39:, as opposed to in a separate room. Co-sleeping individuals sleep in sensory proximity to one another, where the individual senses the presence of others. This sensory proximity can either be triggered by touch, smell, taste, or noise. Therefore, the individuals can be a few centimeters away or on the other side of the room and still have an effect on the other. It is standard practice in many parts of the world, and is practiced by a significant minority in countries where cribs are also used.
189:
co-sleeping had significant problems with sleep later in life, the study concluded that the parental behaviors were a reaction to already-present sleep difficulties. Most relationships between parental behavior and sleeping trouble were not statistically significant when controlled for those preexisting conditions. Further, typical co-sleeping parental behavior, like maternal presence at onset of sleep, were found to be protective factors against sleep problems.
158:
be no stuffed animals or soft toys near the baby, blankets should be light, a baby's head should never be covered, and other SIDS risk factors should be avoided. In addition some parents pose threats to infants due to their behaviors and conditions, such as smoking or drinking heavily, taking drugs, a history of skin infections, obesity, or any other specific risk-increasing traits.
204:
Some research indicates that SIDS risk increases with co-sleeping, particularly bed-sharing; other research indicates that co-sleeping done in an "appropriate and safe" manner reduces SIDS risk. As an example of the latter, the
Pacific Islands Families study, conducted in New Zealand, indicated that
313:
Several studies show that the prevalence of co-sleeping is a result of cultural preference. In a study of 19 nations, a trend emerged, depicting a widely accepted practice of co-sleeping in Asian, African, and Latin
American countries, while European and North American countries rarely practiced it.
304:
status will be unable to afford a separate room for a child while those of high socioeconomic status can more easily afford a home with a sufficient number of rooms. However, statistical data shows the prevalence of co-sleeping in wealthy
Japanese families and the ability of poor Western families to
157:
There are certain dangerous behaviors that increase SIDS and should be avoided whether placing a baby in a crib or co-sleeping: infants should always sleep on their backs on a firm surface (not waterbeds, pillows, recliners, or couches), mattresses should intersect the bedframe tightly, there should
229:
Besides physical developmental advantages, co-sleeping may also promote long-term emotional health. In long-term follow-up studies of infants who slept with their parents and those who slept alone, the children who co-slept were happier, less anxious, had higher self-esteem, were less likely to be
225:
Stress hormones are lower in mothers and babies who co-sleep, specifically the balance of the stress hormone cortisol, the control of which is essential for a baby's healthy growth. In studies with animals, infants who stayed close to their mothers had higher levels of growth hormones and enzymes
213:
One study reported mothers getting more sleep and breast-feeding by co-sleeping than other arrangements. Parents also experience less exhaustion with such ease in feeding and comforting their child by simply reaching over to the child. As a result, co-sleeping also increases the responsiveness of
181:
should not be used. Another common advice given to prevent suffocation is to keep a baby on its back, not its stomach. Parents who roll over during their sleep could inadvertently crush and/or suffocate their child, especially if they are heavy sleepers, over-tired or over-exhausted and/or obese.
48:
Whether cosleeping or using another sleep surface, it is considered important for the baby to be in the same room as an adult, committed caregiver for all sleeps — day and night — in early life. This is known to reduce the risk of SIDS by 50 per cent. Some organisations such as Red Nose
Australia
282:
showed a variety of nighttime parenting strategies and that 65% of the sample had bed-shared, 95% of them having done so with both parents. The study reported that some of the parents found bedsharing effective, yet were covert in their practices, fearing disapproval of health professionals and
188:
A 2008 report explored the relationship between ad hoc parental behaviors similar to traditional co-sleeping methodology, though the study's subjects typically utilized cribs and other paraphernalia counter to co-sleeping models. While babies who had been exposed to behaviors reminiscent of
217:
It has been argued that co-sleeping evolved over five million years, that it alters the infant's sleep experience and the number of maternal inspections of the infant, and that it provides a beginning point for considering possibly unconventional ways of helping reduce the risk of
314:
This trend resulted mostly from the respective fears of parents: Asian, African, and Latin
American parents worried about the separation between the parents and the child, while European and North American parents feared a lack of privacy for both the parents and the child.
