129:
608:
116:
517:
683:
borings ranging from 15 to 400 μm in diameter. The boreholes are rather evenly distributed along the tube length, and some tubes had been bored multiple times—hence the organism could survive attacks, since predators do not attack empty shells. This may indicate that the animal could vary its
536:
branches. The tube walls are 8 to 50 micrometers thick, usually lying in the range 10 to 25 μm. Although it used to be thought that the tubes had test-tube like bases, detailed three-dimensional reconstruction has shown that the tubes had an open base. There is evidence that the tube was flexible.
535:
tubes, whose original mineral composition is unknown, but inferred to be high-magnesium calcite. Each cone traps a significant pore space beneath it, and stacks eccentrically in the one below. This results in a ridged external appearance. The overall tube is curved or sinuous, and occasionally
666:
in the microbial mat, especially if, as
Seilacher suggests, sedimentation built up around it during its lifetime. But all the many specimens discovered to date have only been found having been washed out of their places of growth. A further argument against Seilacher's hypothesis is that the
658:, and that the growth phases represented the organism keeping pace with sedimentation—growing through new material deposited on it that would otherwise bury it. Kinks in the developing tube are easily explained by the mat falling slightly from the horizontal. Because of its small size,
674:
The tubes often appear to form colonies, although they are sometimes found in more isolated situations. The frequent appearance of large and sometimes single-species colonies has been attributed to the lack of significant predation. On the other hand, in some locations up to 20% of
688:
lifestyle, mainly buried in a microbial mat, and adds weight to Miller's suggestion that the animal lived on seaweeds or in a reef environment. If modern-day molluscs are a suitable analogy, the size distribution of the borings suggests that the predator was similar in size to
942:
Yang, Ben; Steiner, Michael; Zhu, Maoyan; Li, Guoxiang; Liu, Jianni; Liu, Pengju (2016). "Transitional
Ediacaran–Cambrian small skeletal fossil assemblages from South China and Kazakhstan: Implications for chronostratigraphy and metazoan evolution".
667:
predatory borings found in many specimens are not concentrated at what would be the top end, as one would expect if the animal was mainly buried. An alternative is that the organism dwelt on seaweeds, but until a specimen unquestionably
2095:
Kontorovich, A.; Varlamov, A.; Grazhdankin, D.; Karlova, G.; Klets, A.; Kontorovich, V.; Saraev, S.; Terleev, A.; et al. (2008). "A section of
Vendian in the east of West Siberian Plate (based on data from the Borehole Vostok 3)".
451:
on some specimens. Current scientific opinion is divided between classifying them as polychaetes and regarding it as unsafe to classify them as members of any broader grouping. In 2020, a new study of pyritized specimens from the
423:
Cloudinids had a wide geographic range, reflected in the present distribution of localities in which their fossils are found, and are an abundant component of some deposits. They never appear in the same layers as soft-bodied
1116:
Smith, E.F.; Nelson, L.L.; Strange, M.A.; Eyster, A.E.; Rowland, S.M.; Schrag, D.P.; MacDonald, F.A. (2016). "The end of the
Ediacaran: Two new exceptionally preserved body fossil assemblages from Mount Dunfee, Nevada, USA".
428:, but the fact that some sequences contain cloudinids and Ediacaran biota in alternating layers suggests that these groups had different environmental preferences. It has been suggested that cloudinids lived embedded in
590:
polychaete worm, in other words an evolutionary "aunt" or "cousin" of more recent polychaetes. This interpretation is reinforced by the even distribution of bore-holes made by predators. However, as with so many
630:
suggests that water temperatures were relatively cool. They have also been found in normal sea-floor sediments, suggesting that they were not only restricted to dwelling on microbial mounds. On the other hand,
864:
are proportional to the sizes of specimens, which suggests that predators were selective about the size of their prey. These two indications that predators attacked selectively suggest the possibility of
482:, and therefore feature in the debate about why such skeletons first appeared in the Late Ediacaran. The most widely supported answer is that their shells are a defense against predators, as some
708:
was one of the first reef-building animals, but machine-learning facilitated 3D tomography indicates that the 'reef-forming' fossils are in fact simply aggregations of solitary individuals.
