Cloud - Knowledge

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and the incident sunlight has a reddish tinge that appears green when illuminating a very tall bluish cloud. Supercell type storms are more likely to be characterized by this but any storm can appear this way. Coloration such as this does not directly indicate that it is a severe thunderstorm, it only confirms its potential. Since a green/blue tint signifies copious amounts of water, a strong updraft to support it, high winds from the storm raining out, and wet hail; all elements that improve the chance for it to become severe, can all be inferred from this. In addition, the stronger the updraft is, the more likely the storm is to undergo tornadogenesis and to produce large hail and high winds.

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atmosphere by evaporation at the surface; as clouds are formed from water vapor, cloudiness would be expected to increase. But in a warmer climate, higher temperatures would tend to evaporate clouds. Both of these statements are considered accurate, and both phenomena, known as cloud feedbacks, are found in climate model calculations. Broadly speaking, if clouds, especially low clouds, increase in a warmer climate, the resultant cooling effect leads to a negative feedback in climate response to increased greenhouse gases. But if low clouds decrease, or if high clouds increase, the feedback is positive. Differing amounts of these feedbacks are the principal reason for differences in

3173: 2501: 3145: 3221: 3364: 1865:(As) for stratiform types. These clouds can form as low as 2,000 m (6,500 ft) above surface at any latitude, but may be based as high as 4,000 m (13,000 ft) near the poles, 7,000 m (23,000 ft) at midlatitudes, and 7,600 m (25,000 ft) in the tropics. As with high clouds, the main genus types are easily identified by the human eye, but distinguishing between them using satellite photography alone is not possible. When the supporting data of human observations are not available, these clouds are usually collectively identified as 1974:(Ns) – This is a diffuse, dark gray, multi-level stratiform layer with great horizontal extent and usually moderate to deep vertical development that looks feebly illuminated from the inside. Nimbostratus normally forms from mid-level altostratus, and develops at least moderate vertical extent when the base subsides into the low level during precipitation that can reach moderate to heavy intensity. It achieves even greater vertical development when it simultaneously grows upward into the high level due to large-scale frontal or cyclonic lift. The 3279:

can be associated with vertical motions of the air that may be convective, frontal, or cyclonic. The motion is upward if the clouds are less dense because condensation of water vapor releases heat, warming the air and thereby decreasing its density. This can lead to downward motion because lifting of the air results in cooling that increases its density. All of these effects are subtly dependent on the vertical temperature and moisture structure of the atmosphere and result in major redistribution of heat that affect the Earth's climate.

2566: 2643: 1907: 74: 3695: 722: 1992:– These cumuliform clouds of free convection have clear-cut, medium-gray, flat bases and white, domed tops in the form of small sproutings and generally do not produce precipitation. They usually form in the low level of the troposphere except during conditions of very low relative humidity, when the clouds bases can rise into the middle-altitude range. Cumulus mediocris is officially classified as low-level and more informally characterized as having moderate vertical extent that can involve more than one altitude level. 2373: 2821: 2433: 3409: 2002: 3201: 1815:(Cc) – this is a pure white high stratocumuliform layer of limited convection. It is composed of ice crystals or supercooled water droplets appearing as small unshaded round masses or flakes in groups or lines with ripples like sand on a beach. Cirrocumulus occasionally forms alongside cirrus and may be accompanied or replaced by cirrostratus clouds near the leading edge of an active weather system. This genus-type occasionally produces virga, precipitation that evaporates below the base of the cloud. 3157: 3337: 2014: 1042: 2557:(thick opaque). These varieties are always identifiable for cloud genera and species with variable opacity. All three are associated with the stratiformis species of altocumulus and stratocumulus. However, only two varieties are seen with altostratus and stratus nebulosus whose uniform structures prevent the formation of a perlucidus variety. Opacity-based varieties are not applied to high clouds because they are always translucent, or in the case of cirrus spissatus, always opaque. 3267: 1838: 3185: 1944:(St) – This is a flat or sometimes ragged nonconvective stratiform type that sometimes resembles elevated fog. Only very weak precipitation can fall from this cloud, usually drizzle or snow grains. When a very low stratus cloud subsides to surface level, it loses its Latin terminology and is given the common name fog if the prevailing surface visibility is less than 1 km (0.62 mi). If the visibility is 1 km or higher, the visible condensation is termed 3109:. By this process of accumulation, the space between droplets becomes increasingly larger, permitting light to penetrate farther into the cloud. If the cloud is sufficiently large and the droplets within are spaced far enough apart, a percentage of the light that enters the cloud is not reflected back out but is absorbed giving the cloud a darker look. A simple example of this is one's being able to see farther in heavy rain than in heavy fog. This process of 1877:(Ac) – This is a midlevel cloud layer of limited convection that is usually appears in the form of irregular patches or more extensive sheets arranged in groups, lines, or waves. Altocumulus may occasionally resemble cirrocumulus, but is usually thicker and composed of a mix of water droplets and ice crystals, so the bases show at least some light-gray shading. Altocumulus can produce virga, very light precipitation that evaporates before reaching the ground. 10784: 1739: 1958: 1896: 2853: 1371: 2987: 2940: 2538: 1593: 1506: 2105:

form and are differentiated from each other mainly by altitude or level. There are a few species, each of which can be associated with genera of more than one physical form. The species types are grouped below according to the physical forms and genera with which each is normally associated. The forms, genera, and species are listed from left to right in approximate ascending order of instability or convective activity.

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homosphere (common terms, some informally derived from Latin). However, the schemes presented here share a cross-classification of physical forms and altitude levels to derive the 10 tropospheric genera, the fog and mist that forms at surface level, and several additional major types above the troposphere. The cumulus genus includes four species that indicate vertical size which can affect the altitude levels.

3287:. Most of the sunlight that reaches the ground is absorbed, warming the surface, which emits radiation upward at longer, infrared, wavelengths. At these wavelengths, however, water in the clouds acts as an efficient absorber. The water reacts by radiating, also in the infrared, both upward and downward, and the downward longwave radiation results in increased warming at the surface. This is analogous to the 1017: 3378:

typically have a bluish or silvery white coloration that can resemble brightly illuminated cirrus. Noctilucent clouds may occasionally take on more of a red or orange hue. They are not common or widespread enough to have a significant effect on climate. However, an increasing frequency of occurrence of noctilucent clouds since the 19th century may be the result of climate change.

1983:(WMO) officially classify nimbostratus as mid-level for synoptic purposes while informally characterizing it as multi-level. Independent meteorologists and educators appear split between those who largely follow the WMO model and those who classify nimbostratus as low-level, despite its considerable vertical extent and its usual initial formation in the middle altitude range. 1926:(Sc) – This genus type is a stratocumuliform cloud layer of limited convection, usually in the form of irregular patches or more extensive sheets similar to altocumulus but having larger elements with deeper-gray shading. Stratocumulus is often present during wet weather originating from other rain clouds, but can only produce very light precipitation on its own. 1846: 1886:(As) – Altostratus is a midlevel opaque or translucent nonconvective veil of gray/blue-gray cloud that often forms along warm fronts and around low-pressure areas. Altostratus is usually composed of water droplets, but may be mixed with ice crystals at higher altitudes. Widespread opaque altostratus can produce light continuous or intermittent precipitation. 2030:– Increasing airmass instability can cause free-convective cumulus to grow very tall to the extent that the vertical height from base to top is greater than the base-width of the cloud. The cloud base takes on a darker gray coloration and the top commonly resembles a cauliflower. This cloud type can produce moderate to heavy showers and is designated 3028:. The adiabatic cooling processes that lead to the creation of clouds by way of lifting agents are all associated with convergence; a process that involves the horizontal inflow and accumulation of air at a given location, as well as the rate at which this happens. Near the equator, increased cloudiness is due to the presence of the low-pressure 2999: 2087:. Of all these possible cumulonimbus-related events, lightning is the only one of these that requires a thunderstorm to be taking place since it is the lightning that creates the thunder. Cumulonimbus clouds can form in unstable airmass conditions, but tend to be more concentrated and intense when they are associated with unstable 1404:

separate classification schemes that reverted to the use of descriptive common names and phrases that somewhat recalled Lamarck's methods of classification. These very high clouds, although classified by these different methods, are nevertheless broadly similar to some cloud forms identified in the troposphere with Latin names.

2955:. Wind driven clouds, usually mid level altocumulus or high level cirrus, can form into parallel rows that follow the wind direction. When the wind and clouds encounter high elevation land features such as a vertically prominent islands, they can form eddies around the high land masses that give the clouds a twisted appearance. 2395:, but can occur anywhere in the troposphere where there is strong wind shear combined with sufficient airmass stability to maintain a generally flat cloud structure. These two species can be found in the high, middle, or low levels of the troposphere depending on the stratocumuliform genus or genera present at any given time. 2684:

congestus clouds. Cumulonimbus, the largest of all cloud genera, has the capacity to produce very heavy showers. Low stratus clouds usually produce only light precipitation, but this always occurs as the feature praecipitatio due to the fact this cloud genus lies too close to the ground to allow for the formation of virga.

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Noctilucent clouds have four major types based on physical structure and appearance. Type I veils are very tenuous and lack well-defined structure, somewhat like cirrostratus fibratus or poorly defined cirrus. Type II bands are long streaks that often occur in groups arranged roughly parallel to each

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More general airmass instability in the troposphere tends to produce clouds of the more freely convective cumulus genus type, whose species are mainly indicators of degrees of atmospheric instability and resultant vertical development of the clouds. A cumulus cloud initially forms in the low level of

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generally appear in isolated heaps or tufts. They are the product of localized but generally free-convective lift where no inversion layers are in the troposphere to limit vertical growth. In general, small cumuliform clouds tend to indicate comparatively weak instability. Larger cumuliform types are

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Distribution in the mesosphere is similar to the stratosphere except at much higher altitudes. Because of the need for maximum cooling of the water vapor to produce noctilucent clouds, their distribution tends to be restricted to polar regions of Earth. Sightings are rare more than 45 degrees south

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other. They are usually more widely spaced than the bands or elements seen with cirrocumulus clouds. Type III billows are arrangements of closely spaced, roughly parallel short streaks that mostly resemble cirrus. Type IV whirls are partial or, more rarely, complete rings of cloud with dark centers.

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A cumulonimbus cloud that appears to have a greenish or bluish tint is a sign that it contains extremely high amounts of water; hail or rain which scatter light in a way that gives the cloud a blue color. A green colorization occurs mostly late in the day when the sun is comparatively low in the sky

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or background. Red, orange, and pink clouds occur almost entirely at sunrise/sunset and are the result of the scattering of sunlight by the atmosphere. When the Sun is just below the horizon, low-level clouds are gray, middle clouds appear rose-colored, and high clouds are white or off-white. Clouds

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is being reflected or transmitted back to the observer. High thin tropospheric clouds reflect less light because of the comparatively low concentration of constituent ice crystals or supercooled water droplets which results in a slightly off-white appearance. However, a thick dense ice-crystal cloud

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Divergence is the opposite of convergence. In the Earth's troposphere, it involves the horizontal outflow of air from the upper part of a rising column of air, or from the lower part of a subsiding column often associated with an area or ridge of high pressure. Cloudiness tends to be least prevalent

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appears when a mostly stable stratocumuliform or cirriform layer becomes disturbed by localized areas of airmass instability, usually in the morning or afternoon. This results in the formation of embedded cumuliform buildups arising from a common stratiform base. Castellanus resembles the turrets of

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Low clouds are found from near the surface up to 2,000 m (6,500 ft). Genus types in this level either have no prefix or carry one that refers to a characteristic other than altitude. Clouds that form in the low level of the troposphere are generally of larger structure than those that form

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to cause adiabatic cooling of small amount of water vapor to the point of saturation. This tends to produce the coldest temperatures in the entire atmosphere just below the mesopause. There is evidence that smoke particles from burnt-up meteors provide much of the condensation nuclei required for

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are the highest in the atmosphere and are found near the top of the mesosphere at about 80 to 85 km (50 to 53 mi) or roughly ten times the altitude of tropospheric high clouds. They are given this Latin derived name because of their illumination well after sunset and before sunrise. They

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of current global climate models. As a consequence, much research has focused on the response of low and vertical clouds to a changing climate. Leading global models produce quite different results, however, with some showing increasing low clouds and others showing decreases. For these reasons the

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Tropospheric clouds exert numerous influences on Earth's troposphere and climate. First and foremost, they are the source of precipitation, thereby greatly influencing the distribution and amount of precipitation. Because of their differential buoyancy relative to surrounding cloud-free air, clouds

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Striking cloud colorations can be seen at any altitude, with the color of a cloud usually being the same as the incident light. During daytime when the sun is relatively high in the sky, tropospheric clouds generally appear bright white on top with varying shades of gray underneath. Thin clouds may

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These maps display the fraction of Earth's area that was cloudy on average during each month from January 2005 to August 2013. The measurements were collected by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA's Terra satellite. Colors range from blue (no clouds) to white (totally

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It is possible for some species to show combined varieties at one time, especially if one variety is opacity-based and the other is pattern-based. An example of this would be a layer of altocumulus stratiformis arranged in seemingly converging rows separated by small breaks. The full technical name

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that indicate specific structural details which can vary according to the stability and windshear characteristics of the atmosphere at any given time and location. Despite this hierarchy, a particular species may be a subtype of more than one genus, especially if the genera are of the same physical

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Clouds formed by any of these lifting agents are initially seen in the troposphere where these agents are most active. However, water vapor that has been lifted to the top of troposphere can be carried even higher by gravity waves where further condensation can result in the formation of clouds in

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The complexity and diversity of clouds in the troposphere is a major reason for difficulty in quantifying the effects of clouds on climate and climate change. On the one hand, white cloud tops promote cooling of Earth's surface by reflecting shortwave radiation (visible and near infrared) from the

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or special cloud types with their own Latin names that form in association with certain cloud genera, species, and varieties. Supplementary features, whether in the form of clouds or precipitation, are directly attached to the main genus-cloud. Accessory clouds, by contrast, are generally detached

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Along with adiabatic cooling that requires a lifting agent, three major nonadiabatic mechanisms exist for lowering the temperature of the air to its dew point. Conductive, radiational, and evaporative cooling require no lifting mechanism and can cause condensation at surface level resulting in the

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One agent is the convective upward motion of air caused by daytime solar heating at surface level. Low level airmass instability allows for the formation of cumuliform clouds in the troposphere that can produce showers if the air is sufficiently moist. On moderately rare occasions, convective lift

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occurs when one or more of three possible lifting agents – convective, cyclonic/frontal, or orographic – cause a parcel of air containing invisible water vapor to rise and cool to its dew point, the temperature at which the air becomes saturated. The main mechanism behind this process is adiabatic

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on Earth. They may reflect incoming rays from the Sun which can contribute to a cooling effect where and when these clouds occur, or trap longer wave radiation that reflects back up from the Earth's surface which can cause a warming effect. The altitude, form, and thickness of the clouds are the

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Supercooled nitric acid and water PSC's, sometimes known as type 1, typically have a stratiform appearance resembling cirrostratus or haze, but because they are not frozen into crystals, do not show the pastel colors of the nacreous types. This type of PSC has been identified as a cause of ozone

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Clouds initially form in clear air or become clouds when fog rises above surface level. The genus of a newly formed cloud is determined mainly by air mass characteristics such as stability and moisture content. If these characteristics change over time, the genus tends to change accordingly. When

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nimbostratus is capable of heavier, more extensive precipitation. Towering vertical clouds have the greatest ability to produce intense precipitation events, but these tend to be localized unless organized along fast-moving cold fronts. Showers of moderate to heavy intensity can fall from cumulus

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A second group describes the occasional arrangements of cloud structures into particular patterns that are discernible by a surface-based observer (cloud fields usually being visible only from a significant altitude above the formations). These varieties are not always present with the genera and

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in the troposphere are of the genus cirrus and have the appearance of detached or semi-merged filaments. They form at high tropospheric altitudes in air that is mostly stable with little or no convective activity, although denser patches may occasionally show buildups caused by limited high-level

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in France. Howard was a methodical observer with a strong grounding in the Latin language, and used his background to formally classify the various tropospheric cloud types during 1802. He believed that scientific observations of the changing cloud forms in the sky could unlock the key to weather

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is dropped from the latter form to avoid double-prefixing. Genus types with sufficient vertical extent to occupy more than one level do not carry any altitude-related prefixes. They are classified formally as low- or mid-level depending on the altitude at which each initially forms, and are also

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PSC's show some variation in structure according to their chemical makeup and atmospheric conditions, but are limited to a single very high range of altitude of about 15,000–25,000 m (49,200–82,000 ft) Accordingly, they are classified as a singular type with no differentiated altitude

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As difficult as it is to evaluate the influences of current clouds on current climate, it is even more problematic to predict changes in cloud patterns and properties in a future, warmer climate, and the resultant cloud influences on future climate. In a warmer climate more water would enter the

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is a species made of semi-merged filaments that are transitional to or from cirrus. Mid-level altostratus and multi-level nimbostratus always have a flat or diffuse appearance and are therefore not subdivided into species. Low stratus is of the species nebulosus except when broken up into ragged

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These very large cumuliform and cumulonimbiform types have cloud bases in the same low- to mid-level range as the multi-level and moderate vertical types, but the tops nearly always extend into the high levels. Unlike less vertically developed clouds, they are required to be identified by their

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The standard levels and genus-types are summarised below in approximate descending order of the altitude at which each is normally based. Multi-level clouds with significant vertical extent are separately listed and summarized in approximate ascending order of instability or convective activity.

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The table that follows is very broad in scope like the cloud genera template upon which it is partly based. There are some variations in styles of nomenclature between the classification scheme used for the troposphere (strict Latin except for surface-based aerosols) and the higher levels of the

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In the stratosphere and mesosphere, clouds have common names for their main types. They may have the appearance of stratiform veils or sheets, cirriform wisps, or stratocumuliform bands or ripples. They are seen infrequently, mostly in the polar regions of Earth. Clouds have been observed in the

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clouds in the upper troposphere (cirrus) tend to favor net warming. However, the cooling effect is dominant with mid-level and low clouds, especially when they form in extensive sheets. Measurements by NASA indicate that on the whole, the effects of low and mid-level clouds that tend to promote

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is a circular fall-streak hole that occasionally forms in a thin layer of supercooled altocumulus or cirrocumulus. Fall streaks consisting of virga or wisps of cirrus are usually seen beneath the hole as ice crystals fall out to a lower altitude. This type of hole is usually larger than typical

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prefix refers to its ability to produce continuous rain or snow over a wide area, especially ahead of a warm front. This thick cloud layer lacks any towering structure of its own, but may be accompanied by embedded towering cumuliform or cumulonimbiform types. Meteorologists affiliated with the

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An elaboration of Howard's system was eventually formally adopted by the International Meteorological Conference in 1891. This system covered only the tropospheric cloud types. However, the discovery of clouds above the troposphere during the late 19th century eventually led to the creation of

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because it used unusually descriptive and informal French names and phrases for cloud types. His system of nomenclature included 12 categories of clouds, with such names as (translated from French) hazy clouds, dappled clouds, and broom-like clouds. By contrast, Howard used universally accepted

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is associated with cloud rows of a particular type that appear to converge at the horizon. It is sometimes seen with the fibratus and uncinus species of cirrus, the stratiformis species of altocumulus and stratocumulus, the mediocris and sometimes humilis species of cumulus, and with the genus

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Classification in the troposphere is based on a hierarchy of categories with physical forms and altitude levels at the top. These are cross-classified into a total of ten genus types, most of which can be divided into species and further subdivided into varieties which are at the bottom of the

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both cumuliform and stratiform characteristics in the form of rolls, ripples, or elements. They generally form as a result of limited convection in an otherwise mostly stable airmass topped by an inversion layer. If the inversion layer is absent or higher in the troposphere, increased airmass

1067:, meaning a hill or a mass of stone. Around the beginning of the 13th century, the word came to be used as a metaphor for rain clouds, because of the similarity in appearance between a mass of rock and cumulus heap cloud. Over time, the metaphoric usage of the word supplanted the Old English 3032:(ITCZ) where very warm and unstable air promotes mostly cumuliform and cumulonimbiform clouds. Clouds of virtually any type can form along the mid-latitude convergence zones depending on the stability and moisture content of the air. These extratropical convergence zones are occupied by the 3079:

The luminance or brightness of a cloud is determined by how light is reflected, scattered, and transmitted by the cloud's particles. Its brightness may also be affected by the presence of haze or photometeors such as halos and rainbows. In the troposphere, dense, deep clouds exhibit a high

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are largest free-convective clouds, which has a towering vertical extent. They occur in highly unstable air and often have fuzzy outlines at the upper parts of the clouds that sometimes include anvil tops. These clouds are the product of very strong convection that can penetrate the lower

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stratiform sheets (stratus fractus) or small ragged cumuliform heaps with somewhat greater instability (cumulus fractus). When clouds of this species are associated with precipitating cloud systems of considerable vertical and sometimes horizontal extent, they are also classified as

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declares that the Clouds are the only true deities and tells the main character Strepsiades not to worship any deities other than the Clouds, but to pay homage to them alone. In the play, the Clouds change shape to reveal the true nature of whoever is looking at them, turning into

1460: 1024: 1023: 1018: 2460:, a roll cloud that can occur ahead of a cumulonimbus formation. There are some volutus clouds that form as a consequence of interactions with specific geographical features rather than with a parent cloud. Perhaps the strangest geographically specific cloud of this type is the 2614:

is caused by localized downdrafts that create circular holes in the form of a honeycomb or net. It is occasionally seen with cirrocumulus and altocumulus of the species stratiformis, castellanus, and floccus, and with stratocumulus of the species stratiformis and castellanus.

