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shoreline is protected by the beach material held behind the barriers, as the revetments trap some of the material. They may be watertight, covering the slope completely, or porous, to allow water to filter through after the wave energy has been dissipated. Most revetments do not significantly interfere with transport of longshore drift. Since the wall absorbs energy instead of reflecting, the surf progressively erodes and destroys the revetment; therefore, maintenance is ongoing, as determined by the structural material and product quality.
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parameters. The main advantage of video analysis lies in the ability to reliably quantify these parameters with high resolution space and time coverage. This highlights their potential as an effective coastal monitoring system and an aid to coastal zone management. Interesting case studies have been carried out using video analysis. One group used a video-based ARGUS coastal imaging system to monitor and quantify the regional-scale coastal response to sand nourishment and construction of the world-first
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548:, including salt marshes and sand dunes. This normally results in protecting the land behind the halosere, as wave energy dissipates throughout the accumulated sediment and additional vegetation in the new habitat. Although the halosere is not strictly man-made, as many natural processes contribute to the succession, anthropogenic factors are partially responsible for the formation, since an initial factor was needed to help start the process of succession.
562:
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1078:, ...) and the vegetation it supports β trees, root mats, etc. β retain large amounts of water (surface water, snowmelt, rain, groundwater) and then slowly releases them back, decreasing the likeliness of floods. Mangrove forests protect coastal shorelines from tidal erosion or erosion by currents; a process that was studied after the 1999 cyclone that hit India. Villages that were surrounded with
81:, with an average density three times higher than the global average for population. With three-quarters of the world population expected to reside in the coastal zone by 2025, human activities originating from this small land area will impose heavy pressure on coasts. Coastal zones contain rich resources to produce goods and services and are home to most commercial and industrial activities.
1479:. It can be used to obtain inter-tidal topographies and sub-tidal bathymetries and measure coastal zone resilience . Video-based depth estimations were applied in micro/meso tidal environments at DUCK, NC and highly energetic wave climates with a macro tidal regime at Porthtowan in the United Kingdom. The latter showed the application of video-based depth estimations during extreme storms.
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close to the shoreline will be unable to accommodate erosion. They will experience a so-called "coastal squeeze" whereby ecological or geomorphological zones that would normally retreat landwards encounter solid structures and can migrate no further. Wetlands, salt marshes, mangroves and adjacent fresh water wetlands are particularly vulnerable to such a squeeze.
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the loss of it will cause more erosion. To prevent this, noticeboards, leaflets, and beach wardens explain to visitors how to avoid damaging the area. Also, beach areas can be closed to the public to reduce damage. Another option is fences which allow sand traps to create blowouts and increase windblown sand capture.
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Defining the shoreline is a difficult task due to its dynamic nature and the intended application. The relevant mapping scale is dependent on the context of the investigation. Generally, the coast comprises the interface between land and sea, and the shoreline is represented by the margin between the
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A useful side effect of the system is that collected seawater is relatively pure because of sand's filtration effect. Such water may be discharged or be used to oxygenate stagnant inland lagoons/marinas or used as feed for heat pumps, desalination plants, land-based aquaculture, aquariums or swimming
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for compilation of shoreline change maps. Aerial photographs are the most commonly used data source because many coastal areas have extensive aerial photo coverage.Aerial photographs generally provide good spatial coverage. However, temporal coverage is site specific. The interpretation of shoreline
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A variety of data sources are available for examining shoreline position. However, the availability of historical data is limited at many coastal sites and so the choice of data source is largely limited to what is available for the site at a given time. Shoreline mapping techniques have become more
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Sand dunes are vulnerable to human activities. Therefore, they need as little human interaction as possible for their protection. Human coastal activities has led to the erosion and loss of plant life on sand dunes. Plant life has been established as an important stabilizing factor of sand dunes and
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Rock armour is large rocks placed at the sea edge using local material. This is generally used to absorb wave energy and hold beach material. Although effective, this solution is unpopular for aesthetic reasons. Longshore drift is not hindered. Rock armour has a limited lifespan, is not effective in
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is predominantly in one direction, creating a wider and a more plentiful beach, thereby protecting the coast because the sand material filters and absorbs wave energy. However, there is a corresponding loss of beach material on the updrift side, requiring another groyne there. Groynes do not protect
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There is an obvious downside to this strategy. Coastal erosion is already widespread, and there are many coasts where exceptional high tides or storm surges result in encroachment on the shore, impinging on human activity. If the sea rises, many coasts that are developed with infrastructure along or
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analysis provides quantitative, cost-effective, continuous and long-term monitoring beaches. The advancement of coastal video systems in the twenty-first century enabled the extraction of large amounts of geophysical data from images. The data describes coastal morphology, surface currents and wave
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movement. This affects the accuracy of computed historic shoreline position and predictions. HWL is most commonly used as a shoreline indicator. Many errors are associated with using the wet/dry line as a proxy for the HWL and shoreline. The errors of largest concern are the short-term migration of
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Stabilizing sand dunes with plants is a common practice and can be implemented on private and public beaches. When implementing the stabilization sand dunes on privately owned beaches with multiple owners, coming to a consensual agreement tends to be complicated. Some owners may prefer to leave the
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Training walls are built to constrain a river or creek as it discharges across a sandy coastline. The walls stabilise and deepen the channel which benefits navigation, flood management, river erosion and water quality, but can cause coastal erosion by interrupting longshore drift. One solution is a
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Walls of concrete and masonry are used to protect a settlement against erosion or flooding. They are typically about 3β5 metres (10β16 ft) high. Older-style vertical seawalls reflected all the energy of the waves back out to sea, and for this purpose were often given recurved crest walls which
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The obtrusiveness and cost of these structures led in the late 1940s and early 1950s, to a more dynamic approach. Projects attempted to replicate the protective characteristics of natural beach and dune systems. The resultant use of artificial beaches and stabilized dunes as an engineering approach
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Revetments are slanted or upright blockades, built parallel to the coast, usually towards the back of the beach to protect the area beyond. The most basic revetments consist of timber slants with a possible rock infill. Waves break against the revetments, which dissipate and absorb the energy. The
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Remote sensing techniques can be cost effective, reduce manual error and reduce the subjectivity of conventional field techniques. Remote sensing is a relatively new concept, limiting extensive historical observations. Coastal morphology observations must be quantified by coupling remotely sensed
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photograph. Unfortunately this is often not the case and virtually all aerial photographs experience tilt up to 3Β°. In this situation the scale of the image is larger on the upward side of the tilt axis and smaller on the downward side. Many coastal researchers do not consider this in their work.
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toe, dune crest and cliff or the bluff crest and toe. Alternatively, non-morphological features may be used such as water level (high water line (HWL), mean high water line) wet/dry boundary and the physical water line. Figure 1 provides a sketch of the spatial relationships between commonly used
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Beach replenishment/nourishment involves importing sand from elsewhere and adding it to the existing beach. The imported sand should be of a similar quality to the existing beach material so it can meld with the natural local processes and without adverse effects. Beach nourishment can be used in
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Geotextile tubes or geotubes are large geotextile bags placed at the sea edge filled with locally available sand slurry. This is generally used to absorb wave energy and hold beach material as riprap does. Often referred to as titan tubes as manufactured by Flint
Technical Geosolutions. Longshore
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may cause the wet/dry line to migrate. Field investigations have shown that these changes can be minimised by using only summertime data.; Furthermore, the error bar can be significantly reduced by using the longest record of reliable data to calculate erosion rates. Errors may arise due to the
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The shoreline location and its changing position over time is of fundamental importance to coastal scientists, engineers and managers. Shoreline monitoring campaigns provide information about historic shoreline location and movement, and about predictions of future change. More specifically the
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Boulders and rocks are wired into mesh cages and placed in front of areas vulnerable to erosion: sometimes at cliffs edges or at right angles to the beach. When the ocean lands on the gabion, the water drains through leaving sediment, while the structure absorbs a moderate amount of wave energy.
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Beach watertables have an important bearing on deposition/erosion across the foreshore. In one study a high watertable coincided with accelerated beach erosion, while a low watertable coincided with pronounced aggradation of the foreshore. A lower watertable (unsaturated beach face) facilitates
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from a series of discrete beach profiles. The distance between the profiles is usually quite large, limiting the accuracy of the interpolating. Survey data is limited to smaller lengths of shoreline generally less than ten kilometres. Beach profiling data is commonly available in from regional
1310:. This situation causes objects above sea level to be displaced outward from the centre of the photograph and objects below ground level to be displaced toward the centre of the image (Figure 2). The severity of the displacement is negatively associated with decreases in flight altitude and as
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Sand dunes are a common feature of beaches and provide a habitat for many organisms. They are useful when preventing the erosion of beaches, and can catch windblown sand which over time increases the natural formation of the beach. To stabilize sand dunes, foredune flora and backdune flora are
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The main cost is generally the purchase of land to be abandoned. Relocation compensation may be needed. Human-made structures that will be engulfed by the sea may need to be removed. In some cases, armouring is used to protect land beyond the area to be flooded. Costs may be lowest if existing
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or sand-trapping structures such as groynes. During the 1920s and '30s, private or local community interests protected many coastal areas using these techniques on an ad hoc basis. In certain resort areas, structures proliferated to such an extent that the protection impeded recreational uses.