486:
specimens from China bear the marks of multiple attacks, which suggests they survived at least a few of them. The holes made by predators are approximately proportional to the size of the
684:
position in the tube in response to predation, or that it occupied the full length—but not the full width—of the tube. The even distribution is perhaps difficult to reconcile with an
1864:
Hofmann, H.J.; Mountjoy, E.W. (2001-12-01). "Namacalathus-Cloudina assemblage in
Neoproterozoic Miette Group (Byng Formation), British Columbia: Canada's oldest shelly fossils".
980:"Fossil Reveals Earth's Oldest Known Animal Guts - The find in a Nevada desert revealed an intestine inside a creature that looks like a worm made of a stack of ice cream cones"
547:
was originally classified in 1972 as a member of the
Cribricyathea, a class known from the Early Cambrian. Glaessner (1976) accepted this classification and also proposed that
1565:
Vinn, O.; Zatoń, M. (2012). "Inconsistencies in proposed annelid affinities of early biomineralized organism
Cloudina (Ediacaran): structural and ontogenetic evidences".
2027:
Zaine, M.F.; Fairchild, T.R. (1985). "Comparison of
Aulophycus lucianoi Beurlen & Sommer from Ladario (MS) and the genus Cloudina Germs, Ediacaran of Namibia".
496:
fossils, which are often found in the same beds, have so far shown no such holes. These two points suggest that predators attacked in a selective manner, and the
432:, growing new cones to avoid being buried by silt. However no specimens have been found embedded in mats, and their mode of life is still an unresolved question.
1987:
Oliveira, Rick Souza de; Nogueira, Afonso César
Rodrigues; Romero, Guilherme Raffaeli; Truckenbrodt, Werner; da Silva Bandeira, José Cavalcante (December 2019).
1769:
1202:
1. Zhuravlev, A.Y., Wood, R.A., and Penny, A.M. (2015). Ediacaran skeletal metazoan interpreted as a lophophorate. Proc. R. Soc. B 282, 20151860. Available at:
2203:
1418:
Hua, H.; Chen, Z.; Yuan, X.; Zhang, L.; Xiao, S. (2005). "Skeletogenesis and asexual reproduction in the earliest biomineralizing animal
Cloudina".
826:
643:
and Ediacara biota have been found in alternating layers. This suggests that the two groups of organisms had different environmental preferences.
2362:
1847:
1907:
Gaucher, C.; Sprechmann, P. (1998). "Grupo Arroyo del Soldado: paleontologia, edad y correlaciones (Vendiano-Cámbrico Inferior, Uruguay)".
1456:
Hua, H.; Pratt, B.R.; Zhang, L.U.Y.I. (2003). "Borings in Cloudina Shells: Complex Predator-Prey Dynamics in the Terminal Neoproterozoic".
2278:
1399:
Conway Morris, S.; Mattes, B.W.; Chen, M. (1990). "The early skeletal organism Cloudina: new occurrences from Oman and possibly China".
531:
varies in size from a diameter of 0.3 to 6.5 mm, and 8 to 150 mm in length. Fossils consist of a series of stacked vase-like
566:. (1990) doubted both Germs' and Glaessner's suggested relationships, and were unwilling to classify it to anything more than its own
850:
is thought to be a defence against predators, marking the start of an evolutionary arms race. While predatory borings are common in
2349:
1993:
471:
Cloudinids are important in the history of animal evolution for two reasons. They are among the earliest and most abundant of the
1621:
2230:"The Verdun Syndrome: Simultaneous origin of protective armour and infaunal shelters at the Precambrian–Cambrian Transition"
2433:
2418:
1712:
650:
specimens the ridges formed by the cones are of varying width, which suggests the organisms grew at a variable rate.
2428:
1224:
2065:
1885:
1477:
2186:
595:
life forms, there is great debate surrounding its position in the tree of life, and classification between the
582:. Since the tubes had an open base, creating a single living space rather than a series of separate chambers,
1924:
Sedimentology, palaeontology, and stratigraphy of the Arroyo del Soldado Group (Vendian to Cambrian, Uruguay)
1748:
1330:
Glaessner, M. F. (1976). "Early Phanerozoic annelid worms and their geological and biological significance".
