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320:
1597:; however, a railway artillery force was built up prior to the Treaty of Versailles in mid-1919 and remained in service or in reserve through early World War II. The remounted 5-inch and 6-inch guns were sent to France, but their units did not complete training in time to see action. By this time, pedestal mounts for 6-inch guns were known to be superior to disappearing mounts, being able to more rapidly track targets with a faster rate of fire. Thus, most disappearing guns (except the M1897, shorter than the others) were dismounted for use as field guns, while most of the few pedestal guns dismounted were returned to the forts soon after the war. The removed 6-inch disappearing guns (primarily M1903 and M1905) were stored and many returned to service in World War II.
1438:. This was designed to place the mortars as closely together as possible, in the hope of scoring multiple hits on an enemy ship by firing simultaneously. The battery had four pits in a square arrangement, with four mortars per pit, also in a square. The pits were separated by walls and were surrounded by a high concrete wall covered with earth for land defense. This arrangement was used at a number of early Endicott forts. However, simultaneously reloading the mortars in each pit proved cumbersome, and in later forts the pits were arranged in a line with open backs. During World War I the two rear mortars in each pit were removed at most forts to further improve reloading and provide weapons for a
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vair, a fur, which is said to come from an animal called Varus, the back of which is blue, the belly white. Tradition relates that a
Hungarian general displayed his cloak made of varus fur as an ensign to rally his men and succeeded in turning defeat into victory. Similarly Washington, after the battle of Long Island, by a masterly retreat across the East River, rendered the British victory fruitless. The three bars represent the three enemy forces under Grant and Cornwallis and the British fleet. The lion in a springing position issuing from the center bar symbolizes the piercing of Cornwallis' command by the American brigade under General Stirling.
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1281:
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61:
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37:
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1022:, on the sites of the current forts but of different design, and Forts Morton and Hudson, with positions for a total of 164 guns in the four forts. Fort Richmond was initially semicircular while Fort Tompkins was a regular pentagon with circular bastions, both very different from their Third System replacements. These forts were contemporary with the federal second system but not part of it. Fort Tompkins was primarily a land defense fort, on Signal Hill to the rear of the other three forts.
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2359:
1836:, Fort Slocum had already been disarmed, and Fort Totten was disarmed except for four 3-inch guns, which remained through World War II. It is possible that the minefield capability also remained through World War II. Fort Slocum and Fort Totten remained as administrative and training posts, especially for air defense systems post-World War II. Fort Slocum was closed in 1965, and Fort Totten followed in 1974, although the latter remains an
1664:
1240:
996:(initially the West Battery) was built in 1809, a bit west of the southern tip of Manhattan on an artificial island that has since been enclosed by land reclamation. It remains as an oval stone fort for 28 guns. Another battery under construction in 1808 and completed by 1811 was the 16-gun North Battery, built in the Hudson River of stone, connected by a bridge to the west end of Hubert Street in Manhattan.
1248:
1588:, mostly using French- and British-made weapons. However, this did not initially occur at CD Southern New York, where some batteries were directed to be ready to fire 24/7. Some weapons were removed from forts with the intent of getting US-made artillery into the fight. 8-inch, 10-inch, and 12-inch guns and 12-inch mortars were converted to railway artillery, while 5-inch and 6-inch guns became
1264:
1377:, which was in the approach to Forts Totten and Schuyler. In most cases the new batteries were built near the previous forts; however, about two-thirds of Fort Hamilton was demolished to make room for Endicott batteries, and almost all of the Fort at Sandy Hook was demolished to build Fort Hancock and expand the proving ground. Forts Hancock, Hamilton, and Wadsworth were the
848:, a British civilian official managing the war in London, also gave approval for Howe to capture Philadelphia. Howe proceeded with the Philadelphia plan and failed to support Burgoyne's campaign. The Philadelphia campaign was time-consuming but successful; the British took a lengthy water route through Chesapeake Bay, marched overland to defeat Washington at the
872:. However, all three dispatch riders sent to inform Burgoyne of their success were captured, so Burgoyne was unaware of this. Following defeat at Bemis Heights on 7 October and a subsequent siege, Burgoyne surrendered his army on 17 October. This victory persuaded France to enter the war on the Patriot side. Word of it reached Commissioner
733:. Lee reported that he was unable to attach the mine to the ship, and surfaced and retreated. He also stated that British boats approached him from Governors Island, so he released the mine, which exploded. On 5 October another attempt was made, but Lee withdrew when the target's crew spotted him. Later that month the British captured
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and could cause damage there when fired. In 1920 the mortars at
Highlands Military Reservation were removed, and the mortars in Rockaway were withdrawn in 1921, although the 6-inch guns remained. Circa 1920-1923 the mortar batteries at Fort Hancock were disarmed, but the mortar battery later became a
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carriage mounted on a hydraulic elevator. A steam plant powered the hydraulic system. The gun lift system proved expensive to build and operate, as the steam plant had to be running continuously to provide pressure for elevator operation. Other early 12-inch gun installations (and a few smaller early
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in March 1778. Howe resigned his command and Henry
Clinton took charge of the British force in Philadelphia. Due to the French naval threat, Clinton was ordered to abandon Philadelphia and bring his army to New York City. The British left Philadelphia on 18 June. Washington's army shadowed Clinton's,
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were inactivated and consolidated with the Harbor
Defenses of New York. On 9 May 1942 HD Southern New York merged with HD Sandy Hook and a remnant of HD Eastern New York into the Harbor Defenses of New York. HD Southern New York, HD Eastern New York, and HD Long Island Sound were disbanded on 22 May
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on islands to the east of Long Island, Fort Slocum was deemed surplus and removed from its coast defense command. However, the fort retained its guns until the United States entered World War I. Three 8-inch guns and six 3-inch guns were added at Fort
Hancock by 1910. In 1913 Fort Hamilton's pair of
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by the federal government. At least 120 persons were killed. There were few troops in the city to deal with the riots, and some members of the forts' garrisons most likely served in riot control. A Confederate plot to start fires in the city on
Election Day in 1864 was initially forestalled, but was
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Fort
Hancock has one of the largest collections of preserved Endicott and World War II batteries anywhere, including various experimental batteries at the former proving ground. Significant remains include the prototype gun-lift emplacements of Battery Potter, the dynamite gun battery, and the test
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carriage with a 65° elevation, thus maximizing the guns' range and exploiting weak deck armor on potential target ships. All subsequent US 16-inch gun installations used the high-angle carriage, and no further disappearing emplacements of any kind were built for the Coast
Artillery. HD Southern New
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had proven prone to bursting, and although many were retained in service until the 1900s, no new weapons of this type were procured after the war. To provide heavy rifled guns, many 8-inch (203 mm) "converted" rifles were produced postwar by adding liners to 10-inch smoothbore Rodman guns. New
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at the time. Congress contributed to building Fort Jay in 1797, and in 1800 the state sold the fort, Governors Island, and Bedloe's Island to the federal government for one dollar. Oyster Island was similarly transferred in 1808. The federal government commenced building improved stone forts at all
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and demanded the colony's surrender. Stuyvesant felt the colony could not defend itself, regretting that his prior requests for troops and defensive resources from the Dutch West India
Company had not been met, and on 8 September he surrendered New Netherland to the English. The English renamed the
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Shield: The shield is artillery red on the upper half and gold below, the line between the two being embattled. On the red and rising out of the embattlements is the Statue of
Liberty in gold, and in the lower half is the Sandy Hook lighthouse placed between two bursting shells. The lighthouse and
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Symbolism: The crest is the beaver of New York, the only charge on the original arms of New Netherland adopted in 1623, and now on the seal of New York City. The shield symbolizes the battle of Long Island, August 27, 1776, which took place near the present Fort Hamilton. The color of the field is
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Weapons removed from the New York City forts for potential service overseas were as follows: all of Fort Slocum's weapons, Fort Schuyler's pair of 5-inch guns, Fort Totten's pairs of 12-inch, 10-inch, 8-inch, and 5-inch guns (the 10-inch guns went to Fort Hamilton), three 10-inch guns and 8 6-inch
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in Philadelphia, and released him on parole. Washington also gave his permission, and on 2 September Sullivan told the Congress that the Howes wanted to negotiate, and had been given much broader powers to treat than those they actually held. This created a diplomatic problem for Congress, which
1110:) were considered unfit for use by 1835; however, it took over a decade for the federal and state governments to arrive at a purchase agreement; work finally began on replacement forts in 1847. The two new forts were still incomplete but ready for service when the Civil War broke out in 1861. The
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Also by the end of 1905, the Coast Defenses of Eastern New York (CD Eastern New York) had at Fort Slocum on Davids Island sixteen 12-inch mortars, two 6-inch guns, and two 5-inch guns. Fort Schuyler on Throgs Neck had two 12-inch guns, two 10-inch guns, two 5-inch guns, and two 3-inch guns. Fort
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Although no combat of any kind took place nearby, New York City was important to the Union war effort in the Civil War. As the principal entry point for immigrants and having a large prewar population, the city provided a large share of the Union's personnel. It was also the most important media
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in Manila Bay, Philippines. Many of the garrison buildings survive, and there are a 20-inch Rodman and a 10-inch Rodman on site. Also rare are the pair of remounted 6-inch M1900 guns at Battery New Peck a.k.a. Battery Gunnison. Only a small part of one wall of the third system fort, with four
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of similar characteristics was developed when this supply of guns began to run out. Three of these batteries were built in the New York area, Battery 220 at Fort Tilden, Battery 218 at Fort Wadsworth, and Battery 219 at the Highlands Military Reservation. However, only Battery 219 was armed.