1025: 1802:(Ci) – these are mostly fibrous wisps of delicate, white, cirriform, ice crystal clouds that show up clearly against the blue sky. Cirrus are generally non-convective except castellanus and floccus subtypes which show limited convection. They often form along a high altitude 1496:

associated with extratropical cyclones tend to generate mostly cirriform and stratiform clouds over a wide area unless the approaching warm airmass is unstable, in which case cumulus congestus or cumulonimbus clouds are usually embedded in the main precipitating cloud layer.

2751:. This phenomenon has also been observed in cloud formations over other planets and even in the Sun's atmosphere. Another highly disturbed but more chaotic wave-like cloud feature associated with stratocumulus or altocumulus cloud has been given the Latin name 2735:

feature is a roll cloud with ragged edges attached to the lower front part of cumulus congestus or cumulonimbus that forms along the leading edge of a squall line or thunderstorm outflow. A large arcus formation can have the appearance of a dark menacing arch.

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Stratocumulus clouds can be organized into "fields" that take on certain specially classified shapes and characteristics. In general, these fields are more discernible from high altitudes than from ground level. They can often be found in the following forms:

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Demory, B. O.; De Wit, J.; Lewis, N.; Fortney, J.; Zsom, A.; Seager, S.; Knutson, H.; Heng, K.; Madhusudhan, N.; Gillon, M.; Barclay, T.; Desert, J. M.; Parmentier, V.; Cowan, N. B. (2013). "Inference of Inhomogeneous Clouds in an Exoplanet Atmosphere".

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varieties occur on occasion with cirrus fibratus. They are respectively filaments twisted into irregular shapes, and those that are arranged in fishbone patterns, usually by uneven wind currents that favor the formation of these varieties. The variety

2869:(Latin for 'fire-made') applies to cumulus congestus or cumulonimbus that are formed by large scale fires or volcanic eruptions. Smaller low-level "pyrocumulus" or "fumulus" clouds formed by contained industrial activity are now classified as cumulus 1633:(multi-level). Fog is commonly considered a surface-based cloud layer. The fog may form at surface level in clear air or it may be the result of a very low stratus cloud subsiding to ground or sea level. Conversely, low stratiform clouds result when 1350:, a work which represented the sum of knowledge of the time about natural science, including weather and climate. For the first time, precipitation and the clouds from which precipitation fell were called meteors, which originate from the Greek word 1022: 3000: 1362:

was based on intuition and simple observation, but not on what is now considered the scientific method. Nevertheless, it was the first known work that attempted to treat a broad range of meteorological topics in a systematic way, especially the

1786:(Cs). If limited-resolution satellite images of high clouds are analyzed without supporting data from direct human observations, distinguishing between individual forms or genus types becomes impossible, and they are collectively identified as 3347:(PSC's) are found in the lowest part of the stratosphere. Moisture is scarce above the troposphere, so nacreous and non-nacreous clouds at this altitude range are restricted to polar regions in the winter where and when the air is coldest. 4075: 1603:

Clouds in the troposphere assume five physical forms based on structure and process of formation. These forms are commonly used for the purpose of satellite analysis. They are given below in approximate ascending order of instability or

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Sometimes certain atmospheric processes cause clouds to become organized into patterns that can cover large areas. These patterns are usually difficult to identify from surface level and are best seen from an aircraft or spacecraft.

2606:(closely spaced layers of the same type, one above the other), is sometimes found with cirrus of both the fibratus and uncinus species, and with altocumulus and stratocumulus of the species stratiformis and lenticularis. The variety 2528:

whose names can appear after the species name to provide a fuller description of a cloud. Some cloud varieties are not restricted to a specific altitude level or form, and can therefore be common to more than one genus or species.

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main factors that affect the local heating or cooling of the Earth and the atmosphere. Clouds that form above the troposphere are too scarce and too thin to have any influence on climate change. Clouds are the main uncertainty in

3084:. Tiny particles of water are densely packed and sunlight cannot penetrate far into the cloud before it is reflected out, giving a cloud its characteristic white color, especially when viewed from the top. Cloud droplets tend to 3355:

depletion in the stratosphere. The frozen nacreous types are typically very thin with mother-of-pearl colorations and an undulating cirriform or lenticular (stratocumuliform) appearance. These are sometimes known as type 2.

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These clouds have low- to mid-level bases that form anywhere from near the surface to about 2,400 m (8,000 ft) and tops that can extend into the mid-altitude range and sometimes higher in the case of nimbostratus.

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cloudy). Like a digital camera, MODIS collects information in gridded boxes, or pixels. Cloud fraction is the portion of each pixel that is covered by clouds. Colors range from blue (no clouds) to white (totally cloudy). (

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Kreidberg, L.; Bean, J. L.; Désert, J. M.; Benneke, B. R.; Deming, D.; Stevenson, K. B.; Seager, S.; Berta-Thompson, Z.; Seifahrt, A.; Homeier, D. (2014). "Clouds in the atmosphere of the super-Earth exoplanet GJ 1214b".

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is a feature seen with clouds producing precipitation that evaporates before reaching the ground, these being of the genera cirrocumulus, altocumulus, altostratus, nimbostratus, stratocumulus, cumulus, and cumulonimbus.

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feature is a thin horizontal sheet that sometimes forms like an apron around the middle or in front of the parent cloud. An accessory cloud recently officially recognized by the World meteorological Organization is the

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feature is a cloud column that may hang from the bottom of a cumulus or cumulonimbus. A newly formed or poorly organized column might be comparatively benign, but can quickly intensify into a funnel cloud or tornado.

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As a tropospheric cloud matures, the dense water droplets may combine to produce larger droplets. If the droplets become too large and heavy to be kept aloft by the air circulation, they will fall from the cloud as

2047:(Cb) – This genus type is a heavy, towering, cumulonimbiform mass of free-convective cloud with a dark-gray to nearly black base and a very high top in the form of a mountain or huge tower. Cumulonimbus can produce 1374:

Tropospheric cloud classification by altitude of occurrence. Multi-level and vertical genus-types are not limited to a single altitude level; these include nimbostratus, cumulonimbus, and some of the larger cumulus

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season. The yellow color is due to the presence of pollutants in the smoke. Yellowish clouds are caused by the presence of nitrogen dioxide and are sometimes seen in urban areas with high air pollution levels.

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a castle when viewed from the side, and can be found with stratocumuliform genera at any tropospheric altitude level and with limited-convective patches of high-level cirrus. Tufted clouds of the more detached

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are usually faster moving and generate a narrower line of clouds, which are mostly stratocumuliform, cumuliform, or cumulonimbiform depending on the stability of the warm airmass just ahead of the front.

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appear in stable airmass conditions and, in general, have flat, sheet-like structures that can form at any altitude in the troposphere. The stratiform group is divided by altitude range into the genera

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One group of supplementary features are not actual cloud formations, but precipitation that falls when water droplets or ice crystals that make up visible clouds have grown too heavy to remain aloft.

3220: 2845:, a stratocumulus cloud formed by the partial spreading of a cumulus type when there is a loss of convective lift. If the mother cloud undergoes a complete change in genus, it is considered to be a 1456: 4082: 2747:

can form under conditions of strong atmospheric wind shear when a stratocumulus, altocumulus, or cirrus cloud breaks into regularly spaced crests. This variant is sometimes known informally as a

1828:. The Sun and Moon are visible in clear outline. Cirrostratus does not produce precipitation, but often thickens into altostratus ahead of a warm front or low-pressure area, which sometimes does. 2675:. This normally occurs with altostratus opacus, which can produce widespread but usually light precipitation, and with thicker clouds that show significant vertical development. Of the latter, 6221: 1021: 3442:. No embedded cumuliform types have been identified, but broken stratocumuliform wave formations are sometimes seen in the top layer that reveal more continuous layer clouds underneath. On 3351:

levels, genus types, species, or varieties. There is no Latin nomenclature in the manner of tropospheric clouds, but rather descriptive names of several general forms using common English.

9400: 3126:

at night are black or dark gray in a moonless sky, or whitish when illuminated by the Moon. They may also reflect the colors of large fires, city lights, or auroras that might be present.

2610:(having a wavy undulating base) can occur with any clouds of the species stratiformis or lenticularis, and with altostratus. It is only rarely observed with stratus nebulosus. The variety 2453:

species are subdivisions of genus-types which may be cirriform or stratocumuliform in overall structure. They are sometimes seen with cirrus, cirrocumulus, altocumulus, and stratocumulus.

2411:

instability because it can be a subdivision of genus-types of different physical forms that have different stability characteristics. This subtype can be in the form of ragged but mostly

3200: 2714:, an earlier version of the term used before a standardization of Latin nomenclature brought about by the World Meteorological Organization during the 20th century. The best-known is 1391:

Lamarck had worked independently on cloud classification the same year and had come up with a different naming scheme that failed to make an impression even in his home country of

4522: 1648:

where the air is partly unstable. Clouds resembling cirrus, cirrostratus, and cirrocumulus can be found above the troposphere but are classified separately using common names.

7611:

Turco, R. P.; Toon, O. B.; Whitten, R. C.; Keesee, R. G.; Hollenbach, D. (1982). "Noctilucent clouds: Simulation studies of their genesis, properties and global influences".

3491:

Saturn mission uncovered evidence of polar stratospheric clouds and a methane cycle on Titan, including lakes near the poles and fluvial channels on the surface of the moon.

3001: 4358: 1806:

and at the very leading edge of a frontal or low-pressure disturbance where they may merge into cirrostratus. This high-level cloud genus does not produce precipitation.

7467:

From pp 1022: "The cloud feedback could either amplify or offset some of the future warming and has long been the biggest source of uncertainty in climate projections."

6850: 6031: 3016:

Although the local distribution of clouds can be significantly influenced by topography, the global prevalence of cloud cover in the troposphere tends to vary more by

3446:, noctilucent, cirrus, cirrocumulus and stratocumulus composed of water-ice have been detected mostly near the poles. Water-ice fogs have also been detected on Mars. 3144: 3044:

composed of cloud systems that may be stable or unstable to varying degrees according to the stability characteristics of the various airmasses that are in conflict.

2877:

formed from the exhaust of aircraft flying in the upper level of the troposphere can persist and spread into formations resembling cirrus which are designated cirrus

2545:

All cloud varieties fall into one of two main groups. One group identifies the opacities of particular low and mid-level cloud structures and comprises the varieties

1655:

instability may cause the cloud layers to develop tops in the form of turrets consisting of embedded cumuliform buildups. The stratocumuliform group is divided into

8622: 5913: 7407:

Medeiros, B.; Stevens, B.; Held, I. M.; Zhao, M.; Williamson, D. L.; Olson, J. G.; Bretherton, C. S. (2008). "Aquaplanets, Climate Sensitivity, and Low Clouds".

5116: 3434:(due to volcanic activity) and appear to be almost entirely stratiform. They are arranged in three main layers at altitudes of 45 to 65 km that obscure the 3156: 2383:

Stratocumuliform genus-types (cirrocumulus, altocumulus, and stratocumulus) that appear in mostly stable air with limited convection have two species each. The

2710:

feature forms on the bases of clouds as downward-facing bubble-like protuberances caused by localized downdrafts within the cloud. It is also sometimes called

1438:

cooling. As the air is cooled to its dew point and becomes saturated, water vapor normally condenses to form cloud drops. This condensation normally occurs on

9430: 2780:. The heavier precipitating clouds, nimbostratus, towering cumulus (cumulus congestus), and cumulonimbus typically see the formation in precipitation of the 7130: 1418:

Terrestrial clouds can be found throughout most of the homosphere, which includes the troposphere, stratosphere, and mesosphere. Within these layers of the

7669: 2808:

of a super-cell thunderstorm, and can be mistaken for a tornado. Although the flumen can indicate a tornado risk, it is similar in appearance to pannus or

2541:

A layer of stratocumulus stratiformis perlucidus hiding the setting sun with a background layer of stratocumulus cumulogenitus resembling distant mountains

7885:

Carr, M. H.; Baum, W. A.; Blasius, K. R.; Briggs, G. A.; Cutts, J. A.; Duxbury, T. C.; Greeley, R.; Guest, J.; Masursky, H.; Smith, B. A. (January 1980).

3494:

Some planets outside the Solar System are known to have atmospheric clouds. In October 2013, the detection of high altitude optically thick clouds in the

8060: 7909: 2787:

A group of accessory clouds comprise formations that are associated mainly with upward-growing cumuliform and cumulonimbiform clouds of free convection.

7851: 1426:

or by having moisture added from an adjacent source. In the latter case, saturation occurs when the dew point is raised to the ambient air temperature.

8971: 8220: 6980: 4780: 7986: 6229: 2650:

Supplementary features and accessory clouds are not further subdivisions of cloud types below the species and variety level. Rather, they are either

2022:

standard names or abbreviations in all aviation observations (METARS) and forecasts (TAFS) to warn pilots of possible severe weather and turbulence.

8277: 7082: 3521: 3302:

High-level genus-types particularly show this duality with both short-wave albedo cooling and long-wave greenhouse warming effects. On the whole,

4655: 1935:– These are small detached fair-weather cumuliform clouds that have nearly horizontal bases and flattened tops, and do not produce rain showers. 7978:

Ingersoll, A.P.; Dowling, T.E.; Gierasch, P.J.; Orton, G.S.; Read, P.L.; Sanchez-Lavega, A.; Showman, A.P.; Simon-Miller, A.A.; Vasavada, A.R.

6599: 8464:

Knutson, H. A.; Benneke, B. R.; Deming, D.; Homeier, D. (2014). "A featureless transmission spectrum for the Neptune-mass exoplanet GJ 436b".

8386: 8228: 7917: 7859: 6923: 3184: 3071:

on each side of the equator reduces cloudiness at these low latitudes. Similar patterns also occur at higher latitudes in both hemispheres.

5833: 4617: 4553: 1396:

Latin, which caught on quickly after it was published in 1803. As a sign of the popularity of the naming scheme, German dramatist and poet

5021: 4197: 1379:

After centuries of speculative theories about the formation and behavior of clouds, the first truly scientific studies were undertaken by

8117: 5398: 2497:, the tallest cumulus species which is the same type that the International Civil Aviation Organization refers to as 'towering cumulus'. 7811: 6521: 6319: 4530: 2865:

The genitus and mutatus categories have been expanded to include certain types that do not originate from pre-existing clouds. The term

4831:

Laufersweiler, M. J.; Shirer, H. N. (1995). "A theoretical model of multi-regime convection in a stratocumulus-topped boundary layer".

4260: 1824:(Cs) – cirrostratus is a thin nonconvective stratiform ice crystal veil that typically gives rise to halos caused by refraction of the 661: 4385: 3679:

Informal cloud watching or cloud gazing is a popular activity involving watching the clouds and looking for shapes in them, a form of

2881:. If a cirrus homogenitus cloud changes fully to any of the high-level genera, they are termed cirrus, cirrostratus, or cirrocumulus 2361:

airmass conditions. Cirrus fibratus comprise filaments that may be straight, wavy, or occasionally twisted by wind shear. The species

10023: 2035: 8304: 7477: 5540: 2699:

cloud top is one that has spread out into a clear anvil shape as a result of rising air currents hitting the stability layer at the

7574: 4476: 3856: 2598:

Altocumulus stratiformis duplicatus at sunrise in the California Mojave Desert, US (higher layer orange to white; lower layer gray)

2489:

that shows only slight vertical development. If the air becomes more unstable, the cloud tends to grow vertically into the species

1918:

in the middle and high levels, so they can usually be identified by their forms and genus types using satellite photography alone.

8811: 6629:

Garrett, T. J.; Dean-Day, J.; Liu, C.; Barnett, B.; Mace, G.; Baumgardner, D.; Webster, C.; Bui, T.; Read, W.; Minnis, P. (2006).

6376: 4560: 3020:. It is most prevalent in and along low pressure zones of surface tropospheric convergence which encircle the Earth close to the 885:

that was formally proposed in 1802. It became the basis of a modern international system that divides clouds into five physical

8255: 5198:

Miyazaki, R.; Yoshida, S.; Dobashi, Y.; Nishita, T. (2001). "A method for modeling clouds based on atmospheric fluid dynamics".

5074: 2508:

With highly unstable atmospheric conditions, large cumulus may continue to grow into even more strongly convective cumulonimbus

2387:

species normally occur in extensive sheets or in smaller patches where there is only minimal convective activity. Clouds of the

10813: 8964: 3114: 3063:

near the poles and in the subtropics close to the 30th parallels, north and south. The latter are sometimes referred to as the

8927: 4362: 9422: 9113: 8890: 8869: 8795: 8763: 8733: 8705: 8603: 8204: 8177: 8146: 7954: 7794: 7234: 6903: 6847: 6812: 6804: 6574: 6411: 6039: 5715: 5286: 5225: 4687: 4600: 4446: 4170: 2768:

feature is a tail cloud that extends horizontally away from the murus cloud and is the result of air feeding into the storm.

1710:) based on altitude range above the Earth's surface. The grouping of clouds into levels is commonly done for the purposes of 989:

and beyond. However, due to their different temperature characteristics, they are often composed of other substances such as

7348: 6465: 1849:

Altostratus translucidus near top of photo thickening into altostratus opacus near bottom (see also 'species and varieties')

3307:

cooling outweigh the warming effects of high layers and the variable outcomes associated with vertically developed clouds.

3040:

of polar origin meet and clash with those of tropical or subtropical origin. This leads to the formation of weather-making

2764:

feature is a cumulonimbus wall cloud with a lowering, rotating cloud base than can lead to the development of tornadoes. A

3178:

Sunset reflecting shades of pink onto gray stratocumulus stratiformis translucidus (becoming perlucidus in the background)

2718:, but the mamma feature is also seen occasionally with cirrus, cirrocumulus, altocumulus, altostratus, and stratocumulus. 1562:

Several main sources of water vapor can be added to the air as a way of achieving saturation without any cooling process:

651: 5872: 8640: 5640: 708: 656: 5105: 9442: 9133: 8957: 8667: 3709: 3676:) are thought to imply eternal happiness and clouds of different colors are said to indicate "multiplied blessings". 2740: 2577:

species with which they are otherwise associated, but only appear when atmospheric conditions favor their formation.

1980: 750: 1434: 10395: 10311: 9281: 8904: 7504: 6692: 3547:

Clouds play an important mythical or non-scientific role in various cultures and religious traditions. The ancient

1674:

a sign of greater atmospheric instability and convective activity. Depending on their vertical size, clouds of the

638: 4967:

Mossop, S. C.; Hallett, J. (1974). "Ice Crystal Concentration in Cumulus Clouds: Influence of the Drop Spectrum".

2889:(Latin for 'forest-made') is a stratus cloud that forms as water vapor is added to the air above a forest canopy. 10134: 7453: 7127: 4526: 3560: 3541: 2516:

when supercooled water droplets at the top of the cloud turn into ice crystals giving it a cirriform appearance.

7673: 7647: 4952: 4927: 2924:

Open cell, which resembles an empty honeycomb, with clouds around the edges and clear, open space in the middle.