1203:
1514:
Bengtson, S.; Zhao, Y. (1992-07-17). "Predatorial Borings in Late Precambrian Mineralized Exoskeletons".
1373:
Hahn, G.; H. D. Pflug (1985). "Die Cloudinidae n. fam., Kalk-Röhren aus dem Vendium und Unter-Kambrium".
979:
1950:
Yochelson, E.L.; Stump, E. (1977). "Discovery of Early Cambrian Fossils at Taylor Nunatak, Antarctica".
1909:
Actas II Congreso Uruguaya de Geologia, Montevideo, Sociedad Uruguaya de Geologia — Facultad de Ciencias
1598:
128:
1597:
Domke, Kirk L.; Bottjer, David J.; Loyd, Sean J.; Corsetti, Frank A.; Lyons, Timothy W. (August 2009).
2047:
1788:"Multiscale approach reveals that Cloudina aggregates are detritus and not in situ reef constructions"
1295:
Brain, CK (2001). "Some observations on Cloudina, a terminal Proterozoic index fossil from Namibia".
1225:"Shell structure and distribution of Cloudina, a potential index fossil for the terminal Proterozoic"
860:, a similar shelly fossil sometimes found in the same beds. In addition, the diameters of borings in
2257:
2132:
1844:
917:
476:
17:
2130:
1269:
2423:
2052:
1988:
1952:
401:
cones nested within one another; the appearance of the organism itself remains unknown. The name
1011:"Discovery of bilaterian-type through-guts in cloudinomorphs from the terminal Ediacaran Period"
2304:
2252:
497:
461:
2393:
2367:
2229:
2388:
2380:
1015:
453:
574:
display budding, which implies asexual reproduction. On this basis Grant (1990) classified
2336:
2244:
2148:
2105:
1873:
1799:
1727:
1646:
1523:
1465:
1427:
1339:
1304:
1161:
1126:
1090:
1024:
952:
839:
472:
8:
2131:
Andrey Yu. Zhuravlev; Jose Antonio Gamez Vintaned; Andrey Yu. Ivantsov (September 2009).
2248:
2152:
2109:
1877:
1803:
1731:
1650:
1527:
1469:
1431:
1343:
1308:
1165:
1152:
Porter, S.M. (1 June 2007). "Seawater Chemistry and Early Carbonate Biomineralization".
1130:
1094:
1028:
956:
420:
is at best weakly mineralized, whilst sharing the same "funnel-in-funnel" construction.
2270:
2164:
2077:
1969:
1822:
1787:
1761:
1693:
1662:
1547:
1489:
1355:
1185:
1081:
Germs, G.J.B. (October 1972). "New shelly fossils from Nama Group, South West Africa".
1045:
1010:
984:
870:
846:
is one of the earliest and most abundant. The evolution of external shells in the Late
767:
501:
436:
312:
123:
2185:
Bengtson, S. (2004). "Early skeletal fossils". In Lipps, J.H.; Waggoner, B.M. (eds.).
1316:
2375:
2168:
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1961:
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1827:
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1050:
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596:
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964:
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2195:
2156:
2113:
2061:
2002:
1881:
1817:
1807:
1743:
1735:
1685:
1654:
1616:. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: The Burgess Shale Consortium (published 31 July 2009).
1570:
1551:
1531:
1473:
1435:
1347:
1312:
1169:
1134:
1098:
1040:
1032:
960:
627:
567:
386:
358:
2006:
1851:
1535:
651:
425:
1270:"A Revised Morphology of Cloudina with Ecological and Phylogenetic Implications"
869:
in response to predation, which is often postulated as a potential cause of the
1036:
820:
636:
160:
2199:
2160:
2117:
1689:
2412:
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1965:
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904:
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655:
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492:
429:
406:
73:
1812:
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1831:
1757:
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1236:
1181:
1054:
729:
724:
505:
1102:
1574:
911:
48:
1204:
http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/lookup/doi/10.1098/rspb.2015.1860
439:
of the cloudinids has proved difficult: they were initially regarded as
2354:
1973:
1666:
890:
883:
866:
815:
803:
783:
747:
739:
697:
587:
559:
516:
440:
398:
93:
58:
1637:
Seilacher, A. (1999). "Biomat-related lifestyles in the Precambrian".