999:. After these plants have taken root, the shrub stage begins. Since the previously established plants have stabilized the dunes, during the shrub stage larger plants with bigger root systems are able to grow. This allows for further stabilization of sand dunes. These larger plants, along with
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Beach profiling surveys are typically repeated at regular intervals along the coast in order to measure short-term (daily to annual) variations in shoreline position and beach volume. Beach profiling is a very accurate source of information. However, measurements are generally subject to the
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The Group of
Specialists originated in 1995, pursuant to a decision by the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe. It emphasized the need for integrated management and planning, but that coastal areas continued to deteriorate. The Group claimed that this was due to difficulties in
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Limited knowledge of coastal sediment transport processes often resulted in inappropriate measures of coastal erosion mitigation. In many cases, measures worked locally, but exacerbated problems at other locations -up to tens of kilometers away- or generated other environmental problems.
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defences are left to fail naturally, but the realignment project may be more actively managed, for example by creating an artificial breach in existing defences to allow the sea in at a particular place in a controlled fashion, or by pre-forming drainage channels for created salt-marsh.
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In the event that a study requires the shoreline position from before aerial photographs, or if the location has poor photographic coverage, historical maps provide an alternative. Many errors are associated with early maps and charts. Such errors may be associated with scale,
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dunes bare, while others would rather plant more visually appealing plants. In comparison, when implementing dune stabilization on publicly owned beaches, there are less parties to confer with. Therefore, agreements about implementation can be reached in a quicker fashion.
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However, no case studies provide indisputable evidence of positive results, although in some cases overall positive performance was reported. Long-term monitoring was not undertaken at a frequency high enough to discriminate the response to high energy erosive events.
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was one of the few populated coastal areas with continuous prosperity and development where written reports document the evolution of coastal protection works. In other words, this is one of the first accounts of the use of a sea wall to protect a coastal settlement.
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Beach drainage systems have been installed in many locations around the world to halt and reverse erosion trends in sand beaches. Twenty four beach drainage systems have been installed since 1981 in
Denmark, USA, UK, Japan, Spain, Sweden, France, Italy and Malaysia.
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of view increases distortion. This is a significant source of error in earlier aerial photography. Such a distortion is impossible to correct for without knowing the details of the lens used to capture the image. Overlapping images can be used to resolve errors.
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The dynamic nature of coasts compromises shoreline mapping. This uncertainty arises because at any given time the position of the shoreline is influenced by the immediate tidal effects and a variety of long-term effects such as relative sea-level rise and along
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Armour Units β Random Mass or
Disciplined Array, β C.T.Brown ASCE Coastal Structures Specialty Conference, Washington, March 1979; The Design & Construction of Prince St. Seawall, Cronulla, EHW Hirst & D.N.Foster β 8th CCOE, Nov 1987, Launceston,
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of the images. This technique creates a focus for the centre of each photograph where distortion is minimised. This error is not common in shoreline mapping as the relief is fairly constant. It is however important to consider when mapping cliffs.
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Coastal and estuarine ecosystems act as buffer zones against natural hazards and environmental disturbances, such as floods, cyclones, tidal surges and storms. The role they play is to " a portion of the impact and thus its effect on the land".
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Smit, M. W. J.; Aarninkhof, S. G. J.; Wijnberg, K. M.; Gonzalez, M. M; Kingstong, K. S.; Ruessink, B. G.; Holman, R. A.; Segle, E.; Davidson, M.; Medina, R. (2007). "The role of video imagery in predicting daily to monthly coastal evolution".
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limitations of conventional surveying techniques. Shoreline data derived from beach profiling is often spatially and temporally limited due to the high cost associated with that labour-intensive activity. Shorelines are generally derived by
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Concrete blocks and/or boulders are sunk offshore to alter wave direction and to filter wave and tide energy. The waves break further offshore and therefore lose erosive power. This leads to wider beaches, which further absorb wave energy.
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The HWL (H in Figure 1) is the most commonly used shoreline indicator because it is visible in the field, and can be interpreted on both colour and grey scale aerial photographs. The HWL represents the landward extent of the most recent
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deposition by reducing flow velocities during backwash and prolonging laminar flow. With the beach in a saturated state, backwash velocity is accelerated by the addition of groundwater seepage out of the beach within the effluent zone.
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Groynes are cost-effective, require little maintenance and are one of the most common defences. However, groynes are increasingly viewed as detrimental to the aesthetics of the coastline and face opposition in many coastal communities.
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Coastal zones occupy less than 15% of the Earth's land area, while they host more than 40% of the world population. Nearly 1.2 billion people live within 100 kilometres (62 mi) of a coastline and 100 metres (328 ft) of
190:, 5, 12). Other types of port structure such as rubble mounds and arched breakwaters built by means of timber floating caissons were used also. Romans were the first dredgers in the Netherlands to maintain the harbour at
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Alternatively, soft engineering techniques supporting natural processes and relying on natural elements such as dunes and vegetation can prevent erosive forces from reaching the back-shore. These techniques include
1992:
Ysebaert T., Walles B., Haner J., Hancock B. (2019) "Habitat
Modification and Coastal Protection by Ecosystem-Engineering Reef-Building Bivalves". In: Smaal A., Ferreira J., Grant J., Petersen J., Strand Γ. (eds)
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Limited intervention is an action taken whereby the management only addresses the problem to a certain extent, usually in areas of low economic significance. Limited intervention often includes the succession of
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the beach against storm-driven waves and if placed too close together create currents that carry material offshore. Shapes of groynes can be straight, outwardly curved away in opposite direction from downdrift.
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Modern seawalls aim to re-direct most of the incident energy in the form of sloping revetments, resulting in low reflected waves and much reduced turbulence. Designs use porous designs of rock, concrete armour
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errors. The severity of these errors depends on the accuracy of the map and the physical changes that occurred after it was made. The oldest reliable source of shoreline data in the United States dates is the
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Coastal managers must compensate for error and uncertainty in the information regarding the erosive processes. Video-based monitoring can collect data continuously and produce analyses of shoreline processes.
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and prevent damage from storm surges or any other type of natural disaster that could harm the area they protect. They are habitually open and allow free passage, but close under threat of a storm surge. The
439:. The technique is used when the land adjacent to the sea is low in value. A decision is made to allow the land to erode and flood, creating new shoreline habitats. This process may continue over many years.
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the wet/dry line, interpretation of the wet/dry line on a photograph and measurement of the interpreted line position. Systematic errors such as the migration of the wet/dry line arise from tidal and
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and is characterised by a change in sand colour due to repeated, periodic inundation by high tides. The HWL is portrayed on aerial photographs by the most landward change in colour or grey tone.
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The choice of strategy is site-specific, depending on pattern of sea-level change, geomorphological setting, sediment availability and erosion, as well as social, economic and political factors.
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Attack from the sea caused many coastal towns and their harbours to be abandoned. Other harbours were lost due to natural causes such as rapid silting, shoreline advance or retreat, etc. The
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to gradually create a beach and for it ongoing protection by eliminating coastal erosion, often made of greenharts, concrete, rock or wood. Material builds up on the downdrift side, where
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Figure 2. An example of relief displacement. All objects above ground level are displaced outwards from the centre of the photograph. The displacement becomes more evident near the edges.
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Breakwaters, Coastal
Structures and Coastlines: Proceedings of the International Conference Organized by the Institution of Civil Engineers and Held in London, UK on 26-28 September 2001
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has replaced the use of concrete blocks because it is more resistant to wave action and requires less concrete to produce a superior result. Similar concrete objects like Dolos are
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automated. The frequent changes in technology prevented the emergence of one standard mapping approach. Each data source and associated method have capabilities and shortcomings.
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The location of a seawall, must consider the swept prism of the beach profile, the consequences of long-term beach recession and amenity crest level, including cost implications.
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difficulty of measuring a single line on a photograph. For example, where the pen line is 0.13 mm thick this translates to an error of Β±2.6 m on a 1:20000 scale photograph.
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Managed retreat is an alternative to constructing or maintaining coastal structures. Managed retreat allows an area to erode. Managed retreat is often a response to a change in
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position of the shoreline in the past, at present and where it is predicted to be in the future is useful for in the design of coastal protection, to calibrate and verify
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planted. Foredune flora are typically plants with a tolerance for salt spray, strong winds and are capable surviving being buried underneath blown sand. Some examples are
1215:, map hazard zones and to regulate coastal development. The location of the shoreline also provides information regarding shoreline reorientation adjacent to structures,
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distortion varies as a function of radial distance from the iso-centre of the photograph meaning that the centre of the image is relatively distortion free, but as the
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video observations for short-term predictions of near shore hydrodynamic and morphological processes, at temporal scales of meters to kilometres and days to seasons.
