159:
44:
111:
119:
142:, cod liver oil became popular for industrial purposes. Livers placed in barrels to rot, with the oil skimmed off over the season, was the main method for producing this oil. The resulting oil was brown and foul-tasting. In the 1800s cod liver oil became popular as a medicine and both pale and brown oils were used. Brown oils were common because they were cheaper to produce. Some doctors believed in only using the fresh pale oil, while others believed the brown oil was better. The
36:
230:
885:
149:
The Möller
Process was invented by Peter Möller in 1850. The livers are ground with water into a slurry, then this is gently simmered until the oil rises to the top. The oil is skimmed off and purified. Other methods used in modern times include the Cold Flotation Process, pressure extraction, and
134:
produced cod liver oil by laying birch tree branches over a kettle of water, and fresh livers were laid over the branches. The water was brought to a boil and as the steam rose, the oil from the liver dripped into the water and was skimmed off. There was also a method for producing fresh raw cod
198:(ULs) are 3000 μg/day and 100 μg/day, respectively. People consuming cod liver oil as a source of omega-3 fatty acids should pay attention to how much vitamin A and vitamin D this adds to their diet.
1103:
625:
Raeder MB, Steen VM, Vollset SE, Bjelland I (August 2007). "Associations between cod liver oil use and symptoms of depression: the
Hordaland Health Study".
516:
130:
Cod liver oil has traditionally come in many grades. Cod liver oil for human consumption is pale and straw-colored, with a mild flavor. Scandinavian
251:
Fatty acid oxidation and environmental toxins content are reduced when purification processes are applied to produce refined fish oil products.
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1326:
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681:
1882:
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248:. Pregnant women may want to consider consulting a doctor when taking cod liver oil because of the high amount of retinol.
194:
of vitamin A is 900 μg per day for adult men and 700 μg per day for women, while that for vitamin D is 15 μg per day. The
158:
520:
1319:
206:
1242:
1773:
702:"Water-miscible, emulsified, and solid forms of retinol supplements are more toxic than oil-based preparations"
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paint, the coating of choice for use on outbuildings and work buildings associated with the cod fishery.
1288:
375:
784:
260:
283:
1748:
1014:
805:
191:
1349:
1268:
688:
675:
349:
Rajakumar, K. "Vitamin D, Cod-Liver Oil, Sunlight, and
Rickets: A Historical Perspective. 2003".
401:
274:, Germany, drinking a glass of cod liver oil is the punishment for the loser at the traditional
2502:
2203:
1868:
1753:
974:
43:
217:, and daily supplementation has been shown to be correlated with lower rates of high-severity
2127:
1379:
1046:
423:
213:. Diets supplemented with cod liver oil have been demonstrated to have beneficial effects on
210:
139:
79:
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1768:
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1167:
678:
275:
83:
20:
110:
8:
2461:
2437:
1648:
1009:
884:
798:
244:). Vitamin A accumulates in the liver, and can reach harmful levels sufficient to cause
240:
A tablespoon (13.6 g) of cod liver oil contains 136% of the UL for preformed vitamin A (
1819:
1733:
1708:
1678:
1673:
1535:
1419:
1399:
1374:
1335:
1127:
607:
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55:
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94:. Historically, it was given to children because vitamin D had been shown to prevent
1263:
2417:
2302:
2037:
1931:
1658:
1466:
951:
931:
750:
741:
Bays H E (19 March 2007). "Safety
Considerations with Omega-3 Fatty Acid Therapy".
713:
634:
611:
591:
582:
Wolters, M. (2005). "Diet and psoriasis: experimental data and clinical evidence".
554:
489:
27:
754:
150:
pressure cooking. These all require further purification steps to get a pure oil.
2357:
2244:
2188:
1989:
1718:
1393:
1369:
1177:
1132:
1067:
779:
685:
300:
143:
174:, cod liver oil has higher concentrations of vitamins A and D. According to the
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1502:
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This article is about the fish oil. For the traditional
Newfoundland song, see
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Myhre AM, Carlsen MH, Bøhn SK, Wold HL, Laake P, Blomhoff R (December 2003).
