn, Estonia during highway construction. It is believed to be better preserved than the Bremen cog and a
44:, mostly for trade and transport but also in war. It first appeared in the 10th century, and was widely used from around the 12th century onward. Cogs were
353:, with pointed ends for and aft that were constructed by splitting a hollowed-out log and widening the bottom with planks that were nailed to knee-shaped
1548:
1015:
1067:
1318:
1254:
van Holk, Andre F. L. (2010). "Maritieme archeologie van de kogge" [Maritime archaeology of the cog]. In Brand, Hanno; Egge, Knol (eds.).
533:. During its excavation and recovery an intact brick dome oven and glazed tiles were found in the galley as well as a number of other artifacts.
1137:
1045:
109:. Cogs were rarely as large as 300 tons, although a very small number were considerably larger, over 1,000 tons. A rule of thumb for
64:. Typical seagoing cogs were from 15 to 25 meters (49 to 82 ft) long, 5 to 8 meters (16 to 26 ft) wide, and were of 30–200
1541:
198:. Both stem and stern-posts were straight and rather long, and connected to the keel-plank through intermediate pieces called
1269:
498:
The first archaeological find that was identified as a cog, was a ship wreck discovered in 1944 by P. J. R. Modderman in the
121:
practice. Crews of up to 45 for civilian cogs are recorded, and 60 for a 240 ton cog being used for military transportation.
71:
Although the name cog is recorded as early as the 9th century, the seagoing vessel of that name seems to have evolved on the
1520:
373:
from the grave of an adult male who died around 200 BC. Fragments of similar clay models have been found in nearby regions.
100:
Cogs were a type of round ship, characterized by a flush-laid flat bottom at midships which gradually shifted to overlapped
2839:
1493:
1471:
1444:
1423:
1404:
1377:
1348:
1288:
1225:
1183:
1106:
2844:
1534:
1307:
1244:
1202:
1125:
1515:
1264:] (hardcover) (in Dutch) (1st ed.). Hilversum & Groningen: Uitgeverij Verloren & Groninger Museum.
1481:
1510:
2731:
1466:. Warfare in History. Vol. 14. Woodbridge, Suffolk; Rochester, New York: Boydell Press. pp. 53–68.
361:
locally) of the log would be cut off and attached separately to the widened hull which resulted in so-called
2747:
1005:
114:
106:
65:
1397:
Great
Battles of the Royal Navy: As Commemorated in the Gunroom, Britannia Royal Naval College, Dartmouth
492:
365:, variants of which are still in use. The earliest evidence of a cog-like craft is a clay model found in
245:
was set forward of amidships, stepped into the keel-plank and equipped with a single large, rectangular,
276:
castle, to afford more cargo space by keeping the crew and tiller up, out of the way; and to give the
2849:
2078:
558:
476:
166:
of the lower strake is tapered to a feather edge at the end of the strake where it meets the stem or
2782:
2441:
1037:
96:
A comparison of clinker and carvel construction. Carvel frames are much heavier than clinker ribs.
68:. Cogs were rarely as large as 300 tons although a few were considerably larger, over 1,000 tons.
2854:
458:. For centuries, the Limfjord in northern Jutland offered a fairly protected passage between the
140:
45:
426:
planks which was less wasteful. Fore and stern castles would later be added for defense against
283:
2045:
971:"Excavation, recovery and conservation of a 15th century Cog from the river IJssel near Kampen"
294:
2640:
1255:
2250:
2144:
1365:
1217:
1193:
Friel, Ian (1994). "Winds of Change? Ships and the
Hundred Years War". In Curry, Anne (ed.).
113:
size was that one sailor, exclusive of any dedicated fighting men, was required for every 10
2797:
1146:
124:
8:
2859:
2818:
2752:
2390:
2220:
1135:
Crumlin-Pedersen, Ole (2000). "To be or not to be a Cog: the Bremen Cog in
Perspective".