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Conditions outside of the camera can cause objects in an image to appear displaced from their true ground position. Such conditions may include ground relief, camera
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protect coastlines and help to restore the natural dynamism, although they require repeated applications. Maintenance costs can eventually require a strategy change.
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and its lagoon is an example of measures not related to ports. Protection of the shore in Italy, England and the
Netherlands began in the 6th century or earlier.
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73:. Changes in sea level damage beaches and coastal systems are expected to rise at an increasing rate, causing coastal sediments to be disturbed by tidal energy.
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Turner, Ian L.; Aarninkhof, S. G. J.; Dronkers, T. D. T.; McGrath, J. (1 July 2004). "CZM Applications of Argus
Coastal Imaging at the Gold Coast, Australia".
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position is subjective given the dynamic nature of the coastal environment. This combined with various distortions inherent in aerial photographs can lead to
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T-sheets and dates to the early-to-mid-19th century. In the United
Kingdom, many pre-1750 maps and charts were deemed to be inaccurate. The founding of the
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warnings, can be used to minimize the human impact of catastrophic events that cause coastal erosion. Storm surge warnings can help determine when to close
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Maiti, S.; Bhattacharya, A. K. (2009). "Shoreline change analysis & its application to prediction: A remote sensing and statistics based approach".
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Smith, George L.; Zarillo, Gary A. (1990). "Calculating Long-Term
Shoreline Recession Rates Using Aerial Photographic and Beach Profiling Techniques".
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2786:"Impact of the winter 20132014 series of severewestern europe storms on a double-barred sandy coast: Beach and dune erosion and megacusp embayments"
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Sea walls typically cost Β£10,000 per metre (depending on material, height and width), Β£10,000,000 per km (depending on material, height and width).
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Managed retreat has become more of a necessary strategy due to climate change, as adaptation strategies can only do so much to stop sea level rise.
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Campos c, Adolfo; HernΓ‘ndez, MarΓa E.; Moreno-Casasola, Patricia; Cejudo Espinosa, Eduardo; Robledo r, Alezandra; Infante Mata, Dulce (2011).
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Holding the line typically involves shoreline hardening techniques, e.g., using permanent concrete and rock constructions. These techniques--
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Managed retreat or realignment, which plans for retreat and adopts engineering solutions that accommodate natural processes of adjustment
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Plant, N. G.; Holland, K. T.; Haller, M. C. (1 September 2008). "Ocean Wavenumber Estimation From Wave-Resolving Time Series Imagery".
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in 1999. This document was prepared by the Group of Specialists on Coastal Protection and underlies national legislation and practice.
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987:. Whereas backdune flora grow into dense patches called dune mats, which helps to hold dune structure. Examples of backdune flora are
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Modern examples can be found at Cronulla (NSW, 1985β6), Blackpool (1986β2001), Lincolnshire (1992β1997) and Wallasey (1983β1993). At
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through her colonies, and other influences, all contributed to the revitalization of sea trade and a renewed interest in port works.
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even if submerged remains are sometimes still visible under water. Although most coastal efforts were directed to port structures,
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increased local turbulence, and thus increased entrainment of sand and sediment. During storms, sea walls help longshore drift.
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Van Koningsveld, M.; Davidson, M.; Huntly, D.; Medina, R.; Aarninkhof, S.; Jimenez, J. A.; Ridgewell, J.; de Kruif, A. (2007).
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from bringing material to other nearby places. This is a problem along the Hampshire and Sussex coastline in the UK; e.g., at
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can be accomplished through drainage of excess rainwater of through terracing, planting and wiring to hold cliffs in place.
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Crowell, M.; Leatherman, S. P.; Buckley, M. K. (1991). "Historical Shoreline Change: Error Analysis and Mapping Accuracy".
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Reefs provide coastal protection through erosion control and shoreline stabilization, and modify the physical landscape by
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65:, and techniques that stop erosion to claim lands. Protection against rising sea levels in the 21st century is crucial, as
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Anders, F. J.; Byrnes, M. R. (1991). "Accuracy of Shoreline change rates as determined from maps and aerial photographs".
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508:. Armouring often has the unintended consequence of moving the problem to another part of the coast. Soft options such as
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approaches may be used to prevent development in erosion- or flood-prone areas, reducing the need to address the changes.
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An upside to the strategy is that moving seaward (and upward) can create land of high value which can bring investment.
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The choice of shoreline indicator is a primary consideration. Indicators must be easily identified in the field and on
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2972:"The extreme 2013/2014 winter storms: hydrodynamic forcing and coastal response along the southwest coast of England"
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Sea walls can cause beaches to dissipate. Their presence also alters the landscape that they are trying to protect.
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This article is about Coastal management aimed to prevent erosion and flooding. For broader management issues, see
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Historically coastal strategies were heavily based on static structures, while coastal areas otherwise reflect a
3225:"A critical review of the CoastView project: Recent and future developments in coastal management video systems"
194:. Silting problems there were solved when the previously sealed solid piers were replaced with new "open"-piled
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Mablethorpe to Skegness, Model tests of three design options, P Holmes et al., Imperial College, September 1987
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the Seabee seawall is buried at the back of the beach under the shingle with crest level at road kerb level.
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Masselink, Gerd; Scott, Tim; Poate, Tim; Russell, Paul; Davidson, Mark; Conley, Daniel (15 March 2016).
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from the centre of the photograph increases. This distortion can be minimised by photographing multiple
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2171:"Soil water retention and carbon pools in tropical forested wetlands and marshes of the Gulf of Mexico"
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Figure 1. A diagram representing the spatial relationship between many of the commonly used indicators.
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In some cases a seaward strategy can be adopted. Examples from erosion include: Koge Bay (Dk), Western
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combination with groynes. The scheme requires repeated applications on an annual or multi-year cycle.
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Groyne construction creates a problem known as terminal groyne syndrome. The terminal groyne prevents
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Castelle, B.; Marieu, V.; Bujana, S.; Splinter, K. D.; Robinet, A.; Snchal, N.; Ferreira, S. (2015).
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3320:"Beach Dewatering as a 'Soft' Engineering Solution to Coastal Erosion-A History and Critical Review"
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data with other sources of information detailing historic shoreline position from archived sources.
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1873:"When climate change and other emergencies threaten where we live, how will we manage our retreat?"
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two. Investigators adopt the use of shoreline indicators to represent the true shoreline position.
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introduced many innovations in harbour design. They built walls underwater and constructed solid
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Leatherman, S. P. (2003). "Shoreline Change Mapping and Management Along the U.S. East Coast".
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A. de Graauw (2022) βAncient Port Structures, Parallels between the ancient and the modernβ
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changes, distortions from uneven shrinkage, stretching, creases, tears and folds, different
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forests encountered less damages than other villages that weren't protected by mangroves.
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Little improvement took place beyond the Roman approach to harbour construction after the
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techniques can provide additional, mappable data. Remotely sensed data sources include:
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1906:. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. p. 9.
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Prior to the 1950s, the general practice was to use hard structures to protect against
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1961:
Blackpool South Shore Physical Model Studies, ABP Research Report R 526, December 1985
198:. Ancient harbour works are still visible, but most of them disappeared following the
4536:
4442:
4355:
4061:
3899:
3889:
3849:
3814:
3798:
3700:
3695:
3685:
3304:
3283:
3255:
3240:
3224:
3215:
3203:
3166:
3149:
3105:
3067:
Pajak, M.J.; Leatherman, S. P. (2002). "The High Water Line as Shoreline Indicator".
3013:
2912:
2819:
2735:
2662:
2616:
2088:
2084:
2035:
2025:
1907:
1821:"Australian Coastal Councils Association β Representing Australia's Coastal Councils"
1732:
1650:
1536:
1499:
1347:
1004:
743:
509:
494:
410:
406:
293:
171:
3117:
2747:
2704:
2640:
2196:
4531:
4365:
4340:
4335:
4310:
4260:
4086:
3946:
3864:
3829:
3741:
3710:
3677:
3652:
3602:
3524:
3372:
3236:
3195:
3145:
3097:
3003:
2993:
2958:
2902:
2810:
2805:
2785:
2772:
2725:
2690:
2682:
2636:
2182:
2080:
1998:
1575:
1558:
1541:
1489:
1469:
867:
285:
264:
Erosion continued, but the structures remained, resulting in a loss of beach area.
43:
3331:
3038:
2755:
Camfield, F. E.; Morang, A. (1996). "Defining and interpreting shoreline change".