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World War II–era poster from the United
Kingdom, urging consumption of
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263:, cod liver oil was sometimes used as the liquid base for traditional
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543:"n-3 Fatty acids and the prevention of coronary atherosclerosis"
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2008:
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1975:
1953:
1921:
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846:
480:
Paul Lips (8 May 2003). "Hypervitaminosis A and fractures".
371:
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2042:
2003:
1985:
1938:
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1615:
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663:
455:
1104:
The Cod
Fisheries: The History of an International Economy
624:
26:"FCLO" redirects here. For the English football team, see
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1891:
821:
63:
328:
182:(13.6 grams or 14.8 mL) of cod liver oil contains 4,080
205:. For this reason, cod liver oil may be beneficial in
699:
659:National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference
190:(vitamin A) and 34 μg (1360 IU) of vitamin D. The
170:Though similar in fatty acid composition to other
517:"Vitamin D – Solar Rays, the Milky Way, or Both?"
16:Dietary supplement derived from liver of cod fish
2484:
456:"Welcome to the USDA Food Composition Database"
1519:Ergocalciferol and Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D)
1093:Collapse of the Atlantic northwest cod fishery
679:"Linus Pauling Institute Micronutirent Center"
1876:
1320:
806:
146:brown oils tended to cause intestinal upset.
122:Making and loading of cod liver oil, Conche,
820:
693:
321:"STANDARD FOR FISH OILS CODEX STAN 329-2017"
224:
166:and cod liver oil as nutritional supplements
661:"USDA Nutrition Facts: Fish oil, cod liver"
540:
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47:Kepler's Cod Liver Oil with Malt Extract
42:
34:
1334:
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366:
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176:United States Department of Agriculture
2485:
1864:
1308:
794:
348:
436:from the original on 18 October 2016
378:from the original on 11 October 2016
372:"Extra-Virgin Cod Liver Oil History"
361:
521:The New England Journal of Medicine
201:Cod liver oil is approximately 20%
153:
13:
743:The American Journal of Cardiology
14:
2514:
773:
883:
596:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06781.x
1243:Traditional Grimsby smoked fish
668:
653:
618:
575:
584:British Journal of Dermatology
508:
448:
416:
390:
342:
313:
105:
1:
755:10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.11.020
749:(6 (Supplement 1)): S35–S43.
515:Haddad J.G. (30 April 1992).
424:"The Fish Liver Oil Industry"
306:
254:
196:Tolerable upper intake levels
39:Modern cod liver oil capsules
7:
1083:Cod fishing in Newfoundland
289:
10:
2519:
2388:Linseed oil (flaxseed oil)
1639:β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate
1529:Naphthoquinone (Vitamin K)
25:
18:
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2212:
2197:
2174:
2165:
2120:
2092:
2063:
2022:
1984:
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1514:Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C)
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1113:
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960:
892:
881:
836:
639:10.1016/j.jad.2006.11.006
225:Potential adverse effects
674:Jane Higdon, PhD of the
398:"World Class Processing"
192:Dietary Reference Intake
1350:Bodybuilding supplement
785:Encyclopædia Britannica
689:Oregon State University
684:17 January 2012 at the
676:Linus Pauling Institute
541:von Schacky, C (2000).
1524:Tocopherol (Vitamin E)
975:Eastern freshwater cod
719:10.1093/ajcn/78.6.1152
560:10.1093/ajcn/71.1.224s
284:University of Tübingen
237:
167:
127:
115:
48:
40:
232:
207:secondary prophylaxis
161:
140:Industrial Revolution
121:
113:
80:eicosapentaenoic acid
46:
38:
2153:Vegetable shortening
1892:Edible fats and oils
1724:Japanese honeysuckle
1168:Dried and salted cod
553:(1 Suppl): 224S–7S.
