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After
Whitman's death, Spalding energetically promoted the idea that Marcus Whitman had traveled east to Washington in order to "save" the Oregon Territory from British control by convincing the United States to send settlers to contest claims of British governance. In 1901, Yale University historian
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convincingly disproved this revision of history, using the historical record to demonstrate that
Whitman's trip back east was motivated by his desire to maintain the mission to convert the Native American tribes of the Northwest to Christianity and that he returned with settlers who were Protestant
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In 1842, Whitman traveled east, and on his return, he accompanied the first large group of wagon trains west. Known as the "Great
Emigration", the 1843 expedition established the viability of the Oregon Trail for later homesteaders. Not having much success with converting the Cayuse, the Whitmans
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to
Eurasian diseases resulted in high death rates, with children dying in large numbers. The Whitmans cared for both Cayuse and white settlers, but half of the Cayuse died and nearly all the Cayuse children perished. Seeing that more whites had survived, the Cayuse blamed the Whitmans for the
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The Cayuse tradition held medicine men personally responsible for the patient's recovery. Their despair at the deaths, especially of their children, led the Cayuse under Chief
Tiloukaikt to kill the Whitmans in their home on November 29, 1847. Warriors destroyed most of the buildings at
294:. She had also been eager to travel west as a missionary, but she had been unable to do so as a single woman. They had one daughter, Alice Clarissa, born On March 14, 1837, the first Anglo-American child born in Oregon Country. She was named after her grandmothers. She drowned in the
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Marcus
Whitman's alleged political influence over the United States' claim to the Oregon country, as well as his purported leadership role in the emigration, were greatly exaggerated in the decades following his death, leading to great controversy in popular and academic literature.
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living near the
Whitman Mission and were unsuccessful in their efforts to Christianize the tribe. Following the deaths of many nearby Cayuse from an outbreak of measles, some remaining Cayuse accused Whitman of murder, suggesting that he had administered poison and was a failed
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Whitman dreamed of becoming a minister but did not have the money for such schooling. He returned to New York as a young man. He studied medicine for two years with an experienced physician under the form of apprenticeship approved then, and received his degree from
429:. The Cayuse held another 53 women and children captive for a month before releasing them through negotiations. These events, and continued white encroachment, triggered a continuing conflict between the settlers and the Cayuse that became known as the
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on his way to the
Whitmans', told him what had happened, and warned him that he might be in danger. Spalding later wrote a pamphlet stating forcefully that the Catholic priests, including Father Brouillet, had incited the Cayuse to massacre.
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in an effort to convert local
Indians to Christianity. In the winter of 1842, Whitman went back east, returning the following summer with the first large wagon train of settlers across the
502:. While the name is not used much now, the road from Penn Yan, New York to Rushville, New York was formerly called the Marcus Whitman Highway. Fort Whitman (active 1900–1947) located near
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Historians have noted contemporary accounts of competition between the
Protestant missionaries and Catholic priests, who had become established with Jesuit missions from Canada and
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and killed twelve other white settlers in the community, kidnapping many children and forcibly marrying them in certain cases. The events became known among white settlers as the
444:, as contributing to the tensions. The Roman Catholic priest John Baptiste Brouillet aided the survivors and helped bury the victims. Two days later Brouillet encountered Rev.
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344:. An additional cart drawn by two mules carried Milton Sublette, who had lost a leg a year earlier and walked on a "cork" one made by a friend.
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gave more attention to the settlers. They took in children to their own home and established a boarding school for settlers' children.
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257:. At the end of their stay, he promised the Nez Perce that he would return with other missionaries and teachers to live with them.
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The Cayuse resented the encroachment of white settlers. More significantly, the influx of settlers in the territory brought new
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Marcus and Narcissa Whitman and the Opening of Old Oregon by Clifford M. Drury at Whitman Mission National Historic Site
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Spalding's version of the disaster was printed and reprinted, sometimes at taxpayer expense, for the next half-century.
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As settlers came in increasing numbers, the Whitmans took in eleven orphaned children, including the adoption of the
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145:(September 4, 1802 – November 29, 1847) was an American physician and missionary. He is most well-known for leading
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in New York. He practiced medicine for a few years in Canada but was interested in going to the west.
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commemorates his 1828–1835 practice as a medical doctor in that town. In 1977, he was inducted into
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to Beza and Alice Whitman. After Beza's death when Whitman was seven, he was sent to
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In 1836, Marcus Whitman led an overland party by wagon to the West. He and his wife,
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Review: Acquisition of Oregon and the long suppressed evidence about Marcus Whitman
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has declared the fourth day of September as Marcus Whitman Day. A bronze tablet in
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developed six miles to the east. The settlement was in the territory of both the
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Healdsburg Tribune, Enterprise and Scimitar, Number 51, 10 September 1953 —
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On May 25, 1836, the Whitmans, and a group of other missionaries including
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Appelbee, Lenora J., Around Prattsburgh, Arcadia Publishing, 2012.