413:
Around 1200, the side rudder began to be replaced with a centerline rudder attached to a
306:
252:. The masts of larger vessels would be of composite construction. Complicated systems of
1433:
Runyan, Timothy (1994). "Cog as
Warship". In Gardiner, Robert; Unger, Richard W (eds.).
1150:
210:
in the hooks and posts, but upper hoods were nailed to the exterior faces of the posts.
21:
2478:
2431:
1875:
1820:
1162:
1158:
526:
350:
272:. From the 13th century cogs would be decked and larger vessels would be fitted with a
394:. The oldest depiction of a vessel identified by contemporary sources as a cog is the
317:
were not common. Cogs were expected to have a working life of approximately 40 years.
60:. They were used primarily for trade in north-west medieval Europe, especially by the
2655:
2426:
2349:
1489:
1467:
1450:
1440:
1419:
1400:
1373:
1344:
1334:
1303:
1284:
1265:
1240:
1221:
1198:
1179:
1166:
1121:
1102:
554:
337:. It depicts an earlier form of cog with side rudder and curved stem and stern posts.
297:
vessels more traditional in the
Mediterranean, was expensive and required specialist
241:
on a heavy stern-post, which was a uniquely northern development. The single, thick,
226:
1642:
1526:
1281:
Shipping the Medieval Military: English Maritime Logistics in the Fourteenth Century
1068:"Lost 700-year-old ship found just five feet beneath street by construction workers"
884:
Detlev Ellmers, "The Cog as Cargo Carrier" page 34-36 in Gardiner & Unger (1994)
875:
Detlev Ellmers, "The Cog as Cargo Carrier" page 30-34 in Gardiner & Unger (1994)
433:
2446:
2395:
2319:
2304:
1716:
1617:
1586:
1581:
1154:
537:
469:
334:
61:
591:
In contrast, Mediterranean-type ships built contemporaneously in the French royal
2726:
2706:
2701:
2589:
2519:
2159:
2003:
1945:
1920:
1845:
1388:
1338:
978:
499:
148:
1516:
The sailing properties of the Hanse cog in comparison with other cargo sailships
117:
of the cog, although this may generate a suggested crew size on the low side of
2772:
2670:
2650:
2499:
2098:
2020:
1963:
1731:
1721:
1612:
1439:. Conway's History of the Ship. London: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 47–58.
549:
423:
366:
354:
242:
191:
53:
514:
2833:
2675:
2660:
2599:
2579:
2468:
2289:
2279:
2225:
1711:
1454:
325:
302:
487:
406:
and was rigged with a single broad square sail that functioned similar to a
2767:
2645:
2604:
2554:
2458:
2400:
2360:
2205:
2185:
1932:
1905:
1678:
1652:
1010:
2787:
2762:
2680:
2574:
2529:
2524:
2473:
2405:
2365:
2309:
2093:
2083:
2068:
2025:
2015:
1998:
1983:
1870:
1850:
1746:
1691:
1607:
1576:
530:
155:
118:
41:
1283:. Warfare in History. Vol. 34. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press.
2665:
2614:
2483:
2410:
2380:
2230:
2169:
2164:
2108:
2035:
1910:
1860:
1701:
1667:
1662:
1627:
1591:
1462:
Runyan, Timothy (2003). Hattendorf, John B.; Unger, Richard W. (eds.).
1392:
510:
472:. It soon became the main cargo carrier in Atlantic and Baltic waters.
382:
298:
246:
57:
26:
2534:
171:
159:
2721:
2716:
2549:
2463:
2453:
2385:
2245:
1973:
1830:
1795:
1761:
503:
459:
414:
167:
398:
city seal from 1223. The early cogs were fitted with a side-mounted
395:
330:
203:
199:
176:
163:
2594:
2584:
2370:
2355:
2340:
2335:
2284:
2200:
2118:
2103:
2053:
1953:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1736:
1647:
1632:
1622:
592:
455:
407:
403:
386:
377:
277:
211:
143:, planking covering their sides, generally starting from the bilge
1770:
2609:
2559:
2539:
2436:
2345:
2314:
2294:
2240:
2235:
2210:
2195:
2149:
2139:
2063:
1993:
1880:
1835:
1825:
1805:
1790:
1775:
1706:
1562:
1558:
518:
450:
419:
342:
253:
92:
76:
1488:. The Hundred Years' War. Vol. I. London: Faber and Faber.
