336:; finally, Socrates refuses to have anything more to do with him. The Clouds advise Strepsiades to find someone younger to do the learning for him. His son, Pheidippides, subsequently yields to threats by Strepsiades and reluctantly returns with him to the Thinkery, where they encounter the personified arguments Superior (Right) and Inferior (Wrong), associates of Socrates. Superior Argument and Inferior Argument debate with each other over which of them can offer the best education. Superior Argument sides with Justice and the gods, offering to prepare Pheidippides for an earnest life of discipline, typical of men who respect the old ways; Inferior Argument, denying the existence of Justice, offers to prepare him for a life of ease and pleasure, typical of men who know how to talk their way out of trouble. At the end of the debate, a quick survey of the audience reveals that buggers â people schooled by Inferior Arguments â have got into the most powerful positions in Athens. Superior Argument accepts his inevitable defeat, Inferior Argument leads Pheidippides into the Thinkery for a life-changing education and Strepsiades goes home happy. The Clouds step forward to address the audience a second time, demanding to be awarded first place in the festival competition, in return for which they promise good rains â otherwise they will destroy crops, smash roofs, and spoil weddings.
320:, created from a minuscule imprint in wax), the exact cause of the buzzing noise made by a gnat (its rear end resembles a trumpet) and a new use for a large pair of compasses (as a kind of fishing-hook for stealing cloaks from pegs over the gymnasium wall). Impressed, Strepsiades begs to be introduced to the man behind these discoveries. The wish is soon granted; Socrates appears overhead, wafted in a basket at the end of a rope, the better to observe the Sun and other meteorological phenomena. The philosopher descends and quickly begins the induction ceremony for the new elderly student, the highlight of which is a parade of the Clouds, the patron goddesses of thinkers and other layabouts. The Clouds arrive singing majestically of the regions whence they arose and of the land they have now come to visit, loveliest in all being Greece. Introduced to them as a new devotee, Strepsiades begs them to make him the best orator in Greece by a hundred miles. They reply with the promise of a brilliant future. Socrates leads him into the dingy Thinkery for his first lesson and The Clouds step forward to address the audience.
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home for celebrations, just moments before the first of their aggrieved creditors arrives with a witness to summon him to court. Strepsiades comes back on stage, confronts the creditor and dismisses him contemptuously. A second creditor arrives and receives the same treatment before
Strepsiades returns indoors to continue the celebrations. The Clouds sing ominously of a looming debacle and Strepsiades again comes back on stage, now in distress, complaining of a beating that his new son has just given him in a dispute over the celebrations. Pheidippides emerges coolly and insolently debates with his father a father's right to beat his son and a son's right to beat his father. He ends by threatening to beat his mother also, whereupon Strepsiades flies into a rage against The Thinkery, blaming Socrates for his latest troubles. He leads his slaves, armed with torches and mattocks, in a frenzied attack on the disreputable school. The alarmed students are pursued offstage and the Chorus, with nothing to celebrate, quietly departs.
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encouraged their son's expensive interest in betting on horse races. Strepsiades, having thought up a plan to get out of debt, wakes the youth gently and pleads with him to do something for him. Pheidippides at first agrees to do as he is asked then changes his mind when he learns that his father wants to enroll him in The
Thinkery, a school for wastrels and bums with which no self-respecting, athletic young man dares to be associated. Strepsiades explains that students of The Thinkery learn how to turn inferior arguments into winning arguments and this is the only way he can beat their aggrieved creditors in court. Pheidippides however will not be persuaded and Strepsiades decides to enroll himself in The Thinkery in spite of his advanced age.
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563:. Old Comedy conventionally limits the number of actors to three or four, yet there are already three actors on stage when Superior and Inferior enter the action and there is no song at that point that would allow for a change of costume. The play is unusually serious for an Old Comedy and possibly this was the reason why the original play failed at the City Dionysia. As a result of this seriousness, there is no celebratory song in the
500:(as described by Socrates in lines 489â90) appear to be caricatures of Socratic behaviours later described more sympathetically by Plato. The Aristophanic Socrates is much more interested in physical speculations than is Plato's Socrates, yet it is possible that the real Socrates did take a strong interest in such speculations during his development as a philosopher and there is some support for this in Plato's dialogues
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613:: The play has two agons. The first is between Superior and Inferior (949â1104). Superior's arguments are in conventional anapestic tetrameter but Inferior presents his case in iambic tetrameters, a variation that Aristophanes reserves for arguments that are not to be taken seriously. A similar distinction between anapestic and iambic arguments is made in the agons in
583:: The arrival of the Chorus in this play is unusual in that the singing begins offstage some time before the Chorus appears. It is possible that the concealed Chorus was not fully audible to the audience and this might have been a factor in the original play's failure. Moreover, the majestic opening song is more typical of tragedy than comedy.
