785:
free enjoyment of all the privileges guaranteed by the
Constitution to others, or exclude them from the State. If we permit them to settle in our State, under existing circumstances, we consign them, by our own institutions, and the usages of our own society, to a subordinate and degraded position, which is in itself but a species of slavery. They would be placed in a situation where they would have no efficient motives for moral or intellectual improvement, but must remain in our midst, sensible of their degradation, unhappy themselves, enemies to the institutions and the society whose usages have placed them there, and for ever fit teachers in all the schools of ignorance, vice, and idleness. We have certainly the right to prevent any class of population from settling in our State, that we may deem injurious to our own society. Had they been born here, and had acquired rights in consequence, I should not recommend any measures to expel. They are not now here, except a few in comparison with the numbers that would be here; and the object is to keep them out.
840:, and Native Americans have tarnished his name today. Burnett's period in the Oregon Provisional Legislature helped facilitate the exclusion of black people from the state until 1926. In 1844, one of his Oregon proposals was to force free black people to leave the state and to institute floggings of any who continued to remain. Referred to as "Burnett's lash law", it was deemed "unduly harsh", and it was never enforced, with voters rescinding it in 1845. Also, his open hostility to foreign laborers influenced some federal and state California legislators to push future xenophobic legislation, such as the Chinese Exclusion Act, 30 years after he departed from the governorship. Burnett was also an open advocate of exterminating local California Indian tribes. This policy continued with successive state governmental administrations for several decades, which offered US$ 10 to US$ 25 for evidence of dead Natives. From Burnett's Second Annual Message to the Legislature, January 7, 1851:
769:
1881:
42:
614:
331:
632:, where territorial politicians drafted documents suitable to admit California as a state in the United States. During the 1849 referendum to adopt the California Constitution, Burnett, now with name recognition in Sacramento and San Francisco and a resume that included the Oregon Provisional Legislature, decided to run for the new territory's first civilian governor, replacing the string of military governors and bureaucracy from the
761:
709:. Burnett vetoed both bills, citing special incorporation bills as unconstitutional and that reviews for municipal incorporation were best left to county courts. The legislature failed to override Burnett's veto of the Los Angeles bill but succeeded in overriding the Sacramento bill, making it California's first incorporated city.
798:, as well as foreign miners. In 1851, federal commissioners negotiated treaties with Native American tribes in California, which the governor then blocked for being too generous in reserving land for the tribes. Instead, the greed for gold wealth led to a second option, with Burnett declaring "t]hat a
784:
For some years past I have given this subject my most serious and candid attention; and I most cheerfully lay before you the result of my own reflections. There is, in my opinion, but one of two consistent courses to take in reference to this class of population; either to admit them to the full and
779:
As
Governor, Burnett pushed for the exclusion of African Americans from California, raising the ire of pro-slavery supporters who wanted to import the Southern slave system to the West Coast, but his proposals were defeated in the Legislature. From Burnett's First Annual Message to the Legislature,
744:
Characterized as an aloof politician with little support from the
Legislature by the San Francisco, Sacramento, and Los Angeles press, Burnett grew frustrated as his agenda ground to a halt, and his governance style was increasingly criticized. He became a regular fixture of ridicule in the state's
728:
and the
Louisiana Code of Practice (Louisiana's name for what Americans would call a code of civil procedure) and adopting American common law for crimes, evidence, and commercial law. This touched off an uproar among the American lawyers who had flocked to California, with the majority pushing for
680:
had, in fact, not even signed authorization of statehood for
California. Part of this miscommunication was due to California's relative remoteness to the rest of the US during the time and to over-enthusiastic attitudes by politicians and the public alike to get California into the Union as quickly
855:
The
Burnett Child Development Center, a predominantly black San Francisco neighborhood preschool, had been named for Burnett. However, when his racist positions were rediscovered, the school was renamed in 2011 as Leola M. Havard Early Education School, in honor of San Francisco's first African
789:
Similarly, Burnett also pushed for heavy taxation on foreign immigrants. The 1850 Foreign Miners Tax Act, signed into law by
Burnett, required every miner of non-American origin to pay US$ 20 (~$ 569.00 in 2023). Burnett also argued heavily for increased taxation and the expansion of capital
901:
California was never a US territory; it was occupied territory under military authority. A new representative government began when
California ratified its constitution in 1849, and Burnett took office following the election in November as the 33rd governor in the continuous sequence since
696:
During those advancements into statehood, Burnett's popularity among the legislature, the press, and the public plummeted. Relations between the
Legislature and Burnett began to immediately sour in early 1850, when bills pressing for the incorporation of Sacramento and Los Angeles as city
802:
will continue to be waged between the races until the Indian race becomes extinct must be expected. While we cannot anticipate the result with but painful regret, the inevitable destiny of the race is beyond the power and wisdom of man to avert."