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Symbolism: Fort Totten was originally the site of the Engineer School of Application, later the Coast Artillery School of Submarine Defense. The Chevron in green, the school color, with its charges, shows its history. It is now the seat of the Artillery District shown by the crest, the star
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on wheeled carriages. 12-inch mortars were also removed to improve reload times by reducing the number of mortars in a pit from four to two; this happened at Fort Hamilton to provide mortars elsewhere. Few US Army railway artillery pieces were mounted and few or none saw action before the
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4.72-inch/45 caliber guns was moved to Hawaii, due to centralizing this type of weapon there. In 1915 the battery of five 8-inch guns at Fort Wadsworth was disarmed and abandoned due to inferior concrete. At some time prior to 1917 Fort Hancock separated from CD Southern New York as the
1082:. Funding was slow, with most forts not begun until the 1830s and several still unfinished in 1867, when building of masonry forts was halted. The New York area received six major forts under this program; initial plans for the latter four of these are said to have been drawn up by
2004:
Following the war, it was soon determined that gun defenses were obsolete, and they were scrapped by the end of 1948, with remaining harbor defense functions turned over to the Navy. In 1950 the Coast Artillery Corps and all Army harbor defense commands were dissolved. Today the
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installations) were on simple non-disappearing barbette carriages until Buffington-Crozier carriages were developed for later installations. For 12-inch guns, the first disappearing carriage was the M1896. Although a few other installations such as Battery Torbert at
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until raised to fire. Most of the weapons in the program were mounted on Buffington-Crozier disappearing carriages. However, early on there was doubt that this carriage could successfully raise and lower a 12-inch (305 mm) gun. The alternative developed was the
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in 1940 the Army decided to replace all existing heavy coast defense guns, except the long-range 12-inch guns, with 16-inch guns. In the New York area, one of the few with a pre-war 16-inch installation, this meant one additional two-gun battery at the
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is the last active Army post in New York City; a number of weapons are displayed at or near the fort, although none of the Endicott batteries remain. These include an experimental 20-inch Rodman gun, the largest US-made weapon of the Civil War era, in
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Generally, the heavy batteries were built first, followed by the 3-inch and then the 6-inch batteries. However, the Spanish–American War broke out in early 1898. Most of the Endicott batteries were still years from completion, and it was feared the
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in 1636. This blockhouse was destroyed in the Peach Tree War of 1655. The site is said to have been "continuously garrisoned" since another blockhouse was built in 1663 until the fort's closure in 1994, making it the oldest such site in the
591:, thought the evacuating British force would immediately attempt to capture New York and sent troops to the city, soon followed by himself. Several forts were built by the patriots in the New York City area in June and July 1776, including
1481:. Fort Hamilton in Brooklyn had six 12-inch guns, eight 12-inch mortars, seven 10-inch guns, fourteen 6-inch guns, two 4.72-inch guns, and four 3-inch guns. Fort Wadsworth on Staten Island had eight 12-inch guns, four 10-inch guns, five
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In 1919-1920 several weapon types were declared obsolete and removed from coast defenses. These included all 5-inch guns, all Armstrong guns (6-inch and 4.72-inch), and 3-inch M1898 guns. Only in rare cases were these weapons replaced.
4205:
Evacuation Day, 1783; Its many stirring events; with recollections of Capt. John Van Arsdale of the Veteran Corps of Artillery, by whose efforts on that day the enemy were circumvented and the American flag successfully raised on the
1930:
As the new defenses were built, in 1942-43 the vast majority of the older guns were scrapped. However, the 6-inch pedestal guns and some of the 3-inch guns were retained in service through the end of the war, with some relocations.
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on long-range barbette carriages. There were two guns per battery, initially without cover but positioned where they were difficult to see from the ocean. Each battery had a large earth-covered concrete bunker for ammunition and
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barrier was placed in the Hudson between the two forts to prevent ships passing. Both forts were hastily built and had few defensive features, even lacking ditches. Another fort that proved important was a set of batteries on
469:. Some of James' colonial governors were not immediately replaced, and some of these were unpopular in the colonies they governed. Shortly before James' overthrow New England, New York, and New Jersey were combined as the
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On 1 July 1924 the harbor defense garrisons completed the transition from a company-based organization to a regimental one, and on 9 June 1925 the commands were renamed from "Coast Defenses..." to "Harbor Defenses..." as
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Fort Hancock's first batteries were prototypes. The first was the Gun Lift Battery (later Battery Potter) and the second was the Sandy Hook Mortar Battery (later Battery Reynolds-McCook). The Endicott Program centered on
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and early presidents of the United States were members of. The forts around Signal Hill on Staten Island were augmented by numerous batteries; reportedly over 900 cannon were amassed in the area by the war's end in 1815.
527:) from 1754 to 1763. That conflict united the colonies for the first time in common defense, and ended by eliminating the French military threat that the colonists had relied upon Britain to defend them from. In 1765 the
1569:; since then tourists have not been allowed to visit the torch. The blast was initially reported as an accident, but years later was acknowledged to be sabotage by agents working directly and indirectly for Germany.
242:, an Italian working for France, is credited with being the first European to explore the New York City area, in 1524. He was closely followed the next year by a Spanish expedition led by the Portuguese explorer
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and quickly took the city, which only extended to the southern part of the island at the time. Washington felt the city could not be defended, and held out on the high ground around Fort Washington now known as
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did not want to be seen as aggressive. Consequently, Congress agreed to send a committee to meet with the Howes in a move they did not think would bear any fruit. On 11 September, the Howe brothers met with
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The Plot To Burn New-York.; Arrest Of Four Conspirators. They Are To Be Tried As Spies. Court-Martial At Fort Lafayette. Travels of a Hotel-Keeper. The Testimonial Business An Imposition on Ill.-Paid Clerks.
1872:. This battery, along with the 16-inch battery at Fort Tilden and the long-range 12-inch batteries at Fort Hancock, superseded all other heavy weapons in the New York City area. All of these batteries were
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The initial armament of the forts was quite extensive. The Coast Defenses of Southern New York (CD Southern New York) were as follows: by the end of 1905 Fort Hancock on Sandy Hook, New Jersey, had eight
1203:
earth-protected batteries were constructed in the 1870s at a number of locations to provide more survivable forts armed with the new Rodman weapons. One of the first of these was a 27-gun battery at the
1267:
This photo shows a mortar pit of the Abbot Quad period. This illustrates the difficulty of reloading four mortars in this configuration. Three of four mortars and 30 soldiers are visible in the crowded
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Most of the Endicott batteries at Fort Wadsworth have been buried. Paradoxically, much of Battery Duane, the 8-inch battery abandoned in 1915, remains intact near Fort Tompkins. The third system forts
1041:, was begun in 1815 and completed in 1822. Numerous small forts were also erected in the city. An example of a fort built with local resources was Fort Masonic in Brooklyn, built in 1814 partly by the
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center; the stone fort is open to the public but the preserved Endicott batteries are not. The minefield control area is largely intact, but is in use by the New York Police Department. The former
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in April 1917 brought many changes to the Coast Artillery and the coast defense commands in the New York area. Numerous temporary buildings were constructed at the forts to accommodate the wartime
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in June 1775, and a desire to avoid heavy casualties in assaults on fortified positions seems to have colored their actions through the rest of the war. In mid-November Howe returned to Manhattan,
805:
on 28 October. Although the Patriots were pushed back in that battle, Howe waited four days for reinforcements before following them, and the Patriots were able to retreat to high ground. Howe and
1423:, a Civil War general. By 1907 several additional batteries were built at Fort Hancock, and with the construction of Battery Arrowsmith underway to cover its sector, Battery Potter was disarmed.
844:
southward from Montreal through the Lake Champlain area and the Hudson Valley to Albany. This was intended to be supported by a force under Howe advancing northward from New York City. However,
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are also intact. Battery Weed and Fort Tompkins are only accessible on a ranger-led tour. Battery Dix, Battery Barry, and many of the 1870s emplacements remain unburied but are deteriorating.
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at the end of May. Both Andros and Nicholson were imprisoned, and the New England colonies re-established their governments. In Boston the rebellion was soon over, but in New York
1996:
was redesignated as the 192nd and 245th Coast Artillery Battalions, which themselves were disestablished on 1 April 1945. Personnel from these units were absorbed by HD New York.
1984:
The removal of most weapons and an Army-wide shift from a regimental to a battalion-based system meant more organizational changes in New York's defenses. On 24 February 1944 the
1891:, with the guns protected by open-back shields. The guns for these batteries were mostly the 6-inch guns removed in World War I for field service and stored since that war; a new
1303:
to defend New York City, mostly near existing forts. Fort Hancock was the first to begin construction, followed by the other Endicott forts and batteries over the next ten years.
1876:
during the war with heavy concrete enclosures for protection against air attack. Two additional 16-inch batteries, Battery 115 at Fort Wadsworth and Battery 117 near what is now
1231:
in 1874 to test coast defense weapons. However, in the late 1870s coast defense funding was cut off, and it was nearly 20 years before new coast defenses began to enter service.
1419:
were begun as gun lift batteries, these were completed with disappearing guns, and Battery Potter was the only gun lift battery completed. In 1903 Battery Potter was named for
1223:
system at Willets Point and Fort Schuyler, both of these in the 1870s. New earthen batteries were also built or begun at Fort Wadsworth, Fort Hamilton, and Fort Schuyler. The
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on 11 September, and entered Philadelphia unopposed on 26 September. However, by that time the initial success of Burgoyne's campaign had come to a defeat in the first of the
1643:
References indicate that the authorized strength of CD Eastern New York in World War I was 13 companies, that of CD Southern New York was 45 companies, including 13 from the
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to develop recommendations for a full replacement of existing coast defenses. Most of its recommendations were adopted, and construction began in 1890 on new batteries and
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rather than the federal government. The former Fort Amsterdam was demolished in 1790. The series of forts completed nationwide circa 1794 to 1800 later became known as the
2972:
41:
In June 1908, the 10th Company of the 13th Artillery District, New York National Guard (later the 245th Coast Artillery) loads a 10-inch gun at Fort Hamilton in Brooklyn.
1802:
in early 1941, with most of the regiment transferred elsewhere in 1941-42. In early 1942 the remaining railway artillery units at Fort Hancock were rearmed with ex-Navy
3900:
2091:. The old fort is well-preserved, but the Endicott batteries are all demolished or buried. A magazine for the 12-inch battery and a mostly-buried mine casemate remain.
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on fixed mounts were built at some forts. Some of these weapons remained in service through early World War II; others were replaced by towed 3-inch guns in the 1930s.
4505:
1580:. As the only component of the Army with heavy artillery experience and significant manpower, the Coast Artillery was chosen to operate almost all US-manned heavy and
968:. The federal forts included a complete rebuild of Fort Jay with granite and brick, mounting 60 guns, begun in 1806. At some point in 1806-07 the new fort was renamed
889:. Both armies were back where they had been two years earlier. The military focus of the war shifted to the southern colonies. Eventually, the American victory in the
331:
took over management of New Netherland and other Dutch possessions in the New World. In 1624, after floods showed that Fort Nassau was untenable, it was replaced with
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and taking 3,000 prisoners, and within a few days also capturing Fort Lee. Washington retreated to northern New Jersey. In early December Howe detached a force under
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guns at Fort Hamilton, two 10-inch guns at Fort Wadsworth, and only one 5-inch gun at Fort Hancock. At Fort Totten, only eight mortars and six 3-inch guns remained.
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2301:
A supporter for these arms to be used in all cases except for the colors. When Hudson explored New York Bay and the river which bears his name in 1609, his ship
988:(now the base for the Statue of Liberty) was built on Bedloe's Island from 1806 to 1811 as a stone 11-pointed star fort mounting 24 guns. Crown Fort (later
4510:
2083:, also a national park; they are also open to the public with a collection of Civil War-era cannon and good interpretive signage. The third system fort at
1215:, worked on projects that paved the way for the Army's future coast defense efforts. He developed the "Abbot Quad" arrangement for mortar batteries with a
400:, who later became King James II of England. Fort Amsterdam was renamed Fort James in his honor. Lingering resentment over the takeover was a cause of the
2156:, generally similar to the biggest guns at the fort in the Endicott era. Only about a third of the old fort remains intact; however, the fort's remaining
1549:
Although neutral in the early part of World War I, the United States was producing munitions (primarily artillery ammunition) for the Allies: the British
1314:
officer's name; the fort's name usually included the entire military reservation it was on. In the 1890s and early 1900s the Fort at Willets Point became
535:
to augment local expenditures for defending the colonies. One result was that delegates from nine colonies met to protest at what would later be known as
3102:
American Bastille: A history of the illegal arrests and imprisonment of American citizens during the late Civil War (Civil liberties in American history)
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2382:
2232:
Crest: On a wreath of the colors a dexter arm in armor, embowed proper charged with a mullet gules grasping in the naked hand a sword argent hilted or.