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a contributing factor in
Socrates' trial and execution in 399 BC. There is some support for his opinion in the modern age. Aristophanes' plays however were generally unsuccessful in shaping public attitudes on important questions, as evidenced by their ineffectual opposition to the Peloponnesian War,
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was probably composed somewhere between 421â16 BC. The parabasis also includes an appeal to the audience to prosecute Cleon for corruption. Since Cleon died in 422 it can be assumed that this appeal was retained from the original production in 423 and thus the extant play must be a partial revision
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The play begins with
Strepsiades suddenly sitting up in bed while his son, Pheidippides, remains blissfully asleep in the bed next to him. Strepsiades complains to the audience that he is too worried about household debts to get any sleep â his wife (the pampered product of an aristocratic clan) has
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It has been argued that
Aristophanes caricatured a 'pre-Socratic' Socrates and that the philosopher depicted by Plato was a more mature thinker who had been influenced by such criticism. Conversely, it is possible that Aristophanes' caricature of the philosopher merely reflects his own ignorance of
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The story resumes with
Strepsiades returning to The Thinkery to fetch his son. A new Pheidippides emerges, startlingly transformed into the pale intellectual man that he had once feared to become. Rejoicing in the prospect of talking their way out of financial trouble, Strepsiades leads the youth
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Socrates returns to the stage in a huff, protesting against the ineptitude of his new elderly student. He summons
Strepsiades outside and attempts further lessons, including a form of meditative incubation in which the old man lies under a blanket while thoughts are supposed to arise in his mind
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Putting aside their cloud-like costumes, The Chorus declares that this is the author's cleverest play and that it cost him the greatest effort. It reproaches the audience for the play's failure at the festival, where it was beaten by the works of inferior authors, and it praises the author for
375:, the populist leader of the pro-war faction in Athens, was a target in all Aristophanes' early plays and his attempts to prosecute Aristophanes for slander in 426 had merely added fuel to the fire. Aristophanes however had singled Cleon out for special treatment in his previous play
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in the sixth century were becoming commonplace knowledge in
Aristophanes' time and this had led, for instance, to a growing belief that civilized society was not a gift from the gods but rather had developed gradually from primitive man's animal-like existence. Around the time that
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477:, and to populists such as Cleon. Moreover, the trial of Socrates followed Athens' traumatic defeat by Sparta, many years after the performance of the play, when suspicions about the philosopher were fuelled by public animosity towards his disgraced associates such as
437:. Socrates moreover had distinguished himself from the crowd by his heroism in the retreat from the Battle of Delium and this might have further singled him out for ridicule among his comrades. He was forty-five years old and in good physical shape when
328:. The Chorus then resumes its appearance as clouds, promising divine favours if the audience punishes Cleon for corruption and rebuking Athenians for messing about with the calendar, since this has put Athens out of step with the moon.
643:. However the scene introducing Superior and Inferior is conducted in short lines of anapestic rhythm (889â948). Later, in the agon between Strepsiades and his son, a line of dialogue in iambic trimeter (1415) â adapted from
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The battle of ideas had led to some unlikely friendships that cut across personal and class differences, such as between the socially alert
Pericles and the unworldly Anaxagoras, and between the handsome aristocrat,
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was produced yet he had a face that lent itself easily to caricature by mask-makers, possibly a contributing reason for the frequent characterization of him by comic poets. In fact one of the plays that defeated
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There he meets a student who tells him about some of the recent discoveries made by
Socrates, the head of The Thinkery, including a new unit of measurement for ascertaining the distance jumped by a flea (a flea's
601:. Aristophanes does not use eupolideans in any other of his extant plays. The first parabasis (510â626) is otherwise conventional. However the second parabasis (1113â30) is in a shortened form, comprising an
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can be considered the world's first extant "comedy of ideas" and is considered by literary critics to be among the finest examples of the genre. The play also, however, remains notorious for its caricature of
450:, written by Ameipsias, and it too lampooned Socrates. There is a famous story, as reported for example by Aelian, according to which Socrates cheerfully rose from his seat during the performance of
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567:, and this also is an uncharacteristic omission. A typical Aristophanic Chorus, even if it starts out as hostile to the protagonist, is the protagonist's cheer squad by the end of the play. In
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with a specious interest in physical speculations. However, it is still possible to recognize in him the distinctive individual defined in Plato's dialogues. The practice of
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BC and was not as well received as the author had hoped, coming last of the three plays competing at the festival that year. It was revised between 420 and 417
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on a broader issue that underlies many conflicts depicted in his plays â the issue of Old versus New, or the battle of ideas. The scientific speculations of
421:, whose works were studied by Socrates, was living in Athens when Aristophanes was a youth. Anaxagoras enjoyed the patronage of influential figures such as
496:(as for example idealized by the Chorus in lines 412â19), disciplined, introverted thinking (as described by the Chorus in lines 700â6) and conversational
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537:(lines 518â626), the Chorus reveals that the original play was badly received when it was produced. References in the same parabasis to a play by
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can best be understood in relation to Plato's works, as evidence of a historic rivalry between poetic and philosophical modes of thought.