938:
599:
had an anticipated life of three years in north European waters.
2802:
2777:
2635:
2569:
2564:
2375:
2299:
2190:
2154:
2113:
2058:
2008:
1988:
1978:
1840:
1810:
1780:
1686:
1657:
1637:
1257:
Koggen, kooplieden en kantoren: de Hanze, een praktisch netwerk
914:
736:
734:
579:
522:
464:
446:
427:
399:
269:
238:
207:
195:
144:
129:
101:
72:
2757:
2711:
2685:
2544:
2263:
2215:
2123:
2088:
2030:
1958:
1915:
1855:
1785:
1741:
1726:
721:
719:
596:
391:
370:
314:
288:
Cross-section of hull; note the lower mast stepped and braced
273:
234:
190:, or keel-plank, was only slightly thicker than the adjacent
180:
80:
1436:
Cogs, Caravels and Galleons: the Sailing Ship from 1000–1650
731:
463:
the Jutland peninsula and circumnavigate the dangerous Cape
256:
were developed to support the mast and to operate the sail.
2792:
2619:
1968:
1865:
1815:
1800:
1751:
1696:
1262:
Cogs, merchants and offices: the Hanse, a practical network
904:
902:
790:
788:
773:
310:
265:
261:
257:
249:
222:
221:
that was inserted into curved grooves, covered with wooden
218:
187:
151:
110:
75:
coast during the 12th century. Cogs progressively replaced
37:
1176:
Edward III and the War at Sea: The English Navy, 1327-1377
716:
170:. This allows the end of the strake to be fastened to the
1195:
Arms, Armies, and Fortifications in the Hundred Years War
926:
215:
136:
49:
1399:(illustrated ed.). London: Arms and Armour Press.
1214:
Cogs, Caravels and Galleons: The Sailing Ship, 1000-1650
1197:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press. pp. 183–194.
899:
785:
761:
1118:
A History of Seafaring: Based on Underwater Archaeology
847:
845:
832:
830:
815:
805:
803:
751:
749:
655:
653:
651:
706:
704:
677:
665:
313:
were not available; a useful trait when purpose-built
1556:
887:
689:
857:
842:
827:
800:
746:
648:
636:
233:. The cog-built structure would be completed with a
701:
624:
341:The earliest origins of the cog are believed to be
1212:Gardiner, Robert; Unger, Richard W., eds. (1994).
1464:War at Sea in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance
1329:(PhD thesis). Minnesota: University of Minnesota.
1097:Bachrach, Bernard S.; Bachrach, David S. (2017).
612:
2831:
1134:
1096:
920:
740:
357:attached to the sides. The pointed ends (called
1239:. Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses.
950:
468:development of the cog as the workhorse of the
87:
509:The most famous cog in existence today is the
445:Current archaeological evidence points to the
1542:
1211:
1138:International Journal of Nautical Archaeology
932:
16:Type of cargo ship of the 12th–14th centuries
578:Other materials were also used, for example
441:based on the wreck of a cog from around 1380
135:Cogs were typically constructed largely of
1549:
1535:
1320:The Black Prince at War: The Anatomy of a
1234:
908:
794:
779:
767:
725:
305:, provided the vessel has a small overall
1333:
1099:Warfare in Medieval Europe c.400 – c.1453
1006:"Medieval Shipwreck Hauled from the Deep"
561:from the 14th century discovered in 2022.
491:Reconstructed excavated cog from 1380 at
1480:
1253:
1216:. Conway's History of the Ship. London:
944:
683:
671:
486:
432:
324:
282:
123:
91:
20:
1297:
1278:
1173:
893:
695:
659:
162:are formed; that is, in each case, the
2832:
1461:
1432:
1364:
1316:
1178:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press.