1608:. In Smith, Martin R.; O'Brien, Lorna J.; Caron, Jean-Bernard (eds.).
1240:
2266:
2094:
1680:
Morrison, J. (2014). "Earliest skeletal animals were reef builders".
1439:
1398:
1138:
847:
779:
592:
579:
465:
457:
444:
383:
140:
98:
42:
2298:
2048:"Ediacaran fossils from the southwestern Great Basin, United States"
1989:"Ediacaran ramp depositional model of the Tamengo Formation, Brazil"
1658:
743:, which was "robustly skeletal" and formed sheets on open surfaces.
2321:
680:
556:
479:
390:
389:
about 550 million years ago. and became extinct at the base of the
355:
88:
83:
68:
63:
53:
1986:
1936:
by Yochelson and Herrera, 1974; they could have mistaken them for
814:
fossils found in association with late Precambrian-Early Cambrian
2341:
1614:
International Conference on the Cambrian Explosion (Walcott 2009)
1455:
897:
807:
775:
751:
701:
685:
552:
532:
448:
103:
78:
2194:. Paleontological Society Papers. Vol. 10. pp. 67–78.
1417:
799:
791:
787:
771:
394:
150:
607:
1845:
Neoproterozoic Microbial-Metazoan Reefs, Nama Region, Namibia
795:
763:
362:
1613:
2066:
10.1666/0022-3360(2000)074<0349:EFFTSG>2.0.CO;2
1886:
10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<1091:NCAINM>2.0.CO;2
1863:
1478:
10.1669/0883-1351(2003)018<0454:BICSCP>2.0.CO;2
759:
635:
has never been found in the same layers as the soft-bodied
115:
2045:
2026:
1599:"Providing a Palaeoecological and Geochemical Context for
223:
Beurlen & Sommer, 1957) Zaine & Fairchild, 1985
1906:
500:
which this indicates is commonly cited as a cause of the
1949:
1596:
1115:
671:
is discovered, its mode of life remains open to debate.
1713:"Ediacaran metazoan reefs from the Nama Group, Namibia"
2221:
1009:
Schiffbauer, James D.; et al. (10 January 2020).
871:
rapid diversification of animals in the Early Cambrian
1008:
562:. However, Hahn & Pflug (1985) and Conway Morris
405:
honors the 20th-century geologist and paleontologist
1513:
1372:
1749:20.500.11820/44c8eba4-ec59-46d8-b868-b98c8ef1a113
1564:
2410:
2237:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
2188:Neoproterozoic – Cambrian Biological Revolutions
1329:
941:
2180:
2178:
2088:
1792:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
2124:
1940:. See Grant 1990 for reference and discussion.
1004:
1002:
854:specimens, no such borings have been found in
818:SSF and tubular agglutinated skeletal fossils
2133:"First finds of problematic Ediacaran fossil
1943:
1636:
1630:
1558:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1080:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1064:
833:
2184:
2175:
2039:
1500:
1290:
1288:
1267:
1151:
626:, which are limited to shallow water; their
1921:
1915:
1900:
1857:
1785:
1673:
1222:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
999:
971:
239:Cortijo, Musa, Jensena et Palacios, 2009
1786:Mehra, Akshay; Maloof, Adam (2018-02-22).
1451:
1449:
1385:
1061:
937:
935:
114:
2256:
2020:
1821:
1811:
1747:
1704:
1590:
1294:
1285:
1145:
1044:
2227:
2029:Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências
1994:Journal of South American Earth Sciences
1679:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1209:
737:was "weakly skeletal" and solitary, and
622:is frequently found in association with
606:
524:showing "living space" within the shell.