17:
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Fort Hancock had another unusual battery from 1896 to 1902, "Battery Dynamite" with two 15-inch (381 mm) and one 8-inch (203 mm) pneumatic
773:, and the Howes said they had no authority to allow that, and specifically regarded the patriot delegates as British subjects. So the war continued.
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suffered damage and casualties, but opposition to the immense fleet could be little more than symbolic. However, the Nutten Island batteries engaged
2314:
Background: The coat of arms was initially approved in 1919 for the Coast Defenses of Sandy Hook. In 1924 the gold panther crest was adopted by the
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was fought, the largest battle of the Revolution in total number of troops engaged. Washington's forces were thrown back to their fortifications on
4142:
2111:, one of many buildings in the United States resembling the Army Corps of Engineers' castle symbol, is now home to the Bayside Historical Society.
1903:(3.5 inch) Anti-Motor Torpedo Boat (AMTB) batteries were built in the New York City area. These had 90 mm dual-purpose (anti-surface and
1856:
Early in World War II numerous temporary buildings were again constructed at the forts to accommodate the rapid mobilization of men and equipment.
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caused a war scare with Britain that accelerated a round of fort-building in the US. This was later called the second system of US fortifications.
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1814:, Virginia by 1 May 1943, when it was broken up into battalions. One battery remained at Fort Hancock until March 1944, when it was deactivated.
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made the first recorded submarine attack in history in New York Harbor. This one-man hand-powered submarine had been built the previous year by
1521:. Batteries for a total of six 8-inch (203 mm) guns were also built at locations that are unclear from references, including three modern
1449:. These guns used compressed air to fire a large projectile loaded with dynamite. However, the projectile's velocity was too low for effective
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with their Indian allies in February 1690, causing Leisler to divert most of his resources to an unsuccessful retaliatory expedition against
1154:, and Lincoln carried New York state in that election by less than one percent. One of the most tragic events in the city's history was the
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2006:
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with elevation increased from 15° to 30°. However, shortly after developing this carriage, the Coast Artillery's experience in delivering
319:
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on 19 October 1781 proved to be the key to independence; the British received word of it on 25 November. This precipitated a collapse of
818:
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just north of the fort (with many projectiles for it at the fort), 10-inch Rodman converted rifles on the fort property, and an ex-Navy
1828:
In 1935 the Harbor Defenses of Eastern New York effectively completed disarmament; however, the command was not inactivated until 1942.
976:, built 1807-1811. This was the United States' first multi-tiered fort, mounting 78 guns in three of its four tiers (one tier, although
4525:
2181:'s 16-inch battery can be viewed but not entered. The former Nike Site NY-49 is in use by the park service and not open to the public.
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systems in the 1950s; both of these systems reused many of the coast defense sites. The Nike missiles were removed in the early 1970s.
1489:
Totten in Queens had eight 12-inch mortars, two 12-inch guns, two 10-inch guns, two 8-inch guns, two 5-inch guns, and six 3-inch guns.
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1778:
component of HD Southern New York and HD Sandy Hook until shortly after mobilization on 16 September 1940. The regiment then moved to
1090:
in the 1840s. Fort Hamilton in Brooklyn was the first of these forts, built 1825-1831 primarily as a land defense for Fort Lafayette.
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became the most heavily fortified place in the United States as a result, probably the reason it was never attacked in the subsequent
2298:(Dimmed yet Brighter), and refers to the incident when the darkening of the lighthouse furthered the light of liberty in the country.
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to pursue Washington (who retreated to Pennsylvania), and sent a naval force carrying 6,000 troops under Clinton to seize and occupy
770:
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was anchored in the Horse-shoe near Sandy Hook, in commemoration of which the shield of these defenses is displayed in front of the
512:
The fort in Manhattan went through several name changes from 1685 through 1714, finally becoming Fort George. In 1699 the wall that
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877:
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274:(called the North River in the Dutch period) and other places are named. Other Dutch-sponsored explorers soon followed him, with a
157:
76:
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arrived in New York and imprisoned Leisler and several of the rebellion's leaders. Leisler and one other were executed on 16 May.
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213:
was almost entirely disarmed, although possibly retaining the minefield capability. The New York and Sandy Hook commands and the
1604:
In 1917 one mortar from each pit of the mortar battery at Fort Hancock on Sandy Hook was removed to create a battery at the new
905:
government suspended offensive operations in the Thirteen Colonies and commenced lengthy peace negotiations, culminating in the
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on Ellis Island was demolished in 1892 to make room for the immigration station, and a plaque on the island commemorates it.
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1993:
1959:
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until that time. The 1663 blockhouse survived at least through 1808; sources state that it was enclosed intact by the first
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was stationed at Fort Hancock and operated defenses there from February through June 1943, then was transferred to Alaska.
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688:, and soon made a withdrawal under cover of night and fog across the East River to Manhattan, unimpeded by the Royal Navy.
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regiment was the primary New York National Guard component of HD New York from 1 January 1924 through 7 October 1944. The
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near the base of Sandy Hook. Four mortars were removed at Fort Hamilton to create a battery at Camp Rockaway Beach, later
860:, having returned from the Rhode Island expedition, moved north from New York City and on 6 October successfully attacked
3933:
3132:
2315:
2114:
1989:
1985:
1888:
1818:
1763:
1755:
1710:
1633:
1550:
1533:
1450:
985:
3640:
1659:
12-inch gun M1895 on M1917 long-range barbette carriage, similar to the first emplacements of this type at Fort Hancock.
1636:. These batteries were completed in 1921. The long-range carriage was developed in response to the rapid improvement of
909:
that ended the war on 3 September 1783. On 25 November the British forces departed New York City; this is remembered as
2860:
2733:
2719:
2080:
1306:
One of the Endicott program's policies was to officially assign each fort and battery a name, in most cases a deceased
1144:
548:
3916:. United States Army in World War II. Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, United States Army. Archived from
1950:
and fighter assets. Its headquarters was also at Fort Jay. This command was disestablished in 1946. On 4 May 1942 the
1726:
4293:
4263:
4242:
4223:
4112:
4051:
3974:
3943:
3674:
3108:
3089:
1159:
164:
4189:
3615:
3261:
3253:
2500:
2064:
885:
on 28 June, the last major battle in the North. By July, Clinton was in New York City, and Washington was again at
865:
580:
570:
305:
4274:
4515:
1943:
1908:
1742:. The new battery was built 1921-1923. Like the long-range 12-inch weapons, these were initially in open mounts.
1573:
1498:
902:
636:
209:
separated from the latter command. In 1925 the commands were renamed as Harbor Defense Commands, and in 1935 the
840:
In early 1777 the British planned to cut New England off from the rest of the colonies by sending a force under
2199:
2045:
1865:
1605:
1584:
in that war. At most coast defense commands, garrisons were drawn down to provide experienced gun crews on the
1296:
1293:
1167:, and other landmarks. The majority of the conspirators escaped to Canada. However, former Confederate officer
766:
497:
acted as de facto governor of the province for nearly two years. The French took advantage of the situation by
4126:
2172:
2108:
1907:) guns. Each battery was authorized two 90 mm guns on fixed mounts, two on towed mounts, and two single
1822:
1678:. The mortars at Camp Rockaway Beach were replaced with railway mortars, as the fixed mortars were very near
1594:
1323:
1284:
6-inch gun M1900 on pedestal mount M1900, similar to two surviving weapons at Battery Gunnison, Fort Hancock.
1019:
954:
782:
584:
445:
412:, the Dutch seized New York from the English, but the English regained the colony the following year via the
262:. It is unclear when it was disestablished. Dutch settlement of the area began with an expedition in 1609 by
2207:
2153:
1869:
4520:
1924:
1775:
1759:
1644:
1462:
1427:
1307:
1216:
413:
332:
4442:
1963:
1766:
regiment was the Regular Army component of HD Sandy Hook from 30 June 1924 through 24 February 1944. The
1722:
1585:
1510:
1164:
894:
718:
643:
from Germany. On 4 July 1776 a small American battery called the Narrows Fort, on the site of the later
592:
2433:
1190:
The Civil War had shown that masonry forts were vulnerable to modern rifled cannon, particularly in the
1179:
on 25 March 1865. Fort Lafayette and possibly other forts in New York served as prisons for Confederate
4437:
3265:
3043:
2104:
1935:
1911:
guns, although the weapons on hand may have varied. AMTB 7 and 8 were at Fort Hancock, with AMTB 21 at
1837:
1795:
1679:
1063:
798:
576:
564:
4432:
2488:. Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: Combat Studies Institute Press. pp. 1005, 1009, 1024–1025, 1027–1028.
3983:
3917:
3524:
3229:
2336:
1803:
1517:
long at Fort Wadsworth and 45 calibers long at Fort Hamilton. Fort Wadsworth also received a pair of
1224:
1208:
1155:
910:
814:
790:
279:
2198:, remains. Nike Site NY-56 is partially preserved, with a radar area and some display missiles. The
1938:, with headquarters at Fort Jay. On 24 December 1941 the Eastern Theater of Operations (renamed the
992:) was built on Oyster Island circa 1808 as a circular stone fort with 14 guns and a mortar battery.
2138:
2060:
1981:, including stations at Fort Tilden and Fort Hancock, with an administrative HQ at Fort Wadsworth.
1370:
1350:
1319:
1115:
786:
604:
436:
328:
301:
267:
108:
4345:
A Legacy in Brick and Stone: American Coastal Defense Forts of the Third System, 1816-1867, 2nd Ed
1118:) was begun in 1857, but only its seaward casemates were completed when work stopped in 1867. The
4448:
American Forts Network, lists forts in the US, former US territories, Canada, and Central America
2643:
2190:
1939:
1810:, Delaware in March and September 1942. Most of the remainder of the regiment was transferred to
1675:
1558:
1529:
and three 8-inch Rodman converted rifles. At least two of the M1888 guns were at Fort Wadsworth.
1518:
1289:
777:
745:
470:
376:
323:
Map of New Amsterdam showing Fort Amsterdam and the wall, published 1660 (north is to the right).
172:
114:
3408:
980:, was used as barracks space). The South Battery was built on Governors Island in 1812 to guard
3351:"Frequently Asked Questions – Statue Of Liberty National Monument (U.S. National Park Service)"
3257:
2377:
2092:
1751:
1698:
1637:
1390:
1374:
1366:
906:
886:
802:
596:
490:
462:
405:
401:
393:
293:
284:
239:
160:
96:
1852:
16-inch casemated gun, similar to those at Fort Tilden and the Highlands Military Reservation.