182:
There is also the risk of the baby falling to a hard floor, or getting wedged between the bed and the wall or headboard. A proposed solution to these problems is the bedside bassinet, in which, rather than bed-sharing, the baby's bed is placed next to the parent's bed.
120:
and facilitates breastfeeding. Older babies can breastfeed during the night without waking their mother. Opponents argue that co-sleeping is stressful for the child when they are not co-sleeping. They also cite concerns that a parent may
201:(SIDS). However, research shows that opinions vary in the association between SIDS and co-sleeping. The most controversial issue regarding SIDS is whether bed sharing is a main cause, and whether it should be avoided or encouraged.
226:
necessary for brain and heart growth. Also, the physiology of co-sleeping babies is more stable, including more stable temperatures, more regular heart rhythms, and fewer long pauses in breathing than babies who sleep alone.
45:, a practice in which babies and young children sleep in the same bed with one or both parents, is a subset of co-sleeping. Co-bedding refers to infants (typically twins or higher-order multiples) sharing the same bed.
148:
Traditional and cultural bedsharing and caregiving practices have also been found to reduce risk of SIDS for certain populations. But this is found to be opposite in others, increasing deaths categorised within SUDI.
879:
McKenna, J. Experimental studies of infant-parent co-sleeping: mutual physiological and behavioral influences and their relevance to SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome). Early Hum Dev. 1994 Sep 15; 38(3):187–201.
128:
Because children become accustomed to behaviors learned in early experiences, bed-sharing in infancy will also increase the likelihood of these children to crawl into their parent's bed in ages past infancy.
104:. In many parts of the world, bed-sharing simply has the practical benefit of keeping the child warm at night. Bed-sharing has been relatively recently re-introduced into Western culture by practitioners of
161:
Co-sleeping also increases the risks of suffocation and strangulation. The soft quality of the mattresses, comforters, and pillows may suffocate the infants. Some experts, then, recommend that the
287:
survey from 1991 to 1999 found that 25% of
American families always, or almost always, slept with their baby in bed, 42% slept with their baby sometimes, and 32% never bed-shared with their baby.
707:
Simard, V., et al. (2008). The
Predictive Role of Maladaptive Parental Behaviors, Early Sleep Problems, and Child/Mother Psychological Factors. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine
77:, and even in the latter areas a significant minority of children have shared a bed with their parents at some point in childhood. One 2006 study of children age 3–10 in
956:
Butler, S.R.; Suskind, M.; Schanberg, S.; et al. (1978). "Maternal behavior as a regulator of polyamine biosynthesis in brain and heart of developing rat pups".
142:
507:
Montgomery-Downs, H. E.; Gozal, D (2006). "Sleep habits and risk factors for sleep-disordered breathing in infants and young toddlers in
Louisville, Kentucky".
413:
Montgomery-Downs, H. E.; Gozal, D (2006). "Sleep habits and risk factors for sleep-disordered breathing in infants and young toddlers in
Louisville, Kentucky".
137:
Health care professionals disagree about bed-sharing techniques, effectiveness, and ethics. However, safe cosleeping and bedsharing guidelines can be found on
1202:
Kohyama, Jun; Mindell, Jodi; Sadeh, Avi (2011). "Sleep characteristics of young children in Japan: Internet study and comparison with other Asian countries".
814:
Schluter, Paterson, Percival (2007). "Infant care practices associated with sudden infant death syndrome: Findings from the pacific islands families study".
870:
Quillin, S.I. Interaction between feeding method and co-sleeping on maternal-newborn sleep. J Obstet
Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2004 Sep–Oct; 33(5):580–8.
1314:
Morelli, G.A.; Rogoff, B.; Oppenheim, D.; Goldsmith, D. (1992). "Cultural variation in infant's sleeping arrangements: Questions of Independence".