2068:
1935:"Β£47.3m project to protect Bournemouth's beaches from erosion over next 100 years"
4568:
4350:
4295:
4162:
4071:
4066:
3951:
3834:
3731:
3726:
3547:
3500:
3277:
3249:
2962:
2686:
2187:
2170:
2002:
1834:
1657:
1546:
1531:
1494:
1255:
1238:
1071:
980:
666:
651:
647:
432:
426:
292:
implementing the concept of "integrated management". The Group proposed that the
215:
187:
163:
2617:"Detection, measurement and prediction of shoreline recession in Acccra, Ghana'"
3961:
3956:
3919:
3859:
3839:
3054:
Morton, R. A. (1991). "Accurate shoreline mapping: past, present, and future".
2495:
2168:
2136:
Molnar, Michelle; Clarke-Murray, Cathryn; Whitworth, John; Tam, Jordan (2009).
1608:
1411:
1246:
1212:
897:
714:
624:
443:
436:
414:
236:
179:
70:
66:
3408:
2569:
2567:
2485:
2483:
1859:
1802:
662:
Groynes can be considered a "soft" solution because of the beach enhancement.
4621:
4573:
4556:
4506:
4447:
4422:
4285:
4212:
3884:
3207:
3170:
3109:
3101:
3017:
2916:
2739:
2092:
1736:
1422:
1418:
1394:
1368:
1331:
1296:
996:
643:
248:
2039:
738:
4437:
4325:
4197:
4192:
4091:
4081:
4026:
2564:
2480:
1900:
LIVING WITH COASTAL EROSION IN EUROPE SEDIMENT AND SPACE FOR SUSTAINABILITY
1645:
1593:
1509:
1327:
525:
232:
2525:
4588:
4402:
4375:
4370:
4250:
4232:
4222:
4217:
4172:
4167:
4157:
4106:
4096:
3819:
2663:"Video-based nearshore bathymetry estimation in macro-tidal environments"
2661:
Bergsma, E. W. J.; Conley, D. C.; Davidson, M. A.; O'Hare, T. J. (2016).
2344:
2342:
2340:
2019:
1315:
1138:
1028:
228:
3008:
2933:
2840:
2695:
2591:
4516:
4452:
4412:
4330:
4255:
4046:
3904:
3572:
3178:
2907:
2882:
2327:
2325:
1744:
1720:
1635:
1476:
1267:
1182:
1075:
1000:
929:
915:
888:
747:
729:
586: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
486:
455:
447:
342: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2730:
2713:
2579:
2337:
1979:
M. N. Bell, P. C. Barber and D. G. E. Smith. The Wallasey Embankment.
4457:
4417:
4245:
4182:
4101:
4031:
3632:
3577:
3552:
3537:
3433:
2998:
2971:
1563:
1475:
Video analysis gives coastal zone managers the opportunity to obtain
1428:
1407:
1307:
1279:
error levels. The minimisation of further errors is discussed below.
1242:
1195:
1142:
1008:
976:
882:
838:
629:
260:
183:
170:
and other harbour works were built by hand, often in a grand scale.
78:
3767:
2322:
1788:
1759:"Why Roman concrete still stands strong while modern version decays"
873:
sand bypassing system to pump sand under/around the training walls.
642:
Groynes are ert or walls perpendicular to the coastline to trap the
561:
317:
162:
began with the origin of maritime traffic, perhaps before 3500 B.C.
94:
4385:
4380:
4207:
4122:
3981:
3806:
3222:
2863:"Influence of the Water Table on Beach Aggradation And Degradation"
2501:
1376:
1371:
1271:
1079:
984:
933:
670:
545:
58:
1820:
235:, the search for new lands and trade routes, the expansion of the
4521:
4395:
4240:
4116:
4111:
4021:
4016:
4006:
3926:
3642:
3532:
3515:
2554:
2552:
1630:
1380:
1306:
Relief displacement is prominent when photographing a variety of
1177:. Shoreline indicators may be morphological features such as the
1067:
918:
682:
521:
478:
474:
256:
195:
159:
62:
3404:
Free Educational Videos about Coastal Policy and Zone Management
2883:"cBathy: A robust algorithm for estimating nearshore bathymetry"
1287:
442:
The earliest managed retreat in the UK was an area of 0.8 ha at
4546:
4541:
4076:
4056:
4011:
3996:
3854:
3637:
3587:
3582:
3185:
2660:
2573:
2489:
2135:
1319:
1106:
drainage design, materials selection & installation methods
822:
790:
775:
760:
701:
637:
370:
203:
191:
3124:
2549:
2537:
2531:
2312:
2310:
2308:
1165:
4427:
4390:
4149:
4051:
4001:
3986:
3976:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3879:
3874:
3824:
3667:
3662:
3617:
3597:
3592:
3567:
3542:
3384:
Social & Economic Benefits of Coastal Resource Management
3353:
2850:"National Ocean Service Shoreline β Past, Present and Future"
2468:
2219:
1618:
1613:
1568:
1456:
1440:
1365:
1351:
1216:
937:
830:
826:
818:
451:
252:
3428:'What is Remote Sensing', n.d. Retrieved 1 April 2010 from
3358:
2783:
2597:
2024:. M. L. MartΓnez, Norbert P. Psuty. Berlin: Springer. 2004.
1266:
Aerial photographs began to be used in the 1920s to provide
1112:
regional economic considerations (local capabilities /costs)
489:βrepresent more than 70% of protected shorelines in Europe.
4561:
4551:
4526:
4036:
3966:
3914:
3909:
3627:
3368:
2881:
Holman, Rob; Plant, Nathaniel; Holland, Todd (1 May 2013).
2422:
2420:
2305:
1465:
1186:
1178:
799:
Gabions need to be securely tied to protect the structure.
388:
Armoring by constructing seawalls and other hard structures
268:
was economically viable and more environmentally friendly.
3389:
2969:
2614:
2585:
2405:
2348:
4041:
3844:
3279:
The Rock Manual: The Use of Rock in Hydraulic Engineering
3200:
10.2112/1551-5036(2004)20[739:CAOACI]2.0.CO;2
2295:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2234:
378:
Five generic strategies are involved in coastal defense:
2826:
2417:
2381:
2331:
1721:"A Global Analysis of Human Settlement in Coastal Zones"
1100:
soil conditions (presence of rock or impermeable strata)
3359:
Deltaworks Online - Coastal Defenses in the Netherlands
1468:
in Australia. Another assessed the added value of high
802:
Downsides include wear rates and visual intrusiveness.
458:(Spain) coastal authorities planned a managed retreat.
2615:
Appeaning Addo, K.; Walkden, M.; Mills, J. P. (2008).
2284:
2231:
186:
described three methods for building port structures (
2260:
1090:
The costs of installation and operation vary due to:
3390:
Coastal Resources Center, University of Rhode Island
2371:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2357:
1103:
discharge arrangement /filtered seawater utilization
454:, where the sea walls were breached in 1995. In the
231:. Then in the early 19th century, the advent of the
1896:
1835:"The Tollesbury and Orplands Managed Retreat Sites"
1027:Beach drainage or beach face dewatering lowers the
394:
Adapting vertically by elevating land and buildings
280:The essential source on coastal engineering is the
3082:IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing
3079:
2880:
2712:Boak, Elizabeth H.; Turner, Ian L. (1 July 2005).
2558:
2543:
2393:
2067:Rust, Izak C.; Illenberger, Werner K. (May 1996).
1858:MMA 2005, Sitges, Meeting on Coastal Engineering;
766:storm conditions and reduces recreational values.
3364:Coastal Zone Management Policy and Politics Class
2940:
2847:
2474:
2354:
2225:
2117:
4619:
3317:
1871:Glavovic, Bruce; Hanna, Christina; White, Iain.
1719:Small, Christopher; Nicholls, Robert J. (2003).
1109:geographical considerations (location logistics)
1097:pump flow rates (sand permeability, power costs)
742:Cement beach reinforcements in on the coast of
704:, etc.) with flights of steps for beach access.
3066:
2316:
2129:
2066:
1441:Airborne light detection and ranging technology
1245:standards, different publication standards and
3410:The Future of Coastal Policy textbook overview
2754:
2714:"Shoreline Definition and Detection: A Review"
2621:Journal of Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing
2515:"Argus video monitoring system - Coastal Wiki"
2411:
1870:
1219:width, volume and rates of historical change.
3783:
3449:
3386:from "NOAA Socioeconomics" website initiative
2021:Coastal dunes : ecology and conservation
1718:
1282:
1201:
1148:Wireless sensor networks can aid monitoring.
34:. For military defence of coastal areas, see
27:Preventing flooding and erosion of shorelines
3156:
2647:
2426:
2387:
1326:Ideally aerial photographs are taken so the
1031:locally beneath the beach face. This causes
903:
614:
275:
123:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
3790:
3776:
3456:
3442:
3375:and climate change in the North Sea region
2923:
2848:Graham, D.; Sault, M.; Bailey, J. (2003).
