394:. The war had significant long-term consequences for the region. The Cayuse War stressed an already frayed developing government in Oregon state. At the war’s end, the crushing debt was unsurprisingly handled with little diplomacy and organization, but was eventually reimbursed through a series of negotiations. What was not restabilized, however, was the government. The Cayuse War undoubtedly made evident the nearing United States government; however, when the war ended, the provisional government ceased to exist. In its place a new, sturdier, more permanent government apt to negotiate properly with the Natives emerged. The United States government had tried to pursue a policy of treaty-making with many tribes of the Pacific Northwest; but not after seeking revenge for the Whitman massacre. In March, the military brought five Cayuse men to the capital of Oregon Country. They were charged, tried, and hanged even though their guilt and the jurisdiction of the court were not fully established. This trial had been the first capital punishment following a legal preceding in the new territory. Ambivalent responses followed the trial for decades.
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Americans all about. She with the other women and children went to Walla Walla to Mr. Ogden's. I was not present at the murder nor was I any way concerned in it. - I am innocent - it hurts me to talk about dying for nothing. Our chief told me to come down and tell all about it. - Those who committed the murder are killed and dead. The priest say I must die tomorrow, if they kill me I am innocent… My Young Chief told me I was to come here to tell what I know concerning the murderers. I did not come as one of the murderers, for I am innocent. - I never made any declaration to any one that I was guilty. This is the last time that I may speak.
342:. By March 4, the forces reached the mission after a battle at Sand Hollows. After reaching the mission, Colonel Gilliam set out to return to The Dalles with a small force to supply that settlement, before continuing to Oregon City to report to the governor. However, on the journey, Gilliam was accidentally killed in camp, with Lee then continuing to Oregon City with Gilliam’s body. Lee was then promoted to Colonel, but upon returning to the front resigned as colonel, but remained as an officer, after learning the troops had elected Lieutenant-Colonel James Waters as colonel to lead the troops.
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349:. Some Cayuse initially refused to make peace and raided isolated settlements while others, considered friendly to the settlers, tried to work with the peace commission. The militia forces' actions led to confrontations with both friendly and hostile Native Americans. Many Cayuse resisted, but they were unable to put up an effective opposition to the firepower of their opponents and were driven into hiding in the
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agriculturalists, naturally did not accept this. The Cayuse expected payment from wagon trains passing through their territory and eating the wild food on which the tribes depended; the settlers did not understand this and instead drove away the men sent to exact payment, in the belief that they were merely "beggars".
261:—was responsible for the deaths of their families, causing the disaster to make way for new immigrants. Seeking revenge, Cayuse tribesmen attacked the mission on November 29, 1847. Thirteen settlers were killed, including both of the Whitmans. All of the buildings at Waiilatpu were destroyed. The site is now a
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Fagan, David D. 1885. History of Benton County, Oregon: including its geology, topography, soil and productions, together with the early history of the
Pacific Coast, compiled from the most authentic sources : a full political history ... incidents of pioneer life and biographical sketches of
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I was up the river at the time of the massacre, and did not arrive until next day. I was riding on horse back; a white woman came running from the house, she held out her hands and told me not to kill her. I put my hand upon her hand and told her not to be afraid. There were plenty of Native
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The sudden influx of
American settlers led to an escalation of tension between natives and settlers, which owed much to cultural misunderstandings and mutual hostilities. For instance, the Cayuse believed that to plow the ground was to desecrate the spirit of the Earth. The settlers, as
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battled the Native
Americans east of the Cascades. This was the first of several wars between the Native Americans and American settlers in that region that would lead to the negotiations between the United States and Native Americans of the Columbia Plateau, creating several
314:(HBC) post. The HBC would not extend credit to the Provisional Government, therefore the volunteer soldiers each pledged their credit to purchase supplies with the expectation that the government would repay them at a later time. The group was to protect the
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In 1850, the tribe handed over five members (Tilaukaikt, Tomahas, Klokamas, Isaiachalkis, and
Kimasumpkin) to be tried for the murder of the Whitmans. All five Cayuse were convicted by a military commission and hanged on June 3, 1850; see
338:(who did not approve of the peace commission) marched against the Cayuse and other native inhabitants of central Oregon. These troops arrived at Fort Lee in February, and with a larger force, the militia forces pressed east towards the
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The Oregon Rifles marched to The Dalles, arriving on
December 21. Upon arriving there, they drove off a band of Native Americans, but not before the natives stole 300 head of cattle. There the troops built a stockade and named the post
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called for "immediate and prompt action," and authorized the raising of companies of volunteers to go to war, if necessary, against the Cayuse Tribe. A fifty-person unit of volunteers was raised immediately and dispatched to
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Paul, Peter J. "Some Facts in the Early
Missionary History of the Northwest: The Legend of Marcus Whitman." Records of the American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia, vol. 40, no. 2 (June 1989):
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was going to close the mission until Marcus
Whitman returned east pleading to keep the mission open. Returning the following year, he joined approximately a thousand settlers traveling to
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Hubert H. Bancroft, History Of
Washington, Idaho, and Montana, 1845–1889, The History Company, San Francisco, 1890. Chapter VI Indian Wars 1855–1856 and V Indian Wars 1856–1858
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Berkhofer, Robert F. Salvation and the Savage: An
Analysis of Protestant Missions and American Indian Responses (1787–1862). Lexington, KY: University of Kentucky Press, 1965.