1307:
857:
238:
There are several products that claim they can be used to facilitate safe co-sleeping with an infant however these claims are not evidence based:
1336:
1350:
Simard, V., et al. (2008). The Predictive Role of Maladaptive Parental Behaviors, Early Sleep Problems, and Child/Mother Psychological Factors.
1058:
Crawford, M. "Parenting practices in the Basque Country: Implications of infant and child-hood sleeping location for personality development",
991:
Kuhn, C.M.; Butler; Schanberg, S.; et al. (1978). "Selective depression of serum growth hormone during maternal deprivation in rat pups".
230:
afraid of sleep, had fewer behavioral problems, tended to be more comfortable with intimacy, and were generally more independent as adults.
2025:
54:
205:
the adoption of safe bed-sharing and room-sharing practices were saving infant lives, and found no examples of an infant dying from SIDS.
266:
specially designed separate sleeping bags for parents and infants which prevent covers being inadvertently pulled over the baby's head.
100:
Bed-sharing was widely practiced in all areas up to the 19th century, until the advent of giving the child his or her own room and the
544:
453:"Why babies should never sleep alone: A review of the co-sleeping controversy in relation to SIDS, bed sharing, and breastfeeding"
250:, which attach directly to the side of an adult bed and are open to the parent's side, but have barriers on the other three sides.
1179:
Hooker, F. Sleeping like a baby: attitudes and experiences of bedsharing in northeast England. Med Anthropol. 2001; 19(3):203–22.
2116:
1813:
678:
284:
185:
Another precaution recommended by experts is that young children should never sleep next to babies under nine months of age.
300:
Initial assumptions on co-sleeping may place it in a context of income and socioeconomic status. Generally, families of low
1131:
Thoman, E.B. (2006). "Co-sleeping, an ancient practice: issues of the past and present, and possibilities for the future".
921:
Hofer M, Shair H (1982). "Control of sleep-wake states in the infant rat, by features of the mother-infant relationship".
1382:
2182:
1316:
580:
2152:
1166:
1866:
610:"Infant care practices related to sudden infant death syndrome in South Asian and White British families in the UK"
495:
2228:
2010:
1856:
305:
still find a separate space for their child, suggests that the acceptance of co-sleeping is a result of culture.
2177:
2167:
2172:
1897:
1713:
1534:
1090:
Heron, P. "Non-reactive cosleeping and child behavior: Getting a good night's sleep all night, every night",
2091:
1937:
1833:
1808:
1579:
608:
Ball, Helen L.; Moya, Eduardo; Fairley, Lesley; Westman, Janette; Oddie, Sam; Wright, John (January 2012).
219:
198:
2030:
1753:
1104:
Keller, M.A.; W.A. Goldberg (2004). "Co-sleeping: Help or hindrance for young children's independence?".
197:
Co-sleeping can often be regarded as an unnecessary practice that can be associated with issues such as
1952:
1783:
1778:
253:
bed top co-sleeping products designed to prevent the baby from rolling off the adult bed and to absorb
2162:
2121:
1957:
1677:
1509:
269:
wahakura : A simple woven basket that allows babies to safely sleep in the same bed as parents.
1529:
386:
Bharti, B; Malhi, P; Kashyap, S (2006). "Patterns and problems of sleep in school going children".
672:
138:
1985:
1375:
2203:
1818:
1657:
1245:
Mindell, Jodi A.; Sadeh, Avi (2010). "Cross-cultural differences in infant and toddler sleep".
2147:
1708:
1632:
1559:
1524:
1294:
902:
Hofer, M. "Some thoughts on the tranduction of experience from a developmental perspective".