9328: 8841: 8592:"The Miracle at the Sea: Remarks on the Recent Discussion about Origin and Composition of the Exodus Narrative" 7921: 6286: 3654: 3029: 2969: 8068: 5425: 2837:. If the mother cloud retains much of its original form after the appearance of the new genus, it is termed a 2391:

species tend to have lens-like shapes tapered at the ends. They are most commonly seen as orographic mountain-

9786: 9160: 9128: 9075: 7863: 5944: 4129: 4108: 536: 8232: 6984: 5354: 3457:

have an outer cirriform cloud deck composed of ammonia, an intermediate stratiform haze-cloud layer made of

2379:

forming over mountains in Wyoming with lower layer of cumulus mediocris and higher layer of cirrus spissatus

10280: 5732: 4784: 4410: 3403: 7979: 6867: 2695:

is the most type-specific supplementary feature, seen only with cumulonimbus of the species capillatus. A

2671:

When the precipitation reaches the ground without completely evaporating, it is designated as the feature

10486: 10480: 10285: 10139: 9833: 9796: 9389: 8281: 4875: 1715: 82: 10270: 10149: 10144: 9323: 9080: 3730: 3576: 2748: 2715: 1397: 698: 7740: 7368:"Marine boundary layer clouds at the heart of tropical cloud feedback uncertainties in climate models" 3283:

Sun, diminishing the amount of solar radiation that is absorbed at the surface, enhancing the Earth's

10019: 9690: 9685: 9542: 9523: 9415: 9303: 9237: 9065: 8944: 5644: 5112: 4704: 3765: 3344: 1439: 1157: 703: 42: 38: 9438: 7762: 7429: 5562: 3381:

Ongoing research indicates that convective lift in the mesosphere is strong enough during the polar

3133:

Yellowish clouds may be seen in the troposphere in the late spring through early fall months during

2341:

Of the non-convective stratiform group, high-level cirrostratus comprises two species. Cirrostratus

2067:. Other convective severe weather may or may not be associated with thunderstorms and include heavy 10045: 9806: 9675: 9603: 9170: 9022: 7718: 6607: 5208: 5028: 4647: 4621: 3834: 3025: 2952: 2885:. Stratus cataractagenitus (Latin for 'cataract-made') are generated by the spray from waterfalls. 7696: 7298:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences

6927: 4310:"Linear relation between convective cloud drop number concentration and depth for rain initiation" 2512:(essentially a very tall congestus cloud that produces thunder), then ultimately into the species 10672: 10154: 10015: 10009: 9911: 9371: 9293: 8913: 7107: 5200:

Proceedings Ninth Pacific Conference on Computer Graphics and Applications. Pacific Graphics 2001

4625: 3672:

In China, clouds are symbols of luck and happiness. Overlapping clouds (in meteorology, probably

3657:. They are hailed the source of inspiration to comic poets and philosophers; they are masters of 2440:

These species are subdivisions of genus types that can occur in partly unstable air with limited

1726:. Each altitude level comprises two or three genus-types differentiated mainly by physical form. 1477: 1469:

can be powerful enough to penetrate the tropopause and push the cloud top into the stratosphere.

1447: 1331: 693: 8932: 7837: 6252: 5837: 5018: 4564: 3609:

that advises a contemplative practice focused on experiencing God through love and "unknowing."

1533:

clouds form. However, if the air becomes sufficiently moist and unstable, orographic showers or

965:. Very low stratiform clouds that extend down to the Earth's surface are given the common names 10265: 10260: 9726: 9618: 9225: 9185: 9138: 9123: 9105: 8787:

Parallels, Interactions, and Illuminations: Traversing Chinese and Western Theories of the Sign

7481: 7424: 6774: 5203: 4230: 4204: 3760: 3601: 3461:, and an inner deck of cumulus water clouds. Embedded cumulonimbus are known to exist near the 2500: 1605: 562: 60: 17: 8859: 8785: 8632: 8626: 8591: 8136: 7944: 7784: 7222: 7178: 7147:

Hileman, B. (1995). "Clouds absorb more solar radiation than researchers previously thought".

6893: 6566: 6560: 6062: 5705: 5402: 4436: 1336:

Ancient cloud studies were not made in isolation, but were observed in combination with other

10159: 10004: 9721: 9639: 9272: 9165: 9155: 9118: 8753: 8169: 8163: 6525: 6327: 6172: 5776: 5584: 5278: 5272: 5250: 5177: 4677: 4590: 4076:"Automated CB and TCU detection using radar and satellite data: from research to application" 3943: 3458: 3096:

can vary from a very light to very-dark-gray depending on the cloud's thickness and how much

3041: 2973: 1910: 1384: 743: 557: 315: 239: 7624: 6498: 6428: 5376: 5310: 4264: 3363: 10388: 10209: 10097: 9927: 9680: 9623: 9408: 9351: 9318: 9220: 9215: 9180: 8545: 8483: 8422: 8351: 7620: 7416: 7379: 7305: 7045: 6726: 6642: 6143: 5969: 5887: 5806: 5150: 4976: 4939: 4840: 4321: 4162: 4156: 4048: 3790: 3770: 3613: 3110: 2934: 2805: 2570: 675: 273: 6972: 6826: 6109: 5994: 4073: 3101:

appears brilliant white with pronounced gray shading because of its greater reflectivity.

8: 10599: 10534: 10351: 10117: 9955: 9906: 9811: 9791: 9434: 9313: 9298: 6770: 6397: 6194: 6084: 4757: 3805: 3647: 3606: 3487: 3312: 3122: 2784:

feature, low ragged clouds of the genera and species cumulus fractus or stratus fractus.

2637: 2465: 2461: 1774:(Ci). Stratocumuliform and stratiform clouds in the high altitude range carry the prefix 1758:

High clouds form at altitudes of 3,000 to 7,600 m (10,000 to 25,000 ft) in the

1681: 1651: 1583: 1521:

A third source of lift is wind circulation forcing air over a physical barrier such as a

1010: 909: 670: 567: 506: 332: 8549: 8487: 8426: 8355: 8012: 7583: 7420: 7383: 7309: 7049: 6730: 6646: 6147: 5891: 5810: 5474: 5452: 5154: 4980: 4943: 4844: 4473: 4325: 859:. There are two methods of naming clouds in their respective layers of the homosphere, 10214: 9933: 9887: 9860: 9843: 9704: 9658: 9644: 9085: 8903:(2021). Masson-Delmotte, V.; Zhai, P.; Pirani, A.; Connors, S. L.; et al. (eds.). 8819: 8569: 8535: 8507: 8473: 8446: 8367: 8341: 7329: 7063: 6747: 6714: 6670: 5231: 5162: 5042: 5000: 4856: 4810: 4651: 3750: 2948: 2917:

Closed cell, which is cloudy in the center and clear on the edges, similar to a filled

2696: 2473: 2469: 1364: 913: 342: 320: 227: 188: 8363: 6949: 5818: 5757: 5332: 5103: 4896: 3214:. Nearly black color of base indicates main cloud in foreground probably cumulonimbus. 2472:. Associated with a powerful "ripple" in the atmosphere, the cloud may be "surfed" in 10301: 10255: 10081: 9825: 9769: 9469: 9366: 9262: 9150: 8992: 8936: 8886: 8865: 8791: 8759: 8729: 8701: 8663: 8657: 8636: 8599: 8561: 8499: 8438: 8387:"Release 13-383 – NASA's Hubble Sees Cloudy Super-Worlds With Chance for More Clouds" 8200: 8173: 8142: 8091: 7960: 7950: 7790: 7632: 7582:. International Association of Geomagnetism & Aeronomy. p. 9. Archived from 7321: 7230: 6899: 6808: 6800: 6752: 6580: 6570: 6407: 5899: 5711: 5282: 5221: 5067: 4992: 4860: 4683: 4596: 4452: 4442: 4339: 4287: 4166: 4134: 4015: 3800: 3374: 3367: 3288: 3163: 3068: 3053: 2565: 2319: 2298: 2027: 1989: 1763: 1723: 1678:

genus type may be low-level or multi-level with moderate to towering vertical extent.

1265: 1241: 572: 8949: 8033: 7333: 7067: 6674: 5004: 2628:, which would identify respectively its genus, species, and two combined varieties. 2372: 1906: 1902:

with stratocumulus stratiformis in the foreground (see also 'species and varieties')

847: 10587: 10476: 10446: 10225: 9961: 9801: 8573: 8553: 8511: 8491: 8450: 8430: 8359: 7628: 7434: 7387: 7313: 7156: 7053: 6742: 6734: 6660: 6650: 6151: 5903: 5895: 5814: 5235: 5213: 5158: 4984: 4947: 4848: 4329: 4124: 3755: 3715: 3292: 3081: 2911: 2856:

Cumulonimbus mother cloud dissipating into stratocumulus cumulonimbogenitus at dusk

2791:

is a cap cloud that can form over a cumulonimbus or large cumulus cloud, whereas a

2456:

A newly recognized species of stratocumulus or altocumulus has been given the name

2376: 1489: 1172: 736: 450: 337: 249: 92: 8371: 7526: 7454:"Chapter 7: The Earth's energy budget, climate feedbacks, and climate sensitivity" 3694: 1464:

Animation of cloud evolution from cumulus humilis to cumulonimbus capillatus incus

721: 73: 10808: 10787: 10662: 10617: 10511: 10506: 10496: 10381: 10306: 10275: 10200: 10040: 9608: 9017: 8880: 8695: 8194: 7977: 7134: 6854: 6401: 6129: 5025: 4988: 4726: 4480: 3882: 3720: 3572: 3537: 3089: 3064: 2820: 2777: 2432: 2265: 1932: 1899: 1596: 1526: 1289: 873:

types in the troposphere, the atmospheric layer closest to Earth's surface, have

643: 418: 121: 4356: 2642: 2001: 10316: 9613: 9308: 6132:"Elevated Convection and Castellanus: Ambiguities, Significance, and Questions" 5737:

Windows to the Universe, US National Earth Science Teachers Association (NESTA)

3785: 3700: 3556: 3462: 3431: 3325: 3261: 3257: 3253: 2943:

Cirrus fibratus intortus formed into a Kármán vortex street at evening twilight

1530: 1481: 1005: 954: 726: 633: 467: 7548: 7160: 7007: 6349: 5518: 5277:. Vol. I. Secretariat of the World Meteorological Organization. pp. 5217: 4161:. Vol. I. Secretariat of the World Meteorological Organization. pp. 3968: 3150:

Stratocumulus stratiformis and small castellanus made orange by the sun rising

1770:. All cirriform clouds are classified as high, thus constitute a single genus 68:

Visible mass of liquid droplets or frozen crystals suspended in the atmosphere

10802: 10471: 10321: 10126: 10076: 10068: 10059: 9999: 9991: 9980: 9898: 9778: 9713: 9667: 9595: 9505: 9090: 8916:

of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press.

8275: 8010: 7964: 6824: 6156: 4496: 4343: 4138: 3795: 3745: 3740: 3626: 3551:

believed that the clouds (in meteorology, probably the supplementary feature

3529: 3336: 2245: 2231: 2013: 2006: 1941: 1923: 1699: 1670: 1664: 1634: 1626: 1613: 1571: 1413: 1346: 1284: 1277: 998: 901: 852: 589: 543: 489: 438: 325: 6665: 6655: 6630: 6584: 5861:(1985). "The Downburst, microburst and macroburst". SMRP Research Paper 210. 5697: 5648: 4456: 1841:

Sunrise scene giving a shine to an altocumulus stratiformis perlucidus cloud

1041: 10695: 10681: 10219: 10187: 9586: 9568: 9267: 9242: 9175: 9052: 8565: 8503: 8442: 8413:

Moses, J. (2014). "Extrasolar planets: Cloudy with a chance of dustballs".

7886: 7438: 7325: 7317: 7058: 7033: 6756: 5671: 4996: 4438:

A World of Weather: Fundamentals of Meteorology: A Text / Laboratory Manual

3830: 3810: 3725: 3622: 3482: 3423: 3271: 2824:

Cumulus partly spreading into stratocumulus cumulogenitus over the port of

2809: 2345:

has a rather diffuse appearance lacking in structural detail. Cirrostratus

2324: 2282: 2176: 2153: 2144: 2048: 2044: 1971: 1821: 1812: 1799: 1759: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1722:. The base-height range for each level varies depending on the latitudinal 1705: 1656: 1640: 1630: 1618: 1534: 1485: 1340:

elements and even other natural sciences. Around 340 BC, Greek philosopher

1256: 1246: 1200: 1195: 1190: 1163: 986: 917: 882: 838: 787: 783: 479: 403: 234: 8700:. Chicago, Illinois: The University of Chicago Press. pp. 17–21, 29. 8138:

Giant Planets of Our Solar System: Atmospheres, Composition, and Structure

5496: 3266: 2703:

where the air no longer continues to get colder with increasing altitude.

10654: 10529: 10181: 9451: 9356: 9195: 9095: 7392: 7367: 7296:

Franks, F. (2003). "Nucleation of ice and its management in ecosystems".

5908: 4334: 4309: 3907: 3735: 3593: 3296: 3249: 3134: 3033: 2776:

Supplementary cloud formations detached from the main cloud are known as

2731: 2209: 2198: 2056: 1883: 1874: 1719: 1711: 1695: 1660: 1622: 1563: 1380: 1355: 1221: 1214: 1150: 1129: 1050: 878: 864: 856: 834: 823: 819: 764: 628: 516: 511: 474: 423: 354: 300: 256: 244: 193: 9468: 8557: 8495: 5831: 2739:

Several new supplementary features have been formally recognized by the

10746: 10627: 9938: 9361: 9333: 9247: 9042: 9027: 9007: 8941: 7253: 5858: 4852: 4074:

de Valk, Paul; van Westhrenen, Rudolf; Carbajal Henken, Cintia (2010).

3680: 3617: 3597:

Book 17, Chapter 1), which can also be interpreted as female consorts.

3568: 3495: 3227: 3093: 3085: 3057: 2981: 2977: 2700: 2441: 2392: 2088: 2076: 1837: 1645: 1498: 1493: 1419: 905: 842: 830: 791: 623: 606: 548: 496: 359: 295: 290: 283: 210: 205: 163: 151: 6738: 4254: 4252: 4250: 4248: 1738: 10705: 10667: 10622: 10612: 10552: 10373: 9966: 9203: 9032: 9012: 8997: 7786:

Venus II: Geology, Geophysics, Atmosphere, and Solar Wind Environment

6600:"NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory Catches "Surfer" Waves on the Sun" 6403:

The Cloudspotter's Guide: The Science, History, and Culture of Clouds

5141:

Vincent J. Schaefer (October 1952). "Cloud Forms of the Jet Stream".

4904: 3666: 3662: 3643: 3639: 3580: 3548: 3510: 3502: 3499: 3414: 3207: 3191: 3024:

and near the 50th parallels of latitude in the northern and southern

2918: 2080: 2060: 1957: 1895: 1803: 1423: 1341: 1078: 811: 802:

or various other chemicals may compose the droplets and crystals. On

618: 613: 408: 398: 310: 278: 261: 222: 200: 156: 8434: 7279: 7277: 7275: 7198: 7083:"Atmospheric Pressure Belts and Wind Systems PMF IAS Pressure Belts" 6131: 5104:

Colorado State University Dept. of Atmospheric Science, ed. (2015).

2852: 2357:

Cirriform clouds have three non-convective species that can form in

10756: 10700: 10632: 10567: 10453: 10441: 10413: 9381: 9343: 9257: 9002: 8942:

World Meteorological Organization's (WMO) International Cloud Atlas

8728:. New York City, New York: New American Library. pp. 149–150. 4245: 3658: 3630: 3506: 3235: 3037: 3017: 2986: 2874: 2064: 1825: 1522: 1510: 1473: 1446:

or dust particles that are small enough to be held aloft by normal

1175: 1166: 890: 815: 779: 413: 8540: 8478: 8385:

Harrington, J.D.; Weaver, Donna; Villard, Ray (31 December 2013).

8346: 4357:

Long, Michael J.; Hanks, Howard H.; Beebe, Robert G. (June 1965).

3485:

has cirrus clouds believed to be composed largely of methane. The

3234:'s angle enhance colors of stratocumulus cumulogenitus at evening 2939: 2537: 2464:, a rolling cylindrical cloud that appears unpredictably over the 1592: 1505: 900:. The main representative cloud types for each of these forms are 10751: 10739: 10677: 10607: 10582: 10542: 10521: 10491: 9437:

and selected species, supplementary features, and other airborne

9252: 8726:

Aristophanes: The Complete Plays: A New Translation by Paul Roche

7760: 7738: 7716: 7694: 7524: 7502: 7272: 7200: 7176: 7105: 6690: 6463: 6426: 6284: 6192: 6170: 6107: 6082: 6060: 6025: 6023: 6021: 6019: 6017: 6015: 6013: 6011: 5992: 5967: 5942: 5836:. University Corporation for Atmospheric Research. Archived from 5774: 5582: 5516: 5494: 5472: 5450: 5396: 5374: 5330: 5308: 5270: 5248: 5175: 5065: 5040: 4873: 4808: 4702: 4675: 4441:(3 ed.). Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company. pp. 207–212. 4154: 4046: 4013: 3941: 3651: 3635: 3478: 3474: 3466: 3450: 3408: 3321: 3317: 3211: 3021: 2825: 2351: 2270: 2260: 2238: 2084: 1767: 1704:

Tropospheric clouds form in any of three levels (formerly called

1675: 1514: 1370: 1354:, meaning 'high in the sky'. From that word came the modern term 1337: 1293: 994: 990: 772: 579: 457: 445: 393: 376: 347: 305: 268: 215: 144: 100: 8278:"NASA Confirms Liquid Lake on Saturn Moon, Cassini Mission News" 8011:

Monterrey Institute for Research in Astronomy (11 August 2006).

6895:

Atmospheric aerosol properties: formation, processes and impacts

4069: 4067: 4065: 3331: 2594: 2553:(thick opaque with translucent or very small clear breaks), and 1069: 1061: 1054: 822:) from an adjacent source to raise the dew point to the ambient 10734: 10727: 10436: 10431: 10405: 8118:"Check Out The Most Richly Detailed Image Ever Taken of Uranus" 7670:"NASA Sounding Rocket Observes the Seeds of Noctilucent Clouds" 7572: 5669: 5613: 4646: 3857:"Why clouds are the missing piece in the climate change puzzle" 3587:(celestial beings) are also occasionally mentioned as being in 3564: 3533: 3470: 3454: 3435: 3382: 3284: 2504:

Cumulus mediocris cloud, about to turn into a cumulus congestus

1794:, though not all high clouds are of the cirrus form or genus). 1766:, and 6,100 to 18,300 m (20,000 to 60,000 ft) in the 1392: 978: 795: 776: 381: 369: 364: 131: 126: 116: 109: 78: 8758:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 81. 8596:

The Book of Exodus: Composition, Reception, and Interpretation

7121: 6891: 6130:

Stephen F. Corfidi; Sarah J. Corfidi; David M Schultz (2008).

6008: 4195: 3358: 2679:

cumulus mediocris produces only isolated light showers, while

1422:, air can become saturated as a result of being cooled to its 10764: 10722: 10715: 10710: 10501: 10463: 10421: 10326: 10020:

Cumulus castellanus (unofficial alternative name for Cu con))

8790:. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press. p. 118. 6222:"Cloud Atlas leaps into 21st century with 12 new cloud types" 5634: 5632: 5630: 5197: 4383: 4258: 4062: 3584: 3439: 3427: 3117:

is what causes the range of cloud color from white to black.

3097: 2990:

Global cloud cover, averaged over the month of October 2009.

2658: 1567: 1400:

composed four poems about clouds, dedicating them to Howard.

1154: 1030: 982: 874: 870: 860: 803: 799: 521: 176: 7452:

Forster, P.; Storelvmo, T.; Armour, K.; Collins, W. (2021).

5873:"A thermodynamically general theory for convective vortices" 5099: 5097: 5095: 5061: 5059: 3526:

Joshua Passing the River Jordan with the Ark of the Covenant

3505:

was announced, and, in December 2013, in the atmospheres of

10642: 10577: 10572: 10562: 10557: 10426: 9552:

No differentiated sub-types; tends to resemble cirrostratus

9037: 8900: 8842:"Do You See Faces In The Clouds? The Science of Pareidolia" 8463: 8391: 8276:

National Aeronautics and Space Administration, ed. (2008).