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Journal of a Trapper; In the Rocky Mountains between 1834 and 1843
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in Rushville, New York, his hometown. His mission is preserved as
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at a Cayuse settlement called WaĂilatpu (Why-ee-laht-poo) in the
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House, Kirk, "Steuben County People on the Maps of Two Worlds,"
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The combined group arrived in time for the fur-traders' annual
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905:. Caldwell, Idaho: The Caxton Printers Ltd. pp. 354–359.
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The group established several missions as well as Whitman's
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and traveled west. The fur company caravan was led by the
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720:. Caldwell, Idaho: The Caxton Printers Ltd. p. 337.
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737:. Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 348.
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635:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. 111.
544:,An identical one stands at the edge of the campus of
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to the Indian Tribes, including a severe epidemic of
660:. Santa Barbara: The Narrative Press. p. 80.
617:National Park Service: Biography of Marcus Whitman
249:nations. During this journey, he treated several
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939:The Marcus Whitman Trail Route Historical Marker
656:Russell, Osborne (2001). Haines, Aubrey (ed.).
566:in order to promote (Protestant) Christianity.
2084:Presbyterian missionaries in the United States
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809:Statue of Early Church Martyr of West Unveiled
229:In 1835, Whitman traveled with the missionary
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260:Parker and Whitman were present for the 1835
2109:Pre-statehood history of Washington (state)
1019:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography
528:In 1953, the state of Washington donated a
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523:Marcus Whitman Hotel and Conference Center
205:On September 4, 1802, Whitman was born in
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2129:Religious leaders from Washington (state)
754:. Van Winkle Publishing Co. p. 125.
682:Narcissa Whitman: An Historical Biography
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925:Whitman at the Architect of the Capitol
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417:devastating deaths among their people.
412:in 1847. The Native Americans' lack of
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2119:People murdered in Washington (state)
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1077:Pioneer history of Oregon (1806–1890)
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734:Origin of Washington geographic names
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467:, National Statuary Hall Collection,
394:Marcus Whitman's grave in Walla Walla
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704:, 2001, PBS, accessed 30 April 2012
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521:'s Hall of Fame. Walla Walla has a
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2114:American Presbyterian missionaries
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2064:1847 murders in the United States
933:: "Marcus & Narcissa Whitman"
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798:Steuben County Hall of Fame, 2013
702:: "Marcus & Narcissa Whitman"
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538:National Statuary Hall Collection
21:Marcus Whitman Middle/High School
2069:19th-century American physicians
1716:Christian Missionary history of
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1115:Oregon & California Railroad
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899:Drury, Clifford Merrill (1936).
714:Drury, Clifford Merrill (1936).
587:Bourne, Edward Gaylord (1901). "
16:19th-century American missionary
2104:People from Rushville, New York
1642:Oregon Steam Navigation Company
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484:Wallowa–Whitman National Forest
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153:, unsuccessfully attempting to
1004:New International Encyclopedia
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593:The American Historical Review
241:, to minister to bands of the
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1868:Jean-Baptiste-Zacharie Bolduc
1202:Russo-American Treaty of 1824
778:44:4, November 2018, page 9.'
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496:Marcus Whitman Central School
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19:For the New York school, see
1739:Margaret Jewett Smith Bailey
837:The Legend of Marcus Whitman
589:The Legend of Marcus Whitman
511:Washington State Legislature
336:. The fur traders had seven
233:to present-day northwestern
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2124:Washington (state) pioneers
1820:Methodist Mission in Oregon
824:Oregon Historical Quarterly
684:, Binfords & Mort, 1959
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474:Whitman is commemorated by
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1924:St. Francis Xavier Mission
1858:Augustin-Magloire Blanchet
959:Collier's New Encyclopedia
841:American Historical Review
822:by Leslie M. Scott in the
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366:. The present-day city of
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1863:François Norbert Blanchet
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1249:Constitutional Convention
1207:Willamette Cattle Company
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748:Majors, Harry M. (1975).
731:Meany, Edmond S. (1923).
633:Jim Bridger: Mountain Man
349:Rocky Mountain Rendezvous
282:In 1836, Whitman married
262:Rocky Mountain Rendezvous
219:Fairfield Medical College
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69:Waiilatpu, Oregon Country
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1774:Josiah Lamberson Parrish
835:Edward Gaylord Bourne, "
631:Vestal, Stanley (1970).
519:Steuben County, New York
437:were hanged for murder.
213:to live with his uncle.
207:Federal Hollow, New York
52:Federal Hollow, New York
1375:Willamette Trading Post
1232:Donation Land Claim Act
1120:Oregon boundary dispute
1039:The Oregon Encyclopedia
989:Encyclopædia Britannica
860:Encyclopædia Britannica
855:"Whitman, Marcus"
480:Walla Walla, Washington
368:Walla Walla, Washington
178:Walla Walla, Washington
2074:Physicians from Oregon
1987:Mary Richardson Walker
1726:Methodist Missionaries
1660:Native peoples history
1360:Thomas and Ruckle Road
1172:Provisional Government
992:(11th ed.). 1911.