851:
65:
Bed-sharing among married couples is standard practice in many parts of the world outside of
2005:
1932:
1881:
1642:
1617:
1607:
1355:
1000:
888:
Hofer, M. "The mother-infant interactionas a regulator of infant physiology and behavior",
452:
105:
1048:
The psychobiology of attachment and separation, New York: Academic Press, 1985, p. 228–238
1046:
Reite, M. and J.P. Capitanio. "On the nature of social separation and social attachment",
541:
8:
2020:
1947:
1871:
1692:
1672:
1627:
1564:
1447:
1399:
1004:
656:
50:
2218:
2208:
2066:
1803:
1539:
1368:
1227:
839:
791:
745:
108:. Proponents hold that bed-sharing saves babies' lives (especially in conjunction with
2157:
2000:
1922:
1902:
1773:
1652:
1647:
1612:
1589:
1519:
1504:
1300:
1262:
1219:
1215:
1148:
1016:
973:
938:
831:
827:
783:
779:
737:
733:
639:
631:
626:
576:
524:
475:
430:
395:
279:
1231:
843:
2213:
2040:
1876:
1851:
1843:
1599:
1483:
1462:
1344:
1325:
1254:
1211:
1140:
1113:
1008:
965:
930:
823:
795:
775:
749:
729:
675:
621:
516:
467:
422:
2071:
1990:
1827:
1788:
1687:
1437:
1283:
682:
548:
247:
162:
101:
1258:
520:
426:
2223:
2131:
2111:
2106:
2096:
2056:
1733:
1662:
1452:
1329:
1144:
471:
301:
122:
2197:
2126:
2035:
1980:
1975:
1917:
1748:
1584:
1569:
1554:
1467:
1427:
635:
113:
109:
86:
66:
609:
125:
the child or promote an unhealthy dependence of the child on the parent(s).
2076:
1927:
1912:
1768:
1758:
1544:
1266:
1223:
1152:
1012:
969:
835:
787:
741:
643:
598:
Mace, S. Where should babies sleep? Community Pract. 2006 Jun; 79(6):180–3.
528:
479:
434:
399:
942:
934:
2086:
2061:
1907:
1743:
1514:
1442:
1432:
1020:
977:
263:
co-sleeping infant enclosures which are placed directly in the adult bed.
254:
1282:
Moreno MA, Rivara FP. Bed Sharing: A Controversial but Common Practice.
1072:
Forbes, J.F.; et al. "The cosleeping habits of military children".
2101:
1995:
1798:
1723:
1667:
1637:
1574:
1472:
323:
192:
81:
reported 93% of children bed-sharing while a 2006 study of children in
1792:
1763:
1738:
1622:
1477:
1391:
328:
74:
36:
1117:
2081:
2015:
1422:
357:
243:
166:
94:
82:
1718:
1682:
90:
1291:
Three in a Bed: The Benefits of Sharing Your Bed with Your Baby,
1092:
Master's thesis, Department of Psychology, University of Bristol
53:
this for the first 12 months of life and others such as the NHS
1942:
1861:
1457:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1313:
260:
side rails to prevent the child from rolling off the adult bed.
178:
70:
174:
170:
145:
outline the primary factors leading to hazardous cosleeping.
117:
78:
32:
29:
1360:
813:
1549:
1823:
1103:
1356:
http://archpedi.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/short/162/4/360
955:
720:
Mitchell, A (2009). "SIDS: Past, present and future".
607:
506:
412:
450:
193:
Association with sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
1201:
990:
385:
496:Sleeping with Baby: ABC TV Catalyst, 21 July 2011
355:
2195:
16:Babies and young children sleeping near parents
1352:Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine
766:Alm, B (2007). "To co-sleep or not to sleep".
373:Lifespan development: A chronological approach
1376:
657:McKenna, James, "Safe Co-Sleeping Guidelines"
446:
444:
1244:
856:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
698:, Brown, Little & Company, 2005, p. 131
573:Invitation to the Life Span, Second Edition
1383:
1369:
920:
890:Sympiosis in Parent-Offspring Interactions
441:
97:2 weeks to 2 years engage in bed-sharing.