745:
newspapers and on the floor of the
Legislature. With little over a year in office, Burnett, the state's first governor, became the first to resign, announcing his resignation in January 1851. Burnett cited personal matters for his departure.
1454:
Finally, January 6, 1857, Heydenfeldt resigned his office (his term on the Supreme Court bench would have expired on January 1, 1858)....P.H. Burnett was appointed to fill the vacancy: in the fall of 1857, Stephen J. Field was elected his
443:
becomes extinct must be expected. While we cannot anticipate the result with but painful regret, the inevitable destiny of the race is beyond the power and wisdom of man to avert." Efforts by federal negotiators to preserve some
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859:
Similarly, Peter H. Burnett Elementary School in Long Beach was renamed in 2014 due to Burnett's views. It is now named after Bobbi Smith, the first African-American member of the Long Beach Unified School District's board.
586:, the younger Sutter offered Burnett a job selling land plots for the new town of Sacramento. Over the next year, Burnett made nearly US$ 50,000 in land sales in Sacramento, a city ideally suited due to its closeness to the
811:
One year after leaving the governorship, Burnett could finally repay the heavy debts he had incurred in Missouri nearly two decades before. He entered several careers, serving briefly as a justice in the
562:
on January 24, 1848, Burnett and his family moved south to participate in the rush. After modest success in getting gold, Burnett envisioned a career in law in San Francisco, a rapidly growing
448:
were fought by the administration of Burnett, who favored the elimination of California's indigenous peoples. Furthermore, Burnett is noted for being an early proponent of the exclusion of
1328:
542:. Under an 1844 law passed by the provisional government—just after the same government abolished slavery—enslavers could continue to enslave people for up to three years, after which all
511:) to take up farming to solve growing debts in Missouri, an agricultural endeavor that failed. While in Oregon Country, Burnett began his forays into politics, getting elected to the
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1165:
487:—who were accused of treason, arson, and robbery, Burnett requested a change of venue for the court proceedings. During transportation to the next venue, the defendants escaped.
836:
Burnett's legacy is racist and exclusionary. While regarded as one of the fathers of modern California in the state's early days, his racist attitudes toward African Americans,
636:. Burnett easily won the election over four other candidates, including John Sutter, and was sworn in as California's first elected civilian governor on December 20, 1849, in
2369:
820:, and then the president of the Pacific Bank of San Francisco. Although never venturing into politics much after the 1860s, Burnett actively supported the federal
652:
In the first days of the Burnett administration, the governor and the California Legislature set out to create the organs of a state government, creating state
716:, Burnett recommended to the first session of the state legislature that California should implement a hybrid legal system mixing significant elements of both
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347:
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as possible. Following long contentious debates in the US Senate, California was admitted as a (non-slave) state on September 9, 1850, as part of the
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between 1857 and 1858, the Sacramento City Council, as well as becoming a San Jose-based lawyer, a noted proponent of Catholicism during the
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1226:
2349:
2263:
2314:
1107:, 26 December 1849, 1 (this address should not be confused with Burnett's Inaugural Address, which can also be found in this issue).
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That a war of extermination will continue to be waged between the two races until the Indian race becomes extinct, must be expected.
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1590:
1200:
2278:
475:
Besides elementary school, Burnett never received a formal education but educated himself in law and government. After owning a
2170:
1728:
1480:
828:. He died May 17, 1895, at 87, in San Francisco and is buried in the Santa Clara Mission Cemetery in Santa Clara, California.
