179:
remains in that vicinity with his Indian wife and family, conducting , as yet, in a quiet manner, but doubtless ought to be transported, together with every other negro, being in our condition dangerous subjects. Until we have some further means of protection their immigration ought to be prohibited.
164:
and her relatives were angry at his death. They argued that he had not gone to Oregon City with violent intent. Over 70 Wascos arrived and demanded compensation. Peace between the settlers and natives was maintained by White, who offering payment of "two blankets, a dress, and handkerchief" to the
227:
and forcible deportation. The bill was adopted by the legislature, although an amendment was passed in
December that removed the physical punishment. Instead, blacks were to be forced back into bondage to work for white settlers, before eventually being deported east to the United States. As the
89:
On 17 February 1844, White received a letter from Saules. He wrote that he feared for his life and claimed that
Cockstock harassed settlers and had "murdered several Indians lately". The following day, White and a small party of settlers attempted to find Cockstock in the vicinity of the
119:
with several men. He inquired why the settlers had been attempting to capture him. A crowd of settlers started to form. Watching the development, an employee of John McLoughlin reportedly exclaimed "That Indian is a good man, you should not molest him; if you do, you will repent!"
131:. Some of the assembled settlers wanted to "shoot him at any risk". In the ensuing skirmish, Anderson killed Cockstock by smashing his rifle into the native's skull. Two white settlers, LeBreton and Sterling Rogers, were killed from injuries sustained in the fight.
151:
The settlers seem to acknowledge they have been too quick, in this unfortunate affair; but the unlucky deed is over; it is a true murder; based upon the extremely rash and unjustifiable action of poor Le Breton who will pay dear for his apostasy and
81:
In 1843 Cockstock was employed on
Winslow Anderson's farm, a free black settler. A horse was promised as payment for Cockstock's labor. By the end of his contract, however, Anderson had sold the horse to another black settler,
31:, a free black settler. On 4 March 1844, conflict erupted between Cockstock's party and settlers; with Cockstock and two white settlers dying. The event has been called "the most significant occurrence of violence" in the
77:
home of missionary Henry K. W. Perkins. This incident frustrated
Cockstock. He began to advocate against Elijah White's laws on matters of criminal justice and land ownership being imposed on indigenous societies.
42:
In the aftermath of the violence, white settlers feared that black settlers could insult local indigenous peoples enough to provoke an uprising. The
Cockstock incident influenced the adoption an 1844
46:
that banned black settlers from living in the Oregon
Country. Historian Thomas McClintock has written that the connection between the Cockstock incident and the Exclusion Law is "unquestionable".
595:
995:
228:
Provisional
Government was centered in the Willamette Valley, its authority didn't extend north of the Columbia River. Black and mixed-race people like Saules and
567:
429:
97:
398:
107:. He had mistreated and abused two native slaves, who eventually killed their tormentor. Afterwards the slaves escaped back to their homeland.
103:
recorded an alternative account told by natives, which stated there was one murder. The victim was a baptized
Klickitat man who resided on the
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1000:
990:
583:
477:
204:
124:
208:
985:
611:
296:
169:
294:
McClintock, Thomas C. (1995). "James Saules, Peter
Burnett, and the Oregon Black Exclusion Law of June 1844".
212:
100:
330:
257:
200:
190:
43:
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447:(University of Virginia Digitization ed.). Pioneer Historical Publishing Company.
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94:, but he evaded capture. In consequence, White issued a $ 100 warrant for his arrest.
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24:
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28:
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Historical
Sketches of the Catholic Church in Oregon During the Past Forty Years
157:
140:
59:
32:
979:
425:
343:
309:
274:
223:" in Oregon. Any blacks refusing to leave Oregon were to receive a number of
196:
144:
86:. This angered Cockstock, who took the horse and issued threats to both men.
433:
384:
224:
70:
67:
63:
351:
328:(1982). "Slaves and Free Men: Blacks in the Oregon Country, 1840-1860".
317:
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252:
216:
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was organized on 23 March 1844 in response. The widow of Cockstock was
36:
62:
during the first half of the 19th century. A relative of his had been
417:
143:
described the sentiment of the Willamette Valley settlers to then
23:
was an altercation between indigenous peoples and settlers in the
220:
55:
27:. It originated as a dispute between Cockstock, a native, and
842:
840:
286:
642:
640:
409:
Brown's Political History of Oregon: Provisional Government
837:
764:
762:
494:
Hendricks, R. J., ed. (1929-12-31). "Bits for Breakfast".
948:
936:
924:
888:
801:
682:
637:
876:
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813:
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672:
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514:. Vol. 19, no. 211. Portland, OR. p. 10.
372:. Ithaca, NY: Mack, Andrus, & Co. pp. 230–237.
735:
472:(1st ed.). Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
725:
723:
721:
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533:. Vol. 13, no. 181. Portland, OR. p. 6
175:, citing the Cockstock incident and mentioned Saules:
35:
between indigenous peoples and settlers prior to the
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747:
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996:Racially motivated violence in the United States
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156:Many white settlers feared retaliation and the
466:Ruby, Robert H.; Brown, John A. Jr. (1988).