1037:, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum and Assoc., 1995
625:
491:
489:
719:
295:
28:is a practice in which babies and young
816:Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health
594:
592:
233:
2196:
1167:"Researcher sure pepi pods save lives"
1130:
570:
486:
1364:
809:
807:
805:
761:
759:
715:
713:
668:
666:
664:
614:Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology
285:National Center for Health Statistics
208:
589:
566:
564:
562:
560:
558:
556:
370:
351:
349:
347:
345:
343:
165:should be firm, and should not be a
132:
765:
650:
535:
358:"Television and Documentary Videos"
308:
13:
2183:Parents Against Child Exploitation
1276:
1071:
802:
756:
710:
661:
542:Consumer Product Safety Commission
116:, enables the parents to get more
14:
2240:
2153:Mothers Apart from Their Children
901:
571:Berger, Kathleen Stassen (2014).
553:
340:
278:A study of a small population in
141:, where as organisations such as
1216:10.1111/j.1442-200X.2010.03318.x
828:10.1111/j.1440-1754.2007.01085.x
780:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2007.00524.x
734:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2009.01503.x
627:10.1111/j.1365-3016.2011.01217.x
214:parents to their child's needs.
2011:Management of domestic violence
1857:Corporal punishment in the home
1238:
1195:
1182:
1173:
1159:
1124:
1097:
1084:
1065:
1052:
1040:
1027:
984:
949:
914:
895:
882:
873:
864:
701:
688:
601:
451:McKenna, J.; T. McDade (2005).
60:
2168:National Fatherhood Initiative
575:. New York: Worth Publishers.
500:
460:Paediatric Respiratory Reviews
406:
379:
364:
152:
1:
2173:National Parents Organization
1898:Adverse childhood experiences
1390:
356:McKenna (speaker), J (2005).
334:
273:
1938:Effects of domestic violence
1580:Social emotional development
1106:Infant and Child Development
220:sudden infant death syndrome
199:sudden infant death syndrome
57:it for the first 6 months.
7:
1754:Identification (psychology)
1259:10.1016/j.sleep.2009.04.012
923:Developmental Psychobiology
521:10.1016/j.sleep.2005.11.003
427:10.1016/j.sleep.2005.11.003
317:
10:
2245:
2178:Parent–teacher association
1953:Parental abuse by children
1834:Positive Parenting Program
1784:Parent management training
1779:Normative social influence
1330:10.1037/0012-1649.28.4.604
1145:10.1016/j.smrv.2005.12.001
1035:Touch in early development
472:10.1016/j.prrv.2005.03.006
290:
257:and other nighttime leaks.
2163:National Childbirth Trust
2140:
2049:
1966:
1958:Stress in early childhood
1890:
1842:
1701:
1678:Taking children seriously
1598:
1510:Applied behavior analysis
1493:
1398:
1188:Sears, William MD et al.
694:Sears, William MD et al.
1819:The talk (sex education)
1530:Developmental psychology
1317:Developmental Psychology
1304:Sleeping with Your Baby,
1204:Pediatrics International
892:, New York: Plenum, 1983
242:special-purpose bedside
2026:Parental responsibility
1986:Cost of raising a child
246:, sidecar sleepers and
2229:Intimate relationships
1345:Avery Publishing Group
1013:10.1126/science.684424
970:10.1126/science.202031
904:Psychosomatic Medicine
547:June 18, 2006, at the
2148:Families Need Fathers
1709:After-school activity
1633:Concerted cultivation
1628:Buddha-like parenting
1560:Nature versus nurture
1525:Cognitive development
1112:(December): 369–388.
1062:, 1994, 22, 1: 42–82.
935:10.1002/dev.420150307
296:Socioeconomic factors
35:close to one or both
2006:Right to family life
1933:Dysfunctional family
1643:Free-range parenting
1618:Attachment parenting
1608:Achievement ideology
234:Products for infants
106:attachment parenting
2021:Parental alienation
1948:Narcissistic parent
1872:Positive discipline
1693:Work at home parent
1673:Strict father model
1658:Nurturant parenting
1565:Parental investment
1400:Kinship terminology
1005:1978Sci...201.1034K
999:(4360): 1035–1036.
696:The Baby Sleep Book
2067:T. Berry Brazelton
1804:Social integration
1540:Identity formation
1306:Washington, D.C.:
1289:Jackson, Deborah.