2711:
2299:
2279:
2254:
1387:
1334:to the ground surface, thereby creating a
959:
861:
748:coastline that is vulnerable to subsidence
551:
374:Five general coastal management strategies
282:European Code of Conduct for Coastal Zones
3247:
3139:
3007:
2997:
2906:
2809:
2729:
2694:
2266:
2186:
1588:Coastal and Estuarine Research Federation
1342:
602:Learn how and when to remove this message
358:Learn how and when to remove this message
143:Learn how and when to remove this message
2349:Appeaning Addo, Walkden & Mills 2008
1624:List of countries by length of coastline
1358:
1286:
1164:
1128:
1094:system length (non-linear cost elements)
907:
737:
623:
369:
42:
3318:Turner, I.L.; Leatherman, S.P. (1997).
2887:Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans
2138:"Marine and Coastal Ecosystem Services"
538:
391:Construct defenses seaward of the coast
14:
4620:
3463:
3296:
3053:
2399:
2332:Crowell, Leatherman & Buckley 1991
1797:
1795:
1160:
944:
844:
805:
446:flooded in 1991. This was followed by
307:
3797:
3771:
3437:
3024:
2977:Earth Surface Processes and Landforms
2860:
2375:
2123:
2014:
2012:
2010:
1995:Goods and Services of Marine Bivalves
1261:
1151:
1115:study requirements /consent process.
584:adding citations to reliable sources
555:
340:adding citations to reliable sources
311:
302:United Nations Environment Programme
242:
121:adding citations to reliable sources
88:
3690:
3251:Coasts: Form, Process and Evolution
1792:
1258:in 1791 improved mapping accuracy.
1035:of sand above the drainage system.
900:is an example of such a structure.
769:
255:damages. These structures included
178:. These structures were made using
24:
4486:Integrated coastal zone management
3496:Integrated coastal zone management
3270:
2069:"Coastal dunes: sensitive or not?"
2007:
1517:Integrated coastal zone management
1231:
420:
403:integrated coastal zone management
32:Integrated coastal zone management
25:
4654:
3347:
2209:Badol, Ruchi & Hussain, S.A.
1775:Β« Vitruviusβ Methods Β»
1451:
1401:
1022:
298:Coastal & Marine Union (EUCC)
36:Coastal defence and fortification
4602:
4601:
4139:
4132:
3514:
3241:10.1016/j.coastaleng.2007.01.006
3150:10.1016/j.coastaleng.2007.01.009
2559:Holman, Plant & Holland 2013
2544:Plant, Holland & Haller 2008
1981:Proc. Instn Civ. Engrs 1975 (58)
914:Ecosystem services delivered by
560:
468:
316:
200:fall of the Western Roman Empire
93:
3303:. Thomas Telford. p. 198.
2641:10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2008.04.001
2507:
2432:
2272:
2226:Graham, Sault & Bailey 2003
2203:
2162:
2099:
2060:
1986:
1973:
1964:
1955:
1945:
1927:
1890:
1864:
1614:Restoration of saltwater swamps
1222:
1133:Event warning systems, such as
1054:
746:to prevent further erosion of
571:needs additional citations for
515:
327:needs additional citations for
4584:Region of freshwater influence
3330:(4): 1050β1063. Archived from
3254:. Cambridge University Press.
3027:"Shoreline Mapping Techniques"
2811:10.1016/j.geomorph.2015.03.006
1852:
1827:
1813:
1781:
1769:
1751:
1712:
1698:
1011:help to catch windblown sand.
754:
209:
13:
1:
4346:Large-scale coastal behaviour
4178:Beaches in estuaries and bays
2777:10.1016/S0964-5691(96)00059-2
2475:Maiti & Bhattacharya 2009
2175:Hydrological Sciences Journal
1691:
1522:Coastal and oceanic landforms
1119:
876:
723:
222:
3037:(1): 111β124. Archived from
2963:10.1016/j.margeo.2008.10.006
2757:Ocean and Coastal Management
2687:10.1016/j.margeo.2016.02.001
2188:10.1080/02626667.2011.629786
2107:"| Shoregro.com |"
2085:10.1016/0169-2046(95)00232-4
2073:Landscape and Urban Planning
2003:10.1007/978-3-319-96776-9_13
1897:European Commission (2004).
1803:"Shoreline Management Guide"
1777:www.ancientportsantiques.com
891:, were introduced after the
7:
3752:Modern recession of beaches
3324:Journal of Coastal Research
3188:Journal of Coastal Research
3159:Journal of Coastal Research
3069:Journal of Coastal Research
3031:Journal of Coastal Research
2926:Journal of Coastal Research
2854:Journal of Coastal Research
2829:Journal of Coastal Research
2718:Journal of Coastal Research
2502:Van Koningsveld et al. 2007
2317:Pajak & Leatherman 2002
1725:Journal of Coastal Research
1619:Restoration of salt marshes
1527:Coastal development hazards
1505:Modern recession of beaches
1490:Beach erosion and accretion
1482:
1330:of the camera is perfectly
676:
417:required by new residents.
10:
4659:
2870:Journal of Marine Research
2607:
2412:Camfield & Morang 1996
2214:Environmental Conservation
1283:Object space displacements
1270:data. They provide a good
1252:United States Coast Survey
1202:Importance and application
1058:
963:
948:
880:
865:
848:
809:
788:
784:
773:
758:
727:
680:
635:
619:
528:(Fr) and Ebro delta (Sp).
424:
84:
50:sea wall, the Netherlands.
29:
4597:
4499:
4466:
4271:
4231:
4148:
4130:
3805:
3719:
3676:
3523:
3512:
3471:
3297:Allsop, N. W. H. (2002).
3248:Woodroffe, C. D. (2002).
1435:Global positioning system
1398:councils in New Zealand.
887:Storm surge barriers, or
4291:Coastal biogeomorphology
3737:Geotechnical engineering
3102:10.1109/TGRS.2008.919821
2427:Smith & Zarillo 1990
2388:Anders & Byrnes 1991
1085:
904:Soft engineering methods
615:Hard engineering methods
276:European Code of Conduct
3706:Sand dune stabilization
1678:Sand dune stabilization
1668:Coastal sediment supply
1594:Human impacts on coasts
1388:Beach profiling surveys
966:Sand dune stabilization
960:Sand Dune Stabilization
893:North Sea Flood of 1953
862:Entrance training walls
781:drift is not hindered.
552:Construction techniques
499:sand dune stabilization
409:can be a challenge for
4188:Coastal morphodynamics
3371:Knowledge exchange on
2440:"CHA Vol 3 Appendix A"
2280:Boak & Turner 2005
2255:Boak & Turner 2005
2052:: CS1 maint: others (
1583:Coastal morphodynamics
1343:Radial lens distortion
1301:atmospheric refraction
1292:
1190:shoreline indicators.
1170:
941:
812:Breakwater (structure)
751:
633:
375:
51:
4579:Physical oceanography
2861:Grant, U. S. (1948).
2586:Masselink et al. 2016
2113:on 28 September 2007.
1663:Deposition (sediment)
1406:A range of airborne,
1359:Shoreline delineation
1290:
1168:
1129:Event warning systems
1059:Further information:
932:benthic communities,
926:ecosystem engineering
911:
741:
627:
413:who must provide the
373:
296:, cooperate with the
46:
4628:Coastal construction
4408:Submergent coastline
4361:Marine transgression
4316:Discordant coastline
4301:Concordant coastline
3658:Van der Meer formula
3041:on 10 September 2017
2598:Castelle et al. 2015
1604:Mangrove restoration
580:improve this article
539:Limited intervention
336:improve this article
117:improve this section
4633:Coastal engineering
4512:Coastal engineering
3747:Longshore transport
3563:Cliff stabilization
3486:Coastal engineering
3379:Encora Coastal Wiki
3229:Coastal Engineering
3128:Coastal Engineering
3094:2008ITGRS..46.2644P
2990:2016ESPL...41..378M
2955:2009MGeol.257...11M
2899:2013JGRC..118.2595H
2802:2015Geomo.238..135C
2769:1996OCM....32..129C
2679:2016MGeol.374...31B
2633:2008JPRS...63..543A
2574:Bergsma et al. 2016
1673:Longshore transport
1554:Coastal engineering
1464:artificial surfing
1181:crest, scarp edge,
1161:Shoreline indicator
977:Honckenya peploides
951:Beach replenishment
945:Beach replenishment
856:Cliff stabilization
851:Cliff stabilization
845:Cliff stabilization
806:Offshore breakwater
506:dynamic equilibrium
308:Planning approaches
156:Coastal engineering
69:accelerates due to
57:is defence against
48:Oosterscheldekering
4481:Coastal management
4321:Emergent coastline
3992:Intertidal wetland
3895:Continental margin
3757:Stream restoration
3608:Honeycomb sea wall
3491:Coastal management
3465:Coastal management
3025:Moore, J. (2000).