515:
1446:
1411:
932:
727:reefs. It is found in association with
464:, the oldest on record, supporting the
393:. They formed millimetre-scale conical
14:
2411:
2303:
2302:
2046:Hagadorn, J.W.; Waggoner, B. (2000).
1854:- abstract retrieved January 13, 2007
1710:
1254:
2284:from the original on 10 October 2022
2209:from the original on 10 October 2022
2016:– via Elsevier Science Direct.
977:
711:
24:
25:
2445:
1332:Journal of the Geological Society
1297:Journal of African Earth Sciences
570:, Cloudinidae. Some specimens of
539:
456:in Nevada showed the presence of
1775:from the original on 2022-10-10.
599:and family level may be unwise.
412:Cloudinids comprise two genera:
127:
46:
1980:
1930:
1838:
1779:
1581:
1366:
1323:
978:Joel, Lucas (10 January 2020).
965:10.1016/j.precamres.2016.09.016
447:on the basis of what look like
416:itself is mineralized, whereas
2098:Russian Geology and Geophysics
1196:
1109:
662:would be expected to be found
654:suggests that they adhered to
443:worms, and then as coral-like
13:
1:
1317:10.1016/S0899-5362(01)00083-5
926:
511:
2007:10.1016/j.jsames.2019.102348
1536:10.1126/science.257.5068.367
615:with speculative mouth parts
7:
2434:Prehistoric animal families
1401:American Journal of Science
1229:American Journal of Science
1083:American Journal of Science
876:
341:Zaine & Fairchild, 1985
10:
2450:
2419:Prehistoric marine animals
2137:in Siberia and its origin"
1231:. 290-A (290–A): 261–294.
1037:10.1038/s41467-019-13882-z
834:Paleontological importance
758:has also been reported in
602:
231:Zhang, Li et Dung, 1992
2311:
2200:10.1017/S1089332600002345
2161:10.1017/S0016756809990185
2118:10.1016/j.rgg.2008.06.012
1690:10.1038/nature.2014.15470
1603:in Western North America"
325:Beurlen & Sommer 1957
318:
311:
190:
185:
124:Scientific classification
122:
113:
34:
1352:10.1144/gsjgs.132.3.0259
918:List of Ediacaran genera
27:Genus of aquatic animals
2053:Journal of Paleontology
1953:Journal of Paleontology
1813:10.1073/pnas.1719911115
1740:10.1126/science.1253393
1375:Senckenbergiana Lethaea
1174:10.1126/science.1137284
838:Although not the first
696:Fossil findings in the
586:is more likely to be a
2429:Taxa described in 1985
1911:(in Spanish): 183–187.
616:
525:
498:evolutionary arms race
332:Hahn & Pflug, 1985
256:Cl. xuanjiangpingensis
2389:Paleobiology Database
1711:Penny, A. M. (2014).
1569:. CG2012_A03: 39–47.
1268:Miller, A.J. (2004).
1103:10.2475/ajs.272.8.752
1016:Nature Communications
610:
519:
454:Wood Canyon Formation
304:Hahn and Pflug, 1985
283:Zhang and Lin 1986
1922:Gaucher, C. (2000).
1223:Grant, S.W. (1990).
945:Precambrian Research
806:, in west and south
628:isotopic composition
555:worms, particularly
473:small shelly fossils
382:, lived in the late
180:Hahn and Pflug, 1985
2249:2007GSLSP.286..405D
2153:2009GeoM..146..775Z
2141:Geological Magazine
2110:2008RuGG...49..932K
1878:2001Geo....29.1091H
1804:2018PNAS..115E2519M
1798:(11): E2519–E2527.
1732:2014Sci...344.1504P
1726:(6191): 1504–1506.