681:2006-06-23 at the
209:Arguments in favor
177:, comforters, and
2191:
2190:
2001:Family disruption
1923:Cinderella effect
1903:Child abandonment
1877:Tactical ignoring
1774:Moral development
1653:Helicopter parent
1648:Gatekeeper parent
1613:Atlas personality
1590:Social psychology
1535:Human development
1520:Child development
1505:Attachment theory
1301:McKenna, James J.
1074:Military Medicine
964:(4327): 445–447.
774:(10): 1385–1386.
388:Indian Pediatrics
280:Northeast England
173:; and that heavy
133:Health and safety
2236:
2041:Shared parenting
1852:Blanket training
1844:Child discipline
1484:In loco parentis
1463:Shared parenting
1385:
1378:
1371:
1362:
1361:
1333:
1286:. 2013;167:1088.
1271:
1270:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1199:
1193:
1186:
1180:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1101:
1095:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1069:
1063:
1056:
1050:
1044:
1038:
1031:
1025:
1024:
988:
982:
981:
953:
947:
946:
918:
912:
911:
899:
893:
886:
880:
877:
871:
868:
862:
861:
855:
847:
811:
800:
799:
768:Acta Paediatrica
763:
754:
753:
717:
708:
705:
699:
692:
686:
670:
659:
654:
648:
647:
629:
605:
599:
596:
587:
586:
568:
551:
539:
533:
532:
504:
498:
493:
484:
483:
457:
448:
439:
438:
410:
404:
403:
383:
377:
376:
368:
362:
361:
353:
309:Cultural factors
248:bedside sleepers
89:reported 15% of
2244:
2243:
2239:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2187:
2136:
2117:Matthew Sanders
2072:Rudolf Dreikurs
2045:
2031:Parents' rights
1991:Deadbeat parent
1968:
1962:
1886:
1838:
1814:The talk (race)
1697:
1688:Tiger parenting
1594:
1489:
1438:Extended family
1394:
1389:
1341:The Family Bed,
1284:JAMA Pediatrics
1279:
1277:Further reading
1274:
1243:
1239:
1200:
1196:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1129:
1125:
1118:10.1002/icd.365
1102:
1098:
1089:
1085:
1070:
1066:
1057:
1053:
1045:
1041:
1032:
1028:
989:
985:
954:
950:
919:
915:
900:
896:
887:
883:
878:
874:
869:
865:
849:
848:
812:
803:
764:
757:
718:
711:
706:
702:
693:
689:
683:Wayback Machine
673:MedicineNet.com
671:
662:
655:
651:
606:
602:
597:
590:
583:
569:
554:
549:Wayback Machine
540:
536:
505:
501:
494:
487:
455:
449:
442:
411:
407:
384:
380:
369:
365:
354:
341:
337:
320:
311:
298:
293:
276:
236:
211:
195:
155:
135:
63:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2242:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2158:Mothers' Union
2155:
2150:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2132:Benjamin Spock
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2112:Penelope Leach
2109:
2107:Annette Lareau
2104:
2099:
2097:Alan E. Kazdin
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2057:Mary Ainsworth
2053:
2051:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1972:
1970:
1969:social aspects
1964:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1848:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1734:Dishabituation
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1663:Slow parenting
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1604:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1501:
1499:
1494:Theories
1491:
1490:
1488:
1487:
1480:
1475:
1473:Blended family
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1453:Nuclear family
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1404:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1388:
1387:
1380:
1373:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1354:Available at:
1348:
1337:Thevenin, Tine
1334:
1324:(4): 604–613.
1311:
1308:Platypus Media
1298:
1287:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1272:
1253:(3): 274–280.
1247:Sleep Medicine
1237:
1210:(5): 649–655.
1194:
1181:
1172:
1169:. 9 July 2016.
1158:
1133:Sleep Med. Rev
1123:
1096:
1083:
1064:
1051:
1039:
1026:
983:
948:
929:(3): 229–243.
913:
894:
881:
872:
863:
822:(5): 388–393.
801:
755:
728:(11): 1712–9.