2908:10.1002/jgrc.20199
2490:Turner et al. 2004
2456:on 17 October 2007
1293:
1262:Aerial photographs
1175:aerial photography
1171:
1061:Ecosystem services
1001:wooden sand fences
989:Hudsonia tomentosa
985:Spartina coarctata
973:Ammophila arenaria
942:
752:
634:
376:
55:Coastal management
52:
4643:Civil engineering
4638:Coastal geography
4615:
4614:
4443:Wave-cut platform
4356:Marine regression
3900:Continental shelf
3890:Coastal waterfall
3799:Coastal geography
3765:
3764:
3701:Living shorelines
3696:Dynamic revetment
3686:Beach nourishment
3613:Hudson's equation
3310:978-0-7277-3042-8
3289:978-0-86017-683-1
3261:978-0-521-01183-9
3056:Coastal Sediments
2731:10.2112/03-0071.1
1839:archive.uea.ac.uk
1651:Wave-cut platform
1537:Coastal geography
1500:Beach nourishment
1152:Shoreline mapping
744:Alexandria, Egypt
612:
611:
604:
510:beach nourishment
495:beach nourishment
411:local authorities
407:Growth management
368:
367:
360:
294:Council of Europe
243:Twentieth century
153:
152:
145:
16:(Redirected from
4650:
4605:
4604:
4366:Raised shoreline
4341:Ingression coast
4336:Graded shoreline
4311:Cuspate foreland
4143:
4136:
4087:Submarine canyon
3947:Freshwater marsh
3792:
3785:
3778:
3769:
3768:
3742:Land reclamation
3711:Soft engineering
3678:Soft engineering
3603:Hard engineering
3525:Hard engineering
3518:
3458:
3451:
3444:
3435:
3434:
3411:
3373:coastal flooding
3343:
3341:
3339:
3314:
3293:
3265:
3244:
3235:(6β7): 567β576.
3219:
3182:
3153:
3143:
3134:(6β7): 539β553.
3121:
3088:(9): 2644β2658.
3076:
3063:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3021:
3011:
3001:
2999:10.1002/esp.3836
2966:
2937:
2920:
2910:
2893:(5): 2595β2609.
2877:
2867:
2857:
2844:
2823:
2813:
2780:
2751:
2733:
2708:
2698:
2657:
2644:
2601:
2595:
2589:
2583:
2577:
2571:
2562:
2556:
2547:
2541:
2535:
2532:Smit et al. 2007
2529:
2523:
2522:
2511:
2505:
2499:
2493:
2487:
2478:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2455:
2449:. Archived from
2444:
2436:
2430:
2424:
2415:
2409:
2403:
2397:
2391:
2385:
2379:
2373:
2352:
2346:
2335:
2329:
2320:
2314:
2303:
2297:
2282:
2276:
2270:
2264:
2258:
2252:
2229:
2223:
2217:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2190:
2181:(8): 1388β1406.
2166:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2149:
2143:. Archived from
2142:
2133:
2127:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2109:. Archived from
2103:
2097:
2096:
2079:(3β4): 165β169.
2064:
2058:
2057:
2051:
2043:
2016:
2005:
1990:
1984:
1977:
1971:
1968:
1962:
1959:
1953:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1939:Bournemouth Echo
1931:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1905:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1877:The Conversation
1868:
1862:
1860:EUROSION project
1856:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1799:
1790:
1785:
1779:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1702:
1576:Soft engineering
1559:Hard engineering
1542:Cuspate foreland
1209:numerical models
1135:tsunami warnings
1072:saltwater swamps
868:Training (civil)
770:Geotextile tubes
607:
600:
596:
593:
587:
564:
556:
450:and Orplands in
363:
356:
352:
349:
343:
320:
312:
286:European Council
148:
141:
137:
134:
128:
97:
89:
21:
18:Coastal defences
4658:
4657:
4653:
4652:
4651:
4649:
4648:
4647:
4618:
4617:
4616:
4611:
4593:
4569:Intertidal zone
4495:
4462:
4351:Longshore drift
4296:Coastal erosion
4267:
4227:
4163:Beach evolution
4144:
4138:
4137:
4128:
3815:Anchialine pool
3801:
3796:
3766:
3761:
3732:Coastal erosion
3727:Beach evolution
3715:
3672:
3548:Artificial reef
3519:
3510:
3501:Managed retreat
3467:
3462:
3409:
3350:
3337:
3335:
3311:
3290:
3282:. CIRIA. 2007.
3276:
3273:
3271:Further reading
3268:
3262:
3141:10.1.1.475.4132
3044:
3042:
2865:
2650:Shore and Beach
2610:
2605:
2604:
2596:
2592:
2584:
2580:
2572:
2565:
2557:
2550:
2542:
2538:
2530:
2526:
2519:coastalwiki.org
2513:
2512:
2508:
2500:
2496:
2488:
2481:
2473:
2469:
2459:
2457:
2453:
2442:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2425:
2418:
2410:
2406:
2398:
2394:
2386:
2382:
2374:
2355:
2347:
2338:
2330:
2323:
2315:
2306:
2300:Leatherman 2003
2298:
2285:
2277:
2273:
2265:
2261:
2253:
2232:
2224:
2220:
2216:, February 2005
2208:
2204:
2167:
2163:
2153:
2151:
2150:on 3 March 2016
2147:
2140:
2134:
2130:
2122:
2118:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2065:
2061:
2045:
2044:
2032:
2018:
2017:
2008:
1991:
1987:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1956:
1950:
1946:
1933:
1932:
1928:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1903:
1895:
1891:
1881:
1879:
1869:
1865:
1857:
1853:
1843:
1841:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1801:
1800:
1793:
1786:
1782:
1774:
1770:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1717:
1713:
1706:"Coastal Zones"
1704:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1658:Longshore drift
1547:Detention basin
1532:Coastal erosion
1495:Beach evolution
1485:
1454:
1410:and land based
1404:
1390:
1361:
1345:
1318:and creating a
1312:radial distance
1285:
1264:
1256:Ordnance Survey
1234:
1232:Historical maps
1225:
1204:
1163:
1154:
1131:
1122:
1088:
1070:(which include
1063:
1057:
1025:
993:spartina patens
981:Cakile maritima
968:
962:
953:
947:
923:
906:
885:
879:
870:
864:
853:
847:
814:
808:
793:
787:
778:
772:
763:
757:
732:
726:
685:
679:
667:longshore drift
648:longshore drift
640:
622:
617:
608:
597:
591:
588:
577:
565:
554:
541:
518:
471:
433:sediment budget
429:
427:Managed retreat
423:
421:Managed retreat
401:Alternatively,
364:
353:
347:
344:
333:
321:
310:
278:
245:
225:
216:Venetian Lagoon
212:
188:De Architectura
149:
138:
132:
129:
114:
98:
87:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4656:
4646:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4613:
4612:
4610:
4609:
4598:
4595:
4594:
4592:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4565:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4514:
4509:
4503:
4501:
4497:
4496:
4494:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4472:
4470:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4399:
4398:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4277:
4275:
4269:
4268:
4266:
4265:
4264:
4263:
4258:
4248:
4243:
4237:
4235:
4229:
4228:
4226:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4154:
4152:
4146:
4145:
4131:
4129:
4127:
4126:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3923:
3922:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3860:Brackish marsh
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3840:Barrier island
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3811:
3809:
3803:
3802:
3795:
3794:
3787:
3780:
3772:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3723:
3721:
3720:Related topics
3717:
3716:
3714:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3691:Beach drainage
3688:
3682:
3680:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3529:
3527:
3521:
3520:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3477:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3461:
3460:
3453:
3446:
3438:
3432:
3431:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3418:
3417:
3406:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3393:
3392:
3387:
3381:
3376:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3349:
3348:External links
3346:
3345:
3344:
3334:on 31 May 2019
3315:
3309:
3294:
3288:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3266:
3260:
3245:
3220:
3183:
3165:(1): 111β120.
3154:
3122:
3077:
3064:
3051:
3022:
2984:(3): 378β391.
2967:
2949:(1β4): 11β23.
2943:Marine Geology
2938:
2921:
2878:
2858:
2845:
2824:
2781:
2763:(3): 129β151.
2752:
2709:
2673:(374): 31β41.
2667:Marine Geology
2658:
2645:
2627:(5): 543β558.