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2115:
1779:
1420:
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440:
1302:
625:
405:
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330:
959:
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who refused to leave Oregon; the law was deemed "unduly harsh" and went unenforced before voters rescinded it in 1845.
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1178:
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535:
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municipalities, with Los Angeles being a special incorporation due to its earlier pueblo status during the previous
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512:
439:. He declared in an 1851 speech, "hat a war of extermination will continue to be waged between the races until the
432:
370:
272:
113:
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1718:
1707:
966:
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1921:
1906:
685:. Californians did not learn of their official statehood until one month later, when on October 18, the steamer
672:. Despite home proclamations and bureaucratic reorganizations that recognized California now as a US state, the
2384:
1860:
1845:
657:
1855:
346:(November 15, 1807 – May 17, 1895) was an American politician who served as the first elected
737:, published a report in February 1850 recommending the adoption of the common law through the enactment of a
412:, back to Mississippi. Though Burnett himself had enslaved two people, he opposed calls to make California a
350:
from December 20, 1849, to January 9, 1851. Burnett was elected Governor almost one year before California's
17:
2344:
1629:
1412:
641:
413:
358:
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539:
397:
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428:
1522:
997:
1825:
702:
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1746:
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813:
717:
602:
571:
365:, Burnett moved westward after his business career left him heavily in debt. Initially residing in
156:
1901:
1870:
1358:"The Beginnings of the Community Property System in California and the Adoption of the Common Law"
495:
In 1843, having failed as a merchant and heavily in debt, Burnett became part of the departure of
452:
immigrant laborers from California, and following his governorship would advocate for the federal
1958:
1840:
1436:
Friedenberg, Albert M. (1902). "Solomon Heydenfeldt: A Jewish Jurist Of Alabama and California".
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1076:
706:
598:
2002:
1951:
1946:
1936:
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1505:
768:
445:
409:
61:
1693:(1880), by Peter Hardeman Burnett. Digitized at Library of Congress. Retrieved April 13, 2019.
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2028:
1647:
1021:
875:
821:
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between 1844 and 1848. In 1844, he completed the construction of Germantown Road between the
453:
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613:
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2023:
1665:
1619:
864:
725:
653:
637:
629:
555:
465:
393:
232:
148:
1815:
1661:
8:
2130:
2100:
1965:
1738:
799:
734:
618:
436:
192:
1995:
1445:
1380:
1204:
682:
559:
531:. By 1846, Burnett and his family completely transitioned from Protestant to Catholic.
2016:
381:
from the territory. He authored the infamous "Burnett's lash law" that authorized the
41:
2225:
2175:
2120:
2009:
1416:
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837:
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713:
690:
543:
527:, began to question the practices of his faith, his religious views drifting more to
449:
378:
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In 1849, Burnett announced his intentions to return to politics. 1849 saw the first
2110:
2070:
1756:
1711:
1484:
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1103:"First Annual Message of the Governor of the State of California" (San Francisco),
733:) advocating the adoption of civil law. The Senate Judiciary Committee, chaired by
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591:
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1911:
1850:
1623:
1406:
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665:
661:
516:
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318:
284:
92:
1329:"Creatures of State...Children of Trade: The Legal Origins of California Cities"
1306:
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2085:
2075:
1830:
1357:
881:
In June 2023, Peter Burnett Elementary School in Sacramento was renamed Suy:u (
849:
677:
504:
366:
2365:
U.S. state supreme court judges admitted to the practice of law by reading law
1931:
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Picture taken in his later years, when he served as president of Pacific Bank.
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1990:
1941:
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posts, archives, executive posts and departments, subdividing the state into
587:
476:
249:
136:
105:
2250:
2105:
484:
396:. He re-established his political career and was appointed to serve on the
382:
1764:
1566:"Citing racist past, Hawthorne elementary school drops Peter Burnett name"
472:, later enslaving two people himself. In 1828, he married Harriet Rogers.
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1835:
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673:
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579:
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1970:
1916:
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538:, and later as Provisional Supreme Judge, Burnett signed Oregon's first
523:. It was during his time in Oregon that Burnett, a traditional Southern
2235:
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2043:
1679:. California Supreme Court Historical Society. Retrieved July 18, 2017.