100:vitamin D deficiency
84:docosahexaenoic acid
21:Cod Liver Oil (song)
2498:Dietary supplements
2438:Watermelon seed oil
1649:Chondroitin sulfate
1467:Pantothenic acid (B
1430:Retinol (Vitamin A)
1400:Protein supplements
1336:Dietary supplements
494:10.1056/NEJMe020167
203:omega-3 fatty acids
98:, a consequence of
1820:Codex Alimentarius
1709:Grape seed extract
1370:Herbal supplements
1128:Ackee and saltfish
458:. ndb.nal.usda.gov
404:on 16 October 2016
296:Dan Dale Alexander
246:hypervitaminosis A
238:
168:
128:
116:
74:, it contains the
56:dietary supplement
49:
41:
2480:
2479:
2450:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2161:
2160:
2093:Other animal fats
1858:
1857:
1503:Cyanocobalamin (B
1420:chemical elements
1302:
1301:
907:East Siberian cod
706:Am. J. Clin. Nutr
276:Stocherkahnrennen
2510:
2418:Pumpkin seed oil
2318:Mongongo nut oil
2210:
2209:
2172:
2171:
2038:Clarified butter
1905:
1904:
1885:
1878:
1871:
1862:
1861:
1813:Related articles
1719:Iron supplements
1659:Copper gluconate
1329:
1322:
1315:
1306:
1305:
1052:Saithe (pollock)
1047:Atlantic pollock
952:Small-headed cod
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488:(4): 1927–1928.
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400:. Archived from
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154:Therapeutic uses
86:(DHA), and also
70:). As with most
28:Leyton Orient FC
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2507:
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2442:
2358:Ambadi seed oil
2348:
2342:
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2245:palm kernel oil
2201:
2193:
2189:Shark liver oil
2157:
2116:
2088:
2059:
2018:
1980:
1894:
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1859:
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1394:Bifidobacterium
1338:
1333:
1303:
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1247:
1178:Fish and brewis
1133:Arbroath smokie
1109:
1068:Bottom trawling
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832:
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301:Shark liver oil
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24:
17:
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5:
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2430:
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2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2378:Grape seed oil
2375:
2370:
2365:
2363:Apple seed oil
2360:
2354:
2352:
2344:
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2315:
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2237:
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2230:Cottonseed oil
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2222:
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2214:
2207:
2195:
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2159:
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2121:Vegetable fats
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1806:
1804:Zinc gluconate
1801:
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1779:St John's wort
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1759:Red yeast rice
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980:Mary River cod
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873:Norway pollock
868:Alaska pollock
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774:External links
772:
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633:(1–3): 245–9.
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547:Am J Clin Nutr
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2503:Fish products
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2488:
2473:
2472:Essential oil
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2439:
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2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2423:Rice bran oil
2421:
2419:
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2414:
2413:Poppyseed oil
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2333:Pistachio oil
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2316:
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2311:
2309:
2308:Macadamia oil
2306:
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2301:
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2273:
2272:Sunflower oil
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2262:Safflower oil
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2200:
2196:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2184:Cod liver oil
2182:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2128:Borneo tallow
2126:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2062:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2021:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1974:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1886:
1881:
1879:
1874:
1872:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1840:Nutraceutical
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
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1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1669:Dietary fiber
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1654:Cod liver oil
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1625:Other common
1623:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1508:
1501:
1499:
1494:Folic acid (B
1492:
1490:
1483:
1481:
1476:Pyridoxine (B
1474:
1472:
1465:
1463:
1456:
1454:
1449:Riboflavin (B
1447:
1445:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1416:
1412:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1389:Lactobacillus
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1330:
1325:
1323:
1318:
1316:
1311:
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1307:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1223:Pescado frito
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1173:Finnan haddie
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1153:Cod liver oil
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1101:
1099:
1098:Fishing stage
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1078:Cod fisheries
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1010:Antarctic cod
1008:
1007:
1006:
1005:Nototheniidae
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
967:
965:
963:
959:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
899:
897:
895:
891:
886:
874:
871:
870:
869:
866:
864:
863:Greenland cod
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
848:
844:
843:
841:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
816:
811:
809:
804:
802:
797:
796:
793:
787:
786:
781:
780:Cod liver oil
778:
777:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
737:
729:
725:
720:
715:
712:(6): 1152–9.