809:, one of his principal subordinates, had been in command at the costly British victory in the
4235:
Encyclopedia of Historic Forts: The Military, Pioneer, and Trading Posts of the United States
3014:
2850:
2668:
2605:
2291:
Crest: The crest is a gold panther, breathing fire, placed on the battlements of a red tower.
2258:
Shield: Vair, three bars gules, jessant from the middle one a demilion saliant, ragardant or.
2203:
2161:
2068:
2041:
1714:
1431:
1386:
1204:
1191:
1119:
1071:
946:
829:
822:
810:
681:
608:
520:
409:
2531:
3603:
2350:
2149:
2100:
2099:
remains on the island, along with three of the four mortar pits an 1890s practice battery.
1787:
1739:
1617:
1346:
1315:
1276:
10-inch gun M1888 on disappearing carriage M1896, similar to other large disappearing guns.
1183:
and political prisoners. In 1865 Fort Richmond was renamed Fort Wadsworth to honor General
1127:
849:
749:
738:
692:
639:. They included troops evacuated from Boston along with reinforcements, some of which were
600:
498:
389:
3584:
1782:, and none of its components returned to HD New York for the duration of hostilities. The
1674:
In 1919 the Sandy Hook Proving Ground was disestablished and its functions transferred to
1338:'s last acts as Secretary of War, that of reverting Fort Columbus to its original name of
1010:
in the 1890s. The state commenced building four forts in the area. These included the red
8:
4325:
Artillerists and Engineers: The Beginnings of American Seacoast Fortifications, 1794–1815
3465:
1916:
1554:
1514:
1168:
942:
938:
853:
524:
458:
397:
4409:
Rings of Supersonic Steel: Air Defenses of the United States Army 1950-1979, 3rd Edition
4304:
3641:"Defending Gotham: Nike missile defenses of the New York metro area by Donald E. Bender"
3145:
1426:
The Sandy Hook Mortar Battery was a battery of 16 12-inch (305 mm) mortars in the "
4136:
3966:
Empires at War: The French and Indian War and the Struggle for North America, 1754-1763
3067:
2557:
2010:
1900:
1435:
1228:
1212:
1184:
1111:
981:
882:
869:
663:
544:
528:
486:
466:
243:
131:
789:. After a standoff of nearly a month, the British attempted to outflank Washington by
4412:
4393:
4367:
4348:
4329:
4310:
4289:
4259:
4253:
4238:
4219:
4176:
4108:
4084:
4074:
4057:
4047:
4026:
4007:
3970:
3964:
3960:
3939:
3880:
3670:
3300:
3104:
3085:
2992:
2953:
2856:
2515:
2364:
2186:
2118:
1702:
1667:
1628:
1581:
1566:
1466:
1458:
1439:
1407:
1103:
890:
873:
835:
758:
640:
588:
478:
441:
180:
86:
1037:, a diamond-shaped stone fort with 72 guns on an artificial island near Brooklyn in
921:
Unlike most other harbors, post-independence fort-building in New York was begun by
4096:
4041:
2037:
1920:
1884:
1811:
1771:
1691:
1621:
1502:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1420:
1398:
1311:
1074:
due to inadequate defenses locally and in the Chesapeake Bay area. A new series of
999:
934:
922:
711:
685:
612:
532:
360:
340:
289:
4157:
3862:
3525:
National Guard Coast Artillery regiment histories at the Coast Defense Study Group
1762:
component of HD Southern New York from 30 June 1924 through 24 February 1944. The
1624:
on pedestal mounts were also relocated there, from Fort Slocum and Fort Hamilton.
620:(now called Governor's Island). Numerous small forts were also built in the city.
4323:
4101:
3904:
2288:
shells are black, while the flames from the shells are the natural color of fire.
2229:
Shield: Ermine on a chevron vert a mine case between two Engineer castles argent.
2130:
2076:
2032:
1627:
Also in 1917, construction began at Fort Hancock on two batteries of a new type:
1280:
1272:
1255:
1151:
1030:
973:
961:
762:
670:
656:
552:
506:
384:
729:(called a "torpedo" in those days) to a ship by means of a spike or possibly an
4203:
2134:
2126:
2052:
1978:
1912:
1860:
1562:
1354:
1327:
1176:
1107:
1034:
1007:
993:
801:
on 18 October. Washington moved the bulk of his forces northward, fighting the
699:
632:
628:
428:
352:
309:
297:
36:
3369:
1655:
457:
James II proved to be deeply unpopular in England, and he was deposed in the "
4499:
4481:
4468:
3644:
2936:
2261:
Crest: On a wreath of the colors (argent and azure) a beaver couchant proper.
2144:
2084:
2014:
1904:
1892:
1829:
1817:
On 10 July 1926 lightning sparked a catastrophic series of explosions at the
1718:
1416:
1362:
1358:
1199:
1172:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1003:
969:
841:
730:
644:
624:
494:
474:
420:
380:
348:
336:
168:
127:
66:
4088:
3562:
1934:
Following mobilization in 1940 the HD New York commands were subordinate to
741:, although Bushnell may have salvaged her later. Her final fate is unknown.
676:
on 12 July 1776; this may have made the British cautious about entering the
3217:
2168:
2021:
2017:
1947:
1791:
1687:
1609:
1577:
1522:
1494:
1482:
1446:
1385:. These appear to have initially been Artillery Districts, were renamed as
1331:
1194:
near Savannah, Georgia in 1862. Also, the 15-inch (381 mm) smoothbore
1015:
536:
313:
271:
263:
259:
4314:
4180:
4061:
3395:
Sabotage at Black Tom: Imperial Germany's Secret War in America, 1914–1917
3327:
2911:
2654:
2009:
carries the lineage of some Coast Artillery units. An extensive system of
1505:
guns were hastily built, along with batteries of Civil War-era smoothbore
1070:
Although New York was not attacked in the War of 1812, Washington, DC was
481:
as lieutenant governor in New York. In 1689 many of the locally recruited
4452:
4306:
History of the City of New York in the Seventeenth Century: New Amsterdam
4199:
3120:
The Political Prisoners.; A Day At Fort Lafayette. List Of The Prisoners.
2178:
2056:
1974:
1887:. These included heavy earth-covered concrete bunkers for ammunition and
1877:
1735:
1706:
1613:
1453:
against moving targets, and the weapon was abandoned in the early 1900s.
1095:
1042:
1038:
1026:
965:
794:
648:
513:
424:
356:
3619:
3338:
3984:
Gaines, William C., Coast Artillery Organizational History, 1917-1950,
2096:
1807:
1779:
1565:, on 30 July 1916. It broke windows in lower Manhattan and damaged the
1526:
1506:
1335:
1195:
1150:
center. Paradoxically, by late 1864 the city was also a center for the
769:. The Americans insisted on retaining independence as expressed in the
754:
726:
677:
652:
502:
432:
408:
in 1667, which made the English takeover official. In 1673, during the
364:
275:
176:
141:
4443:
Insignia of the Coast Artillery Corps at the Coast Defense Study Group
3479:
2245:
indicating a general officer, the arm with sword the power of command.
4447:
2195:
2020:
guns was emplaced in Greater New York in the late 1940s, followed by
1992:
regiments were effectively disestablished, and on 7 October 1944 the
1589:
1099:
1011:
680:. In late August the British landed in Brooklyn and on 27 August the
540:
372:
344:
255:
4458:
1848:
1663:
1130:) was not begun until 1862, and only one of a planned four tiers of
367:
colony along the Delaware River. In that same year, several hundred
292:. This was the first permanent Dutch settlement in the area, by the
4276:
Governors Island: Its Military History Under Three Flags, 1637–1913
3350:
2224:
2157:
2072:
1873:
1730:
1411:
1339:
1239:
1131:
1066:
chart of New York Bay and Harbor, showing most of the city's forts.
977:
972:. It was joined on Governors Island by the unique, mostly circular
930:
707:
617:
246:. In 1542 the French established a fortified trading post known as
1485:, four 6-inch guns, two 4.72-inch guns, and fourteen 3-inch guns.
1259:
12-inch mortars, similar to those at Fort Hancock and Fort Slocum.
1078:
forts, larger than previous US forts, was proposed and became the
710:, also from Connecticut. Lee reported that he attempted to attack
2133:
was demolished in 1854; the North Battery also no longer exists.
1970:
1402:
1075:
1033:
was built in 1812 near the west end of 12th Street in Manhattan.
482:
3367:
1794:, was stationed at Fort Hancock in 1940 and sent detachments to
1263:
1207:, where the US Engineer Battalion was stationed in 1866 and the
868:
on the Hudson. Clinton's expedition also raided as far north as
359:
was added for protection from potential English attack. In 1655
339:
began with a colony on Noten Eylandt (Nut or Nutten Island, now
3317:, Vol. 7, pp. 3778–3780, Washington: Government Printing Office
3135:. National Academy of Sciences, 1929. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
1647:(NYNG), and CD Sandy Hook was 24 companies, including 12 NYNG.
1247:
1123:
744:
During the Long Island battle the British had captured General
368:
3235:. National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. 2005
1158:
of 13–16 July 1863, sparked by the implementation of military
785:, successfully repulsing a British attack the next day in the
343:). The next year the colony moved to Manhattoes (now southern
3315:
Report of the Commission on the Conduct of the War with Spain
3084:. York State Books. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.
1211:
was established in 1868. The school's first commander, Major
1102:
was built 1833-1856, defending the approach to the city from
251:
3910:
Conn, Stetson; Engelman, Rose C.; Fairchild, Byron (2000) .
3788:"Coat of Arms for the Harbor Defenses of Southern New York,
2559:
Indian Affairs in Colonial New York: The Seventeenth Century
2210:
has been placed on display at one of the 16-inch casemates.
3732:"Coat of Arms for the Harbor Defenses of Eastern New York,
3700:
Coast Defense Study Group newsletter, August 2017, pp. 5-18
1509:. Fort Wadsworth and Fort Hamilton each received a pair of
1401:, which would remain concealed behind a concrete-and-earth
898:
396:
the next year. The colony was named for its nominal ruler,
183:
3616:"List of US 1950s AA gun sites and units at Ed-Thelen.org"
3397:. Chapel Hill, N.C.: Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill, 1989.
1868:. This was Battery 116, built in 1942-43 with two ex-Navy
937:, along with some small batteries on Oyster Island (later
748:. Admiral Howe convinced him to deliver a message to the
288:
or fortified trading post, was established at what is now
4279:(1st ed.), New York: Edmund Banks Smith, p. 178
1697:
During World War I, in response to rapid improvements in
1198:
was introduced during the war. However, the Civil War's
1180:
856:, at Freeman's Farm on 19 September. Shortly after this,
2087:
has been fully converted to office space as part of the
1825:). This led to a greater concern for ammunition safety.
1734:
York received two (of seven total) of these weapons, at
1553:
prevented trade with the Central Powers after 1915. The
1163:
executed on 25 November. Fires were set at some hotels,
4020:
3931:
3894:
Coats of Arms and Badges of the Coast Artillery Corps,
3563:
Indicator loop stations at Fort Tilden and Fort Hancock
3409:"Men of Secrets: Teddy Roosevelt and Winston Churchill"
2852:
American Foreign Relations, Volume 1: A History to 1920
2249:
1883:
The 16-inch batteries were supplemented by new two-gun
1251:
Drawing of the unique Gun Lift Battery at Fort Hancock.