1048:from the original on 14 September 2017
863:
851:
821:
809:
755:
710:
642:
630:
1530:
1192:
1003:
960:. Tallinn, Kirjastus Varrak, page 12.
836:
1413:
1386:
1302:. London: National Maritime Museum.
1115:
618:
1343:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
333:, one of the leading cities of the
154:nails for plank fastenings. At the
13:
1521:Pictures of the Kampen cog replica
1159:10.1111/j.1095-9270.2000.tb01454.x
14:
2871:
1504:
975:Ruimte voor de Rivier IJsseldelta
956:Õun, Mati and Hanno Ojalo. 2015.
52:. Cogs were fitted with a single
1511:Description and pictures of cogs
1416:Medieval Naval Warfare 1000-1500
1018:from the original on 7 July 2017
981:. September 2015. Archived from
1060:
1038:"Late Medieval Cog from Kampen"
1030:
1004:Ghose, Tia (17 February 2016).
997:
963:
878:
869:
585:
572:
482:
402:oar that also functioned as a
1:
1340:Plantagenet England 1225–1360
1317:Madden, Mollie Marie (2014).
1101:. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.
2748:Bristol Channel pilot cutter
1235:Hutchinson, Gillian (1994).
921:Bachrach & Bachrach 2017
606:
88:Description and construction
7:
2840:Merchant sailing ship types
1237:Medieval Ships and Shipping
543:
493:Deutsches Schiffahrtsmuseum
237:-mounted, hanging, central
10:
2878:
1089:
320:
2811:
2740:
2694:
2628:
2512:
2492:
2419:
2328:
2272:
2178:
2132:
2044:
1944:
1929:
1760:
1676:
1600:
1569:
933:Gardiner & Unger 1994
293:A cog, compared with the
40:that was used during the
2845:Sailing rigs and rigging
2442:Iron-hulled sailing ship
1370:The Safeguard of the Sea
1174:Cushway, Graham (2011).
1116:Bass, George F. (1972).
565:
268:and the sail hemp-based
2251:Square-rigged caravel (
1418:. New York: Routledge.
1279:Lambert, Craig (2011).
947:, p. 125-127, 135.
225:, and secured by metal
179:on the lower strake is
1523:High resolution photos
1366:Rodger, Nicholas A. M.
1300:Rafts, Boats and Ships
1298:McGrail, Sean (1981).
495:
442:
338:
290:
132:
97:
79:-type vessels such as
29:
2783:Pinnace (ship's boat)
2145:Chinese treasure ship
1218:Conway Maritime Press
1120:. Thames and Hudson.
741:Crumlin-Pedersen 2000
490:
436:
328:
286:
141:lapstrake, or clinker
127:
95:
24:
2798:Thames sailing barge
2629:Recreational vessels
1414:Rose, Susan (2001).
1387:Rose, Susan (1997).
1044:. 21 February 2016.
2819:Nautical operations
2753:Floating restaurant
2641:Ljungström sailboat
2221:Full-rigged pinnace
1372:. London: Penguin.
1151:2000IJNAr..29..230C
582:hide or human hair.
351:flat-bottomed boats
1936:and other vessels
1930:Naval and merchant
1482:Sumption, Jonathan
1335:Prestwich, Michael
1042:Medieval Histories
555:Tallinn shipwrecks
496:
443:
437:The reconstructed
385:was taken over by
339:
291:
202:. The lower plank
133:
98:
30:
2827:
2826:
2656:Sailing hydrofoil
2508:
2507:
2427:Blackwall frigate
2350:Baltimore Clipper
1389:"Battle of Sluys"
1271:978-90-8704-165-6
824:, pp. 49–50.