1384:
721:
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with a banner strapped to her rigging reading "California Is a State".
524:
386:
253:
1077:"Archy Lee - Gold Chains: The Hidden History of Slavery in California"
2210:
1803:
1688:
1682:
669:
401:
1376:
1336:
Final Report and Recommendations to the Governor and the Legislature
1249:
Baron, Connie and Michelle Trappen. Paths linking past and present.
1671:
He wrote this book in 1860 and can be read for free at Google Books
1591:"Sac City Unified Board of Education Votes to Rename Three Schools"
1022:"San Francisco school swaps out name of racist California governor"
760:
567:
563:
469:
362:
546:, free or enslaved, had to leave Oregon Country or face flogging.
791:
640:
in front of what would soon (after statehood in 1850) become the
480:
1167:
Early California Laws and Policies Related to California Indians
1045:
1043:
741:; Burnett signed the resulting bill into law on April 13, 1850.
400:. In this capacity, Burnett ordered the infamous extradition of
868:
508:
374:
392:
In 1848, Burnett moved to California during the height of the
1673:
The path which led a Protestant lawyer to the Catholic Church
1040:
752:
replaced Burnett as the Governor of California on January 9.
468:, but raised in rural Missouri. He was raised in a family of
582:. Selling his father's deeded lands in the near vicinity of
991:
989:
987:
985:
983:
1544:"Burnett Middle School to be renamed Ohlone Middle School"
597:
In 1848, Burnett was among those who founded the city of
2325:
Converts to Roman Catholicism from Baptist denominations
980:
724:. He advocated for enacting California versions of the
1438:
Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society
867:
was renamed Muwekma Ohlone Middle School in honor of
479:, he turned to his law career. Defending a group of
1685:. California State Courts. Retrieved July 19, 2017.
1227:"The Golden State's Unpopular Pro-Slavery Governor"
566:thanks largely to the gold rush. On the way to the
423:As Governor, Burnett signed into law the so-called
27:
American judge, governor of California, slave owner
1264:
1326:
874:In July 2020, Peter Burnett Elementary School in
824:of 1882. In 1880, he published an autobiography,
2291:
425:Act for the Government and Protection of Indians
2370:Members of the Provisional Government of Oregon
1483:Viejas Band of Kumeyaay Indians. Archived from
1300:
1149:The American West: A New Interpretative History
377:politics, he pushed for the total exclusion of
1195:
1193:
1191:
1163:
1015:
1013:
1011:
126:September 6, 1845 – December 29, 1846
1780:
1523:"L.B. school dropping racist governor's name"
1338:. California Constitution Revision Commission
608:
490:
416:, instead pushing for the total exclusion of
1690:Recollections and opinions of an old pioneer
1625:History of California, Volume VII, 1860-1890
878:was renamed 138th Street Elementary School.
826:Recollections and Opinions of an Old Pioneer
773:Recollections and opinions of an old pioneer
169:January 13, 1857 – October 12, 1857
74:December 20, 1849 – January 9, 1851
2340:Justices of the Supreme Court of California
1794:
1478:
1435:
1188:
1008:
1787:
1773:
1173:. California State Libraries. p. 21.
1115:
1113:
40:
1147:Hine, Robert V. and Mack Faragher, John,
647:
2330:Democratic Party governors of California
1618:
1563:
1466:
1355:
1349:
1151:, (Yale University Press: 2000), pp. 249
946:
863:In 2019, Peter Burnett Middle School in
848:San Francisco's Burnett Avenue near the
767:
759:
668:as California's senators to the federal
612:
459:
2390:Perpetrators of the California genocide
1595:Sacramento City Unified School District
1404:
1110:
1019:
299: 1828; died 1879)
14:
2375:Burials at Mission Santa Clara de AsĂs
2292:
1429:
1269:. The Catholic Encyclopaedia, vol. III
2310:Politicians from Nashville, Tennessee
1768:
1305:. State of California. Archived from
1224:
1159:
1157:
1143:
1141:
1119:
1049:
869:the original inhabitants of that area
755:
549:
354:as the 31st state in September 1850.