1106:. Forts Richmond and Tompkins (in the area later named
595:
in northwestern Manhattan and Fort Constitution (later
519:
New York City was a base for British operations in the
383:. In 1664 an English expedition arrived in what is now
355:
to protect themselves. In 1653 the wall at what is now
300:. This colony was established primarily to exploit the
4071:
Saratoga: Turning Point of America's Revolutionary War
3133:'Biographical Memoir of Henry Larcom Abbot, 1831–1927'
2810:
War for America: The Fight for Independence, 1775–1783
2218:
1973:
also participated in defending the New York area with
1946:
harbor defense commands subordinate to it, along with
929:. In New York this was initially limited to the large
505:. On 19 March 1691 the newly appointed royal governor
392:
from the former New Netherland, also establishing the
3993:
Hainsworth, David Roger; Churches, Christing (1998).
3932:
Duchesneau, John T.; Troost-Cramer, Kathleen (2014).
3909:
1727:
400 mm (15.75 inch) Modèle 1916 railway howitzer
876:
in Paris on 4 December, and negotiations resulted in
335:. Also in that year, Dutch settlement of what became
3586:
Army Lineage Series: Air Defense Artillery, CMH 60-5
2326:
4156:, Boston: Little, Brown and Company, archived from
3604:
Cold War AAA sites in NYC at American Forts Network
3491:
Fort Tilden mortar battery, archived from Geocities
2952:. Annapolis: Leeward Publications. pp. 26–27.
2516:
Early New York City forts at American Forts Network
2383:
List of coastal fortifications of the United States
1915:(along with two relocated 3-inch guns), AMTB 19 at
1670:, similar to the first emplacements at Fort Tilden.
4364:American Breechloading Mobile Artillery, 1875-1953
4100:
3992:
3696:
3694:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3686:
2556:
2505:. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. pp. 357–361.
1705:(406 mm). The first of these was deployed at
1701:, the Coast Artillery developed a new weapon, the
375:and caused significant damage and loss of life in
4506:Military units and formations in New York (state)
2669:NYC Revolutionary forts at American Forts Network
2545:, compiled and translated by E.B. Callaghan, 1868
1243:Typical US disappearing gun battery for two guns.
587:forces captured Boston. Their commander, General
388:city "New York" at this time and established the
4497:
3879:(Third ed.). McLean, Virginia: CDSG Press.
3368:H. R. Balkhage and A. A. Hahling (August 1964).
3019:Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections
2655:Fort Lee Historic Park at Palisades park website
1381:and Forts Schuyler, Totten, and Slocum were the
4303:Van Rensselaer, Mary Griswold Schuyler (1909).
4216:The U. S. Army in World War I: Orders of Battle
3683:
3461:
3459:
2993:Fort Richmond at New York State Military Museum
2543:Laws and Ordinances of New Netherland 1638-1674
2278:
2095:has been mostly demolished; however, a 15-inch
1686:During and after World War I two- or three-gun
1334:). Another renaming occurred in 1904 as one of
1227:was established near the abandoned, incomplete
623:On 3 July 1776 the British landed unopposed on
551:". In November of that year a committee of the
351:, which has been settled ever since, and built
229:
4455:at the Coast Defense Study Group, Inc. website
4302:
4187:
4021:Jackson, Kenneth T.; Dunbar, David S. (2005).
2664:
2662:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2435:Coast Artillery Organization: A Brief Overview
1942:three months later) was established, with all
825:, where they remained for nearly three years.
4459:FortWiki, lists most CONUS and Canadian forts
3877:American Seacoast Defenses, A Reference Guide
3591:United States Army Center of Military History
3475:
3473:
3339:Battery Duane, Fort Wadsworth at FortWiki.com
3230:"Fort Jay Governors Island National Monument"
3195:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3187:
2601:
2599:
2563:. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.
2474:
2472:
2089:State University of New York Maritime College
1834:State University of New York Maritime College
1806:, two batteries of which were transferred to
1187:, killed in the Civil War the previous year.
4406:
4390:Seacoast Fortifications of the United States
4141:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4131:. Washington: US Government Printing Office.
4001:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3818:
3782:
3780:
3778:
3776:
3766:
3764:
3762:
3710:
3708:
3706:
3664:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3456:
3452:Coast Artillery Corps Units in France in WWI
3297:National Archives and Records Administration
3185:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3167:
2950:Seacoast Fortifications of the United States
2932:
2930:
2928:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2137:was demolished in 1960 to make room for the
797:on 12 October, but overcoming opposition at
635:. The British forces were under General Sir
603:. Both forts were just south of the current
278:/trading post in Manhattan by 1612. In 1614
4511:Military units and formations in New Jersey
4438:Map of HD Southern New York at FortWiki.com
4023:Empire City: New York Through the Centuries
3913:Guarding the United States and its Outposts
3844:
3842:
3840:
3838:
3836:
3726:
3724:
3722:
3720:
3321:
3268:information pamphlet. Accessed 2008-02-22.)
3213:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3205:
2973:Fort Masonic at the Queens Masonic District
2725:Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships
2659:
2520:
2502:The Discoveries of America to the year 1525
2462:
2460:
2458:
1608:(a.k.a. Navesink Military Reservation), in
1029:accelerated fort construction in New York.
197:as an Artillery District(s) and became the
4453:List of all US coastal forts and batteries
4433:Map of HD Eastern New York at FortWiki.com
4107:. New York: Simon and Schuster Paperback.
4095:
3470:
2596:
2469:
1923:, and a battery of unknown designation at
1919:(along with four 3-inch guns), AMTB 12 at
1557:occurred at an ammunition storage area in
1501:. A number of batteries of medium-caliber
1330:(with the previous Fort Wadsworth renamed
1322:, and the entire Signal Hill area (except
1080:third system of US seacoast fortifications
927:first system of US seacoast fortifications
791:landing in southeastern Westchester County
371:briefly occupied New Amsterdam during the
304:, and grew over the next forty years with
4407:Morgan, Mark L.; Berhow, Mark A. (2010).
4361:
4342:
4194:. Washington: Government Printing Office.
3898:, August 1923, vol. 59 no. 2, pp. 123-142
3815:
3773:
3759:
3703:
3665:Morgan, Mark L.; Berhow, Mark A. (2002).
3513:
3445:
3271:
3164:
2925:
2849:Paterson, Thomas G.; et al. (2009).
2482:US Army Order of Battle 1919–1941, vol. 2
2441:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2408:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2129:remains intact and is used for concerts.
1219:at Willets Point, and pioneered a modern
607:. Fort Lee was named for Patriot general
4531:United States Army Coast Artillery Corps
4366:. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Publishing, Ltd.
3833:
3717:
3582:
3406:
3202:
3138:
2848:
2606:Fort Wadsworth at American Forts Network
2554:
2548:
2532:Fort Amsterdam at American Forts Network
2455:
2437:at the Coast Defense Study Group website
2031:
1847:
1725:(especially the French-made French-made
1662:
1654:
1513:, purchased from the United Kingdom, 40
1279:
1271:
1262:
1254:
1246:
1238:
1057:
318:
158:United States Army Coast Artillery Corps
77:United States Army Coast Artillery Corps
4283:
4232:
4213:
4039:
2799:Duchesneau and Troost-Cramer, pp. 16-19
2678:
2676:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2579:
1139:New York City in the American Civil War
1006:in 1806; the site was eventually named
14:
4498:
4149:
4124:
3874:
3860:
3667:Rings of Supersonic Steel, 2nd Edition
3436:
2422:
2394:
2040:, Virginia, similar to the display at
1086:during his tenure as post engineer at
1014:Fort Richmond (on the site now called
655:convoying the British invasion force.
363:led an expedition that subjugated the
171:from 1895 to 1950, beginning with the
4387:
4272:
4198:
2947:
2498:
2373:Seacoast defense in the United States
2239:(If you want peace, prepare for war).
881:and Washington successfully forced a
4321:
4209:. New York: Published by the author.
3995:The Anglo-Dutch Naval Wars 1652-1674
3736:, April 1928, vol. 68 no. 4, p. 347"
3015:"1864 Presidential Election Results"
2855:. Cengage Learning. pp. 13–15.
2673:
2576:
2478:
2250:Harbor Defenses of Southern New York
1999:
1952:Harbor Defenses of Long Island Sound
1532:In 1907, with the completion of the
558:
453:History of New York City (1665–1783)
258:on an island in a lake later called
215:Harbor Defenses of Long Island Sound
4392:. Annapolis: Leeward Publications.
4173:The Turning Point of the Revolution
3432:US Army Railway Guns in World War I
3299:, Record Group 156, Records of the
2644:NYC park website on Fort Washington
2573:Hainsworth and Churches, pp. 95-110
2219:Harbor Defenses of Eastern New York
1819:Lake Denmark Naval Ammunition Depot
1711:Coast Defenses of Long Island Sound
1534:Coast Defenses of Long Island Sound
1379:Coast Defenses of Southern New York
916:
523:(the North American theater of the
211:Harbor Defenses of Eastern New York
203:Coast Defenses of Southern New York
24:
4381:
4153:Origins of the American Revolution
3988:, vol. 23, issue 2, pp. 6-8, 25-27
3792:, July 1928, vol. 69 no. 1, p. 73"
3082:The Man Who Tried to Burn New York
2734:Naval History and Heritage Command
2081:Governors Island National Monument
1383:Coast Defenses of Eastern New York
1234:
1145:New York in the American Civil War
901:government in March 1782. The new
631:on Signal Hill, later the site of
234:
199:Coast Defenses of Eastern New York
25:
18:Coast Defenses of Eastern New York
4547:
4526:Military history of New York City
4426:
4191:American Coast Artillery Materiel
4175:. Port Washington, NY: Kennikat.
4128:Railway Artillery, Vols. I and II
3466:Highlands Mil Res at FortWiki.com
2117:remains as the foundation of the
1511:4.72-inch (120 mm) Armstrong guns
1002:acquired the Signal Hill site on
651:), fired into one of the British
4188:Ordnance Corps, US Army (1922).
4125:Miller, H. W., LTC, USA (1921).
4004:The War of American Independence
3313:Congressional serial set, 1900,
3262:Gateway National Recreation Area
3218:Fort Hancock, NJ at FortWiki.com
3146:"A place to try out new weapons"
3012:
2357:
2343:
2329:
2213:
2065:Gateway National Recreation Area
2036:16-inch Mark 7 gun displayed at
1430:" arrangement, pioneered at the
1318:, the Fort at Sandy Hook became
1045:, a fraternal society that many
702:, an inventor from Connecticut.
583:in Massachusetts. In March 1776
571:New York and New Jersey campaign
266:, an Englishman working for the
175:, some of which were located in
59:
35:
4536:Port of New York and New Jersey
4388:Lewis, Emanuel Raymond (1979).