449:coast or Western
439:Roland von Bremen
329:The 1223 seal of
25:A replica of the
2867:
2850:Hanseatic League
2396:Ship of the line
2320:Ship of the line
1942:
1941:
1938:(by origin date)
1717:Full-rigged ship
1618:Fore-and-aft rig
1587:Age of Discovery
1582:Maritime history
1551:
1544:
1537:
1528:
1527:
1499:
1477:
1458:
1429:
1410:
1383:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1330:
1328:
1313:
1294:
1275:
1250:
1231:
1208:
1189:
1170:
1131:
1112:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1001:
995:
994:
992:
990:
967:
961:
954:
948:
942:
936:
930:
924:
918:
912:
906:
897:
891:
885:
882:
876:
873:
867:
861:
855:
849:
840:
834:
825:
819:
813:
807:
798:
792:
783:
782:, p. 56–57.
777:
771:
765:
759:
753:
744:
738:
729:
728:, p. 18–19.
723:
714:
708:
699:
693:
687:
681:
675:
669:
663:
657:
646:
640:
634:
628:
622:
616:
600:
589:
583:
576:
538:dendrochronology
470:Hanseatic League
335:Hanseatic League
62:Hanseatic League
2877:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2830:
2829:
2828:
2823:
2807:
2736:
2690:
2624:
2513:Fishing vessels
2504:
2488:
2415:
2324:
2268:
2174:
2128:
2040:
2004:Tessarakonteres
1937:
1935:
1931:
1925:
1846:Outrigger canoe
1756:
1672:
1596:
1565:
1555:
1507:
1502:
1496:
1486:Trial by Battle
1474:
1447:
1426:
1407:
1380:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1326:
1310:
1291:
1272:
1247:
1228:
1205:
1186:
1128:
1109:
1092:
1087:
1077:
1075:
1074:. 20 April 2022
1066:
1065:
1061:
1051:
1049:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1021:
1019:
1002:
998:
988:
986:
979:Rijkswaterstaat
969:
968:
964:
958:101 Eesti laeva
955:
951:
943:
939:
931:
927:
919:
915:
909:Hutchinson 1994
907:
900:
892:
888:
883:
879:
874:
870:
862:
858:
850:
843:
835:
828:
820:
816:
808:
801:
795:Hutchinson 1994
793:
786:
780:Hutchinson 1994
778:
774:
768:Hutchinson 1994
766:
762:
754:
747:
739:
732:
726:Hutchinson 1994
724:
717:
709:
702:
694:
690:
682:
678:
670:
666:
658:
649:
641:
637:
629:
625:
617:
613:
609:
604:
603:
590:
586:
577:
573:
568:
546:
525:in the city of
500:Noordoostpolder
485:
323:
289:
280:a better view.
149:double-clenched
139:, and had full
90:
48:, generally of
17:
12:
11:
5:
2875:
2874:
2863:
2862:
2857:
2855:Medieval ships
2852:
2847:
2842:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2821:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2773:Norfolk wherry
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2671:Trailer sailer
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2651:Pocket cruiser
2648:
2643:
2638:
2632:
2630:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2502:
2500:Montagu whaler
2496:
2494:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2343:
2338:
2332:
2330:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2266:
2261:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2050:
2048:
2046:Post-classical
2042:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1964:Borobudur ship
1961:
1956:
1950:
1948:
1939:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1767:
1765:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1722:Jackass-barque
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1683:
1681:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1643:Ljungström rig
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1566:
1554:
1553:
1546:
1539:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1518:
1513:
1506:
1505:External links
1503:
1501:
1500:
1495:978-0571200955
1494:
1478:
1473:978-0851159034
1472:
1459:
1446:978-0851775609
1445:
1430:
1425:978-1134553105
1424:
1411:
1406:978-1854094179
1405:
1384:
1379:978-0140297249
1378:
1362:
1350:978-0199226870
1349:
1331:
1314:
1308:
1295:
1290:978-1843836544
1289:
1276:
1270:
1251:
1245:
1232:
1227:978-0851775609
1226:
1209:
1203:
1190:
1185:978-1843836216
1184:
1171:
1145:(2): 230–246.