8192: 8092:"Neptune's Atmosphere: Composition, Climate, & Weather" 6981:"The Climate System: General Circulation and Climate Zones" 6957: 6825:

National Aeronautics and Space Administration, ed. (2001).

5417: 4953:

10.1175/1520-0469(1947)004<0091:EOAIAC>2.0.CO;2

4730: 3972: 3966: 3780: 3536:

leading the Israelites through the desert in the form of a

3443: 3106: 2991: 2369:

appear as opaque patches that can show light gray shading.

2072: 2068: 2052: 1945: 1762:, 5,000 to 12,200 m (16,500 to 40,000 ft) in the 1443: 1309: 928:

stratiform and stratocumuliform types are given the prefix

924:

clouds do not have any altitude-related prefixes. However

601: 501: 484: 462: 388: 8524: 6917: 6915: 6631:"Convective formation of pileus cloud near the tropopause" 5627: 3074: 10102: 9070: 8309: 8305:"Scientists generate first map of clouds on an exoplanet" 8083: 6628: 5538: 5092: 5056: 4727:"The identification of cloud types in LANDSAT MSS images" 3969:"The identification of cloud types in LANDSAT MSS images" 3775: 3231: 3121:

look white or appear to have acquired the color of their

1551: 1513:

enhanced by the Sun's angle. Clouds can visually mimic a

1305: 1075:, which had been the literal term for clouds in general. 1045:

Clouds seen from the atmosphere in Nigeria during summer

807: 596: 8330: 6501:. Universities Space Research Association. 5 August 2009 5750: 4434: 4130:

10.1175/1520-0477(1972)053<0634:AAH>2.0.CO;2

3962: 3960: 8384: 8161: 7406: 6912: 6519: 6368: 6317: 4824: 4520: 4350: 3944:"Cloud Identification Guide, International Cloud Atlas" 3422:

Cloud cover has been seen on most other planets in the

3190:

Stratocumulus stratiformis perlucidus before sunset in

3047: 2963: 2951:

which is named after the engineer and fluid dynamicist

2947:

These patterns are formed from a phenomenon known as a

1853:

Nonvertical clouds in the middle level are prefixed by

1845: 1637:

is lifted above surface level during breezy conditions.

9513: 7610: 7606: 7604: 7505:"Nitric acid and water PSC, International Cloud Atlas" 6771:"Cloud Formations off the West Coast of South America" 5797:

Scott A (2000). "The Pre-Quaternary history of fire".

4724: 4588: 4158:

International Cloud Atlas, preface to the 1939 edition

3937: 3935: 3933: 3931: 3929: 3166:

with altocumulus volutus and cirrocumulus stratiformis

3092:

decreases with depth into the gases. As a result, the

2365:

is similar but has upturned hooks at the ends. Cirrus

2100:

Genus types are commonly divided into subtypes called

8979: 8221:"Surprise Hidden in Titan's Smog: Cirrus-Like Clouds" 7943:

Dougherty, Michele; Esposito, Larry (November 2009).

7884: 4049:"Upper atmospheric clouds, International Cloud Atlas" 4042: 4040: 4038: 4036: 4034: 4032: 3957: 2687: 1566:

from surface water or moist ground, precipitation or

1529:). If the air is generally stable, nothing more than 851:

is the science of clouds, which is undertaken in the

806:, clouds are formed as a result of saturation of the 10026:

term for Cu con and "Cu cas" is Towering cumulus ))

9459: 8061:"Mysterious Cyclones Seen at Both of Saturn's Poles" 7573:

Michael Gadsden; Pekka Parviainen (September 2006).

5685: 4876:"Altocumulus Castellanus, International Cloud Atlas" 3690: 2524:

Genus and species types are further subdivided into

953:. Most of the ten genera derived by this method of 8253: 7601: 6164: 6123: 6110:"Accessory Cloud Pannus, International Cloud Atlas" 5641:"Plymouth State Meteorology Program Cloud Boutique" 5140: 4830: 3926: 2860: 1952: 1049:The origin of the term "cloud" can be found in the 10347:(Mother cloud)+mutatus (e.g. cumulomutatus (cumut) 10344:(Mother cloud)+genitus (e.g. cumulogenitus (cugen) 8165:Uranus, Neptune, Pluto, and the Outer Solar System 7639: 7199:University of Wisconsin-Madison-News, ed. (2007). 7032:Cai, Wenju; Van Rensch, Peter; Cowan, Tim (2011). 7031: 7025: 6491: 6313: 6311: 6309: 6307: 6305: 6303: 4430: 4428: 4029: 3650:, and mortal women at the sight of the effeminate 1079:Homospheric nomenclatures and cross-classification 936:variants of these same two forms carry the prefix 8089: 7942: 7803: 7789:. University of Arizona Press. pp. 127–129. 7783:Bougher, Stephen Wesley; Phillips, Roger (1997). 7258:International Satellite Cloud Climatology Program 7248: 7246: 6978: 6686: 6684: 5832:National Center for Atmospheric Research (2008). 5043:"Appearance of Clouds, International Cloud Atlas" 4285: 4222: 3855:Ceppi, Paulo; Williams, Ric (11 September 2020). 10800: 8256:"NASA Scientists find impossible cloud on titan" 8247: 7776: 7661: 7451: 6924:"Meteorology Basics: Convergence and Divergence" 6173:"Species Castellanus, International Cloud Atlas" 5703: 5346: 5333:"Ac Compared With Cc, International Cloud Atlas" 5134: 4359:"TROPOPAUSE PENETRATIONS BY CUMULONIMBUS CLOUDS" 3469:. The same category-types can be found covering 3088:light efficiently, so that the intensity of the 1004:Tropospheric clouds can have a direct effect on 889:which can be further divided or classified into 8906:Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis 8689: 8687: 8685: 8683: 8681: 8679: 8617: 8615: 8598:. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. p. 111. 8040:. National Aeronautics and Space Administration 8026: 7889:. National Aeronautics and Space Administration 7835: 7782: 7761:World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). 7739:World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). 7717:World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). 7695:World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). 7566: 7540: 7525:World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). 7503:World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). 7260:. National Aeronautics and Space Administration 7177:World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). 7106:World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). 7074: 7008:"Extratropical storms are major weather makers" 6921: 6691:World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). 6562:National Audubon Society Field Guide to Weather 6464:World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). 6427:World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). 6390: 6374: 6300: 6285:World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). 6193:World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). 6171:World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). 6108:World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). 6083:World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). 6061:World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). 5993:World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). 5968:World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). 5943:World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). 5775:World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). 5730: 5583:World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). 5517:World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). 5495:World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). 5473:World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). 5451:World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). 5397:World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). 5375:World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). 5331:World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). 5309:World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). 5271:World Meteorological Organization, ed. (1975). 5249:World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). 5176:World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). 5066:World Meteorological Organization, ed. (1995). 5041:World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). 4874:World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). 4809:World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). 4703:World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). 4656:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 4425: 4405: 4403: 4198:"Global maps of Local Land-Atmosphere coupling" 4155:World Meteorological Organization, ed. (1975). 4117:Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 4047:World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). 4014:World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). 3942:World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). 3880: 8518: 8457: 8406: 8378: 8269: 8155: 8109: 8052: 7645: 7243: 7220: 7214: 7172: 7170: 7140: 7005: 6818: 6712: 6706: 6681: 5607: 5605: 5603: 5601: 4751: 4749: 4747: 4551: 4377: 4307: 4009: 3394:of the north pole or north of the south pole. 3067:. The presence of a large-scale high-pressure 2479: 1577: 10389: 9416: 8965: 8861:Meteorology: Clouds and the Greenhouse Effect 8296: 8229:National Aeronautics and Space Administration 8186: 7918:National Aeronautics and Space Administration 7860:National Aeronautics and Space Administration 7741:"Type III Billows, International Cloud Atlas" 7667: 7480:. National Science Foundation. Archived from 7101: 7099: 6715:"Adaptive behavior of marine cellular clouds" 6429:"Variety Radiatus, International Cloud Atlas" 6396: 5611: 5390: 4966: 4960: 4502: 4100: 4007: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3999: 3997: 3995: 3993: 3991: 3989: 3854: 3332:Stratospheric classification and distribution 2833:this happens, the original genus is called a 2485:the troposphere as a cloudlet of the species 1557: 744: 9114:Convective available potential energy (CAPE) 8899: 8676: 8612: 7878: 7809: 7461: 7192: 6280: 6278: 6276: 6274: 6250: 6195:"Species Floccus, International Cloud Atlas" 6085:"Species Fractus, International Cloud Atlas" 6054: 5963: 5961: 5768: 5638: 5576: 5242: 5169: 4676:Reiley, H. Edward; Shry, Carroll L. (2002). 4400: 3559:and that rain was milk from her breasts. In 2626:altocumulus stratiformis radiatus perlucidus 2005:Isolated cumulonimbus calvus cloud over the 8649: 8621: 7887:"NASA SP-441: Viking Orbiter Views of Mars" 7844: 7763:"Type IV Whirls, International Cloud Atlas" 7478:"Will Clouds Speed or Slow Global Warming?" 7289: 7167: 6604:NASA-The Sun-Earth Connection: Heliophysics 6513: 6479: 6459: 6457: 6455: 6453: 6451: 6449: 6447: 6445: 6029: 5988: 5986: 5598: 5532: 5510: 5368: 5324: 5302: 5264: 4867: 4755: 4744: 4279: 3359:Mesospheric classification and distribution 3324:remains a leading source of uncertainty in 2914:, which resembles a leaf or a spoked wheel. 1325: 877:names because of the universal adoption of 23: 10396: 10382: 9423: 9409: 8972: 8958: 8747: 8745: 8128: 7719:"Type II Bands, International Cloud Atlas" 7546: 7096: 6693:"Mother clouds, International Cloud Atlas" 6219: 6215: 6213: 6211: 5938: 5936: 5934: 5932: 5930: 5928: 5926: 5560: 5446: 5444: 5442: 5423: 5399:"Stratocumulus, International Cloud Atlas" 5352: 5034: 4772: 4696: 4582: 4150: 4148: 3986: 3516: 3412:Cirrus clouds on Neptune, captured during 3340:Lenticular nacreous clouds over Antarctica 3316:role of tropospheric clouds in regulating 2659:Precipitation-based supplementary features 2624:of a cloud in this configuration would be 2336: 775:consisting of a visible mass of miniature 751: 737: 24: 9524:Nacreous polar stratospheric clouds (PSC) 8912:. Contribution of Working Group I to the 8719: 8717: 8585: 8583: 8539: 8477: 8345: 7812:"Mysterious waves seen in Venus's clouds" 7697:"Type I Veils, International Cloud Atlas" 7527:"Nacreous PSC, International Cloud Atlas" 7518: 7428: 7391: 7346: 7057: 6746: 6664: 6654: 6552: 6271: 6155: 6103: 6101: 6063:"Stratiformis, International Cloud Atlas" 5958: 5907: 5790: 5777:"Cumulonimbus, International Cloud Atlas" 5585:"Nimbostratus, International Cloud Atlas" 5251:"Cirrostratus, International Cloud Atlas" 5207: 5178:"Cirrocumulus, International Cloud Atlas" 5106:"Cloud type identification by satellites" 5011: 4951: 4928:"Entrainment of Air into a Cumulus Cloud" 4919: 4889: 4804: 4802: 4615: 4333: 4196:Bart van den Hurk; Eleanor Blyth (2008). 4128: 4106: 2424:(see section on supplementary features). 2063:including cloud-to-ground that can cause 2036:International Civil Aviation Organization 2017:Single-cell Cumulonimbus capillatus incus 1663:(mid-level, strato- prefix dropped), and 9853: 9445:Latin terminology except where indicated 8779: 8777: 8775: 8752:Robson, James (2017). Grig, Lucy (ed.). 7907: 7732: 6540: 6442: 6420: 5983: 5670:American Meteorological Society (2012). 5663: 5554: 5519:"Snow Grains, International Cloud Atlas" 5377:"Altostratus, International Cloud Atlas" 5311:"Altocumulus, International Cloud Atlas" 4490: 4228: 4016:"Definitions, International Cloud Atlas" 3520: 3407: 3362: 3335: 3265: 2997: 2985: 2938: 2851: 2819: 2641: 2593: 2564: 2536: 2499: 2436:Example of a castellanus cloud formation 2431: 2371: 2012: 2000: 1956: 1905: 1894: 1844: 1836: 1737: 1591: 1544: 1504: 1452: 1369: 1040: 1015: 72: 32:This is an accepted version of this page 9748:Mutatus non-height specific (see below) 8928:Current global map of total cloud water 8742: 8693: 8655: 7754: 7347:Wolchover, Natalie (25 February 2019). 7179:"Coloration, International Cloud Atlas" 7146: 7080: 6926:. Hong Kong Observatory. Archived from 6892:Kondratʹev, Kirill Iakovlevich (2006). 6622: 6208: 6186: 6076: 5923: 5796: 5539:Colorado State University, ed. (2000). 5488: 5466: 5439: 5191: 4925: 4705:"Principles, International Cloud Atlas" 4561:University of California in Los Angeles 4191: 4189: 4145: 3646:Simon, deer at the sight of the coward 3642:politician, wolves at the sight of the 3075:Luminance, reflectivity, and coloration 2901: 2892: 14: 10801: 10403: 10125: 9777: 9712: 9666: 8878: 8751: 8714: 8580: 8199:. World Scientific. pp. 154–155. 8193:Athéna Coustenis; F.W. Taylor (2008). 8058: 7838:"Mars Clouds Higher Than Any on Earth" 7710: 7688: 7295: 7201:"Curiosities-Green sky before tornado" 7108:"Luminance, International Cloud Atlas" 6558: 6546: 6522:"Roll cloud formation on cumulonimbus" 6485: 6287:"Varieties, International Cloud Atlas" 6098: 5970:"Nebulosus, International Cloud Atlas" 5274:Altostratus, International Cloud Atlas 4799: 4384:Elementary Meteorology Online (2013). 4259:Elementary Meteorology Online (2013). 3555:) were the breasts of the sky goddess 1778:, yielding the respective genus names 1659:(high-level, strato- prefix dropped), 10377: 9404: 8953: 8772: 8723: 8589: 8412: 8141:(1 ed.). Springer. p. 115. 8134: 8115: 8067:. National Geographic. Archived from 7949:(1 ed.). Springer. p. 118. 7910:"Big Mystery: Jupiter Loses a Stripe" 6954:JetStream – Online School for Weather 6942: 6466:"Features, International Cloud Atlas" 6259:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation 5995:"Fibratus, International Cloud Atlas" 5870: 5864: 5799:Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 5080:from the original on 26 February 2005 4468: 4466: 4261:"Humidity, Saturation, and Stability" 3874: 3571:through the desert in the form of a " 8783: 8755:Popular Culture in the Ancient World 8168:. New York: Chelsea House. pp. 7496: 7365: 5945:"Species, International Cloud Atlas" 5825: 5497:"Drizzle, International Cloud Atlas" 5475:"Stratus, International Cloud Atlas" 5453:"Cumulus, International Cloud Atlas" 4778: 4497:About NLCs, Polar Mesospheric Clouds 4186: 3967:E.C. Barrett and C.K. Grant (1976). 3386:the formation of noctilucent cloud. 3080:reflectance (70–95%) throughout the 3048:Divergence along high pressure zones 2964:Convergence along low-pressure zones 2800:, also known more informally as the 2569:Cirrus fibratus radiatus over ESO's 1996: 1861:(Ac) for stratocumuliform types and 1689: 1429: 10150:Stratocumulus stratiformis (Sc str) 10145:Stratocumulus lenticularis (Sc len) 9076:Convective condensation level (CCL) 8882:The Weather Identification Handbook 8302: 8196:Titan: Exploring an Earthlike World 7985:. Lunar & Planetary Institute. 7862:. 19 September 2008. Archived from 7137:, Royal Geographical Society, 2010. 6868:"Cloud Fraction : Global Maps" 6597: 6244: 6220:Sutherland, Scott (23 March 2017). 4811:"Cirrus, International Cloud Atlas" 4435:Lee M. Grenci; Jon M. Nese (2001). 3397: 2771: 1476:lift occur in the troposphere when 1358:, the study of clouds and weather. 56: 10135:Stratocumulus castellanus (Sc cas) 9691:Cirrocumulus stratiformis (Cc str) 9686:Cirrocumulus lenticularis (Cc len) 9282:Equivalent potential temperature ( 8933:Monthly maps of global cloud cover 8116:Boyle, Rebecca (18 October 2012). 7992:from the original on 18 April 2007 7980:"Dynamics of Jupiter's Atmosphere" 7836:SPACE.com staff (28 August 2006). 6598:Fox, Karen C. (30 December 2014). 5163:10.1111/j.2153-3490.1953.tb01032.x 5122:from the original on 11 April 2006 4485:Fundamentals of Physical Geography 4463: 4386:"Lifting Along Frontal Boundaries" 2804:. It is formed by the warm, humid 2688:Cloud-based supplementary features 2427: 1541:the stratosphere and mesosphere. 1029:Various clouds seen from above in 57: 10825: 9807:Altocumulus stratiformis (Ac str) 9802:Altocumulus lenticularis (Ac len) 9676:Cirrocumulus castellanus (Cc cas) 9134:Conditional symmetric instability 8980:Meteorological data and variables 8921: 8628:Daily Life in Ancient Mesopotamia 8231:. 3 February 2011. Archived from 7852:"Clouds Move Across Mars Horizon" 6950:"Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone" 6713:Kore.n, I.; Feingold, G. (2013). 6635:Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 6559:Ludlum, David McWilliams (2000). 5758:"cloud: Classification of Clouds" 5563:"Difference Between Mist and Fog" 4725:E.C. Barrett; C.K. Grant (1976). 4308:Freud, E.; Rosenfeld, D. (2012). 3710:Atmospheric Radiation Measurement 2928: 2741:World Meteorological Organization 2279:Multi-level or moderate vertical 1981:World Meteorological Organization 1253:Multi-level or moderate vertical 945:more informally characterized as 10783: 10782: 9912:Cumulonimbus capillatus (Cb cap) 9787:Altocumulus castellanus (Ac cas) 9545:polar stratospheric clouds (PSC) 9081:Lifting condensation level (LCL) 8834: 8804: 8324: 8303:Chu, Jennifer (2 October 2013). 8213: 8162:Elkins-Tanton, Linda T. (2006). 8059:Minard, Anne (14 October 2008). 8004: 7971: 7936: 7901: 7829: 7470: 7445: 7400: 7359: 7340: 6999: 6885: 6860: 6840: 6789: 6763: 6520:Aerographer/Meteorology (2012). 6318:Aerographer/Meteorology (2012). 6228:. Pelmorex Media. Archived from 6032:"Clouds – Species and Varieties" 5919:from the original on 2 May 2019. 5900:10.1111/j.1600-0870.2008.00331.x 5355:"Mid Level Clouds – Altocumulus" 4682:. Cengage Learning. p. 40. 4521:Glossary of Meteorology (2009). 3693: 3430:'s thick clouds are composed of 3219: 3199: 3183: 3171: 3155: 3143: 2861:Other genitus and mutatus clouds 2815: 2560: 2532: 2051:, local very heavy downpours of 1953:Multi-level or moderate vertical 720: 10091:St-only genitus cloud and other 9727:Cirrostratus nebulosus (Cs neb) 9066:Cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) 8851: 7229:. Nelson Thornes. p. 101. 7149:Chemical & Engineering News 7006:Williams, Jack (27 June 1997). 6591: 6377:"Clouds: Their curious natures" 6342: 5852: 5724: 5710:. Academic Press. p. 211. 4718: 4669: 4640: 4609: 4589:Pearce, Robert Penrose (2002). 4545: 4527:American Meteorological Society 4514: 4314:Journal of Geophysical Research 4301: 2958: 2618: 1517:resulting from orographic lift. 829:Clouds are seen in the Earth's 10160:Stratocumulus volutus (Sc vol) 10140:Stratocumulus floccus (Sc flo) 9921:Cb-only supplementary features 9722:Cirrostratus fibratus (Cs fib) 9329:Wet-bulb potential temperature 9171:Level of free convection (LFC) 8662:. Sydney: Living Water Books. 7908:Phillips, Tony (20 May 2010). 7223:"10. Cities and Air Pollution" 6251:Abbie Thomas (7 August 2003). 4781:"Stratiform or Stratus Clouds" 4595:. Academic Press. p. 66. 3900: 3848: 3823: 3030:Intertropical Convergence Zone 2970:Intertropical Convergence Zone 2841:cloud. One example of this is 2631: 814:, or when it gains sufficient 13: 1: 10814:Clouds, fog and precipitation 10098:Stratus silvagenitus (St sil) 9956:Cumulonimbus flumen ((Cb flu) 9949:Cb-only accessories and other 9797:Altocumulus lacunosus (Ac la) 9681:Cirrocumulus floccus (Cc flo) 9372:Pressure-gradient force (PGF) 9294:Sea surface temperature (SST) 9129:Convective momentum transport 8857: 8590:Gertz, Jan Christian (2014). 7283: 7128:Increasing Cloud Reflectivity 6406:. Penguin Group. p. 20. 5819:10.1016/S0031-0182(00)00192-9 5691: 4652:"Virga and Dry Thunderstorms" 4592:Meteorology at the Millennium 4508: 4107:Frisinger, H. Howard (1972). 3817: 2749:Kelvin–Helmholtz (wave) cloud 1733: 1135:Noctilucent billows or whirls 9907:Cumulonimbus calvus (Cb cal) 9812:Altocumulus volutus (Ac vol) 9792:Altocumulus floccus (Ac flo) 9486:Noctilucent type III billows 9186:Bulk Richardson number (BRN) 8858:Ackerman, Steven A. (2011). 8254:Elizabeth Zubritsky (2016). 8135:Irwin, Patrick (July 2003). 7646:Project Possum, ed. (2017). 7633:10.1016/0032-0633(82)90126-X 7576:Observing Noctilucent Clouds 7372:Geophysical Research Letters 6857:at earthobservatory.nasa.gov 6350:"Sculpting La Silla's Skies" 6324:meteorologytraining.tpub.com 4989:10.1126/science.186.4164.632 3567:is described as guiding the 3404:Extraterrestrial atmospheres 2812:clouds and does not rotate. 2755:. The supplementary feature 2519: 2059:, and a variety of types of 1890: 1832: 1716:surface weather observations 1407: 1036: 961:and further subdivided into 7: 9861:Nimbostratus virga (Ns vir) 9604:Cirrus castellanus (Ci cas) 9390:Maximum potential intensity 9156:Free convective layer (FCL) 9119:Convective inhibition (CIN) 8879:Dunlop, Storm (June 2003). 8364:10.1088/2041-8205/776/2/L25 7946:Saturn from Cassini-Huygens 7613:Planetary and Space Science 6565:. Alfred A. Knopf. p. 5068:"WMO cloud classifications" 5031:. Retrieved on 16 May 2007. 4474:"Cloud Formation Processes" 3887:Online Etymology Dictionary 3686: 3629:in 423 BC, the philosopher 3625:and first performed at the 3438:'s surface and can produce 3270:Cumuliform cloudscape over 2843:stratocumulus cumulogenitus 2493:, then strongly convective 2480:Unstable or mostly unstable 2286:* no differentiated species 2202:* no differentiated species 1857:, yielding the genus names 1578:Tropospheric classification 973:, but have no Latin names. 648:Severe weather terminology 110:Temperate and polar seasons 83:International Space Station 10: 10830: 10082:Stratus nebulosus (St neb) 10016:Cumulus congestus (Cu con) 10010:Cumulus mediocris (Cu med) 9645:Cirrus vertebratus (Ci ve) 9489:Noctilucent type IV whirls 9324:Wet-bulb globe temperature 9181:Maximum parcel level (MPL) 8090:Taylor Redd, Nola (2012). 