709:
700:
687:
676:IParenting.com
660:
649:
600:
588:
582:978-1464172052
581:
552:
534:
509:Sleep Medicine
499:
485:
466:(2): 134–152.
440:
415:Sleep Medicine
405:
378:
375:. Milton, Qld.
363:
338:
336:
333:
332:
331:
326:
319:
316:
310:
307:
297:
294:
292:
289:
275:
272:
271:
270:
267:
264:
261:
258:
251:
235:
232:
210:
207:
194:
191:
154:
151:
134:
131:
62:
59:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2241:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2204:Breastfeeding
2202:
2201:
2199:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2141:Organizations
2139:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2127:B. F. Skinner
2125:
2123:
2122:William Sears
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2092:Thomas Gordon
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1981:Child support
1979:
1977:
1976:Child custody
1974:
1973:
1971:
1965:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1918:Child neglect
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1841:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1749:Homeschooling
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1585:Socialization
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1570:Paternal bond
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1555:Maternal bond
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1468:Single parent
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1428:Alloparenting
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1386:
1381:
1379:
1374:
1372:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1318:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1285:
1281:
1280:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1241:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1198:
1191:
1185:
1176:
1168:
1162:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1139:(6): 407–17.
1138:
1134:
1127:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1100:
1093:
1087:
1079:
1075:
1068:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1043:
1036:
1030:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
987:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
952:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
917:
909:
905:
898:
891:
885:
876:
867:
859:
853:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
810:
808:
806:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
762:
760:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
722:Acta Paediatr
716:
714:
704:
697:
691:
684:
680:
677:
674:
669:
667:
665:
658:
653:
645:
641:
637:
633:
628:
623:
619:
615:
611:
604:
595:
593:
584:
578:
574:
567:
565:
563:
561:
559:
557:
550:
546:
543:
538:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
503:
497:
492:
490:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
454:
447:
445:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
409:
401:
397:
393:
389:
382:
374:
371:Hoffnung, M.
367:
359:
352:
350:
348:
346:
344:
339:
330:
327:
325:
322:
321:
315:
306:
303:
302:socioeconomic
288:
286:
283:relatives. A
281:
268:
265:
262:
259:
256:
252:
249:
245:
241:
240:
239:
231:
227:
223:
221:
215:
206:
202:
200:
190:
186:
183:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
159:
150:
146:
144:
140:
139:Lullaby Trust
130:
126:
124:
119:
115:
112:), promotes
111:
107:
103:
98:
96:
92:
88:
87:United States
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
67:North America
58:
56:
52:
46:
44:
40:
38:
34:
31:
27:
23:
19:
2077:David Elkind
1928:Codependency
1913:Child labour
1769:Latchkey kid
1759:Introjection
1728:
1545:Introjection
1495:
1482:
1448:Noncustodial
1351:
1343:New Jersey:
1340:
1321:
1315:
1303:
1290:
1250:
1246:
1240:
1207:
1203:
1197:
1189:
1184:
1175:
1161:
1136:
1132:
1126:
1109:
1105:
1099:
1091:
1086:
1077:
1073:
1067:
1059:
1054:
1047:
1042:
1034:
1029:
996:
992:
986:
961:
957:
951:
926:
922:
916:
907:
903:
897:
889:
884:
875:
866:
852:cite journal
819:
815:
771:
767:
725:
721:
703:
695:
690:
652:
617:
613:
603:
572:
537:
515:(3): 211–9.
512:
508:
502:
463:
459:
421:(3): 211–9.
418:
414:
408:
391:
387:
381:
372:
366:
312:
299:
277:
237:
228:
224:
216:
212:
203:
196:
187:
184:
160:
156:
147:
136:
127:
99:
64:
61:Introduction
47:
42:
41:
25:
21:
20:
18:
2087:Haim Ginott
2062:John Bowlby
1908:Child abuse
1828:educational
1744:Habituation
1729:Co-sleeping
1515:Behaviorism
1443:Foster care
1433:Coparenting
910:(19): 1982.
620:(1): 3–12.
394:(1): 35–8.