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Martin West, in 'Oxford History of the Classical World', J.Boardman, J.Griffin and O.Murray (eds), Oxford University Press 1986, page 121
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No copy of the original production survives, and scholarly analysis indicates that the revised version is an incomplete form of
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Socrates on Trial: A Play Based on Aristophane's Clouds and Plato's Apology, Crito, and Phaedo Adapted for Modern Performance
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Socrates on Trial: A Play Based on Aristophane's Clouds and Plato's Apology, Crito, and Phaedo Adapted for Modern Performance
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Nubes. Ein Schön und Kunstreich Spiel, darin klĂ€rlich zusehen, was betrug und hinderlist offtmahlen fĂŒr ein End nimmet
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in ancient comedy depends on interpretation of textual evidence. This list is based on Alan Sommerstein's translation.
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in trochaic tetrameter but without the songs and the antepirrhema needed for a conventional, symmetrical scene.
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however, the Chorus appears sympathetic at first but emerges as a virtual antagonist by the end of the play.
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Edward Tomlinson, Simon R. B. Andrews and Alexandra Outhwaite, 2007 â prose and verse (for Kaloi k'Agathoi)
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represents a departure from the main themes of Aristophanes' early plays â Athenian politics, the
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La norme en matiĂšre religieuse en GrĂšce ancienne. Actes du XIIe colloque international du CIERGA
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and the need for peace with Sparta. The Spartans had recently stopped their annual invasions of
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and stood in silent answer to the whispers among foreigners in the festival audience: "Who is
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Brulé, Pierre (September 2007). "Les Nuées et le problÚme de l'incroyance au Ve siÚcle".
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222:. This incompleteness, however, is not obvious in translations and modern performances.
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in 424, had provided the right conditions for a truce. Thus the original production of
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The play adapts the following elements of Old Comedy in a variety of novel ways.
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in 423 BC came at a time when Athens was looking forward to a period of peace.
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and on satire in general.(Includes full version of the text with commentaries)
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originality and for his courage in lampooning influential politicians such as
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at Cos was establishing an empirical and science-like approach to medicine.
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This list of characters follows Aaron Poochigan's recent 2021 translation.
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in 425 and this, coupled with a defeat suffered by the Athenians at the
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D.MacDowell (ed.), Oxford University Press 1971, page 207 note 546â630
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naturally. The incubation results in Strepsiades using the blanket to
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Rhetoric, Comedy and the Violence of Language in Aristophanes' Clouds
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794:: Bartolomio & Pietro Rositini de Prat'Alboino. 'Le Nebule', in
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This article is about the play by Aristophanes. For other uses, see
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as a contributing factor to the philosopher's trial and execution.
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Freed from political and war-time issues, Aristophanes focuses in
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Strepsiades, his son, and Socrates (from a 16th-century engraving)
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who was ostracized in 416 indicate that the second version of
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On the Concept of Irony with Continual Reference to Socrates
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Earlier translations into other languages exist, including:
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is between Strepsiades and his son (1345â1451) and it is in
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produced in 421 BC and criticism of the populist politician
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Aristophanes:Old-and-new Comedy â Six essays in perspective
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Paul Vander Waerdt, Cornell University Press 1994, page 74
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in 424 and there are relatively few references to him in
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Daphne O'Regan, Oxford University Press US 1992, page 6
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The Atticist, 2021 â prose and verse with commentary:
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after the Athenians had taken Spartan hostages in the
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BC and was thereafter circulated in manuscript form.