6979:Kushnir, Yochanan (2000). 4833:Boundary-Layer Meteorology 4554:"Approaches to saturation" 4286:Horstmeyer, Steve (2008). 3731:Cloud Appreciation Society 3669:alike as their "friends". 3605:is a 14th-century work of 3477:, but are all composed of 3401: 3345:Polar stratospheric clouds 3247: 3243: 3051: 2994:composite satellite image. 2967: 2932: 2716:cumulonimbus with mammatus 2635: 2095: 2009:, releasing a heavy shower 1693: 1581: 1558:Adding moisture to the air 1411: 1398:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe 1329: 58: 10778: 10691: 10650: 10641: 10598: 10520: 10462: 10412: 10335: 10294: 10248: 10239: 10197: 10172: 10116: 10090: 10067: 10058: 10033: 9990: 9979: 9948: 9939:Cumulonimbus murus ((mur) 9928:Cumulonimbus cauda ((cau) 9920: 9897: 9886: 9877: 9842: 9824: 9768: 9759: 9739: 9703: 9657: 9632: 9619:Cirrus spissatus (Ci spa) 9594: 9585: 9576: 9567: 9541: 9522: 9504: 9483:Noctilucent type II bands 9450: 9380: 9342: 9304:Thermodynamic temperature 9238:Forest fire weather index 9194: 9104: 9051: 8985: 8945:International Cloud Atlas 8697:Socrates and Aristophanes 8334:The Astrophysical Journal 8038:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 8034:"Thunderheads on Jupiter" 7914:Nasa Headline News – 2010 7648:"About Noctiluent Clouds" 7161:10.1021/cen-v073n007.p033 6898:. Springer. p. 403. 5704:Houze, Robert A. (1994). 5672:"Glossary of Meteorology" 5645:Plymouth State University 5218:10.1109/PCCGA.2001.962893 5113:Colorado State University 5019:How to read weather maps. 4756:Pilotfriend, ed. (2016). 4679:Introductory horticulture 4499:, from Atmospheric optics 4288:"Cloud Drops, Rain Drops" 4263:. vsc.edu. Archived from 2398: 1440:cloud condensation nuclei 810:when it is cooled to its 10077:Stratus fractus (St fra) 10005:Cumulus humilis (Cu hum) 9984:Variable vertical extent 9934:Cumulonimbus incus (inc) 9609:Cirrus fibratus (Ci fib) 9480:Noctilucent type I veils 9474:Polar mesospheric clouds 9226:Equivalent temperature ( 9139:Convective temperature ( 9023:Surface weather analysis 8864:. Jones & Bartlett. 8656:Gelbert, Carlos (2011). 8065:National Geographic News 7349:"A World Without Clouds" 6922:Wei-hung, Leung (2010). 6375:Cumulus-skynews (2013). 6157:10.1175/2008WAF2222118.1 5731:Hatheway, Becca (2009). 5561:Met Office, ed. (2017). 5424:Met Office, ed. (2016). 5353:Met Office, ed. (2017). 5029:National Weather Service 4648:National Weather Service 4622:National Weather Service 4479:20 December 2008 at the 3881:Harper, Douglas (2012). 3835:National Weather Service 2873:(Latin for 'man-made'). 2377:Altocumulus lenticularis 1746:upper-left merging into 1326:History of cloud science 818:(usually in the form of 39:latest accepted revision 10155:Stratocumulus Undulatus 9640:Cirrus intortus (Ci in) 9624:Cirrus uncinus (Ci unc) 9614:Cirrus floccus (Ci flo) 9273:Potential temperature ( 9018:Surface solar radiation 8914:Sixth Assessment Report 8623:Nemet-Nejat, Karen Rhea 7625:1982P&SS...30.1147T 7221:Nagle, Garrett (1998). 6846:For a larger image see 6656:10.5194/acp-6-1185-2006 6136:Weather and Forecasting 6036:University of Minnesota 4654:. Spokane, Washington: 4552:Fovell, Robert (2004). 3517:In culture and religion 2337:Stable or mostly stable 1961:Nimbostratus with virga 1652:Stratocumuliform clouds 1480:air is forced aloft at 1332:Timeline of meteorology 1070: 1062: 1055: 957:can be subdivided into 798:body or similar space. 10295:Supplementary features 10175:supplementary features 9263:Relative humidity (RH) 9151:Equilibrium level (EL) 9124:Convective instability 7668:Fox, Karen C. (2013). 7439:10.1175/2008JCLI1995.1 7318:10.1098/rsta.2002.1141 7059:10.1175/2011JCLI4149.1 6799:. McGraw-Hill (1963): 6775:NASA Earth Observatory 6606:. NASA. Archived from 5612:Clouds Online (2012). 5024:1 January 2015 at the 4932:Journal of Meteorology 4203:. KNMI. Archived from 3761:Cloudscape photography 3602:The Cloud of Unknowing 3544: 3419: 3371: 3341: 3275: 3042:extratropical cyclones 3013: 2995: 2944: 2857: 2829: 2647: 2599: 2573: 2542: 2505: 2437: 2380: 2018: 2010: 1962: 1914: 1911:Cumulus humilis clouds 1903: 1850: 1842: 1755: 1600: 1518: 1484:and around centers of 1465: 1376: 1106:mostly non-convective 1046: 1033: 709:Tropical cyclone terms 85: 61:Cloud (disambiguation) 10338:and human-made clouds 9834:Altostratus undulatus 9543:Nitric acid and water 8694:Strauss, Leo (1966). 8631:. Greenwood. p. 7810:Shiga, David (2006). 7081:PMF IAS, ed. (2015). 6795:Theodore von Kármán, 5871:Renno, N. O. (2008). 5639:Koermer, Jim (2011). 4523:"Radiational cooling" 4472:Pidwirny, M. (2006). 3524: 3459:ammonium hydrosulfide 3411: 3366: 3339: 3313:climate sensitivities 3269: 3010:click for more detail 3006: 2989: 2974:Extratropical cyclone 2942: 2855: 2823: 2655:from the main cloud. 2645: 2597: 2568: 2540: 2503: 2435: 2375: 2016: 2004: 1960: 1909: 1898: 1869:on satellite images. 1848: 1840: 1741: 1595: 1582:Further information: 1545:Non-adiabatic cooling 1508: 1463: 1385:Jean-Baptiste Lamarck 1373: 1044: 1028: 977:atmospheres of other 833:, which includes the 316:Extratropical cyclone 240:Air-mass thunderstorm 76: 10663:Evolutionary history 9352:Atmospheric pressure 9319:Wet-bulb temperature 9221:Dry-bulb temperature 9216:Dew point depression 8724:Roche, Paul (2005). 7676:on 24 September 2013 7393:10.1029/2005GL023851 6499:"Cumulonimbus Incus" 6398:Pretor-Pinney, Gavin 6030:Boyd, Sylke (2008). 4926:Stommel, H. (1947). 4335:10.1029/2011JD016457 3791:Pileus (meteorology) 3771:Extraterrestrial sky 3614:ancient Greek comedy 3591:("clouds"; e.g., in 2935:Karman vortex street 2902:Stratocumulus fields 2893:Large scale patterns 2571:La Silla Observatory 2549:(thin translucent), 2121:mostly nonconvective 1488:by a process called 1001:, as well as water. 896:to derive ten basic 676:Weather modification 274:Anticyclonic tornado 59:For other uses, see 10600:Natural environment 10356:Homomutatus (homut) 10352:Homogenitus (hogen) 10322:Praecipitatio (pra) 9534:Lenticular nacreous 9314:Virtual temperature 9299:Temperature anomaly 8993:Adiabatic processes 8816:Discover the Forest 8784:Ding, Ersu (2010). 8558:10.1038/nature12888 8550:2014Natur.505...69K 8496:10.1038/nature12887 8488:2014Natur.505...66K 8427:2014Natur.505...31M 8356:2013ApJ...776L..25D 7856:Phoenix Photographs 7547:Les Cowley (2011). 7484:on 14 November 2011 7421:2008JCli...21.4974M 7384:2005GeoRL..3220806B 7310:2003RSPTA.361..557F 7254:"Cloud Climatology" 7133:11 May 2013 at the 7050:2011JCli...24.6035C 7034:"Subtropical Ridge" 6853:29 May 2010 at the 6731:2013NatSR...3E2507K 6647:2006ACP.....6.1185G 6610:on 20 November 2021 6330:on 21 December 2012 6253:"Soaring the glory" 6226:The Weather Network 6148:2008WtFor..23.1280C 6042:on 30 December 2010 5892:2008TellA..60..688R 5811:2000PPP...164..281S 5155:1953Tell....5...27S 4981:1974Sci...186..632M 4944:1947JAtS....4...91S 4845:1995BoLMe..73..373L 4628:on 24 December 2008 4570:on 25 February 2009 4326:2012JGRD..117.2207F 4231:"Adiabatic Process" 4210:on 25 February 2009 4109:"Aristotle and his 4088:on 16 November 2011 3912:The Free Dictionary 3806:Undulatus asperatus 3607:Christian mysticism 2953:Theodore von Kármán 2760:lacunosus holes. A 2743:(WMO). The feature 2646:Clouds on mountains 2638:List of cloud types 2466:Gulf of Carpentaria 1682:Cumulonimbus clouds 1584:List of cloud types 1111:limited-convective 1011:climate sensitivity 671:Weather forecasting 507:Rain and snow mixed 333:Subtropical cyclone 29:Page version status 10118:Stratocumulus (Sc) 10105:(Fg) Surface level 10046:Trade wind cumulus 9531:Cirriform nacreous 9086:Precipitable water 8071:on 16 October 2008 7589:on 31 October 2008 7409:Journal of Climate 7038:Journal of Climate 6930:on 26 October 2019 6719:Scientific Reports 5017:JetStream (2008). 4853:10.1007/BF00712679 4787:on 23 January 2015 4779:NASA, ed. (2015). 4616:JetStream (2008). 3751:Clouds (sculpture) 3638:at the sight of a 3545: 3540:, as described in 3420: 3375:Noctilucent clouds 3372: 3342: 3276: 3014: 2996: 2945: 2858: 2830: 2697:cumulonimbus incus 2648: 2600: 2574: 2543: 2506: 2470:Northern Australia 2438: 2381: 2350:sheets of stratus 2307:Towering vertical 2168:limited convective 2136:strong convective 2126:limited-convective 2019: 2011: 1963: 1915: 1904: 1851: 1843: 1790:(or informally as 1756: 1601: 1519: 1466: 1377: 1365:hydrological cycle 1232:Towering vertical 1121:strong-convective 1047: 1034: 940:. In both cases, 727:Weather portal 343:Atlantic hurricane 321:European windstorm 228:Volcanic lightning 189:Cumulonimbus cloud 86: 35: 10796: 10795: 10774: 10773: 10447:chemical elements 10371: 10370: 10367: 10366: 10363: 10362: 10281:Translucidus (tr) 10235: 10234: 10168: 10167: 10112: 10111: 10054: 10053: 9975: 9974: 9891:Towering vertical 9888:Cumulonimbus (Cb) 9873: 9872: 9869: 9868: 9844:Nimbostratus (Ns) 9820: 9819: 9755: 9754: 9735: 9734: 9705:Cirrostratus (Cs) 9699: 9698: 9659:Cirrocumulus (Cc) 9653: 9652: 9633:Ci-only varieties 9563: 9562: 9559: 9558: 9500: 9499: 9496: 9495: 9398: 9397: 9367:Pressure gradient 9176:Lifted index (LI) 8937:Earth Observatory 8892:978-1-58574-857-0 8871:978-0-7637-8927-5 8822:on 4 October 2023 8797:978-1-4426-4048-1 8765:978-1-107-07489-7 8735:978-0-451-21409-6 8707:978-0-226-77719-1 8605:978-90-04-28266-7 8284:on 9 January 2019 8206:978-981-270-501-3 8179:978-0-8160-5197-7 8148:978-3-540-00681-7 7956:978-1-4020-9216-9 7796:978-0-8165-1830-2 7619:(11): 1147–1181. 7549:"Nacreous clouds" 7462:IPCC AR6 WG1 2021 7415:(19): 4974–4991. 7366:Bony, S. (2005). 7236:978-0-17-490022-1 6987:on 22 August 2004 6960:. 24 October 2007 6905:978-3-540-26263-3 6813:978-0-486-43485-8 6805:978-0-07-067602-2 6739:10.1038/srep02507 6576:978-0-679-40851-2 6413:978-1-101-20331-6 5717:978-0-08-050210-6 5541:"Stratus and Fog" 5288:978-92-63-10407-6 5227:978-0-7695-1227-3 4975:(4164): 632–634. 4907:. 16 October 2005 4689:978-0-7668-1567-4 4602:978-0-12-548035-2 4448:978-0-7872-7716-1 4229:Nave, R. (2013). 4172:978-92-63-10407-6 3801:Sunshine duration 3674:duplicatus clouds 3368:Noctilucent cloud 3289:greenhouse effect 3226:Particles in the 3164:cloud iridescence 3162:An occurrence of 3069:subtropical ridge 3054:Subtropical ridge 3004: 2602:Another variety, 2334: 2333: 2288:(always nebulous) 2204:(always nebulous) 2124:Stratocumuliform 2028:cumulus congestus 1997:Towering vertical 1990:cumulus mediocris 1764:temperate regions 1724:geographical zone 1690:Levels and genera 1671:Cumuliform clouds 1629:(low-level), and 1614:stratiform clouds 1461: 1435:Adiabatic cooling 1430:Adiabatic cooling 1323: 1322: 1266:Cumulus mediocris 1242:Cumulus congestus 1138:Noctilucent bands 1109:Stratocumuliform 1026: 790:suspended in the 761: 760: 26: 16:(Redirected from 10821: 10786: 10785: 10658: 10648: 10647: 10588:tropical cyclone 10538: 10398: 10391: 10384: 10375: 10374: 10246: 10245: 10226:Actinoform cloud 10123: 10122: 10065: 10064: 9988: 9987: 9962:Overshooting top 9895: 9894: 9884: 9883: 9851: 9850: 9826:Altostratus (As) 9775: 9774: 9770:Altocumulus (Ac) 9766: 9765: 9710: 9709: 9664: 9663: 9592: 9591: 9583: 9582: 9574: 9573: 9520: 9519: 9511: 9510: 9466: 9465: 9457: 9456: 9425: 9418: 9411: 9402: 9401: 8974: 8967: 8960: 8951: 8950: 8917: 8911: 8896: 8875: 8846: 8845: 8838: 8832: 8831: 8829: 8827: 8818:. Archived from 8808: 8802: 8801: 8781: 8770: 8769: 8749: 8740: 8739: 8721: 8712: 8711: 8691: 8674: 8673: 8653: 8647: 8646: 8619: 8610: 8609: 8587: 8578: 8577: 8543: 8522: 8516: 8515: 8481: 8461: 8455: 8454: 8410: 8404: 8403: 8401: 8399: 8382: 8376: 8375: 8349: 8328: 8322: 8321: 8319: 8317: 8300: 8294: 8293: 8291: 8289: 8280:. Archived from 8273: 8267: 8266: 8264: 8262: 8251: 8245: 8244: 8242: 8240: 8235:on 16 April 2011 8217: 8211: 8210: 8190: 8184: 8183: 8159: 8153: 8152: 8132: 8126: 8125: 8113: 8107: 8106: 8104: 8102: 8087: 8081: 8080: 8078: 8076: 8056: 8050: 8049: 8047: 8045: 8030: 8024: 8023: 8021: 8019: 8008: 8002: 8001: 7999: 7997: 7991: 7984: 7975: 7969: 7968: 7940: 7934: 7933: 7931: 7929: 7924:on 20 April 2011 7920:. Archived from 7905: 7899: 7898: 7896: 7894: 7882: 7876: 7875: 7873: 7871: 7848: 7842: 7841: 7833: 7827: 7826: 7824: 7822: 7807: 7801: 7800: 7780: 7774: 7773: 7771: 7769: 7758: 7752: 7751: 7749: 7747: 7736: 7730: 7729: 7727: 7725: 7714: 7708: 7707: 7705: 7703: 7692: 7686: 7685: 7683: 7681: 7672:. Archived from 7665: 7659: 7658: 7656: 7654: 7643: 7637: 7636: 7608: 7599: 7598: 7596: 7594: 7588: 7581: 7570: 7564: 7563: 7561: 7559: 7544: 7538: 7537: 7535: 7533: 7522: 7516: 7515: 7513: 7511: 7500: 7494: 7493: 7491: 7489: 7474: 7468: 7466: 7458: 7449: 7443: 7442: 7432: 7404: 7398: 7397: 7395: 7363: 7357: 7356: 7344: 7338: 7337: 7304:(1804): 557–74. 7293: 7287: 7281: 7270: 7269: 7267: 7265: 7250: 7241: 7240: 7218: 7212: 7211: 7209: 7207: 7196: 7190: 7189: 7187: 7185: 7174: 7165: 7164: 7144: 7138: 7125: 7119: 7118: 7116: 7114: 7103: 7094: 7093: 7091: 7089: 7078: 7072: 7071: 7061: 7029: 7023: 7022: 7020: 7018: 7003: 6997: 6996: 6994: 6992: 6983:. Archived from 6976: 6970: 6969: 6967: 6965: 6946: 6940: 6939: 6937: 6935: 6919: 6910: 6909: 6889: 6883: 6882: 6880: 6878: 6864: 6858: 6844: 6838: 6837: 6835: 6833: 6827:"Vortex Streets" 6822: 6816: 6807:. Dover (1994): 6793: 6787: 6786: 6784: 6782: 6777:. 5 October 2005 6767: 6761: 6760: 6750: 6710: 6704: 6703: 6701: 6699: 6688: 6679: 6678: 6668: 6666:2060/20080015842 6658: 6641:(5): 1185–1200. 6626: 6620: 6619: 6617: 6615: 6595: 6589: 6588: 6556: 6550: 6544: 6538: 6537: 6535: 6533: 6524:. Archived from 6517: 6511: 6510: 6508: 6506: 6495: 6489: 6488:, pp. 77–78 6483: 6477: 6476: 6474: 6472: 6461: 6440: 6439: 6437: 6435: 6424: 6418: 6417: 6394: 6388: 6387: 6385: 6383: 6372: 6366: 6365: 6363: 6361: 6346: 6340: 6339: 6337: 6335: 6326:. Archived from 6315: 6298: 6297: 6295: 6293: 6282: 6269: 6268: 6266: 6264: 6248: 6242: 6241: 6239: 6237: 6217: 6206: 6205: 6203: 6201: 6190: 6184: 6183: 6181: 6179: 6168: 6162: 6161: 6159: 6127: 6121: 6120: 6118: 6116: 6105: 6096: 6095: 6093: 6091: 6080: 6074: 6073: 6071: 6069: 6058: 6052: 6051: 6049: 6047: 6038:. Archived from 6027: 6006: 6005: 6003: 6001: 5990: 5981: 5980: 5978: 5976: 5965: 5956: 5955: 5953: 5951: 5940: 5921: 5920: 5918: 5911: 5877: 5868: 5862: 5856: 5850: 5849: 5847: 5845: 5829: 5823: 5822: 5805:(1–4): 281–329. 5794: 5788: 5787: 5785: 5783: 5772: 5766: 5765: 5754: 5748: 5747: 5745: 5743: 5728: 5722: 5721: 5701: 5695: 5689: 5683: 5682: 5680: 5678: 5667: 5661: 5660: 5658: 5656: 5647:. Archived from 5636: 5625: 5624: 5622: 5620: 5609: 5596: 5595: 5593: 5591: 5580: 5574: 5573: 5571: 5569: 5558: 5552: 5551: 5549: 5547: 5536: 5530: 5529: 5527: 5525: 5514: 5508: 5507: 5505: 5503: 5492: 5486: 5485: 5483: 5481: 5470: 5464: 5463: 5461: 5459: 5448: 5437: 5436: 5434: 5432: 5421: 5415: 5414: 5412: 5410: 5401:. Archived from 5394: 5388: 5387: 5385: 5383: 5372: 5366: 5365: 5363: 5361: 5350: 5344: 5343: 5341: 5339: 5328: 5322: 5321: 5319: 5317: 5306: 5300: 5299: 5297: 5295: 5268: 5262: 5261: 5259: 5257: 5246: 5240: 5239: 5211: 5195: 5189: 5188: 5186: 5184: 5173: 5167: 5166: 5138: 5132: 5131: 5129: 5127: 5121: 5110: 5101: 5090: 5089: 5087: 5085: 5079: 5072: 5063: 5054: 5053: 5051: 5049: 5038: 5032: 5015: 5009: 5008: 4964: 4958: 4957: 4955: 4923: 4917: 4916: 4914: 4912: 4897:"Cumulus clouds" 4893: 4887: 4886: 4884: 4882: 4871: 4865: 4864: 4828: 4822: 4821: 4819: 4817: 4806: 4797: 4796: 4794: 4792: 4783:. Archived from 4776: 4770: 4769: 4767: 4765: 4753: 4742: 4741: 4739: 4737: 4722: 4716: 4715: 4713: 4711: 4700: 4694: 4693: 4673: 4667: 4666: 4664: 4662: 4644: 4638: 4637: 4635: 4633: 4624:. Archived from 4613: 4607: 4606: 4586: 4580: 4579: 4577: 4575: 4569: 4563:. Archived from 4558: 4549: 4543: 4542: 4540: 4538: 4529:. Archived from 4518: 4512: 4506: 4500: 4494: 4488: 4470: 4461: 4460: 4432: 4423: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4413:. Weather Online 4407: 4398: 4397: 4395: 4393: 4381: 4375: 4374: 4372: 4370: 4361:. Archived from 4354: 4348: 4347: 4337: 4305: 4299: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4283: 4277: 4276: 4274: 4272: 4256: 4243: 4242: 4240: 4238: 4226: 4220: 4219: 4217: 4215: 4209: 4202: 4193: 4184: 4183: 4181: 4179: 4152: 4143: 4142: 4132: 4104: 4098: 4097: 4095: 4093: 4087: 4081:. Archived from 4080: 4071: 4060: 4059: 4057: 4055: 4044: 4027: 4026: 4024: 4022: 4011: 3984: 3983: 3981: 3979: 3964: 3955: 3954: 3952: 3950: 3939: 3924: 3923: 3921: 3919: 3904: 3898: 3897: 3895: 3893: 3878: 3872: 3871: 3869: 3867: 3861:The Conversation 3852: 3846: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3827: 3756:Cloudscape (art) 3716:Bioprecipitation 3703: 3698: 3697: 3575:" by day and a " 3481:. Saturn's moon 3398:Extraterrestrial 3293:greenhouse gases 3223: 3203: 3187: 3175: 3159: 3147: 3082:visible spectrum 3005: 2778:accessory clouds 2772:Accessory clouds 2681:downward growing 2418:accessory clouds 2134:Cumulonimbiform 2111:Forms and levels 2108: 2107: 2032:Towering cumulus 1641:Cirriform clouds 1462: 1147:Very high-level 1119:Cumulonimbiform 1116:free-convective 1087: 1086: 1073: 1065: 1058: 1027: 910:stratocumuliform 753: 746: 739: 725: 724: 338:Tropical cyclone 250:Dry thunderstorm 145:Tropical seasons 88: 87: 77:Cloudscape over 47:9 September 2024 21: 10829: 10828: 10824: 10823: 10822: 10820: 10819: 10818: 10799: 10798: 10797: 10792: 10770: 10687: 10656: 10637: 10594: 10536: 10516: 10507:Gaia hypothesis 10497:Plate tectonics 10458: 10408: 10402: 10372: 10359: 10348: 10337: 10331: 10302:Asperitas (asp) 10290: 10271:Perlucidus (pe) 10256:Duplicatus (du) 10241: 10231: 10228:(Stratocumulus) 10201:accessory cloud 10199: 10193: 10174: 10164: 10108: 10086: 10050: 10029: 9983: 9971: 9944: 9916: 9890: 9879: 9865: 9846: 9838: 9816: 9761: 9751: 9741: 9740:High-level-only 9731: 9695: 9649: 9628: 9578: 9555: 9544: 9537: 9515: 9514:Very high-level 9492: 9473: 9461: 9446: 9429: 9399: 9394: 9376: 9338: 9288: 9232: 9210: 9190: 9145: 9100: 9047: 8981: 8978: 8924: 8909: 8893: 8885:. Lyons Press. 8872: 8854: 8849: 8844:. 20 July 2015. 8840: 8839: 8835: 8825: 8823: 8810: 8809: 8805: 8798: 8782: 8773: 8766: 8750: 8743: 8736: 8722: 8715: 8708: 8692: 8677: 8670: 8654: 8650: 8643: 8620: 8613: 8606: 8588: 8581: 8534:(7481): 69–72. 8523: 8519: 8472:(7481): 66–68. 8462: 8458: 8435:10.1038/505031a 8421:(7481): 31–32. 