153:Known risks
43:Bed-sharing
26:bed sharing
22:Co-sleeping
2198:Categories
2102:Truby King
1996:Disownment
1809:Television
1799:Role model
1724:Child care
1702:Techniques
1668:Soccer mom
1638:Enmeshment
1575:Pediatrics
1295:Bloomsbury
1293:New York:
1080:: 196–200.
1033:Field, T.
335:References
324:Infant bed
274:Prevalence
255:breastmilk
2219:Parenting
2209:Childhood
2036:Paternity
1967:Legal and
1867:Grounding
1764:Kommune 1
1739:Education
1714:Allowance
1623:Baby talk
1478:Surrogacy
1392:Parenting
636:1365-3016
329:Overlying
244:bassinets
75:Australia
55:recommend
51:recommend
2082:Jo Frost
2016:Marriage
1882:Time-out
1458:Orphaned
1423:Adoptive
1267:20138578
1232:20305276
1224:21199167
1192:, p. 107
1153:17112752
844:12817483
836:17489830
788:17880409
742:19807704
679:Archived
644:22150702
545:Archived
529:16564742
480:15911459
435:16564742
400:16465004
318:See also
222:(SIDS).
167:waterbed
95:toddlers
83:Kentucky
30:children
2214:Infancy
2050:Experts
1826: (
1791: (
1719:Bedtime
1683:Theybie
1347:, 1987.
1310:, 2007.
1297:, 1999.
1001:Bibcode
993:Science
958:Science
943:7095289
796:5118428
750:1566087
291:Factors
179:pillows
123:smother
114:bonding
110:nursing
91:infants
85:in the
37:parents
1943:Incest
1862:Curfew
1600:Styles
1418:Father
1413:Mother
1408:Parent
1265:
1230:
1222:
1151:
1094:, 1994
1021:684424
1019:
978:202031
976:
941:
842:
834:
794:
786:
748:
740:
642:
634:
579:
527:
478:
433:
398:
175:quilts
143:UNICEF
71:Europe
2224:Sleep
1891:Abuse
1498:Areas
1228:S2CID
1060:Ethos
840:S2CID
792:S2CID
746:S2CID
456:(PDF)
171:couch
118:sleep
79:India
33:sleep
1793:date
1789:Play
1550:Love
1263:PMID
1220:PMID
1190:ibid
1149:PMID
1078:1992
1017:PMID
974:PMID
939:PMID
858:link
832:PMID
784:PMID
738:PMID
640:PMID
632:ISSN
577:ISBN
525:PMID
476:PMID
431:PMID
396:PMID
102:crib
93:and
73:and
1824:Toy
1326:doi
1255:doi
1212:doi
1141:doi
1114:doi
1009:doi
997:201
966:doi
962:199
931:doi
824:doi
776:doi
730:doi
622:doi
517:doi
468:doi
423:doi
169:or
163:bed
24:or
2200::
1339:.
1322:28
1320:.
1261:.
1251:11
1249:.
1226:.
1218:.
1208:53
1206:.
1147:.
1137:10
1135:.
1110:13
1108:.
1076:.
1015:.
1007:.
995:.
972:.
960:.
937:.
927:15
925:.
908:44
906:.
854:}}
850:{{
838:.
830:.
820:43
818:.
804:^
790:.
782:.
772:96
770:.
758:^
744:.
736:.
726:98
724:.
712:^
663:^
638:.
630:.
618:26
616:.
612:.
591:^
555:^
523:.
511:.
488:^
474:.
462:.
458:.
443:^
429:.
417:.
392:43
390:.
342:^
69:,
1830:)
1795:)
1496:·
1384:e
1377:t
1370:v
1332:.
1328::
1269:.
1257::
1234:.
1214::
1155:.
1143::
1120:.
1116::
1023:.
1011::
1003::
980:.
968::
945:.
933::
860:)
846:.
826::
798:.
778::
752:.
732::
685:.
646:.
624::
585:.
531:.
519::
513:7
482:.
470::
464:6
437:.
425::
419:7
402:.
360:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.