711:
707:
703:
696:
690:
687:
683:
680:
677:
671:
665:
662:
656:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
621:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
590:(4): 706–14.
589:
585:
578:
570:
566:
561:
556:
552:
548:
544:
537:
522:
518:
511:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
476:
474:
457:
451:
432:
425:
419:
403:
399:
393:
377:
373:
367:
365:
357:(2): 132–135.
356:
352:
345:
329:
322:
316:
312:
302:
299:
297:
294:
293:
287:
285:
281:
277:
273:
268:
266:
262:
252:
249:
247:
243:
235:
231:
222:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
199:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
165:
160:
151:
147:
145:
141:
136:
133:
125:
120:
112:
103:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
58:derived from
57:
53:
52:Cod liver oil
45:
37:
33:
29:
22:
2433:Tea seed oil
2328:Pine nut oil
2303:Hazelnut oil
2257:Rapeseed oil
2183:
2138:Mango butter
2133:Cocoa butter
2048:Niter kibbeh
1845:Multivitamin
1769:Saw palmetto
1749:Milk thistle
1653:
1422:("minerals")
1355:Energy drink
1252:Other topics
1238:Taramasalata
1163:Cullen skink
1158:Crappit heid
1152:
1102:
1039:
1032:True pollock
853:Atlantic cod
845:
783:
746:
742:
736:
709:
705:
695:
670:
655:
630:
626:
620:
587:
583:
577:
550:
546:
536:
524:. Retrieved
510:
485:
482:N Engl J Med
481:
460:. Retrieved
450:
438:. Retrieved
418:
406:. Retrieved
402:the original
392:
380:. Retrieved
354:
350:
344:
332:. Retrieved
327:
315:
280:punting boat
269:
261:Newfoundland
258:
250:
239:
211:heart attack
200:
169:
164:orange juice
148:
137:
129:
124:Newfoundland
78:fatty acids
51:
50:
32:
2493:Animal fats
2467:Cooking oil
2403:Perilla oil
2393:Mustard oil
2368:Avocado oil
2267:Soybean oil
2220:Coconut oil
2148:Shea butter
2074:Chicken fat
1764:Royal jelly
1744:Lipoic acid
1739:Linseed oil
1699:Glucosamine
1627:ingredients
1440:Thiamine (B
1365:Fatty acids
1198:Fish finger
1148:Cabbie claw
1123:Cod as food
947:Saffron cod
927:Pelagic cod
922:Common ling
858:Pacific cod
236:(Vitamin A)
135:liver oil.
106:Manufacture
2487:Categories
2462:Plant oils
2428:Sesame oil
2373:Castor oil
2347:Fruit and
2338:Walnut oil
2313:Marula oil
2298:Cashew oil
2288:Almond oil
2252:Peanut oil
2213:Major oils
2199:Vegetables
1949:Pork belly
1835:Herbal tea
1789:Wheatgrass
1689:Folic acid
1591:Phosphorus
1586:Molybdenum
1435:B vitamins
1385:Probiotics
1380:Prebiotics
1360:Energy bar
1284:Sacred Cod
1274:Fish flake
1259:Banks dory
1213:Fried fish
1041:Pollachius
995:Sleepy cod
990:Potato cod
985:Murray cod
902:Arctic cod
526:29 January
440:14 October
408:14 October
382:14 October
351:Pediatrics
334:28 January
307:References
255:Other uses
219:depression
180:tablespoon
82:(EPA) and
2408:Pequi oil
2398:Olive oil
2350:seed oils
2323:Pecan oil
2293:Argan oil
2235:Olive oil
2143:Margarine
2110:Whale oil