8411: 8407: 8397: 8395: 8383: 8379: 8329: 8325: 8315: 8313: 8301: 8297: 8287: 8285: 8274: 8270: 8260: 8258: 8252: 8248: 8238: 8236: 8219: 8218: 8214: 8207: 8191: 8187: 8180: 8160: 8156: 8149: 8133: 8129: 8122:Popular Science 8114: 8110: 8100: 8098: 8088: 8084: 8074: 8072: 8057: 8053: 8043: 8041: 8032: 8031: 8027: 8017: 8015: 8009: 8005: 7995: 7993: 7989: 7982: 7976: 7972: 7957: 7941: 7937: 7927: 7925: 7906: 7902: 7892: 7890: 7883: 7879: 7869: 7867: 7850: 7849: 7845: 7834: 7830: 7820: 7818: 7808: 7804: 7797: 7781: 7777: 7767: 7765: 7759: 7755: 7745: 7743: 7737: 7733: 7723: 7721: 7715: 7711: 7701: 7699: 7693: 7689: 7679: 7677: 7666: 7662: 7652: 7650: 7644: 7640: 7609: 7602: 7592: 7590: 7586: 7579: 7571: 7567: 7557: 7555: 7545: 7541: 7531: 7529: 7523: 7519: 7509: 7507: 7501: 7497: 7487: 7485: 7476: 7475: 7471: 7456: 7450: 7446: 7430:10.1.1.620.6314 7405: 7401: 7364: 7360: 7353:Quanta Magazine 7345: 7341: 7294: 7290: 7282: 7273: 7263: 7261: 7252: 7251: 7244: 7237: 7219: 7215: 7205: 7203: 7197: 7193: 7183: 7181: 7175: 7168: 7145: 7141: 7135:Wayback Machine 7126: 7122: 7112: 7110: 7104: 7097: 7087: 7085: 7079: 7075: 7030: 7026: 7016: 7014: 7004: 7000: 6990: 6988: 6977: 6973: 6963: 6961: 6948: 6947: 6943: 6933: 6931: 6920: 6913: 6906: 6890: 6886: 6876: 6874: 6866: 6865: 6861: 6855:Wayback Machine 6845: 6841: 6831: 6829: 6823: 6819: 6794: 6790: 6780: 6778: 6769: 6768: 6764: 6711: 6707: 6697: 6695: 6689: 6682: 6627: 6623: 6613: 6611: 6596: 6592: 6577: 6557: 6553: 6545: 6541: 6531: 6529: 6518: 6514: 6504: 6502: 6497: 6496: 6492: 6484: 6480: 6470: 6468: 6462: 6443: 6433: 6431: 6425: 6421: 6414: 6395: 6391: 6381: 6379: 6373: 6369: 6359: 6357: 6348: 6347: 6343: 6333: 6331: 6320:"Cloud Variety" 6316: 6301: 6291: 6289: 6283: 6272: 6262: 6260: 6249: 6245: 6235: 6233: 6218: 6209: 6199: 6197: 6191: 6187: 6177: 6175: 6169: 6165: 6128: 6124: 6114: 6112: 6106: 6099: 6089: 6087: 6081: 6077: 6067: 6065: 6059: 6055: 6045: 6043: 6028: 6009: 5999: 5997: 5991: 5984: 5974: 5972: 5966: 5959: 5949: 5947: 5941: 5924: 5916: 5875: 5869: 5865: 5857: 5853: 5843: 5841: 5830: 5826: 5795: 5791: 5781: 5779: 5773: 5769: 5756: 5755: 5751: 5741: 5739: 5729: 5725: 5718: 5702: 5698: 5690: 5686: 5676: 5674: 5668: 5664: 5654: 5652: 5637: 5628: 5618: 5616: 5610: 5599: 5589: 5587: 5581: 5577: 5567: 5565: 5559: 5555: 5545: 5543: 5537: 5533: 5523: 5521: 5515: 5511: 5501: 5499: 5493: 5489: 5479: 5477: 5471: 5467: 5457: 5455: 5449: 5440: 5430: 5428: 5426:"Stratocumulus" 5422: 5418: 5408: 5406: 5395: 5391: 5381: 5379: 5373: 5369: 5359: 5357: 5351: 5347: 5337: 5335: 5329: 5325: 5315: 5313: 5307: 5303: 5293: 5291: 5289: 5269: 5265: 5255: 5253: 5247: 5243: 5228: 5202:. p. 363. 5196: 5192: 5182: 5180: 5174: 5170: 5139: 5135: 5125: 5123: 5119: 5108: 5102: 5093: 5083: 5081: 5077: 5070: 5064: 5057: 5047: 5045: 5039: 5035: 5026:Wayback Machine 5016: 5012: 4965: 4961: 4924: 4920: 4910: 4908: 4895: 4894: 4890: 4880: 4878: 4872: 4868: 4829: 4825: 4815: 4813: 4807: 4800: 4790: 4788: 4777: 4773: 4763: 4761: 4754: 4745: 4735: 4733: 4723: 4719: 4709: 4707: 4701: 4697: 4690: 4674: 4670: 4660: 4658: 4650:Office (2009). 4645: 4641: 4631: 4629: 4614: 4610: 4603: 4587: 4583: 4573: 4571: 4567: 4556: 4550: 4546: 4536: 4534: 4519: 4515: 4507: 4503: 4495: 4491: 4483:, chapter 8 in 4481:Wayback Machine 4471: 4464: 4449: 4433: 4426: 4416: 4414: 4409: 4408: 4401: 4391: 4389: 4382: 4378: 4368: 4366: 4365:on 3 March 2016 4355: 4351: 4306: 4302: 4292: 4290: 4284: 4280: 4270: 4268: 4257: 4246: 4236: 4234: 4227: 4223: 4213: 4211: 4207: 4200: 4194: 4187: 4177: 4175: 4173: 4153: 4146: 4105: 4101: 4091: 4089: 4085: 4078: 4072: 4063: 4053: 4051: 4045: 4030: 4020: 4018: 4012: 3987: 3977: 3975: 3965: 3958: 3948: 3946: 3940: 3927: 3917: 3915: 3906: 3905: 3901: 3891: 3889: 3879: 3875: 3865: 3863: 3853: 3849: 3839: 3837: 3831:"Weather Terms" 3829: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3815: 3699: 3692: 3689: 3579:" by night. In 3573:pillar of cloud 3561:Exodus 13:21–22 3542:Exodus 13:21–22 3538:pillar of cloud 3519: 3488:Cassini–Huygens 3406: 3400: 3361: 3334: 3264: 3246: 3239: 3224: 3215: 3204: 3195: 3188: 3179: 3176: 3167: 3160: 3151: 3148: 3090:solar radiation 3077: 3065:horse latitudes 3060: 3052:Main articles: 3050: 2998: 2984: 2968:Main articles: 2966: 2961: 2937: 2931: 2904: 2895: 2863: 2818: 2774: 2690: 2661: 2640: 2634: 2621: 2563: 2535: 2522: 2482: 2430: 2428:Partly unstable 2420:under the name 2401: 2339: 2329: 2327: 2317: 2296: 2287: 2285: 2268: 2263: 2256: 2254: 2252: 2250: 2248: 2236: 2234: 2220: 2218: 2216: 2214: 2212: 2203: 2201: 2185: 2183: 2181: 2179: 2172: 2170: 2166: 2164: 2162: 2160: 2156: 2149: 2147: 2135: 2131:free-convective 2130: 2125: 2120: 2115: 2098: 2055:that may cause 1999: 1955: 1933:cumulus humilis 1900:Cumulus humilis 1893: 1835: 1750:right and some 1736: 1702: 1692: 1599:clouds in March 1597:Cirrus fibratus 1586: 1580: 1560: 1547: 1527:orographic lift 1453: 1432: 1416: 1410: 1383:in England and 1334: 1328: 1290:Cumulus humilis 1120: 1115: 1110: 1105: 1101:non-convective 1100: 1096: 1094: 1092: 1081: 1039: 1016: 914:cumulonimbiform 784:frozen crystals 757: 719: 714: 713: 689: 681: 680: 539: 529: 528: 441: 431: 430: 419:Ground blizzard 179: 169: 168: 147: 137: 136: 112: 81:, taken by the 69: 64: 55: 54: 53: 52: 51: 50: 34: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10827: 10817: 10816: 10811: 10794: 10793: 10791: 10790: 10779: 10776: 10775: 10772: 10771: 10769: 10768: 10761: 10760: 10759: 10754: 10744: 10743: 10742: 10737: 10732: 10731: 10730: 10720: 10719: 10718: 10703: 10698: 10692: 10689: 10688: 10686: 10685: 10675: 10670: 10665: 10660: 10651: 10645: 10639: 10638: 10636: 10635: 10630: 10625: 10620: 10615: 10610: 10604: 10602: 10596: 10595: 10593: 10592: 10591: 10590: 10585: 10575: 10570: 10565: 10560: 10555: 10550: 10545: 10540: 10532: 10526: 10524: 10518: 10517: 10515: 10514: 10509: 10504: 10499: 10494: 10489: 10484: 10474: 10468: 10466: 10460: 10459: 10457: 10456: 10451: 10450: 10449: 10444: 10434: 10429: 10424: 10418: 10416: 10410: 10409: 10401: 10400: 10393: 10386: 10378: 10369: 10368: 10365: 10364: 10361: 10360: 10358: 10357: 10354: 10349: 10345: 10341: 10339: 10336:Mother clouds 10333: 10332: 10330: 10329: 10324: 10319: 10314: 10309: 10304: 10298: 10296: 10292: 10291: 10289: 10288: 10286:Undulatus (un) 10283: 10278: 10273: 10268: 10263: 10261:Lacunosus (la) 10258: 10252: 10250: 10243: 10237: 10236: 10233: 10232: 10230: 10229: 10222: 10217: 10212: 10206: 10204: 10198:Low-level-only 10195: 10194: 10192: 10191: 10185: 10178: 10176: 10173:Low-level-only 10170: 10169: 10166: 10165: 10163: 10162: 10157: 10152: 10147: 10142: 10137: 10131: 10129: 10120: 10114: 10113: 10110: 10109: 10107: 10106: 10100: 10094: 10092: 10088: 10087: 10085: 10084: 10079: 10073: 10071: 10062: 10056: 10055: 10052: 10051: 10049: 10048: 10043: 10037: 10035: 10031: 10030: 10028: 10027: 10012: 10007: 10002: 9996: 9994: 9985: 9977: 9976: 9973: 9972: 9970: 9969: 9964: 9959: 9952: 9950: 9946: 9945: 9943: 9942: 9936: 9931: 9924: 9922: 9918: 9917: 9915: 9914: 9909: 9903: 9901: 9892: 9881: 9875: 9874: 9871: 9870: 9867: 9866: 9864: 9863: 9857: 9855: 9848: 9840: 9839: 9837: 9836: 9830: 9828: 9822: 9821: 9818: 9817: 9815: 9814: 9809: 9804: 9799: 9794: 9789: 9783: 9781: 9772: 9763: 9757: 9756: 9753: 9752: 9750: 9749: 9745: 9743: 9737: 9736: 9733: 9732: 9730: 9729: 9724: 9718: 9716: 9707: 9701: 9700: 9697: 9696: 9694: 9693: 9688: 9683: 9678: 9672: 9670: 9661: 9655: 9654: 9651: 9650: 9648: 9647: 9642: 9636: 9634: 9630: 9629: 9627: 9626: 9621: 9616: 9611: 9606: 9600: 9598: 9589: 9580: 9571: 9565: 9564: 9561: 9560: 9557: 9556: 9554: 9553: 9549: 9547: 9539: 9538: 9536: 9535: 9532: 9528: 9526: 9517: 9508: 9502: 9501: 9498: 9497: 9494: 9493: 9491: 9490: 9487: 9484: 9481: 9477: 9475: 9463: 9454: 9448: 9447: 9428: 9427: 9420: 9413: 9405: 9396: 9395: 9393: 9392: 9386: 9384: 9378: 9377: 9375: 9374: 9369: 9364: 9359: 9354: 9348: 9346: 9340: 9339: 9337: 9336: 9331: 9326: 9321: 9316: 9311: 9309:Vapor pressure 9306: 9301: 9296: 9291: 9286: 9279: 9270: 9265: 9260: 9255: 9250: 9245: 9240: 9235: 9230: 9223: 9218: 9213: 9208: 9200: 9198: 9192: 9191: 9189: 9188: 9183: 9178: 9173: 9168: 9163: 9158: 9153: 9148: 9143: 9136: 9131: 9126: 9121: 9116: 9110: 9108: 9102: 9101: 9099: 9098: 9093: 9088: 9083: 9078: 9073: 9068: 9063: 9057: 9055: 9049: 9048: 9046: 9045: 9040: 9035: 9030: 9025: 9020: 9015: 9010: 9005: 9000: 8995: 8989: 8987: 8983: 8982: 8977: 8976: 8969: 8962: 8954: 8948: 8947: 8939: 8935:, from NASA's 8930: 8923: 8922:External links 8920: 8919: 8918: 8897: 8891: 8876: 8870: 8853: 8850: 8848: 8847: 8833: 8803: 8796: 8771: 8764: 8741: 8734: 8713: 8706: 8675: 8668: 8648: 8642:978-0313294976 8641: 8611: 8604: 8579: 8517: 8456: 8405: 8377: 8323: 8295: 8268: 8246: 8212: 8205: 8185: 8178: 8154: 8147: 8127: 8108: 8082: 8051: 8025: 8003: 7970: 7955: 7935: 7900: 7877: 7866:on 2 June 2016 7843: 7828: 7802: 7795: 7775: 7753: 7731: 7709: 7687: 7660: 7638: 7600: 7565: 7553:atoptics.co.uk 7539: 7517: 7495: 7469: 7444: 7399: 7378:(20): L20806. 7358: 7339: 7288: 7271: 7242: 7235: 7213: 7191: 7166: 7139: 7120: 7095: 7073: 7024: 6998: 6971: 6941: 6911: 6904: 6884: 6859: 6839: 6817: 6788: 6762: 6705: 6680: 6621: 6590: 6575: 6551: 6539: 6528:on 18 May 2013 6512: 6490: 6478: 6441: 6419: 6412: 6389: 6367: 6341: 6299: 6270: 6243: 6232:on 31 May 2022 6207: 6185: 6163: 6122: 6097: 6075: 6053: 6007: 5982: 5957: 5922: 5886:(4): 688–699. 5863: 5851: 5840:on 27 May 2010 5824: 5789: 5767: 5762:Infoplease.com 5749: 5723: 5716: 5707:Cloud Dynamics 5696: 5684: 5662: 5651:on 1 July 2014 5626: 5597: 5575: 5553: 5531: 5509: 5487: 5465: 5438: 5416: 5405:on 10 May 2017 5389: 5367: 5345: 5323: 5301: 5287: 5263: 5241: 5226: 5209:10.1.1.76.7428 5190: 5168: 5133: 5091: 5055: 5033: 5010: 4959: 4918: 4888: 4866: 4839:(4): 373–409. 4823: 4798: 4771: 4743: 4717: 4695: 4688: 4668: 4639: 4608: 4601: 4581: 4544: 4533:on 12 May 2011 4513: 4501: 4489: 4462: 4447: 4424: 4411:"Mackerel sky" 4399: 4376: 4349: 4300: 4278: 4244: 4221: 4185: 4171: 4144: 4099: 4061: 4028: 3985: 3956: 3925: 3899: 3873: 3847: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3814: 3813: 3808: 3803: 3798: 3793: 3788: 3786:Mushroom cloud 3783: 3778: 3773: 3768: 3763: 3758: 3753: 3748: 3743: 3738: 3733: 3728: 3723: 3718: 3713: 3706: 3705: 3704: 3701:Weather portal 3688: 3685: 3577:pillar of fire 3518: 3515: 3463:Great Red Spot 3432:sulfur dioxide 3399: 3396: 3360: 3357: 3333: 3330: 3326:global warming 3262:Climate change 3258:Global dimming 3254:Cloud feedback 3245: 3242: 3241: 3240: 3225: 3218: 3216: 3205: 3198: 3196: 3189: 3182: 3180: 3177: 3170: 3168: 3161: 3154: 3152: 3149: 3142: 3076: 3073: 3049: 3046: 2965: 2962: 2960: 2957: 2933:Main article: 2930: 2929:Vortex streets 2927: 2926: 2925: 2922: 2915: 2903: 2900: 2894: 2891: 2862: 2859: 2817: 2814: 2773: 2770: 2689: 2686: 2677:upward-growing 2660: 2657: 2633: 2630: 2620: 2617: 2562: 2559: 2534: 2531: 2521: 2518: 2481: 2478: 2444:. The species 2429: 2426: 2400: 2397: 2338: 2335: 2332: 2331: 2322: 2314: 2312: 2310: 2308: 2304: 2303: 2301: 2293: 2291: 2289: 2280: 2276: 2275: 2273: 2258: 2251:* lenticularis 2249:* stratiformis 2243: 2241: 2229: 2225: 2224: 2222: 2217:* castellanus 2215:* lenticularis 2213:* stratiformis 2207: 2205: 2196: 2192: 2191: 2189: 2187: 2182:* lenticularis 2180:* stratiformis 2174: 2158:non-convective 2151: 2142: 2138: 2137: 2132: 2127: 2122: 2117: 2116:non-convective 2112: 2097: 2094: 2093: 2092: 2040: 2039: 1998: 1995: 1994: 1993: 1985: 1984: 1954: 1951: 1950: 1949: 1937: 1936: 1928: 1927: 1892: 1889: 1888: 1887: 1879: 1878: 1834: 1831: 1830: 1829: 1817: 1816: 1808: 1807: 1735: 1732: 1691: 1688: 1687: 1686: 1679: 1668: 1649: 1638: 1621:(high-level), 1612:Nonconvective 1579: 1576: 1559: 1556: 1546: 1543: 1531:lenticular cap 1509:Windy evening 1482:weather fronts 1431: 1428: 1412:Main article: 1409: 1406: 1330:Main article: 1327: 1324: 1321: 1320: 1318: 1316: 1314: 1312: 1303: 1302:Surface-level 1299: 1298: 1296: 1287: 1282: 1280: 1275: 1271: 1270: 1268: 1263: 1261: 1259: 1254: 1250: 1249: 1244: 1239: 1237: 1235: 1233: 1229: 1228: 1226: 1224: 1219: 1217: 1212: 1208: 1207: 1205: 1203: 1198: 1193: 1188: 1184: 1183: 1181: 1179: 1170: 1161: 1148: 1144: 1143: 1141: 1139: 1136: 1133: 1127: 1126:Extreme-level 1123: 1122: 1117: 1112: 1107: 1102: 1097: 1093: 1090: 1080: 1077: 1038: 1035: 1006:climate change 955:classification 759: 758: 756: 755: 748: 741: 733: 730: 729: 716: 715: 712: 711: 706: 701: 699:Climate change 696: 690: 687: 686: 683: 682: 679: 678: 673: 668: 667: 666: 665: 664: 659: 654: 646: 641: 634:Severe weather 631: 626: 621: 616: 611: 610: 609: 604: 594: 593: 592: 582: 577: 576: 575: 570: 565: 560: 552: 551: 546: 540: 535: 534: 531: 530: 527: 526: 525: 524: 519: 514: 509: 499: 494: 493: 492: 482: 477: 472: 471: 470: 468:Megacryometeor 460: 455: 454: 453: 442: 437: 436: 433: 432: 429: 428: 427: 426: 421: 416: 411: 401: 396: 391: 386: 385: 384: 374: 373: 372: 367: 357: 352: 351: 350: 345: 335: 330: 329: 328: 323: 313: 308: 303: 298: 293: 288: 287: 286: 281: 276: 266: 265: 264: 254: 253: 252: 247: 242: 232: 231: 230: 220: 219: 218: 213: 208: 198: 197: 196: 191: 180: 175: 174: 171: 170: 167: 166: 161: 160: 159: 148: 143: 142: 139: 138: 135: 134: 129: 124: 119: 113: 108: 107: 104: 103: 97: 96: 67: 36: 30: 27: 25: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10826: 10815: 10812: 10810: 10807: 10806: 10804: 10789: 10781: 10780: 10777: 10767: 10766: 10762: 10758: 10755: 10753: 10750: 10749: 10748: 10745: 10741: 10738: 10736: 10733: 10729: 10726: 10725: 10724: 10721: 10717: 10714: 10713: 10712: 10709: 10708: 10707: 10704: 10702: 10699: 10697: 10694: 10693: 10690: 10683: 10679: 10676: 10674: 10671: 10669: 10666: 10664: 10661: 10659: 10657:(abiogenesis) 10653: 10652: 10649: 10646: 10644: 10640: 10634: 10631: 10629: 10626: 10624: 10621: 10619: 10616: 10614: 10611: 10609: 10606: 10605: 10603: 10601: 10597: 10589: 10586: 10584: 10581: 10580: 10579: 10576: 10574: 10571: 10569: 10566: 10564: 10561: 10559: 10556: 10554: 10551: 10549: 10546: 10544: 10541: 10539: 10533: 10531: 10528: 10527: 10525: 10523: 10519: 10513: 10510: 10508: 10505: 10503: 10500: 10498: 10495: 10493: 10490: 10488: 10485: 10482: 10478: 10475: 10473: 10472:Earth science 10470: 10469: 10467: 10465: 10461: 10455: 10452: 10448: 10445: 10443: 10440: 10439: 10438: 10435: 10433: 10430: 10428: 10425: 10423: 10420: 10419: 10417: 10415: 10411: 10407: 10399: 10394: 10392: 10387: 10385: 10380: 10379: 10376: 10355: 10353: 10350: 10346: 10343: 10342: 10340: 10334: 10328: 10325: 10323: 10320: 10318: 10315: 10313: 10312:Fluctus (flu) 10310: 10308: 10305: 10303: 10300: 10299: 10297: 10293: 10287: 10284: 10282: 10279: 10277: 10276:Radiatus (ra) 10274: 10272: 10269: 10267: 10264: 10262: 10259: 10257: 10254: 10253: 10251: 10247: 10244: 10238: 10227: 10223: 10221: 10218: 10216: 10213: 10211: 10208: 10207: 10205: 10202: 10196: 10190:Funnel cloud) 10189: 10186: 10183: 10180: 10179: 10177: 10171: 10161: 10158: 10156: 10153: 10151: 10148: 10146: 10143: 10141: 10138: 10136: 10133: 10132: 10130: 10128: 10124: 10121: 10119: 10115: 10104: 10101: 10099: 10096: 10095: 10093: 10089: 10083: 10080: 10078: 10075: 10074: 10072: 10070: 10066: 10063: 10061: 10057: 10047: 10044: 10042: 10039: 10038: 10036: 10032: 10025: 10021: 10017: 10013: 10011: 10008: 10006: 10003: 10001: 9998: 9997: 9995: 9993: 9989: 9986: 9982: 9978: 9968: 9965: 9963: 9960: 9957: 9954: 9953: 9951: 9947: 9940: 9937: 9935: 9932: 9929: 9926: 9925: 9923: 9919: 9913: 9910: 9908: 9905: 9904: 9902: 9900: 9896: 9893: 9889: 9885: 9882: 9876: 9862: 9859: 9858: 9856: 9852: 9849: 9845: 9841: 9835: 9832: 9831: 9829: 9827: 9823: 9813: 9810: 9808: 9805: 9803: 9800: 9798: 9795: 9793: 9790: 9788: 9785: 9784: 9782: 9780: 9776: 9773: 9771: 9767: 9764: 9758: 9747: 9746: 9744: 9742:mutatus cloud 9738: 9728: 9725: 9723: 9720: 9719: 9717: 9715: 9711: 9708: 9706: 9702: 9692: 9689: 9687: 9684: 9682: 9679: 9677: 9674: 9673: 9671: 9669: 9665: 9662: 9660: 9656: 9646: 9643: 9641: 9638: 9637: 9635: 9631: 9625: 9622: 9620: 9617: 9615: 9612: 9610: 9607: 9605: 9602: 9601: 9599: 9597: 9593: 9590: 9588: 9584: 9581: 9575: 9572: 9570: 9566: 9551: 9550: 9548: 9546: 9540: 9533: 9530: 9529: 9527: 9525: 9521: 9518: 9512: 9509: 9507: 9506:Stratospheric 9503: 9488: 9485: 9482: 9479: 9478: 9476: 9471: 9467: 9464: 9460:Extreme-level 9458: 9455: 9453: 9449: 9444: 9440: 9436: 9433: 9426: 9421: 9419: 9414: 9412: 9407: 9406: 9403: 9391: 9388: 9387: 9385: 9383: 9379: 9373: 9370: 9368: 9365: 9363: 9362:Barotropicity 9360: 9358: 9355: 9353: 9350: 9349: 9347: 9345: 9341: 9335: 9332: 9330: 9327: 9325: 9322: 9320: 9317: 9315: 9312: 9310: 9307: 9305: 9302: 9300: 9297: 9295: 9292: 9290: 9285: 9280: 9278: 9276: 9271: 9269: 9266: 9264: 9261: 9259: 9256: 9254: 9251: 9249: 9246: 9244: 9241: 9239: 9236: 9234: 9229: 9224: 9222: 9219: 9217: 9214: 9212: 9207: 9202: 9201: 9199: 9197: 9193: 9187: 9184: 9182: 9179: 9177: 9174: 9172: 9169: 9167: 9164: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9154: 9152: 9149: 9147: 9142: 9137: 9135: 9132: 9130: 9127: 9125: 9122: 9120: 9117: 9115: 9112: 9111: 9109: 9107: 9103: 9097: 9094: 9092: 9091:Precipitation 9089: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9079: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9069: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9059: 9058: 9056: 9054: 9050: 9044: 9041: 9039: 9036: 9034: 9031: 9029: 9026: 9024: 9021: 9019: 9016: 9014: 9011: 9009: 9006: 9004: 9001: 8999: 8996: 8994: 8991: 8990: 8988: 8984: 8975: 8970: 8968: 8963: 8961: 8956: 8955: 8952: 8946: 8943: 8940: 8938: 8934: 8931: 8929: 8926: 8925: 8915: 8908: 8907: 8902: 8898: 8894: 8888: 8884: 8883: 8877: 8873: 8867: 8863: 8862: 8856: 8855: 8843: 8837: 8821: 8817: 8813: 8812:"Cloudgazing" 8807: 8799: 8793: 8789: 8788: 8780: 8778: 8776: 8767: 8761: 8757: 8756: 8748: 8746: 8737: 8731: 8727: 8720: 8718: 8709: 8703: 8699: 8698: 8690: 8688: 8686: 8684: 8682: 8680: 8671: 8669:9780958034630 8665: 8661: 8660: 8652: 8644: 8638: 8634: 8630: 8629: 8624: 8618: 8616: 8607: 8601: 8597: 8593: 8586: 8584: 8575: 8571: 8567: 8563: 8559: 8555: 8551: 8547: 8542: 8537: 8533: 8529: 8521: 8513: 8509: 8505: 8501: 8497: 8493: 8489: 8485: 8480: 8475: 8471: 8467: 8460: 8452: 8448: 8444: 8440: 8436: 8432: 8428: 8424: 8420: 8416: 8409: 8394: 8393: 8388: 8381: 8373: 8369: 8365: 8361: 8357: 8353: 8348: 8343: 8339: 8335: 8327: 8312: 8311: 8306: 8299: 8283: 8279: 8272: 8257: 8250: 8234: 8230: 8226: 8222: 8216: 8208: 8202: 8198: 8197: 8189: 8181: 8175: 8171: 8167: 8166: 8158: 8150: 8144: 8140: 8139: 8131: 8123: 8119: 8112: 8097: 8093: 8086: 8070: 8066: 8062: 8055: 8039: 8035: 8029: 8014: 8007: 7988: 7981: 7974: 7966: 7962: 7958: 7952: 7948: 7947: 7939: 7923: 7919: 7915: 7911: 7904: 7888: 7881: 7865: 7861: 7857: 7853: 7847: 7839: 7832: 7817: 7816:New Scientist 7813: 7806: 7798: 7792: 7788: 7787: 7779: 7764: 7757: 7742: 7735: 7720: 7713: 7698: 7691: 7675: 7671: 7664: 7649: 7642: 7634: 7630: 7626: 7622: 7618: 7614: 7607: 7605: 7585: 7578: 7577: 7569: 7554: 7550: 7543: 7528: 7521: 7506: 7499: 7483: 7479: 7473: 7464: 7463: 7455: 7448: 7440: 7436: 7431: 7426: 7422: 7418: 7414: 7410: 7403: 7394: 7389: 7385: 7381: 7377: 7373: 7369: 7362: 7354: 7350: 7343: 7335: 7331: 7327: 7323: 7319: 7315: 7311: 7307: 7303: 7299: 7292: 7285: 7280: 7278: 7276: 7259: 7255: 7249: 7247: 7238: 7232: 7228: 7224: 7217: 7202: 7195: 7180: 7173: 7171: 7162: 7158: 7154: 7150: 7143: 7136: 7132: 7129: 7124: 7109: 7102: 7100: 7084: 7077: 7069: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7051: 7047: 7043: 7039: 7035: 7028: 7013: 7009: 7002: 6986: 6982: 6975: 6959: 6955: 6951: 6945: 6929: 6925: 6918: 6916: 6907: 6901: 6897: 6896: 6888: 6873: 6869: 6863: 6856: 6852: 6849: 6843: 6828: 6821: 6814: 6810: 6806: 6802: 6798: 6792: 6776: 6772: 6766: 6758: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6740: 6736: 6732: 6728: 6724: 6720: 6716: 6709: 6694: 6687: 6685: 6676: 6672: 6667: 6662: 6657: 6652: 6648: 6644: 6640: 6636: 6632: 6625: 6609: 6605: 6601: 6594: 6586: 6582: 6578: 6572: 6568: 6564: 6563: 6555: 6548: 6543: 6527: 6523: 6516: 6500: 6494: 6487: 6482: 6467: 6460: 6458: 6456: 6454: 6452: 6450: 6448: 6446: 6430: 6423: 6415: 6409: 6405: 6404: 6399: 6393: 6378: 6371: 6355: 6351: 6345: 6329: 