3854:
3658:
3633:
3608:
3597:
3576:
3567:
3556:
3547:
3538:
3529:
3504:
3495:
3484:
3425:
3400:
3387:
3361:
3343:
3332:
3306:
3289:
3280:
3247:
3222:
3125:
3113:
3094:
3074:
3057:
3032:
3006:
2997:
2986:
2977:
2966:
2948:Lewis, Emanuel Raymond (1979).
2941:
2916:
2912:Castle Williams at FortWiki.com
2905:
2896:
2887:
2878:
2869:
2842:
2833:
2824:
2815:
2802:
2793:
2784:
2775:
2766:
2757:
2748:
2712:
2703:
2694:
2685:
2648:
2637:
2628:
2619:
2610:
2567:
2536:
2154:12"/45 caliber Mark V Mod 8 gun
1880:, were proposed but not built.
1843:
1574:American entry into World War I
1221:controlled underwater minefield
878:France declaring war on Britain
549:taxation without representation
485:in both cities revolted as the
4170:
4046:. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
3997:. Sutton Publications Limited.
2937:Fort Wadsworth at FortWiki.com
2509:
2492:
2200:Highlands Military Reservation
2046:Highlands Military Reservation
1960:265th Coast Artillery Regiment
1866:Highlands Military Reservation
1606:Highlands Military Reservation
1567:Statue of Liberty's raised arm
1544:
1519:6-inch (152 mm) Armstrong guns
1389:in 1913, and again renamed as
1357:, new batteries were built at
1297:William Crowninshield Endicott
1209:Engineer School of Application
1126:opposite Fort Schuyler, later
767:Staten Island Peace Conference
13:
1:
4347:. McLean, VA: Redoubt Press.
4251:
4025:. Columbia University Press.
3875:Berhow, Mark A., ed. (2015).
3150:The Sandy Hook Proving Ground
3122:Published: September 24, 1861
3071:. Published: January 17, 1865
2388:
1823:Rockaway Township, New Jersey
1683:harbor defense command post.
941:) and Bedloe's Island (later
883:battle at Monmouth Courthouse
555:was established in New York.
516:is named for was dismantled.
461:" of 1688, being replaced by
431:, was first fortified with a
404:in 1665. This ended with the
191:
4286:World War II Order of Battle
4273:Smith, Edmund Banks (1913),
4214:Rinaldi, Richard A. (2004).
4171:Nickerson, Hoffman (1967) .
4068:
3867:. New York: William Abbatt.
3583:McKenney, Janice E. (1985).
3501:Miller 1921, Vol. II, p. 109
3374:The American Legion Magazine
2499:Weise, Arthur James (1884).
2279:Coast Defenses of Sandy Hook
1729:) was used to develop a new
1539:Coast Defenses of Sandy Hook
1053:
862:Forts Clinton and Montgomery
778:landed in southern Manhattan
776:On 15 September the British
230:Early forts in New York City
207:Coast Defenses of Sandy Hook
7:
4343:Weaver II, John R. (2018).
4284:Stanton, Shelby L. (1991).
4233:Roberts, Robert B. (1988).
4069:Ketchum, Richard M (1997).
4040:Ketchum, Richard M (1973).
3959:
3480:Fort Tilden at FortWiki.com
3328:Fort Slocum at FortWiki.com
2754:Ketchum (1973), pp. 116-117
2616:Van Rensselaer, pp. 472-489
2555:Trelease, Allan W. (1960).
2322:
1650:
1292:was convened in 1885 under
771:Declaration of Independence
599:) across the Hudson in the
219:Harbor Defenses of New York
154:Harbor Defenses of New York
30:Harbor Defenses of New York
10:
4552:
4411:. Hole in the Head Press.
4002:Higginbotham, Don (1983).
3864:The Battle of Pell's Point
3669:. Hole in the Head Press.
3266:U.S. National Park Service
3254:The Defenses of Sandy Hook
3040:"Mr. Lincoln and New York"
2237:Sic Vis Pacem, Para Bellum
2109:Fort Totten Officers' Club
2027:
1821:(now Picatinny Arsenal in
1804:8-inch Mk. VI railway guns
1770:regiment (tractor-drawn) (
1680:Naval Air Station Rockaway
1142:
1136:
1064:United States Coast Survey
833:
827:
721:, brother of the general.
717:, flagship of Admiral Sir
568:
565:American Revolutionary War
562:
477:as governor in Boston and
450:
224:
4252:Schecter, Barnet (2002).
4006:. Northeastern Classics.
3370:"The Black Tom Explosion"
2893:Wade, pp. 18, 28, 236-237
2830:Ketchum 1997, pp. 360-368
2821:Higginbotham, pp. 181-188
2781:Jackson and Dunbar, p. 20
2337:American Civil War portal
2208:16"/50 caliber Mark 7 gun
1885:6-inch (152 mm) batteries
1792:8-inch M1888 railway guns
1790:regiment, initially with
1692:M1917 3-inch (76 mm) guns
1225:Sandy Hook Proving Ground
815:capturing Fort Washington
725:was equipped to attach a
437:David Pieterszen de Vries
190:. The command originated
137:
123:
102:
92:
82:
72:
54:
46:
34:
29:
4362:Williford, Glen (2016).
4322:Wade, Arthur P. (2011).
4150:Miller, John C. (1943),
4073:. New York: Henry Holt.
3861:Abbatt, William (1901).
3295:Gun and Carriage cards,
2479:Clay, Steven E. (2010).
2139:Verrazano-Narrows Bridge
2071:and open to the public.
1977:and submarine-detecting
1640:in the naval arms race.
1434:twenty years earlier by
793:, initially thwarted at
787:Battle of Harlem Heights
605:George Washington Bridge
579:broke out full-scale at
419:The Signal Hill site on
329:Dutch West India Company
302:North American fur trade
268:Dutch East India Company
205:in 1913. Circa 1915 the
4309:. New York: Macmillan.
4255:The Battle for New York
4237:. New York: Macmillan.
3896:Coast Artillery Journal
3869:Battle of Pell's Point.
3848:Coats 1923, pp. 127-129
3790:Coast Artillery Journal
3734:Coast Artillery Journal
3152:. National Park Service
3131:Abbot, Charles Greeley
2875:Paterson, Vol. 1, p. 20
1940:Eastern Defense Command
1776:New York National Guard
1752:Harbor Defense Commands
1699:dreadnought battleships
1676:Aberdeen Proving Ground
1645:New York National Guard
1638:dreadnought battleships
1559:Jersey City, New Jersey
1525:guns on modified 1870s
1391:Harbor Defense Commands
1290:Board of Fortifications
706:was crewed by Sergeant
601:town later named for it
471:Dominion of New England
298:colony of the same name
115:Eastern Defense Command
4516:Forts in New York City
2839:Nickerson, pp. 348-351
2790:Schechter, pp. 259-263
2720:"Turtle I (Submarine)"
2634:Miller 1943, pp. 65-74
2405:Gaines, pp. 6-8, 25-27
2378:Harbor Defense Command
2049:
1964:Florida National Guard
1853:
1721:with howitzers on the
1671:
1660:
1387:Coast Defense Commands
1375:New Rochelle, New York
1285:
1277:
1269:
1260:
1252:
1244:
1067:
887:White Plains, New York
803:Battle of White Plains
737:and scuttled her near
647:(the Brooklyn side of
427:, eventually known as
402:Second Anglo-Dutch War
394:Province of New Jersey
324:
308:from the South River (
294:New Netherland Company
240:Giovanni da Verrazzano
179:. These included both
161:harbor defense command
97:Harbor Defense Command
4482:40.60861°N 74.03222°W
3986:Coast Defense Journal
3938:. The History Press.
3935:Fort Adams: A History
3573:Stanton, pp. 489, 492
3510:Ordnance, pp. 147-149
2204:Hartshorne Woods Park
2162:Harbor Defense Museum
2103:is partly used as an
2069:National Park Service
2042:Hartshorne Woods Park
2035:
2007:Air Defense Artillery
1994:245th Coast Artillery
1851:
1784:245th Coast Artillery
1768:244th Coast Artillery
1715:disappearing carriage
1690:batteries armed with
1666:
1658:
1467:10-inch (254 mm) guns
1459:12-inch (305 mm) guns
1432:Fort at Willets Point
1345:In addition to Forts
1301:controlled minefields
1283:
1275:
1266:
1258:
1250:
1242:
1205:Fort at Willets Point
1192:siege of Fort Pulaski
1165:P. T. Barnum's museum
1120:Fort at Willets Point
1114:in New Jersey (later
1061:
945:). These were simple
830:Philadelphia campaign
823:Newport, Rhode Island
811:Battle of Bunker Hill
682:Battle of Long Island
581:Lexington and Concord
521:French and Indian War
416:that ended that war.
414:Treaty of Westminster
410:Third Anglo-Dutch War
322:
306:fortified settlements
188:underwater minefields
163:. It coordinated the
4258:. New York: Walker.
4218:. General Data LLC.
3969:. New York: Walker.
3442:Williford, pp. 92-99
3080:Brandt, Nat (1986).
2682:Roberts, pp. 596-605
2593:Roberts, pp. 587-589
2452:Rinaldi, pp. 165-166
2419:Stanton, pp. 455-481
2351:New York City portal
2294:Motto: The motto is
2150:John Paul Jones Park
1788:52nd Coast Artillery
1740:Far Rockaway, Queens
1618:Far Rockaway, Queens
1483:8-inch (203 mm) guns
1471:6-inch (152 mm) guns
1025:The outbreak of the
850:Battle of Brandywine
750:Continental Congress
739:Fort Lee, New Jersey
390:Province of New York
248:Fort d'Anormée Berge
217:were unified as the
4521:Forts in New Jersey
4487:40.60861; -74.03222
4478: /
4043:The Winter Soldiers
3286:Berhow, pp. 138–139
3277:Berhow, pp. 130–133
3199:Berhow, pp. 208-210
3100:Marshall, John A.,
3003:Weaver, pp. 136–164
2625:Fowler, pp. 134-139
2466:Berhow, pp. 427-434
2316:7th Coast Artillery
2268:(Willing and Able).
1990:7th Coast Artillery
1870:16-inch Mark 2 guns
1764:7th Coast Artillery
1756:5th Coast Artillery
1555:Black Tom explosion
1551:blockade of Germany
1475:5-inch (127 mm) gun
1169:Robert Cobb Kennedy
1072:captured and burned
854:Battles of Saratoga
691:On 6 September the
577:American Revolution
499:raiding Schenectady
491:Leisler's Rebellion
459:Glorious Revolution
398:James, Duke of York
250:(Fort of the Grand
3961:Fowler, William M.