1132:
1126:
1113:
1108:978-1138887664
1107:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1085:
1059:
1029:
996:
985:on 6 July 2017
962:
949:
937:
925:
923:, p. 167.
913:
898:
886:
877:
868:
856:
841:
839:, p. 184.
826:
814:
799:
784:
772:
760:
745:
730:
715:
700:
698:, p. 199.
688:
686:, p. 177.
676:
674:, p. 178.
664:
647:
645:, p. 104.
635:
623:
610:
608:
605:
602:
601:
584:
570:
569:
567:
564:
563:
562:
557:, a cog and a
552:
550:Medieval ships
545:
542:
484:
481:
369:on the middle
322:
319:
287:
214:was generally
206:terminated in
128:Stern-mounted
89:
86:
36:was a type of
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2873:
2872:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2810:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2739:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2695:Special terms
2693:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2661:Sailing yacht
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2491:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2418:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2351:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2290:East Indiaman
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2280:Bermuda sloop
2278:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2131:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1940:
1934:
1933:sailing ships
1928:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1759:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1675:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1552:
1547:
1545:
1540:
1538:
1533:
1532:
1529:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1497:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1442:
1438:
1437:
1431:
1427:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1408:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1381:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1352:
1346:
1342:
1341:
1336:
1332:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1315:
1311:
1309:0-11-290312-6
1305:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1273:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1258:
1252:
1248:
1246:9780718501174
1242:
1238:
1233:
1229:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1206:
1204:0-85115-365-8
1200:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1139:
1133:
1129:
1127:0-500-01077-3
1123:
1119:
1114:
1110:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1094:
1073:
1069:
1063:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1033:
1017:
1013:
1012:
1007:
1000:
984:
980:
976:
972:
966:
959:
953:
946:
945:van Holk 2010
941:
934:
929:
922:
917:
911:, p. 72.
910:
905:
903:
896:, p. 38.
895:
890:
881:
872:
866:, p. 64.
865:
860:
854:, p. 63.
853:
848:
846:
838:
833:
831:
823:
818:
812:, p. 48.
811:
806:
804:
797:, p. 57.
796:
791:
789:
781:
776:
770:, p. 56.
769:
764:
758:, p. 47.
757:
752:
750:
742:
737:
735:
727:
722:
720:
713:, p. 61.
712:
707:
705:
697:
692:
685:
684:Sumption 1990
680:
673:
672:Sumption 1990
668:
662:, p. 24.
661:
656:
654:
652:
644:
639:
633:, p. 62.
632:
627:
621:, p. 28.
620:
615:
611:
598:
594:
588:
581:
575:
571:
560:
556:
553:
551:
548:
547:
541:
539:
534:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
507:
505:
501:
494:
489:
480:
478:
473:
471:
466:
461:
457:
452:
448:
440:
435:
431:
429:
425:
421:
416:
411:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
388:
384:
379:
374:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
336:
332:
327:
318:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
285:
281:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
248:
247:square-rigged
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
184:
182:
178:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
150:
146:
142:
138:
131:
126:
122:
120:
116:
112:
108:
103:
94:
85:
82:
78:
74:
69:
67:
63:
59:
56:and a single
55:
51:
47:
46:clinker-built
43:
39:
35:
28:
23:
19:
2768:Norfolk punt
2646:Mast aft rig
2555:Herring buss
2479:West Country
2401:Sloop-of-war
2256:
2252:
2186:Crommesteven
2073:
1679:sailing rigs
1653:Mast aft rig
1601:Sailing rigs
1561:vessels and
1485:
1463:
1435:
1415:
1396:
1369:
1354:. Retrieved
1339:
1323:
1319:
1299:
1280:
1261:
1256:
1236:
1213:
1194:
1175:
1142:
1136:
1117:
1098:
1076:. Retrieved
1071:
1062:
1052:14 September
1050:. Retrieved
1041:
1032:
1022:14 September
1020:. Retrieved
1011:Live Science
1009:
999:
989:14 September
987:. Retrieved
983:the original
974:
965:
957:
952:
940:
928:
916:
894:McGrail 1981
889:
880:
871:
859:
817:
775:
763:
696:Lambert 2011
691:
679:
667:
660:Cushway 2011
638:
626:
614:
587:
574:
535:
508:
497:
474:
444:
438:
422:rather than
412:
375:
362:
358:
346:
340:
307:displacement
295:carvel-built
292:
260:was usually
230:
185:
134:
115:tons burthen
107:tons burthen
99:
70:
66:tons burthen
33:
31:
18:
2763:Mersey flat
2741:Other types
2530:Barca-longa
2432:Down Easter
2069:Bomb vessel
2021:K'un-lun po
1999:Quadriremes
1984:Penteconter
1871:Quadrimaran
1692:Barquentine
1608:Bermuda rig
1577:Age of Sail
1072:metro.co.uk
864:Rodger 2004
852:Rodger 2004
822:Runyan 1994
810:Runyan 1994
756:Runyan 1994
711:Runyan 2003
643:Madden 2014
631:Rodger 2004
531:Netherlands
515:Pärnu River
483:Archaeology
376:Trade from
363:Blockkahnen
299:shipwrights
194:and had no
58:square sail
42:Middle Ages
2860:Tall ships
2834:Categories
2727:Treenailed
2707:Lashed lug
2702:Inflatable
2681:Windsurfer
2666:Sportsboat
2615:Well smack
2484:Windjammer
2411:Trincadour
2381:Padewakang
2231:Man-of-war
2170:Trabaccolo
2109:Malangbang
1911:Vaka katea
1861:Pentamaran
1702:Brigantine
1663:Square rig
1658:Pinisi rig
1638:Lateen rig
1628:Gunter rig
1592:Navigation
1322:Chevauchée
837:Friel 1994
511:Bremen cog
383:Wadden Sea
168:stern-post
27:Bremen cog
2722:Tall ship
2550:Gableboat
2464:Leti leti
2454:Janggolan
2386:Post ship
2257:de armada
2246:Speronara
1974:Fire ship
1906:Va'a-tele
1831:Kora kora
1796:Catamaran
1762:Multihull
1668:Tanja rig
1613:Crab claw
1570:Overviews
1557:Types of
1455:932458210
1393:Grove, E.
1337:(2007) .
1167:162832227
1078:4 October
619:Rose 2001
607:Citations
504:Emmeloord
460:North Sea
415:sternpost
192:garboards
84:pirates.
2676:Wharrams
2595:Sixareen
2590:Nordland
2585:Patorani
2371:Gundalow
2356:Gallivat
2341:Chialoup
2336:Bilander
2285:Corvette
2201:Galleass
2160:Lancaran
2119:Tongkang
2104:Longship
2054:Balinger
1954:Balangay
1901:Ungalawa
1896:Trimaran
1891:Tongiaki
1886:Tipairua
1737:Schooner
1633:Junk rig
1623:Gaff rig
1484:(1990).
1368:(2004).
1046:Archived
1016:Archived
593:shipyard
544:See also
456:Limfjord
408:lug sail
404:leeboard
387:Frisians
378:Germania
343:logboats
278:helmsman
212:Caulking
181:bevelled
119:Medieval
2812:Related
2610:Tartane
2560:Jangada
2540:Felucca
2535:Falkuša
2493:20th c.
2447:Warship
2437:Golekan
2420:19th c.
2346:Clipper
2329:18th c.
2315:Polacca
2295:Frigate
2273:17th c.
2241:Patache
2236:Manchua
2211:Flyboat
2196:Galleon
2179:16th c.
2150:Caravel
2140:Carrack
2133:15th c.
2099:Kondura
2064:Birlinn
1994:Trireme
1946:Ancient
1881:Tepukei
1836:Lakatoi
1826:Karakoa
1806:Guilalo
1791:Camakau
1776:Amatasi
1764:vessels
1732:Mistico
1707:Catboat
1648:Lug rig
1559:sailing
1395:(ed.).