1258:"Aristofane. Le Commedie del Facetissimo Aristofane"
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Aristophanes: Lysistrata, The Acharnians, The Clouds
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Aristophanes:Lysistrata, The Acharnians, The Clouds
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Aristophanes:Lysistrata, The Acharnians, The Clouds
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Aristophanes:Lysistrata, The Acharnians, The Clouds
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Aristophanes:Lysistrata, The Acharnians, The Clouds
989:A. Sommerstein, Penguin Classics 1973, pages 16â17
967:Apology, Greek text, edited J Burnet, section 19c
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1146:by Leo Strauss, University of Chicago Press 1994
1047:Aristophanes: Lysistrata, The Acharnians, Clouds
1035:Aristophanes: Lysistrata, The Acharnians, Clouds
1013:A. Sommerstein, Penguin Classics 1973, pages 108
884:Alan Sommerstein, Penguin Classics 1973, page 37
836:Aristophanis comoediis undecim, Graece et Latine
253:Socrates, the philosopher who runs The Thinkery
1076:A.Sommerstein, Penguin Classics 1973, page 109
1049:A. Sommerstein, Penguin Classics 1975, page 16
1037:A. Sommerstein, Penguin Classics 1975, page 31
919:A. Somerstein, Penguin Classics 1973, page 107
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1384:The Clouds translated by William James Hickie
719:Alan H. Sommerstein, 1973 â prose and verse:
516:philosophy. According to yet another view,
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943:Kenneth.J.Reckford, UNC Press 1987, page 393
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1300:Aristophanes. Hickie, William James (ed.).
256:Strepsiades, student who joins The Thinkery
199:. A lampooning of intellectual fashions in
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559:The revised play is an incomplete form of
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1344:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
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1722:The unexamined life is not worth living
956:translated by Benjamin Jowett, section4
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796:Le Commedie del Facetissimo Aristofane
670:, vol. 1, 1837. 3 vols. English metre.
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1411:John Curtis Franklin â Aristophanes
203:, it was originally produced at the
860:Andrew David Irvine, 2007 â prose,
728:and Grace Starry West, 1984 â prose
165:2. The Thinkery (Socrates's school)
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1921:Serenade after Plato's "Symposium"
1800:Double Herm of Socrates and Seneca
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1442:public domain audiobook at
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1715:I know that I know nothing
1398:translated by Ian Johnston
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110:Superior Argument (Right)
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716:, 1962 â prose and verse
1803:(3rd-century sculpture)
1308:Perseus Digital Library
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163:1. House of Strepsiades
1843:Der geduldige Socrates
1194:, page 119 note 518â62
999:Early Greek Philosophy
682:full text (wikisource)
556:of the original play.
265:, disciple of Socrates
32:Cloud (disambiguation)
27:Comedy by Aristophanes
2377:Plays by Aristophanes
1808:The Death of Socrates
1284:Dover, K. J. (1970).
1170:, page 99 note 275â90
1116:The Socratic Movement
783:Aaron Poochigan, 2021
625:. The second agon in
595:eupolidean tetrameter
462:Portrayal of Socrates
344:Historical background
259:Pheidippides, his son
148:Slaves to Strepsiades
2342:Religious skepticism
1698:Socratic questioning
1286:Aristophanes: Clouds
1104:Catherine H. Zuckert
816:("StraĂburg"), 1613.
674:William James Hickie
658:English translations
599:anapestic tetrameter
361:Battle of Sphacteria
2402:Plays set in Athens
1889:(1st-century essay)
1622:Cultural depictions
1479:Surviving plays by
1158:, pages XXVIIIâXXIX
824:Stephanus Berglerus
808:: Isaac Fröreisen.
708:Robert Henning Webb
664:Benjamin Dann Walsh
234:, and is cited by
1929:Barefoot in Athens
1240:Aristophanes:Wasps
1204:Aristophanes:Wasps
828:Carl Andreas Duker
802:("Vinegia"), 1545.