3903:2019-05-15 at the
3413:The New York Times
3068:The New York Times
2763:McCullough, p. 218
2700:McCullough, p. 191
2296:Obscurata Lucidior
2160:houses the Army's
2050:
1854:
1672:
1661:
1497:would bombard the
1436:Henry Larcom Abbot
1286:
1278:
1270:
1261:
1253:
1245:
1229:Fort at Sandy Hook
1213:Henry Larcom Abbot
1185:James S. Wadsworth
1112:Fort at Sandy Hook
1068:
982:Buttermilk Channel
956:Chesapeake–Leopard
953:In June 1807, the
783:Washington Heights
627:and soon captured
575:In April 1775 the
545:Stamp Act Congress
529:British Parliament
325:
132:Brooklyn, New York
4399:978-0-929521-11-4
4373:978-0-7643-5049-8
4354:978-1-7323916-1-1
4335:978-0-9748167-2-2
4288:. Galahad Books.
4097:McCullough, David
4080:978-0-8050-6123-9
4032:978-0-231-10909-3
4013:978-0-9303504-4-4
3886:978-0-9748167-3-9
3393:Witcover, Jules.
3301:Chief of Ordnance
2959:978-0-929521-11-4
2922:Wade, pp. 236-244
2902:Wade, pp. 115-120
2812:(1998) pp. 117–21
2736:. 19 October 2015
2691:Smith 1913, p. 49
2365:New Jersey portal
2264:Motto: The motto
2235:Motto: The motto
2119:Statue of Liberty
2067:, managed by the
2063:are parts of the
2000:Post World War II
1780:HD Chesapeake Bay
1758:regiment was the
1713:, on an improved
1703:16-inch gun M1919
1668:16-inch gun M1919
1582:railway artillery
1541:(CD Sandy Hook).
1440:railway artillery
1408:gun lift carriage
1399:disappearing guns
1217:16-mortar battery
1104:Long Island Sound
950:three locations.
891:Yorktown campaign
874:Benjamin Franklin
836:Saratoga campaign
759:Benjamin Franklin
589:George Washington
559:Revolutionary War
479:Francis Nicholson
442:Thirteen Colonies
435:by Dutch settler
312:) to what is now
147:
146:
16:(Redirected from
4543:
4493:
4492:
4490:
4489:
4488:
4483:
4479:
4476:
4475:
4474:
4471:
4422:
4418:978-09761494-0-8
4403:
4377:
4358:
4339:
4318:
4299:
4280:
4269:
4248:
4229:
4210:
4195:
4184:
4167:
4166:
4165:
4146:
4140:
4132:
4121:
4106:
4092:
4065:
4036:
4017:
3998:
3980:
3956:
3954:
3952:
3928:
3926:
3925:
3890:
3871:
3849:
3846:
3831:
3828:
3813:
3812:
3810:
3809:
3803:
3797:. Archived from
3796:
3784:
3771:
3768:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3753:
3747:
3741:. Archived from
3740:
3728:
3715:
3712:
3701:
3698:
3681:
3680:
3662:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3652:
3643:. Archived from
3637:
3631:
3630:
3628:
3627:
3618:. Archived from
3612:
3606:
3601:
3595:
3594:
3580:
3574:
3571:
3565:
3560:
3554:
3551:
3545:
3542:
3536:
3533:
3527:
3522:
3511:
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3502:
3499:
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3482:
3477:
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3454:
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3422:
3420:
3419:
3404:
3398:
3391:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3365:
3359:
3358:
3347:
3341:
3336:
3330:
3325:
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3310:
3304:
3293:
3287:
3284:
3278:
3275:
3269:
3251:
3245:
3244:
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3240:
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3226:
3220:
3215:
3200:
3197:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3142:
3136:
3129:
3123:
3117:
3111:
3098:
3092:
3078:
3072:
3061:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3051:
3042:. Archived from
3036:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3010:
3004:
3001:
2995:
2990:
2984:
2981:
2975:
2970:
2964:
2963:
2945:
2939:
2934:
2923:
2920:
2914:
2909:
2903:
2900:
2894:
2891:
2885:
2884:Riker, pp. 16-18
2882:
2876:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2846:
2840:
2837:
2831:
2828:
2822:
2819:
2813:
2806:
2800:
2797:
2791:
2788:
2782:
2779:
2773:
2770:
2764:
2761:
2755:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2716:
2710:
2709:Schecter, p. 174
2707:
2701:
2698:
2692:
2689:
2683:
2680:
2671:
2666:
2657:
2652:
2646:
2641:
2635:
2632:
2626:
2623:
2617:
2614:
2608:
2603:
2594:
2591:
2574:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2552:
2546:
2540:
2534:
2529:
2518:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2476:
2467:
2464:
2453:
2450:
2439:
2431:
2420:
2417:
2406:
2403:
2367:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2353:
2348:
2347:
2346:
2339:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2266:Volens et Potens
2185:battery for the
2038:Fort John Custis
1921:Swinburne Island
1812:Fort John Custis
1527:Rodman carriages
1421:Joseph H. Potter
1410:, essentially a
1312:Continental Army
1294:Secretary of War
1175:, and hanged at
1047:Founding Fathers
935:Governors Island
917:1783-War of 1812
864:, just north of
686:Brooklyn Heights
613:chevaux de frise
525:Seven Years' War
361:Peter Stuyvesant
341:Governors Island
290:Albany, New York
196:
193:
173:Endicott program
65:
63:
62:
39:
27:
26:
21:
4551:
4550:
4546:
4545:
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4542:
4541:
4540:
4496:
4495:
4486:
4484:
4480:
4477:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4465:
4464:
4429:
4419:
4400:
4384:
4382:Further reading
4374:
4355:
4336:
4296:
4266:
4245:
4226:
4163:
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4115:
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4033:
4014:
3977:
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3923:
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3905:Wayback Machine
3887:
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3561:
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3553:Stanton, p. 480
3552:
3548:
3544:Conn, pp. 33-35
3543:
3539:
3535:Stanton, p. 458
3534:
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2987:
2983:Roberts, p. 586
2982:
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2730:Navy Department
2718:
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2252:
2221:
2216:
2131:Fort Gansevoort
2077:Castle Williams
2030:
2002:
1979:indicator loops
1846:
1653:
1620:. Two pairs of
1547:
1463:12-inch mortars
1237:
1235:Endicott period
1173:court-martialed
1152:Peace Democrats
1147:
1141:
1134:was completed.
1056:
1031:Fort Gansevoort
974:Castle Williams
962:New York Harbor
919:
907:Treaty of Paris
838:
832:
763:Edward Rutledge
593:Fort Washington
573:
567:
561:
553:Sons of Liberty
507:Henry Sloughter
455:
406:Treaty of Breda
385:New York Harbor
347:) to establish
296:as part of the
270:, for whom the
254:), in southern
237:
235:Colonial period
232:
227:
221:on 9 May 1942.
194:
181:coast artillery
150:
87:Coast artillery
60:
58:
42:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4549:
4539:
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4528:
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4518:
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4508:
4462:
4461:
4456:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4428:
4427:External links
4425:
4424:
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4404:
4398:
4383:
4380:
4379:
4378:
4372:
4359:
4353:
4340:
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4328:. CDSG Press.
4319:
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3851:
3850:
3832:
3830:Berhow, p. 573
3814:
3772:
3770:Berhow, p. 578
3758:
3716:
3714:Berhow, p. 577
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2877:
2868:
2862:978-0547225647
2861:
2841:
2832:
2823:
2814:
2808:Jeremy Black,
2801:
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2240:
2233:
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2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2135:Fort Lafayette
2127:Castle Clinton
2053:Fort Wadsworth
2029:
2026:
2001:
1998:
1913:Rockaway Point
1861:Fall of France
1845:
1842:
1652:
1649:
1563:Liberty Island
1546:
1543:
1365:, and the new
1328:Fort Wadsworth
1236:
1233:
1200:Parrott rifles
1177:Fort Lafayette
1171:was arrested,
1143:Main article:
1137:Main article:
1108:Fort Wadsworth
1055:
1052:
1035:Fort Lafayette
1008:Fort Wadsworth
1000:New York state
994:Castle Clinton
943:Liberty Island
918:
915:
911:Evacuation Day
846:George Germain
834:Main article:
828:Main article:
700:David Bushnell
641:Hessian troops
633:Fort Wadsworth
629:Flagstaff Fort
569:Main article:
563:Main article:
560:
557:
547:, protesting "
451:Main article:
448:at that time.
429:Fort Wadsworth
353:Fort Amsterdam
310:Delaware River
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
165:coast defenses
148:
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31:
9:
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4341:
4337:
4331:
4327:
4326:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4307:
4301:
4297:
4295:0-88365-775-9
4291:
4287:
4282:
4278:
4277:
4271:
4267:
4265:0-8027-1374-2
4261:
4257:
4256:
4250:
4246:
4244:0-02-926880-X
4240:
4236:
4231:
4227:
4225:0-9720296-4-8
4221:
4217:
4212:
4208:
4207:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4192:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4169:
4160:on 2009-10-23
4159:
4155:
4154:
4148:
4144:
4138:
4130:
4129:
4123:
4120:
4116:
4114:0-7432-2672-0
4110:
4105:
4104:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4076:
4072:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4053:0-385-05490-4
4049:
4045:
4044:
4038:
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4028:
4024:
4019:
4015:
4009:
4005:
4000:
3996:
3991:
3989:
3987:
3982:
3978:
3976:0-8027-1411-0
3972:
3968:
3967:
3962:
3958:
3947:
3945:9781625850584
3941:
3937:
3936:
3930:
3920:on 2007-12-25
3919:
3915:
3914:
3908:
3906:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3892:
3888:
3882:
3878:
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3859:
3858:
3845:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3837:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3804:on 2017-02-03
3800:
3793:
3791:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3777:
3767:
3765:
3763:
3748:on 2017-02-03
3744:
3737:
3735:
3727:
3725:
3723:
3721:
3711:
3709:
3707:
3697:
3695:
3693:
3691:
3689:
3687:
3678:
3676:0-615-12012-1
3672:
3668:
3661:
3647:on 2017-08-05
3646:
3642:
3636:
3622:on 2020-09-16
3621:
3617:
3611:
3605:
3600:
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3588:
3587:
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3474:
3467:
3462:
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3453:
3448:
3439:
3433:
3428:
3414:
3410:
3407:Stafford, D.
3403:
3396:
3390:
3375:
3371:
3364:
3356:
3352:
3346:
3340:
3335:
3329:
3324:
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3283:
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3176:
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3172:
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3168:
3151:
3147:
3141:
3134:
3128:
3121:
3116:
3110:
3109:1-4179-3078-0
3106:
3103:
3097:
3091:
3090:0-8156-0207-3
3087:
3083:
3077:
3070:
3069:
3065:
3060:
3046:on 2016-03-04
3045:
3041:
3035:
3020:
3016:
3013:Leip, David.