1147:Bibcode
1090:Sources
519:Estonia
451:Jutland
447:Frisian
428:pirates
321:History
315:jetties
303:rollers
258:Cordage
254:rigging
231:sintels
229:called
227:staples
208:rabbets
147:, with
145:strakes
102:strakes
73:Frisian
2803:Wherry
2778:Pausik
2636:Dinghy
2580:Mayang
2575:Masula
2570:Lugger
2565:Jukung
2469:Palari
2391:74-gun
2376:Lanong
2300:Galeas
2226:Lorcha
2191:Galiot
2155:Ghurab
2114:Shitik
2059:Benawa
2009:Dromon
1989:Bireme
1979:Galley
1841:Lanong
1811:Jukung
1781:Baurua
1712:Cutter
1687:Barque
1492:
1470:
1453:
1443:
1422:
1403:
1376:
1356:5 July
1347:
1306:
1287:
1268:
1243:
1224:
1201:
1182:
1165:
1124:
1105:
580:walrus
527:Kampen
523:IJssel
465:Skagen
400:rudder
396:Lübeck
392:knarrs
347:Kahnen
331:Lübeck
270:canvas
239:rudder
216:tarred
196:rabbet
160:chases
130:rudder
81:knarrs
77:Viking
2758:Fusta
2712:Razee
2686:Yacht
2605:Smack
2600:Sgoth
2545:Fifie
2520:Bagan
2474:Tamar
2459:Lambo
2361:Garay
2264:Xebec
2253:round
2216:Fluyt
2206:Ghali
2124:Zabra
2089:Knarr
2031:Mtepe
1959:Boita
1916:Vinta
1876:Takia
1856:Paraw
1821:Kalia
1786:Bigiw
1771:ʻalia
1742:Sloop
1727:Ketch
1391:. In
1327:(PDF)
1260:[
1163:S2CID
597:Rouen
566:Notes
502:near
424:split
371:Weser
367:Leese
359:Block
311:quays
274:stern
235:stern
223:laths
204:hoods
200:hooks
172:apron
2793:Scow
2788:Pram
2732:ULDB
2717:Sewn
2620:Yoal
2525:Bago
2406:Toop
2366:Grab
2310:Pink
2305:Koff
2094:Koch
2084:Jong
2079:Hulk
2026:Lepa
2016:Junk
1969:Dhow
1866:Proa
1851:Pahi
1816:Kaep
1801:Drua
1752:Yawl
1747:Snow
1697:Brig
1563:rigs
1490:ISBN
1468:ISBN
1451:OCLC
1441:ISBN
1420:ISBN
1401:ISBN
1374:ISBN
1358:2013
1345:ISBN
1304:ISBN
1285:ISBN
1266:ISBN
1241:ISBN
1222:ISBN
1199:ISBN
1180:ISBN
1122:ISBN
1103:ISBN
1080:2023
1054:2017
1024:2017
991:2017
559:hulk
477:hulk
420:sawn
355:ribs
266:flax
262:hemp
250:sail
243:mast
219:moss
188:keel
186:The
177:land
164:land
156:stem
152:iron
111:crew
54:mast
38:ship
2255:or
2165:Hoy
2074:Cog
2036:Uru
1677:By
1155:doi
595:of
517:in
264:or
137:oak
50:oak
34:cog
2836::
1921:Wa
1449:.
1220:.
1161:.
1153:.
1143:29
1141:.
1070:.
1040:.
1014:.
1008:.
977:.
973:.
901:^
844:^
829:^
802:^
787:^
748:^
733:^
718:^
703:^
650:^
529:,
410:.
349:,
158:,
32:A
2352:)
2348:(
2259:)
1550:e
1543:t
1536:v
1498:.
1476:.
1457:.
1428:.
1409:.
1382:.
1360:.
1312:.
1293:.
1274:.
1249:.
1230:.
1207:.
1188:.
1169:.
1157::
1149::
1130:.
1111:.
1082:.
1056:.
1026:.
993:.
935:.
743:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpg)