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687:Benjamin B. Rogers
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1867:Socrates on Trial
1673:Socratic dialogue
1638:Trial of Socrates
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1542:Thesmophoriazusae
1389:Project Gutenberg
1370:Works related to
1351:978-0-8020-9783-5
1140:Postmodern Platos
1101:Postmodern Platos
842:, predecessor of
738:Charles Connaghan
631:iambic tetrameter
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225:Retrospectively,
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80:Strepsiades
61:Aristophanes
2270:Oeconomicus
2263:Memorabilia
1940:(1971 film)
1932:(1966 film)
1870:(2007 play)
1854:(1759 play)
1500:The Knights
954:The Apology
907:, page XXIX
855:Adaptations
769:Moses Hadas
702:F. L. Lucas
616:The Knights
531:During the
415:Hippocrates
378:The Knights
122:Chaerephon
18:Strepsiades
2371:Categories
2224:Theaetetus
2168:Protagoras
2140:Parmenides
2126:On Justice
2063:Hipparchus
2035:Euthydemus
1878:Literature
1835:The Clouds
1757:Lamprocles
1745:Phaenarete
1535:Lysistrata
1507:The Clouds
1439:The Clouds
1427:The Clouds
1422:The Clouds
1404:The Clouds
1396:The Clouds
1373:The Clouds
1278:References
1267:2020-12-07
1061:, page XIX
814:Strasbourg
627:The Clouds
569:The Clouds
561:Old Comedy
553:The Clouds
549:Hyperbolus
525:The Clouds
518:The Clouds
494:asceticism
486:The Clouds
479:Alcibiades
474:Lysistrata
468:The Clouds
452:The Clouds
444:The Clouds
439:The Clouds
431:Alcibiades
419:Anaxagoras
407:Democritus
403:The Clouds
390:The Clouds
383:The Clouds
369:The Clouds
349:The Clouds
334:masturbate
263:Chaerephon
248:Characters
227:The Clouds
220:Old Comedy
173:The Clouds
75:Characters
57:Written by
40:The Clouds
2336:Peritrope
2277:Symposium
2217:Symposium
2210:Statesman
2133:On Virtue
2105:Menexenus
2042:Euthyphro
2014:Demodocus
1986:Clitophon
1979:Charmides
1949:Dialogues
1763:Menexenus
1751:Xanthippe
1549:The Frogs
1528:The Birds
1514:The Wasps
1325:cite book
870:Citations
779:full text
761:full text
752:full text
691:full text
678:full text
645:Euripides
622:The Frogs
603:epirrhema
587:Parabasis
498:dialectic
279:Students
142:Students
2392:Parodies
2358:Category
2248:Xenophon
2196:Sisyphus
2175:Republic
2161:Philebus
2154:Phaedrus
2021:Epinomis
1993:Cratylus
1972:Axiochus
1937:Socrates
1851:Socrates
1816:Socrates
1785:Socrates
1747:(mother)
1741:(father)
1661:Concepts
1606:Socrates
1444:LibriVox
1262:viaLibri
1230:895â1098
650:Alcestis
637:Episodes
506:96A and
456:Socrates
435:Socrates
423:Pericles
302:Xanthias
232:Socrates
186:Nephelai
136:Witness
103:Socrates
2318:Related
2295:Halcyon
2256:Apology
2238:Timaeus
2231:Theages
2203:Sophist
2056:Gorgias
2028:Eryxias
2000:Critias
1965:Apology
1859:Socrate
1783:include
1707:Phrases
1218:756â940
1216:Knights
832:"Nubes"
792:Italian
580:Parodos
544:Maricas
541:called
539:Eupolis
509:Timaeus
490:sophist
299:Witness
241:Apology
238:in the
188:) is a
182:ÎΔÏÎλαÎč
160:Setting
89:his son
2147:Phaedo
2091:Laches
1771:(wife)
1753:(wife)
1732:Family
1563:Plutus
1413:Clouds
1348:
1303:Clouds
894:ibidem
848:Leiden
806:German
800:Venice
589:: The
565:exodus
503:Phaedo
448:Connus
398:Thales
394:Ionian
357:Attica
213:
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207:in 423
67:Chorus
2287:Other
2119:Minos
2098:Lysis
2007:Crito
1957:Plato
1913:Other
1827:Stage
1779:Works
1769:Myrto
1765:(son)
1759:(son)
1521:Peace
1415:Essay
1228:Frogs
834:. In
820:Latin
373:Cleon
326:Cleon
276:Slave
236:Plato
93:Slave
2112:Meno
1781:that
1631:Life
1346:ISBN
1331:link
826:and
619:and
610:Agon
318:foot
307:Plot
193:play
151:The
2084:Ion
1792:Art
1387:at
1256:).
458:?"
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1327:}}
1323:{{
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1066:^
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184:,
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