3009:
3000:
2994:
2989:
2980:
2974:
2969:
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2955:
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2938:
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2256:
2254:
2253:
2243:
2238:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2214:Coats of arms
2211:
2209:
2206:, and a Navy
2205:
2201:
2197:
2192:
2188:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2174:
2173:Fort Tompkins
2170:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2146:
2145:Fort Hamilton
2142:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2085:Fort Schuyler
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2047:
2044:, the former
2043:
2039:
2034:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2016:
2012:
2008:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1956:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1905:anti-aircraft
1902:
1897:
1894:
1893:6-inch gun M1
1890:
1886:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1850:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1830:Fort Schuyler
1826:
1824:
1820:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1747:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1723:Western Front
1720:
1719:plunging fire
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1681:
1677:
1669:
1665:
1657:
1648:
1646:
1641:
1639:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1602:
1598:
1596:
1591:
1587:
1586:Western Front
1583:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1542:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1499:US east coast
1496:
1495:Spanish fleet
1490:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1447:dynamite guns
1443:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1417:Fort Delaware
1413:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1371:Davids Island
1368:
1364:
1363:Fort Schuyler
1360:
1359:Fort Hamilton
1356:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1324:Fort Tompkins
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1282:
1274:
1265:
1257:
1249:
1241:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1178:
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1170:
1166:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1146:
1140:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1092:Fort Schuyler
1089:
1088:Fort Hamilton
1085:
1084:Robert E. Lee
1081:
1077:
1073:
1065:
1060:
1051:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1021:
1020:Fort Tompkins
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1004:Staten Island
1001:
997:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
970:Fort Columbus
967:
963:
959:
957:
951:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
914:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
879:
875:
871:
867:
866:Bear Mountain
863:
859:
858:Henry Clinton
855:
851:
847:
843:
842:John Burgoyne
837:
831:
826:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
807:Henry Clinton
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
779:
774:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
751:
747:
746:John Sullivan
742:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
715:
709:
705:
701:
697:
696:
689:
687:
683:
679:
675:
674:
668:
667:
661:
660:
654:
650:
646:
645:Fort Hamilton
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
625:Staten Island
621:
619:
618:Nutten Island
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
572:
566:
556:
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550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
517:
515:
510:
508:
504:
500:
496:
495:Jacob Leisler
492:
489:in April and
488:
487:Boston Revolt
484:
480:
476:
475:Edmund Andros
472:
468:
464:
460:
454:
449:
447:
446:Fort Tompkins
443:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
421:Staten Island
417:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
386:
382:
381:Staten Island
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
349:New Amsterdam
346:
342:
338:
337:New York City
334:
330:
321:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
286:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
244:Estêvão Gomes
241:
222:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
189:
185:
182:
178:
174:
170:
169:New York City
166:
162:
159:
155:
149:Military unit
143:
140:
136:
133:
129:
128:Fort Hamilton
126:
122:
116:
113:
110:
107:
106:
105:
101:
98:
95:
91:
88:
85:
81:
78:
75:
71:
68:
67:United States
57:
53:
49:
45:
38:
33:
28:
19:
4463:
4408:
4389:
4363:
4344:
4324:
4305:
4285:
4275:
4254:
4234:
4215:
4204:
4200:Riker, James
4190:
4172:
4162:, retrieved
4158:the original
4152:
4127:
4118:
4102:
4070:
4042:
4022:
4003:
3994:
3985:
3965:
3949:. Retrieved
3934:
3922:. Retrieved
3918:the original
3912:
3895:
3876:
3868:
3863:
3855:Bibliography
3806:. Retrieved
3799:the original
3789:
3750:. Retrieved
3743:the original
3733:
3666:
3660:
3649:. Retrieved
3645:the original
3635:
3624:. Retrieved
3620:the original
3610:
3599:
3585:
3578:
3569:
3558:
3549:
3540:
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3497:
3486:
3447:
3438:
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3412:
3402:
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3373:
3363:
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3224:
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3149:
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3096:
3081:
3076:
3066:
3059:
3048:. Retrieved
3044:the original
3034:
3022:. Retrieved
3018:
3008:
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2988:
2979:
2968:
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2871:
2851:
2844:
2835:
2826:
2817:
2809:
2804:
2795:
2786:
2777:
2772:Abbatt, p. 5
2768:
2759:
2750:
2738:. Retrieved
2723:
2714:
2705:
2696:
2687:
2650:
2639:
2630:
2621:
2612:
2569:
2558:
2550:
2542:
2538:
2511:
2501:
2494:
2481:
2434:
2306:
2302:
2295:
2265:
2236:
2183:
2177:
2169:Battery Weed
2166:
2143:
2113:
2105:Army Reserve
2061:Fort Hancock
2051:
2022:Nike missile
2018:antiaircraft
2003:
1983:
1975:net defenses
1968:
1962:(HD) of the
1957:
1948:antiaircraft
1933:
1929:
1925:Miller Field
1917:Norton Point
1909:40 mm Bofors
1898:
1889:fire control
1882:
1858:
1855:
1844:World War II
1838:Army reserve
1827:
1816:
1800:Newfoundland
1760:Regular Army
1748:
1744:
1696:
1688:antiaircraft
1685:
1673:
1642:
1634:fire control
1629:12-inch guns
1626:
1610:Navesink, NJ
1603:
1599:
1578:mobilization
1571:
1548:
1538:
1531:
1523:8-inch M1888
1491:
1487:
1455:
1451:fire control
1444:
1425:
1395:
1382:
1378:
1344:
1332:Battery Weed
1320:Fort Hancock
1308:Regular Army
1305:
1287:
1189:
1160:conscription
1148:
1116:Fort Hancock
1069:
1024:
1016:Battery Weed
998:
955:
952:
939:Ellis Island
920:
839:
775:
743:
734:
722:
719:Richard Howe
713:
703:
694:
690:
672:
665:
658:
637:William Howe
622:
574:
537:Federal Hall
518:
511:
456:
418:
327:In 1621 the
326:
314:Rhode Island
283:
272:Hudson River
264:Henry Hudson
260:Collect Pond
247:
238:
218:
210:
206:
202:
198:
153:
151:
103:Part of
4485: /
4119:1776 David.
3355:www.nps.gov
3303:, Entry 712
3156:29 December
2189:turrets of
2187:14-inch gun
2179:Fort Tilden
2123:Fort Gibson
2101:Fort Totten
2093:Fort Slocum
2057:Fort Tilden
1878:JFK Airport
1832:became the
1736:Fort Tilden
1707:Fort Michie
1622:6-inch guns
1614:Fort Tilden
1545:World War I
1507:Rodman guns
1479:3-inch guns
1477:, and four
1367:Fort Slocum
1316:Fort Totten
1156:draft riots
1128:Fort Totten
1096:Throgs Neck
1039:the Narrows
1027:War of 1812
990:Fort Gibson
966:War of 1812
795:Throgs Neck
649:the Narrows
609:Charles Lee
514:Wall Street
425:The Narrows
357:Wall Street
333:Fort Orange
280:Fort Nassau
195: 1895
124:Garrison/HQ
4500:Categories
4473:74°01′56″W
4470:40°36′31″N
4164:2017-12-16
3924:2017-08-24
3808:2018-04-12
3752:2018-04-12
3651:2017-08-24
3626:2018-12-19
3418:2007-10-24
3258:Sandy Hook
3050:2017-08-24
2389:References
2196:embrasures
2097:Rodman gun
1944:east coast
1936:First Army
1859:After the
1808:Fort Miles
1772:155 mm gun
1590:field guns
1503:rapid-fire
1461:, sixteen
1428:Abbot Quad
1336:Elihu Root
1196:Rodman gun
1043:Freemasons
947:earthworks
895:Lord North
819:Cornwallis
755:John Adams
693:submarine
678:East River
653:men-of-war
531:imposed a
503:New France
433:blockhouse
365:New Sweden
276:blockhouse
177:New Jersey
142:Oozlefinch
109:First Army
4137:cite book
3024:20 August
2740:18 August
2318:Regiment.
2307:Half Moon
2303:Half Moon
2191:Fort Drum
2115:Fort Wood
1901:90 mm gun
1874:casemated
1595:Armistice
1442:program.
1393:in 1924.
1355:Wadsworth
1326:) became
1132:casemates
1100:the Bronx
1054:1816-1890
1012:sandstone
986:Fort Wood
978:casemated
923:the state
671:HMS
664:HMS
541:Manhattan
533:Stamp Act
373:Peach War
345:Manhattan
256:Manhattan
138:Mascot(s)
117:1941–1945
111:1933–1941
50:1895–1950
4202:(1883).
4099:(2006).
4089:41397623
3963:(2005).
3951:15 March
3901:Archived
3256:(from a
3239:10 April
2323:See also
2158:caponier
2073:Fort Jay
1840:center.
1774:) was a
1731:barbette
1651:Interwar
1515:calibers
1412:barbette
1340:Fort Jay
931:Fort Jay
870:Kingston
708:Ezra Lee
597:Fort Lee
285:factorij
4206:Battery
3379:July 5,
2284:Blazon
2255:Blazon
2202:is now
2079:are in
2028:Present
1971:US Navy
1796:Bermuda
1709:in the
1561:, near
1469:, four
1465:, five
1403:parapet
1351:Hancock
1076:masonry
765:in the
666:Phoenix
585:Patriot
543:as the
483:militia
473:, with
463:William
379:and on
377:Pavonia
225:History
55:Country
4415:
4396:
4370:
4351:
4332:
4315:938239
4313:
4292:
4262:
4241:
4222:
4181:549809
4179:
4111:
4087:
4077:
4062:640266
4060:
4050:
4029:
4010:
3973:
3942:
3883:
3673:
3107:
3088:
2956:
2859:
2225:Blazon
2059:, and
2015:120 mm
1955:1944.
1754:. The
1473:, one
1353:, and
1347:Totten
1268:space.
1124:Queens
1018:) and
958:affair
799:Pelham
761:, and
735:Turtle
723:Turtle
704:Turtle
695:Turtle
369:Munsee
156:was a
73:Branch
64:
47:Active
3802:(PDF)
3795:(PDF)
3746:(PDF)
3739:(PDF)
3233:(PDF)
2486:(PDF)
2011:90 mm
1616:, in
1373:near
1062:1866
731:auger
714:Eagle
252:Scarp
184:forts
4413:ISBN
4394:ISBN
4368:ISBN
4349:ISBN
4330:ISBN
4311:OCLC
4290:ISBN
4260:ISBN
4239:ISBN
4220:ISBN
4177:OCLC
4143:link
4109:ISBN
4103:1776
4085:OCLC
4075:ISBN
4058:OCLC
4048:ISBN
4027:ISBN
4008:ISBN
3971:ISBN
3953:2017
3940:ISBN
3881:ISBN
3671:ISBN
3381:2009
3241:2016
3158:2015
3105:ISBN
3086:ISBN
3026:2017
2954:ISBN
2857:ISBN
2742:2017
2171:and
2075:and
2013:and
1988:and
1969:The
1958:The
1899:Six
1798:and
1572:The
1288:The
1181:POWs
1122:(in
903:Whig
899:Tory
727:mine
712:HMS
673:Rose
669:and
659:Asia
657:HMS
611:. A
467:Mary
465:and
282:, a
201:and
186:and
152:The
93:Role
83:Type
1986:5th
1738:in
1369:on
1310:or
1098:in
1094:on
933:on
897:'s
539:in
423:at
167:of
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