2611:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2590:
2578:
2563:
2548:
2536:
2524:
2506:
2494:
2479:
2467:
2431:
2416:
2404:
2392:
2380:
2353:
2336:
2321:
2304:
2283:
2271:
2267:Woodroffe 2002
2259:
2230:
2218:
2202:
2161:
2128:
2116:
2098:
2059:
2030:
2006:
1985:
1972:
1963:
1954:
1944:
1926:
1912:
1889:
1863:
1851:
1826:
1812:
1791:
1780:
1768:
1765:. 4 July 2017.
1750:
1731:(3): 584β599.
1711:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1687:
1686:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1609:Natural hazard
1606:
1601:
1599:Sea level rise
1596:
1591:
1585:
1580:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1572:
1571:
1566:
1551:
1550:
1549:
1544:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1453:
1452:Video analysis
1450:
1445:
1444:
1438:
1432:
1426:
1412:remote sensing
1403:
1402:Remote sensing
1400:
1389:
1386:
1360:
1357:
1344:
1341:
1284:
1281:
1263:
1260:
1233:
1230:
1224:
1221:
1213:sea level rise
1203:
1200:
1162:
1159:
1153:
1150:
1130:
1127:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1087:
1084:
1056:
1053:
1024:
1023:Beach drainage
1021:
964:Main article:
961:
958:
949:Main article:
946:
943:
912:
905:
902:
898:Thames Barrier
881:Main article:
878:
875:
866:Main article:
863:
860:
849:Main article:
846:
843:
810:Main article:
807:
804:
789:Main article:
786:
783:
774:Main article:
771:
768:
759:Main article:
756:
753:
728:Main article:
725:
722:
715:Sandwich, Kent
681:Main article:
678:
675:
652:littoral drift
636:Main article:
621:
618:
616:
613:
610:
609:
568:
566:
559:
553:
550:
540:
537:
524:estuary (Nl),
517:
514:
470:
467:
444:Northey Island
437:sea level rise
425:Main article:
422:
419:
415:infrastructure
396:
395:
392:
389:
386:
383:
366:
365:
324:
322:
315:
309:
306:
284:issued by the
277:
274:
244:
241:
237:British Empire
224:
221:
211:
208:
180:Roman concrete
151:
150:
101:
99:
92:
86:
83:
71:climate change
67:sea level rise
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4655:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4625:
4623:
4608:
4600:
4599:
4596:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4574:Littoral zone
4572:
4570:
4567:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4519:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4507:Bulkhead line
4505:
4504:
4502:
4498:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4473:
4471:
4469:
4465:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4448:Wave shoaling
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4423:Surge channel
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4397:
4394:
4393:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4286:Cliffed coast
4284:
4282:
4279:
4278:
4276:
4274:
4270:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4253:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4238:
4236:
4234:
4230:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4213:Shingle beach
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4151:
4147:
4142:
4135:
4125:
4124:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3921:
3918:
3917:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3885:Coastal plain
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3812:
3810:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3793:
3788:
3786:
3781:
3779:
3774:
3773:
3770:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3718:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3679:
3675:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3653:Training wall
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3526:
3522:
3517:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3459:
3454:
3452:
3447:
3445:
3440:
3439:
3436:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3416:
3412:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3391:
3388:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3374:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3316:
3312:
3306:
3302:
3301:
3295:
3291:
3285:
3281:
3280:
3275:
3274:
3263:
3257:
3253:
3252:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3078:
3075:(2): 329β337.
3074:
3070:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3052:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2879:
2876:(3): 655β660.
2875:
2871:
2864:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2790:Geomorphology
2787:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2613:
2612:
2599:
2594:
2587:
2582:
2575:
2570:
2568:
2560:
2555:
2553:
2545:
2540:
2533:
2528:
2520:
2516:
2510:
2503:
2498:
2491:
2486:
2484:
2476:
2471:
2452:
2448:
2441:
2435:
2428:
2423:
2421:
2413:
2408:
2401:
2396:
2389:
2384:
2377:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2350:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2333:
2328:
2326:
2318:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2301:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2281:
2278:Adapted from
2275:
2268:
2263:
2256:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2227:
2222:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2198:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2165:
2146:
2139:
2132:
2125:
2120:
2112:
2108:
2102:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2063:
2055:
2049:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2031:3-540-40829-0
2027:
2023:
2022:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1989:
1982:
1976:
1967:
1958:
1948:
1940:
1936:
1930:
1915:
1913:92-894-7496-3
1909:
1902:
1901:
1893:
1878:
1874:
1867:
1861:
1855:
1840:
1836:
1830:
1822:
1816:
1808:
1804:
1798:
1796:
1789:
1784:
1778:
1772:
1764:
1760:
1754:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1715:
1707:
1701:
1697:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1659:
1656:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1577:
1574:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1518:
1515:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1480:
1478:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1449:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1423:hyperspectral
1420:
1419:Multispectral
1417:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1399:
1396:
1395:interpolating
1385:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1356:
1353:
1349:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1332:perpendicular
1329:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1289:
1280:
1278:
1273:
1269:
1268:topographical
1259:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1229:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1199:
1197:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1167:
1158:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1126:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1062:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1005:Dutch ladders
1003:, footpaths,
1002:
998:
997:Iva imbricata
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
967:
957:
952:
939:
935:
931:
927:
922:
920:
917:
910:
901:
899:
894:
890:
884:
874:
869:
859:
857:
852:
842:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
813:
803:
800:
797:
792:
782:
777:
767:
762:
749:
745:
740:
736:
731:
721:
718:
716:
711:
708:
705:
703:
699:
695:
689:
684:
674:
672:
668:
663:
660:
656:
653:
649:
645:
644:sedimentation
639:
632:, Norfolk, UK
631:
626:
606:
603:
595:
592:February 2010
585:
581:
575:
574:
569:This section
567:
563:
558:
557:
549:
547:
536:
533:
529:
527:
523:
513:
511:
507:
502:
500:
496:
490:
488:
484:
480:
476:
469:Hold the line
466:
463:
459:
457:
453:
449:
445:
440:
438:
434:
428:
418:
416:
412:
408:
404:
399:
393:
390:
387:
384:
381:
380:
379:
372:
362:
359:
351:
348:February 2010
341:
337:
331:
330:
325:This section
323:
319:
314:
313:
305:
303:
299:
295:
289:
287:
283:
273:
269:
265:
262:
258:
254:
250:
249:beach erosion
240:
238:
234:
230:
220:
217:
207:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
147:
144:
136:
133:February 2010
126:
122:
118:
112:
111:
107:
102:This section
100:
96:
91:
90:
82:
80:
74:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
4480:
4467:
4438:Volcanic arc
4326:Feeder bluff
4233:River mouths
4198:Raised beach
4193:Pocket beach
4121:
4092:Tidal island
4082:Strand plain
4027:Natural arch
3490:
3472:
3464:
3354:Coastal Wiki
3336:. Retrieved
3332:the original
3327:
3323:
3299:
3278:
3250:
3232:
3228:
3191:
3187:
3162:
3158:
3131:
3127:
3085:
3081:
3072:
3068:
3059:
3055:
3043:. Retrieved
3039:the original
3034:
3030:
3009:10026.1/4432
2981:
2975:
2946:
2942:
2928:(38): 5β13.
2925:
2890:
2886:
2873:
2869:
2856:(38): 14β32.
2853:
2832:
2828:
2793:
2789:
2760:
2756:
2721:
2717:
2696:10026.1/6286
2670:
2666:
2653:
2649:
2624:
2620:
2593:
2581:
2539:
2527:
2518:
2509:
2497:
2470:
2458:. Retrieved
2451:the original
2447:hbrc.govt.nz
2446:
2434:
2407:
2395:
2383:
2274:
2262:
2221:
2213:
2205:
2178:
2174:
2164:
2152:. Retrieved
2145:the original
2131:
2119:
2111:the original
2101:
2076:
2072:
2062:
2020:
1997:. Springer.
1994:
1988:
1983:pp. 569β590.
1975:
1966:
1957:
1947:
1938:
1929:
1917:. Retrieved
1899:
1892:
1880:. Retrieved
1876:
1866:
1854:
1842:. Retrieved
1838:
1829:
1815:
1807:eurosion.org
1806:
1783:
1771:
1763:The Guardian
1762:
1753:
1728:
1724:
1714:
1700:
1646:Natural arch
1510:Raised beach
1474:
1455:
1446:
1405:
1391:
1362:
1346:
1328:optical axis
1325:
1305:
1294:
1265:
1235:
1226:
1223:Data sources
1205:
1192:
1172:
1155:
1147:
1132:
1123:
1089:
1076:salt marshes
1064:
1055:Buffer zones
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1026:
1017:
1013:
969:
954:
913:
886:
871:
854:
815:
801:
798:
794:
779:
764:
733:
719:
712:
709:
706:
690:
686:
664:
661:
657:
641:
598:
589:
578:Please help
573:verification
570:
542:
534:
530:
526:Chatelaillon
519:
516:Move seaward
503:
491:
472:
464:
460:
441:
430:
400:
397:
377:
354:
345:
334:Please help
329:verification
326:
290:
281:
279:
270:
266:
246:
233:steam engine
226:
213:
154:
139:
130:
115:Please help
103:
75:
54:
53:
40:
4589:River plume
4403:Steep coast
4376:Rocky shore
4371:Rip current
4251:River delta
4223:Wash margin
4218:Storm beach
4208:Shell beach
4173:Beach wrack
4168:Beach ridge
4158:Beach cusps
4107:Tied island
4097:Tidal marsh
3820:Archipelago
3338:21 February
3194:: 739β752.