432:from the original on 2015-04-13 – via
123:The attempt to capture Cockstock was led by
469:Indians of the Pacific Northwest: A History
942:
688:
646:
397:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
293:
768:
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493:
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253:"Sources for History of Blacks in Oregon"
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115:On 4 March 1844, Cockstock returned to
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440:
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250:
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1006:White supremacy in the United States
508:, ed. (1920-11-11). "Olden Oregon".
139:Three days after the conflict, Rev.
16:Altercation in the Willamette Valley
13:
1011:African-American history of Oregon
14:
1022:
1001:Native American history of Oregon
412:. Portland, OR: Wiley B. Allen.
209:Provisional Government of Oregon
991:Pre-statehood history of Oregon
598:from the original on 2021-03-07
570:from the original on 2020-09-28
297:The Pacific Northwest Quarterly
239:
232:consequently settled in modern
201:prevention of slavery in Oregon
377:Blanchet, François N. (1878).
199:introduced a statute for the "
170:United States Secretary of War
168:On 1 May 1844, White wrote to
1:
630:
487:
441:Carey, Charles Henry (1922).
49:
552:Coleman, Kenneth R. (2020).
519:Lockley, Fred (1914-10-09).
134:
7:
545:
383:. Portland, OR – via
331:Oregon Historical Quarterly
258:Oregon Historical Quarterly
244:
191:Oregon black exclusion laws
110:
10:
1027:
610:Nokes, R. Gregory (2013).
588:The Oregon History Project
251:Davis, Lenwood G. (1972).
215:and the residence of any "
188:
592:Oregon Historical Society
564:Oregon Historical Society
461:. Salem, OR: Asahel Bush.
267:Oregon Historical Society
584:"The Cockstock Incident"
530:The Oregon Daily Journal
511:The Oregon Daily Journal
406:Brown, J. Henry (1892).
359:
73:after breaking into the
582:Jette, Melinda (2004).
559:The Oregon Encyclopedia
500:. Salem, OR. p. 4.
986:1844 in Oregon Country
182:
154:
769:Ruby & Brown 1988
366:Allen, A. J. (1848).
177:
149:
58:man who lived in the
849:, p. 242 fn. 2.
612:"Dangerous Subjects"
554:"Cockstock Incident"
173:James Madison Porter
101:François N. Blanchet
957:, pp. 155–156.
897:, pp. 129–130.
810:, pp. 229–230.
458:The Oregon Archives
369:Ten Years in Oregon
265:(3). Portland, OR:
44:black exclusion law
933:, pp. 47, 50.
453:Grover, La Fayette
211:. It forbade both
195:In late July 1844
185:1844 exclusion law
125:Oregon legislature
21:Cockstock incident
616:Oregon Humanities
525:"In Earlier Days"
497:Statesman Journal
444:History of Oregon
180:Can this be done?
25:Willamette Valley
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92:Willamette Falls
75:Wascopam Mission
54:Cockstock was a
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129:George LeBreton
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105:Clackamas River
84:James D. Saules
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29:James D. Saules
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12:
11:
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734:
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705:
701:Hendricks 1929
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691:, p. 129.
681:
679:, p. 156.
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338:(2): 153–170.
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304:(3): 121–130.
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189:Main article:
186:
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158:Oregon Rangers
141:Modeste Demers
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60:Oregon Country
51:
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33:Oregon Country
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820:Blanchet 1878
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797:
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771:, p. 99.
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742:Blanchet 1878
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197:Peter Burnett
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145:Vicar general
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730:Lockley 1914
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662:Coleman 2020
619:. Retrieved
615:
600:. Retrieved
587:
572:. Retrieved
557:
535:. Retrieved
528:
521:Jackson, Sam
509:
506:Jackson, Sam
495:
468:
457:
443:
434:Google Books
408:
385:Google Books
379:
368:
335:
329:
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285:– via
262:
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240:Bibliography
194:
178:
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122:
114:
96:
88:
80:
71:Elijah White
68:Indian agent
53:
41:
20:
18:
955:Taylor 1982
931:Grover 1853
677:Taylor 1982
269:: 196–211.
230:George Bush
217:free negros
205:Legislature
117:Oregon City
980:Categories
967:Davis 1972
919:Allen 1848
895:Brown 1892
871:Allen 1848
859:Allen 1848
847:Carey 1922
808:Allen 1848
796:Allen 1848
784:Nokes 2013
754:Allen 1848
713:Jette 2004
631:References
602:2024-03-01
574:2024-03-01
537:2024-03-01
488:Newspapers
418:rc01000356
98:Archbishop
50:Background
37:Cayuse War
426:422191413
393:cite book
344:0030-4727
310:0030-8803
275:0030-4727
203:" in the
147:Blanchet:
135:Aftermath
127:official
596:Archived
568:Archived
546:Websites
455:(1853).
430:Archived
352:20613841
318:40491550
283:20613303
245:Articles
221:mulattos
111:Incident
621:30 July
523:(ed.).
207:of the
165:widow.
64:flogged
476:
424:
416:
350:
342:
316:
308:
281:
273:
225:lashes
152:crime.
56:Molala
360:Books
348:JSTOR
314:JSTOR
287:JSTOR
279:JSTOR
162:Wasco
623:2017
474:ISBN
422:OCLC
414:LCCN
399:link
340:ISSN
306:ISSN
271:ISSN
219:and
19:The
66:by
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.