1964:Salt pork
1909:Pork fats
1850:Nutrition
1799:Yohimbine
1794:Wolfberry
1774:Spirulina
1754:Melatonin
1729:Krill oil
1704:Glutamine
1674:Echinacea
1644:Carnitine
1596:Potassium
1581:Manganese
1576:Magnesium
1485:Biotin (B
1458:Niacin (B
1289:Whitefish
1279:Isinglass
1233:Stockfish
1188:Fish ball
1143:Boknafisk
1138:Bacalaíto
1061:Fisheries
1020:Maori cod
1015:Black cod
1000:Trout cod
962:Other cod
932:Polar cod
917:Blue ling
912:Eucla cod
265:red ochre
215:psoriasis
172:fish oils
92:vitamin D
88:vitamin A
72:fish oils
2458:See also
2383:Hemp oil
2281:Nut oils
2240:Palm oil
2225:Corn oil
2084:Schmaltz
2079:Duck fat
2014:Tail fat
1999:Dripping
1959:Pancetta
1932:Szalonna
1684:Fish oil
1664:Creatine
1601:Selenium
1561:Fluorine
1546:Chromium
1415:Vitamins
1405:Vitamins
1375:Minerals
1269:Cod worm
1218:Lutefisk
1208:Fish pie
1203:Fish fry
1193:Fishcake
1088:Cod Wars
1073:Cod boat
970:Blue cod
942:Rock cod
937:Poor cod
894:Cod-like
838:True cod
763:17368277
728:14668278
682:Archived
647:17184843
604:16181450
569:10617975
502:12540650
462:29 April
431:Archived
376:Archived
290:See also
286:groups.
282:race by
272:Tübingen
209:after a
64:cod fish
2100:Blubber
2065:Poultry
1917:Fatback
1830:Hadacol
1784:Taurine
1734:Lingzhi
1714:Guarana
1694:Ginseng
1679:Ephedra
1541:Choline
1536:Calcium
1294:Whiting
830:pollock
826:haddock
612:1426074
242:retinol
234:Retinol
188:retinol
138:In the
132:Vikings
126:, 1857.
96:rickets
76:omega-3
68:Gadidae
2105:Muktuk
2033:Butter
2009:Tallow
1990:mutton
1969:Tocino
1944:Lardon
1825:Enzyte
1611:Sulfur
1606:Sodium
1566:Iodine
1556:Copper
1551:Cobalt
761:
726:
645:
610:
602:
567:
500:
330:. 2017
144:rancid
2176:Fishs
2024:Dairy
1976:Speck
1954:Bacon
1922:Lardo
1343:Types
1228:Scrod
847:Gadus
608:S2CID
434:(PDF)
427:(PDF)
324:(PDF)
114:A cod
60:liver
54:is a
2204:List
2167:Oils
2067:fats
2053:Smen
2043:Ghee
2026:fats
2004:Suet
1992:fats
1986:Beef
1939:Lard
1927:Salo
1900:Fats
1634:AAKG
1616:Zinc
1571:Iron
1115:Food
828:and
759:PMID
724:PMID
664:USDA
643:PMID
600:PMID
565:PMID
528:2012
498:PMID
464:2018
442:2016
410:2016
384:2016
336:2022
278:, a
178:, a
90:and
1417:and
822:Cod
751:doi
714:doi
635:doi
631:101
592:doi
588:153
555:doi
490:doi
486:348
355:112
270:In
259:In
186:of
62:of
2489::
1505:12
824:,
782:–
757:.
747:99
745:.
722:.
710:78
708:.
704:.
641:.
629:.
606:.
598:.
586:.
563:.
551:71
549:.
545:.
519:.
496:.
484:.
472:^
429:.
374:.
363:^
353:.
326:.
221:.
184:μg
102:.
2206:)
2202:(
1988:/
1884:e
1877:t
1870:v
1507:)
1498:)
1496:9
1489:)
1487:7
1480:)
1478:6
1471:)
1469:5
1462:)
1460:3
1453:)
1451:2
1444:)
1442:1
1396:)
1387:(
1328:e
1321:t
1314:v
814:e
807:t
800:v
765:.
753::
730:.
716::
649:.
637::
614:.
594::
571:.
557::
530:.
504:.
492::
466:.
444:.
412:.
386:.
338:.
66:(
30:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