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Victor, Frances Fuller, Early Indian Wars of Oregon: Compiled from the Oregon
Archives and Other Original Sources: with Muster Rolls (Oakland, CA: F.C. Baker, 1894) 263.
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at The Dalles and prevent any hostile forces from reaching the Willamette Valley. In addition, the governor appointed a peace commission, consisting of
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The Cayuse population and territory decreased significantly following their defeat. In 1855, they ceded most of their tribal lands, reserving the
238:. Despite initial successes, the Whitmans did not have any Cayuse baptized into their church. Due to lack of success and high costs, in 1842, the
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for the commander, though the small fortification was also called Fort Wascopam. In January 1848, a force of over 500 militiamen led by Colonel
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This did not end the conflict, though, and sporadic bloodshed continued for another five years until the Cayuse were finally defeated in 1855.
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early and prominent citizens : also containing the history of the cities, towns, churches, schools, secret societies, etc. : D.D. Fagan.
265:. For several weeks, 53 women and children were held captive before eventually being released. This event, which became known as the
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Brown, J. Henry (1892). Political History of Oregon: Provisional Government. The Lewis & Dryden Printing Co.: Portland. p. 114
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killed half the Cayuse. The Cayuse suspected that Marcus Whitman—a practicing physician and religious leader, hence a
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Conflict between the US government and Cayuse Native Americans (1847–55)
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Timeline: Native Americans in the Inland Northwest: Wars and Treaties
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The new settlers brought diseases with them. In 1847, an epidemic of
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Guide to the Cayuse War (1847–1855) at the University of Oregon.
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Eleven years in the Rocky Mountains and a life on the frontier
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of the Northwestern United States and settlers, backed by the
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on December 10, where they purchased supplies from the
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The Cayuse War (Early Indian Wars of Oregon, Vol. One)
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Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation
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American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions
641:, by Frances Fuller Victor. Taxus Baccata: 2006.
345:These militia forces were later supported by the
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501:GlobalSecurity.org, accessed September 25, 2007.
141:(1847-1855) was an armed conflict between the
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361:. The hanging was conducted by U.S. Marshal
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1015:Native American peoples of Oregon history
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182:Dramatic depiction of the incident, from
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576:This article includes a list of general
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149:. The conflict was triggered by the
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365:. Kimasumpkin's final statement:
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159:Provisional Government of Oregon
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157:. Over the next few years, the
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1465:Chief Joseph
1445:Peter French
1314:Fort William
1299:Fort Astoria
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1156:Organic Laws
1146:Oregon Trail
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836:Mount Mazama
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113:James Waters
75:Belligerents
27:Part of the
1585:Ewing Young
1530:Joel Palmer
1510:Ezra Meeker
1505:Joseph Meek
1490:Asa Lovejoy
1450:Joseph Gale
1395:Ira Babcock
1339:Oregon City
1329:Meek Cutoff
1304:Fort Dalles
1279:Barlow Road
745:Thunderbird
595:introducing
359:Cayuse Five
322:, Lee, and
320:Joel Palmer
232:grist mills
131:500 militia
1690:Cayuse War
1545:Levi Scott
1520:John Minto
1475:H.A.G. Lee
1460:David Hill
1400:Sam Barlow
1221:Cayuse War
795:Cayuse War
578:references
425:References
296:The Dalles
139:Cayuse War
118:Five Crows
22:Cayuse War
1480:Jason Lee
1324:Linn City
1248:Modoc War
972:Tillamook
937:Nez Perce
932:Multnomah
912:Klickitat
882:Clackamas
720:Longhouse
715:Chinookan
386:with the
378:Aftermath
220:Waiilatpu
121:War Eagle
1684:Category
1602:Columbia
1289:Champoeg
987:Umatilla
902:Kalapuya
892:Coquille
857:Atfalati
800:Potlatch
542:Archived
398:See also
388:Umatilla
332:Fort Lee
126:Strength
47:Location
1630:Gazelle
1616:Canemah
1284:Canemah
1099:Ferries
992:Umpquat
982:Tututni
967:Takelma
962:Siuslaw
947:Santiam
917:Latgawa
907:Klamath
887:Clatsop
877:Chinook
862:Bannock
591:improve
447:97–122.
255:measles
228:schools
1378:People
1269:Albina
1262:Places
1184:Events
1077:Topics
977:Tolowa
957:Siletz
952:Shasta
927:Molala
872:Chetco
867:Cayuse
845:People
819:Places
778:Events
750:Wapato
703:Topics
580:, but
259:shaman
208:Marcus
174:Causes
116:Chief
94:Cayuse
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63:Result
922:Modoc
852:Alsea
897:Coos
390:and
285:The
230:and
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137:The
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39:Date
188:by
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