6325: 6321: 6314: 6312: 6310: 6308: 6306: 6304: 6288: 6281: 6279: 6277: 6275: 6258: 6254: 6247: 6231: 6227: 6223: 6216: 6214: 6212: 6196: 6189: 6174: 6167: 6158: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6141: 6137: 6133: 6126: 6111: 6104: 6102: 6086: 6079: 6064: 6057: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6026: 6024: 6022: 6020: 6018: 6016: 6014: 6012: 5996: 5989: 5987: 5971: 5964: 5962: 5946: 5939: 5937: 5935: 5933: 5931: 5929: 5927: 5915: 5910: 5909:2027.42/73164 5905: 5901: 5897: 5893: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5874: 5867: 5860: 5855: 5839: 5835: 5828: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5800: 5793: 5778: 5771: 5763: 5759: 5753: 5738: 5734: 5733:"Cloud Types" 5727: 5719: 5713: 5709: 5708: 5700: 5693: 5688: 5673: 5666: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5635: 5633: 5631: 5615: 5614:"Cloud Atlas" 5608: 5606: 5604: 5602: 5586: 5579: 5564: 5557: 5542: 5535: 5520: 5513: 5498: 5491: 5476: 5469: 5454: 5447: 5445: 5443: 5427: 5420: 5404: 5400: 5393: 5378: 5371: 5356: 5349: 5334: 5327: 5312: 5305: 5290: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5275: 5267: 5252: 5245: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5201: 5194: 5179: 5172: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5137: 5118: 5114: 5107: 5100: 5098: 5096: 5076: 5069: 5062: 5060: 5044: 5037: 5030: 5027: 5023: 5020: 5014: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4963: 4954: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4922: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4892: 4877: 4870: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4827: 4812: 4805: 4803: 4786: 4782: 4775: 4760:. Pilotfriend 4759: 4758:"Meteorology" 4752: 4750: 4748: 4732: 4728: 4721: 4706: 4699: 4691: 4685: 4681: 4680: 4672: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4643: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4612: 4604: 4598: 4594: 4593: 4585: 4566: 4562: 4555: 4548: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4517: 4510: 4505: 4498: 4493: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4475: 4469: 4467: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4444: 4440: 4439: 4431: 4429: 4412: 4406: 4404: 4387: 4380: 4364: 4360: 4353: 4345: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4304: 4289: 4282: 4267:on 2 May 2014 4266: 4262: 4255: 4253: 4251: 4249: 4232: 4225: 4206: 4199: 4192: 4190: 4174: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4159: 4151: 4149: 4140: 4136: 4131: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4112: 4111:Meteorologica 4103: 4084: 4077: 4070: 4068: 4066: 4050: 4043: 4041: 4039: 4037: 4035: 4033: 4017: 4010: 4008: 4006: 4004: 4002: 4000: 3998: 3996: 3994: 3992: 3990: 3974: 3970: 3963: 3961: 3945: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3932: 3930: 3913: 3909: 3903: 3888: 3884: 3877: 3862: 3858: 3851: 3836: 3832: 3826: 3822: 3812: 3809: 3807: 3804: 3802: 3799: 3797: 3796:Precipitation 3794: 3792: 3789: 3787: 3784: 3782: 3779: 3777: 3774: 3772: 3769: 3767: 3764: 3762: 3759: 3757: 3754: 3752: 3749: 3747: 3746:Cloud seeding 3744: 3742: 3741:Cloud forcing 3739: 3737: 3734: 3732: 3729: 3727: 3724: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3711: 3708: 3707: 3702: 3696: 3691: 3684: 3682: 3677: 3675: 3670: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3632: 3628: 3627:City Dionysia 3624: 3621:, written by 3620: 3619: 3615: 3610: 3608: 3604: 3603: 3598: 3596: 3595: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3530:Benjamin West 3527: 3523: 3514: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3501: 3497: 3492: 3490: 3489: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3447: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3417: 3416: 3410: 3405: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3384: 3379: 3376: 3369: 3365: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3346: 3338: 3329: 3328:projections. 3327: 3323: 3319: 3314: 3308: 3305: 3300: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3280: 3273: 3268: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3222: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3202: 3197: 3193: 3186: 3181: 3174: 3169: 3165: 3158: 3153: 3146: 3141: 3140: 3139: 3136: 3131: 3127: 3124: 3118: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3102: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3072: 3070: 3066: 3059: 3055: 3045: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3011: 2993: 2988: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2956: 2954: 2950: 2949:Kármán vortex 2941: 2936: 2923: 2920: 2916: 2913: 2910: 2909: 2908: 2899: 2890: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2867:flammagenitus 2854: 2850: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2827: 2822: 2816:Mother clouds 2813: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2802:beaver's tail 2799: 2794: 2790: 2785: 2783: 2779: 2769: 2767: 2763: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2737: 2734: 2733: 2727: 2724: 2719: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2704: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2685: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2673:praecipitatio 2669: 2666: 2656: 2653: 2644: 2639: 2629: 2627: 2616: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2596: 2592: 2591:altostratus. 2589: 2584: 2580: 2572: 2567: 2561:Pattern-based 2558: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2539: 2533:Opacity-based 2530: 2527: 2517: 2515: 2511: 2502: 2498: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2477: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2462:Morning Glory 2459: 2454: 2452: 2447: 2443: 2434: 2425: 2423: 2419: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2396: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2355: 2354:(see below). 2353: 2348: 2344: 2330:* capillatus 2326: 2323: 2321: 2315: 2313: 2311: 2309: 2306: 2305: 2302: 2300: 2294: 2292: 2290: 2284: 2281: 2278: 2277: 2274: 2272: 2267: 2262: 2259: 2253:* castellanus 2247: 2246:Stratocumulus 2244: 2242: 2240: 2233: 2230: 2227: 2226: 2223: 2211: 2208: 2206: 2200: 2197: 2194: 2193: 2190: 2188: 2184:* castellanus 2178: 2175: 2171:* castellanus 2169: 2159: 2155: 2152: 2146: 2143: 2140: 2139: 2133: 2128: 2123: 2118: 2113: 2110: 2109: 2106: 2103: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2049:thunderstorms 2046: 2042: 2041: 2037: 2034:(Tcu) by the 2033: 2029: 2025: 2024: 2023: 2015: 2008: 2007:Mojave Desert 2003: 1991: 1987: 1986: 1982: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1968: 1967: 1959: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1929: 1925: 1924:stratocumulus 1921: 1920: 1919: 1912: 1908: 1901: 1897: 1885: 1881: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1871: 1870: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1847: 1839: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1796: 1795: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1760:polar regions 1753: 1749: 1745: 1740: 1731: 1727: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1712:cloud atlases 1709: 1708: 1701: 1700:Station model 1697: 1685:stratosphere. 1683: 1680: 1677: 1672: 1669: 1666: 1665:stratocumulus 1662: 1658: 1653: 1650: 1647: 1642: 1639: 1636: 1635:advection fog 1632: 1628: 1625:(mid-level), 1624: 1620: 1615: 1611: 1610: 1609: 1607: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1585: 1575: 1574:from plants. 1573: 1572:transpiration 1569: 1565: 1555: 1553: 1550:formation of 1542: 1538: 1536: 1535:thunderstorms 1532: 1528: 1524: 1516: 1512: 1507: 1503: 1500: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1470: 1451: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1436: 1427: 1425: 1421: 1415: 1414:Cloud physics 1405: 1401: 1399: 1394: 1389: 1388:forecasting. 1386: 1382: 1372: 1368: 1366: 1361: 1360:Meteorologica 1357: 1353: 1349: 1348: 1347:Meteorologica 1343: 1339: 1333: 1319: 1317: 1315: 1313: 1311: 1307: 1304: 1301: 1300: 1297: 1295: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1285:Stratocumulus 1283: 1281: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1262: 1260: 1258: 1255: 1252: 1251: 1248: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1238: 1236: 1234: 1231: 1230: 1227: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1210: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1202: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1186: 1185: 1182: 1180: 1177: 1174: 1171: 1168: 1165: 1162: 1159: 1156: 1152: 1149: 1146: 1145: 1142: 1140: 1137: 1134: 1131: 1128: 1125: 1124: 1118: 1113: 1108: 1103: 1098: 1089: 1088: 1085: 1076: 1074: 1072: 1066: 1064: 1057: 1052: 1043: 1032: 1014: 1012: 1007: 1002: 1000: 999:sulfuric acid 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 974: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 866: 862: 858: 854: 853:cloud physics 850: 849: 844: 840: 836: 832: 827: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 778: 774: 770: 766: 754: 749: 747: 742: 740: 735: 734: 732: 731: 728: 723: 718: 717: 710: 707: 705: 704:Tornado terms 702: 700: 697: 695: 692: 691: 685: 684: 677: 674: 672: 669: 663: 662:United States 660: 658: 655: 653: 650: 649: 647: 645: 642: 640: 637: 636: 635: 632: 630: 627: 625: 622: 620: 617: 615: 612: 608: 605: 603: 600: 599: 598: 595: 591: 588: 587: 586: 583: 581: 578: 574: 571: 569: 566: 564: 561: 559: 556: 555: 554: 553: 550: 547: 545: 544:Air pollution 542: 541: 538: 533: 532: 523: 520: 518: 515: 513: 510: 508: 505: 504: 503: 500: 498: 495: 491: 488: 487: 486: 483: 481: 478: 476: 473: 469: 466: 465: 464: 461: 459: 456: 452: 449: 448: 447: 444: 443: 440: 439:Precipitation 435: 434: 425: 422: 420: 417: 415: 412: 410: 407: 406: 405: 402: 400: 397: 395: 392: 390: 387: 383: 380: 379: 378: 375: 371: 368: 366: 363: 362: 361: 358: 356: 353: 349: 346: 344: 341: 340: 339: 336: 334: 331: 327: 324: 322: 319: 318: 317: 314: 312: 309: 307: 304: 302: 299: 297: 294: 292: 289: 285: 282: 280: 277: 275: 272: 271: 270: 267: 263: 260: 259: 258: 255: 251: 248: 246: 243: 241: 238: 237: 236: 233: 229: 226: 225: 224: 221: 217: 214: 212: 209: 207: 204: 203: 202: 199: 195: 192: 190: 187: 186: 185: 182: 181: 178: 173: 172: 165: 162: 158: 155: 154: 153: 150: 149: 146: 141: 140: 133: 130: 128: 125: 123: 120: 118: 115: 114: 111: 106: 105: 102: 99: 98: 94: 90: 89: 84: 80: 75: 71: 66: 62: 48: 44: 40: 33: 28: 19: 10763: 10696:Biodiversity 10682:astrobiology 10547: 10404:Elements of 10220:Pannus (pan) 10210:Pileus (pil) 10182:Arcus ((arc) 10060:Stratus (St) 9981:Cumulus (Cu) 9958:Beaver tail) 9760:Medium-level 9569:Tropospheric 9439:hydrometeors 9431: 9283: 9274: 9268:Mixing ratio 9243:Haines Index 9227: 9205: 9140: 9060: 9053:Condensation 8905: 8881: 8860: 8852:Bibliography 8836: 8824:. 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480:Diamond dust 404:Winter storm 235:Thunderstorm 183: 70: 65: 46: 37:This is the 31: 10747:Prokaryotes 10535:Atmosphere 10530:Meteorology 10327:Virga (vir) 10317:Mamma (mam) 10307:Cavum (cav) 10266:Opacus (op) 10215:Velum (vel) 10188:Tuba ((tub) 9941:Wall cloud) 9930:Tail cloud) 9847:Multi-level 9587:Cirrus (Ci) 9470:Noctilucent 9452:Mesospheric 9357:Baroclinity 9204:Dew point ( 9196:Temperature 9096:Water vapor 8826:23 November 6614:20 November 6547:Dunlop 2003 6486:Dunlop 2003 6354:www.eso.org 6257:ABC Science 6142:(6): 1282. 5859:Fujita, Ted 5655:1 September 5126:30 December 4537:27 December 4417:21 November 4320:(D2): n/a. 4271:18 November 4237:18 November 3918:13 November 3892:13 November 3766:Coalescence 3736:Cloud cover 3655:Cleisthenes 3640:long-haired 3594:Right Ginza 3304:ice-crystal 3297:water vapor 3274:, Australia 3250:Cloud cover 3135:forest fire 3123:environment 3026:hemispheres 2883:homomutatus 2879:homogenitus 2871:homogenitus 2632:Other types 2583:vertebratus 2446:castellanus 2393:wave clouds 2235:* nebulosus 2210:Altocumulus 2199:Altostratus 2165:* spissatus 2148:* nebulosus 2141:High-level 2129:Cumuliform 2114:Stratiform 2089:cold fronts 1884:altostratus 1875:altocumulus 1867:middle-type 1863:altostratus 1859:altocumulus 1792:cirrus-type 1696:Weather map 1661:altocumulus 1623:altostratus 1589:hierarchy. 1564:evaporation 1499:Cold fronts 1494:Warm fronts 1490:convergence 1448:circulation 1381:Luke Howard 1356:meteorology 1222:Altocumulus 1215:Altostratus 1187:High-level 1151:Nitric acid 1130:Noctilucent 1114:Cumuliform 1099:Stratiform 1051:Old English 947:multi-level 879:Luke Howard 865:common name 857:meteorology 835:troposphere 824:temperature 820:water vapor 786:, or other 765:meteorology 694:Meteorology 629:Meteorology 517:Snow roller 512:Snow grains 475:Ice pellets 424:Snow squall 355:Storm surge 301:Anticyclone 257:Mesocyclone 245:Thundersnow 194:Arcus cloud 10803:Categories 10628:Wilderness 10481:geological 10240:Non-height 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7155:(7): 33. 7012:USA Today 6382:26 August 6360:23 August 6263:30 August 5677:9 January 5294:26 August 5204:CiteSeerX 4905:USA Today 4861:123031505 4736:22 August 4661:2 January 4632:2 January 4487:, 2nd ed. 4388:. vsc.edu 4344:0148-0227 4233:. gsu.edu 4214:2 January 4139:1520-0477 3978:22 August 3667:sophistry 3663:eloquence 3648:Cleonymus 3644:embezzler 3581:Mandaeism 3549:Akkadians 3511:GJ 1214 b 3503:Kepler-7b 3500:exoplanet 3415:Voyager 2 3208:rainstorm 3192:Bangalore 2919:honeycomb 2875:Contrails 2828:in Greece 2753:asperitas 2612:lacunosus 2608:undulatus 2526:varieties 2520:Varieties 2495:congestus 2491:mediocris 2367:spissatus 2343:nebulosus 2320:congestus 2299:mediocris 2257:* volutus 2255:* floccus 2221:* volutus 2219:* floccus 2186:* floccus 2173:* floccus 2161:* uncinus 2085:tornadoes 2075:, strong 2071:showers, 2065:wildfires 2061:lightning 1891:Low-level 1833:Mid-level 1804:jetstream 1788:high-type 1782:(Cc) and 1754:far right 1424:dew point 1408:Formation 1342:Aristotle 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Farlex 3687:See also 3659:rhetoric 3652:informer 3636:centaurs 3631:Socrates 3507:GJ 436 b 3418:'s flyby 3236:twilight 3230:and the 3018:latitude 2712:mammatus 2588:radiatus 2579:Intortus 2409:variable 2347:fibratus 2328:* calvus 2026:Species 1988:Species 1931:Species 1523:mountain 1511:twilight 1474:cyclonic 1442:such as 1375:species. 1352:meteoros 1176:nacreous 1167:nacreous 951:vertical 891:altitude 816:moisture 780:droplets 490:Freezing 451:Freezing 414:Blizzard 93:a series 43:reviewed 10765:Viruses 10752:archaea 10728:animals 10680: ( 10678:Biology 10655:Origin 10608:Ecology 10583:tornado 10543:Climate 10537:(Earth) 10522:Weather 10492:Geology 10479: ( 10477:History 10224:Other- 10127:Species 10069:Species 10000:Fractus 9992:Species 9899:Species 9779:Species 9714:Species 9668:Species 9596:Species 9579:3–18 km 9253:Humidex 9166:K Index 8986:General 8574:4447642 8546:Bibcode 8512:4454617 8484:Bibcode 8451:4408861 8423:Bibcode 8352:Bibcode 8288:5 April 7768:18 July 7746:18 July 7724:18 July 7702:18 July 7653:6 April 7621:Bibcode 7532:3 April 7510:3 April 7417:Bibcode 7380:Bibcode 7306:Bibcode 7264:12 July 7227:Hazards 7088:5 April 7046:Bibcode 6832:5 April 6748:3753593 6727:Bibcode 6643:Bibcode 6434:5 April 6200:5 April 6178:5 April 6144:Bibcode 6115:5 April 6090:5 April 5888:Bibcode 5844:18 July 5807:Bibcode 5568:9 April 5546:9 April 5524:9 April 5502:9 April 5360:6 April 5338:6 April 5236:6656499 5151:Bibcode 4977:Bibcode 4969:Science 4940:Bibcode 4901:Weather 4881:4 April 4841:Bibcode 4322:Bibcode 4163:IX–XIII 4123:: 634. 4054:31 July 3949:4 April 3908:"Cloud" 3883:"Cloud" 3840:21 June 3721:Ceiling 3612:In the 3479:methane 3475:Neptune 3467:Jupiter 3451:Jupiter 3322:climate 3318:weather 3244:Effects 3212:Denmark 3194:, India 3086:scatter 3022:equator 2849:cloud. 2847:mutatus 2839:genitus 2826:Piraeus 2745:fluctus 2487:humilis 2458:volutus 2451:floccus 2405:fractus 2363:uncinus 2352:fractus 2316:Cumulus 2295:Cumulus 2271:fractus 2266:humilis 2261:Cumulus 2239:fractus 2232:Stratus 2102:species 2096:Species 2038:(ICAO). 1942:stratus 1768:tropics 1676:cumulus 1627:stratus 1515:tornado 1338:weather 1294:fractus 1278:Stratus 1071:weolcan 995:ammonia 991:methane 985:in the 979:planets 959:species 942:strato- 773:aerosol 644:Extreme 590:Physics 580:Climate 568:Physics 458:Graupel 446:Drizzle 394:Sirocco 377:Monsoon 348:Typhoon 306:Cyclone 269:Tornado 216:Derecho 101:Weather 10809:Clouds 10716:plants 10548:Clouds 10512:Future 10502:Oceans 10454:Change 10437:Matter 10432:Energy 10406:nature 10184:Shelf) 9880:0–2 km 9762:2–8 km 9435:genera 8889: 8868: 8794: 8762: 8732: 8704: 8666: 8639: 8602: 8572: 8564: 8528:Nature 8510: 8502: 8466:Nature 8449: 8441: 8415:Nature 8372:701011 8370: 8203: 8176: 8145: 7963: 7953: 7793: 7427: 7332: 7324: 7233: 7184:13 May 7113:10 May 7066: 6964:4 June 6902: 6811: 6803: 6755: 6745: 6698:2 June 6673: 6583: 6573: 6532:5 July 6410: 6334:2 July 6068:2 June 6000:2 June 5975:2 June 5950:2 June 5834:"Hail" 5782:16 May 5714: 5590:16 May 5480:16 May 5458:16 May 5409:16 May 5382:16 May 5316:16 May 5285: 5256:16 May 5234: 5224: 5206: 5183:16 May 5143:Tellus 5003: 4995: 4859: 4816:16 May 4686: 4599: 4455: 4445: 4342: 4169: 4137: 3585:uthras 3565:Yahweh 3534:Yahweh 3471:Uranus 3455:Saturn 3436:planet 3383:summer 3285:albedo 3260:, and 3036:where 2980:, and 2806:inflow 2798:flumen 2789:Pileus 2782:pannus 2555:opacus 2510:calvus 2474:glider 2422:pannus 2413:stable 2407:shows 2399:Ragged 2359:stable 2154:Cirrus 2083:, and 2043:Genus 1976:nimbo- 1970:Genus 1940:Genus 1922:Genus 1913:in May 1882:Genus 1873:Genus 1820:Genus 1811:Genus 1800:cirrus 1798:Genus 1776:cirro- 1772:cirrus 1744:cirrus 1718:, and 1707:étages 1570:, and 1478:stable 1393:France 1344:wrote 1196:Cirrus 1053:words 997:, and 938:cirro- 932:while 916:, and 898:genera 894:levels 841:, and 777:liquid 771:is an 652:Canada 607:Season 537:Topics 382:Amihan 370:Haboob 365:Simoom 177:Storms 132:Autumn 127:Summer 122:Spring 117:Winter 79:Borneo 18:Clouds 10735:fungi 10723:fauna 10711:flora 10618:Field 10573:Tides 10464:Earth 10422:Space 10034:Other 9472:(NLC) 9432:Cloud 9061:Cloud 8910:(PDF) 8570:S2CID 8536:arXiv 8508:S2CID 8474:arXiv 8447:S2CID 8368:S2CID 8342:arXiv 8170:79–83 7990:(PDF) 7983:(PDF) 7587:(PDF) 7580:(PDF) 7457:(PDF) 7330:S2CID 7064:S2CID 6671:S2CID 6356:. ESO 5917:(PDF) 5876:(PDF) 5279:35–37 5232:S2CID 5120:(PDF) 5109:(PDF) 5078:(PDF) 5071:(PDF) 5001:S2CID 4857:S2CID 4710:9 May 4568:(PDF) 4557:(PDF) 4208:(PDF) 4201:(PDF) 4086:(PDF) 4079:(PDF) 3589:anana 3553:mamma 3483:Titan 3449:Both 3440:virga 3428:Venus 3098:light 2793:velum 2766:cauda 2762:murus 2757:cavum 2732:arcus 2708:mamma 2693:Incus 2665:Virga 1855:alto- 1742:High 1568:virga 1160:veils 1155:water 1132:veils 1095:Level 1031:Japan 983:moons 930:alto- 887:forms 875:Latin 871:Genus 861:Latin 804:Earth 800:Water 794:of a 769:cloud 657:Japan 585:Cloud 573:River 522:Slush 184:Cloud 10643:Life 10578:Wind 10563:Snow 10558:Rain 10427:Time 10024:ICAO 9038:Wind 8901:IPCC 8887:ISBN 8866:ISBN 8828:2020 8792:ISBN 8760:ISBN 8730:ISBN 8702:ISBN 8664:ISBN 8637:ISBN 8600:ISBN 8562:PMID 8500:PMID 8439:PMID 8400:2014 8392:NASA 8318:2014 8290:2018 8263:2016 8241:2011 8201:ISBN 8174:ISBN 8143:ISBN 8103:2013 8077:2013 8046:2013 8020:2011 7998:2007 7961:OCLC 7951:ISBN 7930:2011 7895:2013 7872:2011 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