2360:Justices of the Oregon Supreme Court
1662:Guide to the Peter H. Burnett Papers
1203:. The Sacramento Bee. Archived from
1122:"California's Little-Known Genocide"
1099:
1097:
806:
626:California Constitutional Convention
794:. Burnett also attempted to remove
24:
2350:People of the California Gold Rush
1751:January 13, 1857–October 12, 1857
1201:"Gold Rush Profile: Peter Burnett"
1154:
1138:
729:common law and a minority (led by
25:
2401:
2315:Writers from Nashville, Tennessee
1637:
1164:Johnston-Dodds, Kimberly (2002).
1094:
995:
852:neighborhood is named after him.
594:'s navigability for large ships.
369:, he became Supreme Judge of the
1879:
1508:(Transmitted January 7, 1851)",
1481:"History of Sovereignty in U.S."
1356:McMurray, Orrin K. (July 1915).
1225:Nokes, R. Gregory (2018-04-19).
1052:"Black Exclusion Laws in Oregon"
371:Provisional Government of Oregon
329:
114:Provisional Government of Oregon
2335:Sacramento City Council members
1708:Military Governor of California
1612:
1583:
1564:Sheridan, Jake (22 July 2020).
1557:
1536:
1515:
1498:
1472:
1460:
1405:Bandini, Helen Elliott (1908).
1398:
1320:
1294:
1280:
1258:
1243:
1218:
1020:Hindery, Robin (May 20, 2011).
967:Goldman School of Public Policy
924:"Index to Politicians: Burnett"
296:
1069:
952:
940:
916:
895:
13:
1:
909:
47:
2380:19th-century American judges
1303:"California Becomes A State"
1050:Nokes, Greg (July 6, 2020).
642:California State Legislature
264:Santa Clara Mission Cemetery
7:
1683:Past & Present Justices
1265:Edward P. Spillane (1908).
998:"Peter Burnett (1807-1895)"
398:Supreme Court of California
10:
2406:
1327:Peter M. Detwiler (1996).
609:Governorship of California
497:Easterners moving westward
491:Political career in Oregon
2259:
2042:
1979:
1888:
1877:
1802:
1753:
1745:Associate Justice of the
1743:
1735:
1725:
1716:
1704:
1699:
1185:. Accessed July 26, 2020.
831:
714:California's legal system
499:, moving his family from
435:and contributed to their
337:
325:
314:
306:
278:
268:
260:
239:
219:
214:
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198:
186:
173:
162:
155:Associate Justice of the
154:
142:
130:
119:
112:5th Supreme Judge of the
111:
99:
86:
78:
67:
59:
55:
39:
32:
2320:Catholics from Tennessee
1747:California Supreme Court
1657:California State Library
1267:"Peter Hardeman Burnett"
888:
814:California Supreme Court
699:Spanish and Mexican rule
603:Butte County, California
572:John Augustus Sutter Jr.
157:California Supreme Court
1966:Brig. Gen. Micheltorena
1796:Governors of California
1653:Peter Burnett biography
1002:The Oregon Encyclopedia
928:The Political Graveyard
617:Portrait of Burnett by
513:provisional legislature
1719:Governor of California
1644:Peter Hardeman Burnett
1506:The Governor's Message
1056:oregonencyclopedia.org
960:"The Letitia Building"
846:
790:punishment to include
787:
776:
765:
648:Burnett administration
621:
352:admission to the Union
348:Governor of California
344:Peter Hardeman Burnett
95:(as military governor)
62:Governor of California
34:Peter Hardeman Burnett
2385:American slave owners
1648:Catholic Encyclopedia
1630:American Book Company
1620:Bancroft, Hubert Howe
1512:, 10 January 1851, 2.
1510:Sacramento Transcript
1413:American Book Company
1408:History of California
1365:California Law Review
1301:LearnCalifornia.org.
1105:Daily Alta California
1026:San Jose Mercury News
885:) Elementary School.