3062:: 997β1010.
3045:21 February
2835:(3): 5β13.
2796:: 135β148.
2724:: 688β703.
2656:(1): 17β26.
2400:Morton 1991
1919:12 November
1844:19 February
1277:significant
1139:storm surge
1029:water table
755:Rock armour
483:breakwaters
481:, detached
382:Abandonment
229:Renaissance
210:Middle Ages
176:breakwaters
168:breakwaters
4622:Categories
4517:Grain size
4491:Submersion
4468:Management
4453:Wind fetch
4413:Surf break
4331:Flat coast
4261:regressive
4047:Salt marsh
3905:Coral reef
3573:Flood wall
3558:Breakwater
3506:Submersion
3473:Management
2460:13 January
2376:Moore 2000
2154:1 December
2124:Grant 1948
1692:References
1683:Submersion
1636:Bioerosion
1477:bathymetry
1470:resolution
1462:Gold Coast
1308:elevations
1247:projection
1211:to assess
1183:vegetation
1143:floodgates
1120:Monitoring
1009:boardwalks
934:seagrasses
930:tidal flat
916:epibenthic
889:floodgates
877:Floodgates
730:Revetments
724:Revetments
628:Groyne at
487:revetments
456:Ebro Delta
448:Tollesbury
261:revetments
223:Modern Age
172:The Romans
4476:Accretion
4458:Wind wave
4418:Surf zone
4273:Processes
4246:Mouth bar
4203:Recession
4183:Beachrock
4102:Tide pool
4032:Peninsula
3920:cliff-top
3807:Landforms
3633:Revetment
3578:Floodgate
3553:Breachway
3538:Accropode
3481:Accretion
3369:Safecoast
3216:130099070
3208:0749-0208
3171:0749-0208
3136:CiteSeerX
3110:0196-2892
3018:1096-9837
2917:2169-9291
2820:128876635
2740:0749-0208
2093:0169-2046
2048:cite book
1737:0749-0208
1564:Accropode
1429:Microwave
1408:satellite
1379:changes.
1243:surveying
1196:high tide
1033:accretion
883:Floodgate
839:Accropode
700:, SHEDs,
694:Tetrapods
630:Mundesley
546:haloseres
184:Vitruvius
104:does not
79:sea level
4607:Category
4433:Undertow
4386:Sea foam
4381:Sea cave
4281:Blowhole
4123:Windwatt
3982:Headland
3830:Avulsion
3648:Tetrapod
3118:12789989
2934:25736596
2841:25736596
2748:55611640
2705:12842846
2197:85551159
2040:53306487
1952:Tasmania
1882:18 April
1641:Blowhole
1483:See also
1377:seasonal
1372:sediment
1369:littoral
1336:vertical
1272:database
1080:mangrove
1068:Wetlands
835:Tetrapod
677:Seawalls
671:Worthing
475:seawalls
304:(UNEP).
257:seawalls
160:harbours
59:flooding
4557:shingle
4537:granule
4522:boulder
4500:Related
4396:peresyp
4306:Current
4241:Debouch
4150:Beaches
4117:Waituna
4112:Tombolo
4022:Mudflat
4017:Machair
4007:Isthmus
3927:Estuary
3870:Channel
3643:Seawall
3533:A-Jacks
3415:YouTube
3179:4297648
3090:Bibcode
2986:Bibcode
2951:Bibcode
2895:Bibcode
2798:Bibcode
2765:Bibcode
2675:Bibcode
2629:Bibcode
2608:Sources
1745:4299200
1631:Erosion
1443:(LIDAR)
1431:sensors
1425:imaging
1381:Erosion
1047:pools.
938:marshes
919:bivalve
785:Gabions
698:Seabees
683:Seawall
620:Groynes
522:Scheldt
479:groynes
196:jetties
125:removed
110:sources
85:History
63:erosion
4547:pebble
4542:gravel
4532:cobble
4077:Strait
4057:Skerry
4012:Lagoon
3997:Island
3952:Fundus
3855:Bodden
3638:Riprap
3588:Groyne
3583:Gabion
3421:Images
3396:Videos
3307:
3286:
3258:
3214:
3206:
3177:
3169:
3138:
3116:
3108:
3016:
2932:
2915:
2839:
2818:
2746:
2738:
2703:
2195:
2091:
2038:
2028:
1910:
1743:
1735:
1590:(CERF)
1320:mosaic
1316:swaths
1185:line,
995:, and
983:, and
823:A-jack
791:Gabion
776:Riprap
761:Riprap
702:Xblocs
638:Groyne
485:, and
435:or to
204:Venice
192:Velsen
4428:Swash
4391:Shoal
4072:Stack
4062:Sound
4052:Shoal
4002:Islet
3987:Inlet
3977:Hapua
3942:Fjord
3937:Fjard
3932:Firth
3880:Coast
3875:Cliff
3850:Bight
3825:Atoll
3668:Xbloc
3663:Wharf
3618:KOLOS
3598:Levee
3593:Jetty
3568:Dolos
3543:Akmon
3212:S2CID
3175:JSTOR
3114:S2CID
2930:JSTOR
2866:(PDF)
2837:JSTOR
2816:S2CID
2744:S2CID
2701:S2CID
2454:(PDF)
2443:(PDF)
2193:S2CID
2148:(PDF)
2141:(PDF)
1904:(PDF)
1741:JSTOR
1569:Xbloc
1457:Video
1437:(GPS)
1366:shore
1352:angle
1239:datum
1217:beach
1086:Costs
921:reefs
831:Xbloc
827:Akmon
819:Dolos
452:Essex
253:storm
164:Docks
4562:silt
4552:sand
4527:clay
4256:mega
4067:Spit
4037:Reef
3967:Gulf
3915:Dune
3910:Cove
3865:Cape
3835:Ayre
3628:Pier
3623:Mole
3340:2017
3305:ISBN
3284:ISBN
3256:ISBN
3204:ISSN
3167:ISSN
3106:ISSN
3047:2017
3014:ISSN
2913:ISSN
2736:ISSN
2462:2022
2156:2014
2089:ISSN
2054:link
2036:OCLC
2026:ISBN
1921:2022
1908:ISBN
1884:2021
1846:2017
1733:ISSN
1466:reef
1421:and
1348:Lens
1299:and
1297:tilt
1187:dune
1179:berm
1137:and
1007:and
936:and
837:and
497:and
300:and
259:and
108:any
106:cite
61:and
4042:Ria
3972:Gut
3962:Geo
3957:Gat
3845:Bay
3413:on
3237:doi
3196:doi
3146:doi
3098:doi
3004:hdl
2994:doi
2959:doi
2947:257
2903:doi
2891:118
2806:doi
2794:238
2773:doi
2726:doi
2722:214
2691:hdl
2683:doi
2671:374
2637:doi
2183:doi
2081:doi
1999:doi
646:of
582:by
338:by
251:or
158:of
119:by
4624::
3328:13
3326:.
3322:.
3233:54
3231:.
3227:.
3210:.
3202:.
3192:20
3190:.
3173:.
3161:.
3144:.
3132:54
3130:.
3112:.
3104:.
3096:.
3086:46
3084:.
3073:18
3071:.
3058:.
3035:16
3033:.
3029:.
3012:.
3002:.
2992:.
2982:41
2980:.
2974:.
2957:.
2945:.
2911:.
2901:.
2889:.
2885:.
2872:.
2868:.
2852:.
2831:.
2814:.
2804:.
2792:.
2788:.
2771:.
2761:32
2759:.
2742:.
2734:.
2720:.
2716:.
2699:.
2689:.
2681:.
2669:.
2665:.
2654:59
2652:.
2635:.
2625:63
2623:.
2619:.
2566:^
2551:^
2517:.
2482:^
2445:.
2419:^
2356:^
2339:^
2324:^
2307:^
2286:^
2233:^
2212:,
2191:.
2179:56
2177:.
2173:.
2087:.
2077:34
2075:.
2071:.
2050:}}
2046:{{
2034:.
2009:^
1937:.
1875:.
1837:.
1805:.
1794:^
1761:.
1739:.
1729:19
1727:.
1723:.
1303:.
1145:.
1074:,
991:,
979:,
975:,
841:.
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