974:Encyclopedia Americana
576:Jason Lee (missionary)
471:
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321:, joined a caravan of
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253:during an outbreak of
1845:Catholic Missionaries
1436:Abigail Scott Duniway
948:Texts on Wikisource:
902:Henry Harmon Spalding
717:Henry Harmon Spalding
680:Allen, Opal Sweazea.
563:Edward Gaylord Bourne
552:Historical importance
542:United States Capitol
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340:, each pulled by six
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163:1847 Whitman massacre
1919:Sacred Heart Mission
1110:Hudson's Bay Company
1090:American Fur Company
751:Exploring Washington
504:LaConner, Washington
118:Congregations served
1972:Eliza Hart Spalding
1873:Pierre-Jean De Smet
1794:Chloe Clark Willson
1779:Henry K. W. Perkins
1556:Eliza Hart Spalding
1167:Pacific Fur Company
1135:Oregon missionaries
1100:Executive Committee
506:was named for him.
442:St. Louis, Missouri
406:infectious diseases
319:Eliza Hart Spalding
278:Marriage and family
75:Cause of death
2028:Tshimakain Mission
1944:ABCFM Missionaries
1934:St. Paul's Mission
1835:Willamette Mission
1808:Methodist Stations
1799:William H. Willson
1501:Morton M. McCarver
1491:David Thomas Lenox
1355:Philip Foster Farm
1259:Great Gale of 1880
1095:Columbian exchange
1030:Edwards, G. Thomas
889:, official website
885:2013-12-11 at the
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334:Thomas Fitzpatrick
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1977:Henry H. Spalding
1912:Catholic Stations
1903:Louis Vercruyesse
1825:Nisqually Mission
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1461:Cornelius Gilliam
1441:Thomas Lamb Eliot
1416:William H. Boring
1411:François Blanchet
1340:Methodist Mission
1212:Champoeg Meetings
879:Catholic Sentinel
761:978-0-918664-00-6
515:Wheeler, New York
456:Legacy and honors
446:Henry H. Spalding
315:Henry H. Spalding
296:Walla Walla River
284:Narcissa Prentiss
147:American settlers
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97:Narcissa Prentiss
62:November 29, 1847
48:September 4, 1802
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1883:Antoine Langlois
1830:Wascopam Mission
1784:John P. Richmond
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1581:Narcissa Whitman
1391:George Abernethy
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1350:Oregon Institute
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1222:Whitman massacre
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1853:Michael Accolti
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1754:Joseph H. Frost
1749:Harvey L. Clark
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1670:Pioneer history
1665:History to 1806
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1396:Jesse Applegate
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2099:Oregon Trail
1991:
1957:Mary A. Gray
1789:Elijah White
1769:David Leslie
1634:
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1615:Lot Whitcomb
1613:
1607:
1575:
1571:Elijah White
1471:Chief Joseph
1451:Peter French
1320:Fort William
1305:Fort Astoria
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309:The way west
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298:at age two.
281:
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251:fur trappers
228:
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182:Oregon Trail
171:
155:Christianize
151:Oregon Trail
142:
141:
111:Presbyterian
64:(1847-11-29)
2059:1847 deaths
2054:1802 births
1888:John Nobili
1734:Ira Babcock
1591:Ewing Young
1536:Joel Palmer
1516:Ezra Meeker
1511:Joseph Meek
1496:Asa Lovejoy
1456:Joseph Gale
1401:Ira Babcock
1345:Oregon City
1335:Meek Cutoff
1310:Fort Dalles
1285:Barlow Road
469:U.S Capitol
435:Five Cayuse
323:fur traders
149:across the
2079:Cayuse War
2048:Categories
1759:Daniel Lee
1551:Levi Scott
1526:John Minto
1481:H.A.G. Lee
1466:David Hill
1406:Sam Barlow
1227:Cayuse War
935:, 2001, BS
604:References
431:Cayuse War
356:settlement
225:Missionary
201:Early life
167:Cayuse war
132:Missionary
1764:Jason Lee
1486:Jason Lee
1330:Linn City
1254:Modoc War
423:Waiilatpu
292:chemistry
247:Nez Perce
83:Education
1608:Columbia
1295:Champoeg
931:The West
883:Archived
700:The West
570:See also
414:immunity
386:Massacre
374:and the
243:Flathead
174:Narcissa
1636:Gazelle
1622:Canemah
1290:Canemah
1105:Ferries
1022:. 1889.
1007:. 1905.
977:. 1920.
962:. 1921.
866:. 1911.
826:(1912).
540:in the
536:to the
482:, the
410:measles
288:physics
255:cholera
235:Montana
1384:People
1275:Albina
1268:Places
1190:Events
1083:Topics
758:
664:
639:
372:Cayuse
191:shaman
107:Church
93:Spouse
78:Murder
342:mules
239:Idaho
129:Title
756:ISBN
662:ISBN
637:ISBN
509:The
332:and
317:and
290:and
245:and
157:the
59:Died
45:Born
1016:".
1001:".
986:".
971:".
956:".
839:",
591:".
490:'s
478:in
2050::
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862:.
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689:^
623:^
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264:.
1709:e
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645:.
597:6
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