842:
822:Chinese Exclusion Act
782:
771:
763:
616:
574:, son of German-born
460:Early life and career
454:Chinese Exclusion Act
1666:The Bancroft Library
1444:(10): 129–140, 136.
1231:ZĂłcalo Public Square
856:American principal.
800:war of extermination
726:Louisiana Civil Code
590:and the neighboring
466:Nashville, Tennessee
464:Burnett was born in
427:, which enabled the
394:California gold rush
233:Nashville, Tennessee
149:Jesse Quinn Thornton
2345:California pioneers
1980:Under U.S. military
1927:Brig. Gen. Figueroa
1739:Solomon Heydenfeldt
1081:ACLU of Northern CA
780:December 21, 1849:
747:Lieutenant Governor
735:Elisha Oscar Crosby
619:William F. Cogswell
433:Native Californians
193:Solomon Heydenfeldt
1947:Lt. Col. Gutiérrez
1937:Lt. Col. Gutiérrez
1922:Lt. Col. EcheandĂa
1907:Lt. Col. EcheandĂa
1700:Political offices
1525:. 3 September 2014
1028:. Associated Press
777:
766:
756:Burnett's policies
683:Compromise of 1850
622:
560:Coloma, California
550:Move to California
446:Native land rights
2287:
2286:
1902:Capt. L. ArgĂĽello
1866:Capt. J. ArgĂĽello
1831:Capt-Gen. de Neve
1763:
1762:
1754:Succeeded by
1726:Succeeded by
1570:Los Angeles Times
1479:Anthony R. Pico.
1422:978-1-4219-2750-3
1120:Blakemore, Erin.
838:Chinese Americans
807:Post-governorship
739:reception statute
691:San Francisco Bay
556:discovery of gold
554:Upon news of the
544:African Americans
418:African Americans
379:African Americans
341:
340:
230:November 15, 1807
16:(Redirected from
2397:
2048:
1984:
1894:
1883:
1882:
1856:Lt. Col. AlbernĂ
1808:
1789:
1782:
1775:
1766:
1765:
1757:Stephen J. Field
1736:Preceded by
1712:Bennett C. Riley
1705:Preceded by
1697:
1696:
1677:Peter H. Burnett
1633:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1602:
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1278:
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1262:
1256:
1255:, March 6, 2008.
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592:Sacramento River
519:and what became
507:(now modern-day
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678:Zachary Taylor
676:and President
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1487:on 2007-09-30
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1468:
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948:
947:Bancroft 1890
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534:While in the
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135:
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106:John McDougal
104:
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91:
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82:John McDougal
81:
77:
71:
66:
63:
58:
54:
43:
38:
31:
19:
18:Peter Burnett
2274:By education
2055:
2047:(since 1850)
2017:Maj. Frémont
2015:
2012:
2001:
1998:
1957:
1954:
1890:Under Mexico
1826:Capt. Rivera
1744:
1717:
1689:
1624:
1613:Bibliography
1599:. Retrieved
1597:. 2016-10-04
1594:
1585:
1573:. Retrieved
1569:
1559:
1548:. Retrieved
1538:
1527:. Retrieved
1517:
1509:
1500:
1489:. Retrieved
1485:the original
1474:
1462:
1453:
1441:
1437:
1431:
1407:
1400:
1388:. Retrieved
1368:
1364:
1351:
1340:. Retrieved
1335:
1322:
1311:. Retrieved
1307:the original
1296:
1282:
1271:. Retrieved
1260:
1250:
1245:
1234:. Retrieved
1230:
1220:
1209:. Retrieved
1205:the original
1166:
1148:
1129:. Retrieved
1125:
1104:
1085:. Retrieved
1083:. 2018-06-28
1080:
1071:
1059:. Retrieved
1055:
1030:. Retrieved
1025:
1001:
971:. Retrieved
969:. 2014-06-28
954:
942:
931:. Retrieved
927:
918:
897:
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880:
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858:
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711:
695:
686:
651:
623:
596:
553:
533:
494:
485:Joseph Smith
474:
463:
422:
406:enslaved man
391:
359:slave-owning
357:Raised in a
356:
343:
342:
321:(son-in-law)
245:(1895-05-17)
243:May 17, 1895
200:Succeeded by
175:Appointed by
164:
144:Succeeded by
121:
101:Succeeded by
69:
2305:1895 deaths
2300:1807 births
2264:Before 1850
2010:Gen. Kearny
2003:Gen. Flores
1991:Cdre. Sloat
1983:(1846–1850)
1971:Don P. Pico
1917:Don P. Pico
1893:(1822–1846)
1851:Col. BĂłrica
1841:Capt. Roméu
1807:(1769–1822)
1804:Under Spain
1390:9 September
674:US Congress
658:27 counties
634:US military
599:Oregon City
580:John Sutter
536:Legislature
529:Catholicism
483:—including
441:Indian race
429:enslavement
414:slave state
387:free blacks
373:. While in
188:Preceded by
132:Preceded by
88:Preceded by
2294:Categories
2269:Since 1850
2226:Deukmejian
2176:Richardson
2166:H. Johnson
2071:J. Johnson
2044:U.S. state
2034:Gen. Riley
2029:Gen. Smith
2024:Gen. Mason
2020:(mutineer)
1942:Col. Chico
1836:Col. Fages
1821:Col. Fages
1723:1849–1851
1601:2024-01-17
1575:19 October
1550:2021-11-06
1529:2015-08-03
1491:2007-05-09
1455:successor.
1342:2007-05-09
1313:2007-05-09
1273:2007-05-09
1236:2021-06-26
1211:2007-05-09
1131:2019-10-03
1087:2021-06-24
973:2024-02-23
933:2022-10-21
910:References
722:common law
525:Protestant
410:Sacramento
408:living in
361:family in
273:Democratic
254:California
226:1807-11-15
79:Lieutenant
876:Hawthorne
718:civil law
670:US Senate
470:enslavers
402:Archy Lee
326:Signature
315:Relatives
179:Governor
165:In office
122:In office
70:In office
46:Burnett,
2246:J. Brown
2221:J. Brown
2211:P. Brown
2171:Stephens
2136:Waterman
2131:Bartlett
2126:Stoneman
2091:Stanford
2061:McDougal
1959:Carrillo
1871:Don Solá
1622:(1890).
1450:43059669
902:Portolá.
865:San Jose
689:entered
638:San Jose
630:Monterey
578:pioneer
568:Bay Area
564:boomtown
521:Portland
437:genocide
383:flogging
363:Missouri
307:Children
2279:Spouses
2191:Merriam
2161:Gillett
2141:Markham
2121:Perkins
2111:Pacheco
2056:Burnett
2006:(rival)
1962:(rival)
1655:at the
1385:3474579
1332:(.HTML)
1288:"Butte"
1126:HISTORY
1061:May 16,
1032:May 20,
883:SOO-yoo
792:larceny
654:cabinet
481:Mormons
450:Chinese
385:of any
301:
293:
289:
2251:Newsom
2231:Wilson
2216:Reagan
2206:Knight
2201:Warren
2156:Pardee
2101:Haight
2086:Downey
2081:Latham
2076:Weller
2066:Bigler
1448:
1419:
1383:
1177:
832:Legacy
775:(1880)
707:Senate
687:Oregon
509:Oregon
375:Oregon
279:Spouse
2236:Davis
2196:Olson
2186:Rolph
2181:Young
2116:Irwin
2106:Booth
1446:JSTOR
1381:JSTOR
1361:(PDF)
1171:(PDF)
963:(PDF)
889:Notes
576:Swiss
295:(
291:
50:1860s
2151:Gage
2146:Budd
1577:2022
1417:ISBN
1392:2020
1175:ISBN
1063:2024
1034:2011
720:and
712:For
705:and
664:and
240:Died
220:Born
60:1st
2096:Low
1664:at
1373:doi
628:in
601:in
558:in
503:to
431:of
2296::
1628:.
1593:.
1568:.
1452:.
1442:10
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1190:^
1156:^
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1042:^
1024:.
1010:^
1000:.
982:^
965:.
926:.
871:.
644:.
605:.
456:.
297:m.
252:,
48:c.
2013:·
1999:·
1955:·
1788:e
1781:t
1774:v
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224:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