1651:1999Palai..14...86S
1567:Carnets de Géologie
1528:1992Sci...257..367B
1470:2003Palai..18..454H
1432:2005Geo....33..277H
1344:1976JGSoc.132..259G
1309:2001JAfES..33..475B
1166:2007Sci...316.1302P
1131:2016Geo....44..911S
1095:1972AmJS..272..752G
1029:2020NatCo..11..205S
957:2016PreR..285..202Y
840:small shelly fossil
746:First found in the
613:Cloudina hartmannae
572:Cloudina hartmannae
551:was similar to the
520:Cutaway diagram of
322:Aulophycus lucianoi
273:Zhang and Lin 1986
1850:2016-03-07 at the
1575:10.4267/2042/46095
985:The New York Times
768:Dengying Formation
617:
526:
502:Cambrian explosion
244:Cl. ningqiangensis
2404:
2403:
2376:Open Tree of Life
2305:Taxon identifiers
2228:Dzik, J. (2007).
1872:(12): 1091–1094.
1623:978-0-9812885-1-2
721:calcium carbonate
348:
347:
342:
333:
326:
305:
284:
280:Co. hemiannulatus
274:
264:
252:
240:
232:
224:
216:
208:
198:
181:
16:(Redirected from
2441:
2397:
2396:
2384:
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2357:
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2344:
2332:
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2299:
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2267:10.1144/SP286.30
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2225:
2219:
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2216:
2214:
2208:
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2182:
2173:
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2018:
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2015:
2013:
1984:
1978:
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1701:
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1555:
1511:
1498:
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1444:
1443:
1440:10.1130/G21198.1
1415:
1409:
1408:
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1370:
1364:
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1321:
1320:
1292:
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1249:
1248:
1239:. Archived from
1220:
1207:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1139:10.1130/G38157.1
1113:
1107:
1106:
1078:
1059:
1058:
1048:
1006:
997:
996:
994:
992:
975:
969:
968:
939:
712:Fossil locations
679:fossils contain
578:as a coral-like
508:and complexity.
468:interpretation.
340:
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108:
45:
38:Temporal range:
32:
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2258:10.1.1.693.9187
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2222:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2191:
2183:
2176:
2129:
2125:
2093:
2089:
2044:
2040:
2025:
2021:
2011:
2009:
1985:
1981:
1948:
1944:
1935:
1931:
1920:
1916:
1905:
1901:
1862:
1858:
1852:Wayback Machine
1843:
1839:
1784:
1780:
1772:
1715:
1709:
1705:
1678:
1674:
1659:10.2307/3515363
1635:
1631:
1624:
1610:Abstract Volume
1605:
1595:
1591:
1586:
1582:
1563:
1559:
1522:(5068): 367–9.
1512:
1501:
1454:
1447:
1416:
1412:
1397:
1386:
1371:
1367:
1328:
1324:
1293:
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1277:
1275:
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1221:
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1114:
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1079:
1062:
1007:
1000:
990:
988:
976:
972:
940:
933:
929:
923:
879:
836:
714:
704:, suggest that
652:Adolf Seilacher
611:Restoration of
605:
542:
514:
490:specimens, and
426:Ediacaran biota
367:Acuticocloudina
361:containing the
301:Acuticocloudina
298:
292:
288:
267:
178:
172:
126:
109:
107:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
40:
39:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2447:
2437:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2424:Ediacaran life
2421:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2385:
2372:
2359:
2346:
2333:
2317:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2296:
2295:
2243:(1): 405–414.
2220:
2174:
2147:(5): 775–780.
2123:
2087:
2038:
2019:
1979:
1960:(4): 872–875.
1942:
1929:
1914:
1899:
1856:
1837:
1778:
1703:
1672:
1629:
1622:
1589:
1580:
1557:
1499:
1445:
1426:(4): 277–280.
1410:
1384:
1365:
1338:(3): 259–275.
1322:
1303:(3): 475–480.
1284:
1253:
1208:
1195:
1160:(5829): 1302.
1144:
1108:
1089:(8): 752–761.
1060:
998:
970:
930:
928:
925:
921:
920:
915:
908:
901:
894:
887:
878:
875:
835:
832:
827:Spirosolenites
821:Platysolenites
723:rich areas of
713:
710:
656:microbial mats
637:Ediacara biota
604:
601:
541:
540:Classification
538:
513:
510:
437:classification
430:microbial mats
397:consisting of
346:
345:
344:
343:
316:
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309:
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307:
306:
297:
296:
285:
276:
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266:
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253:
241:
233:
225:
217:
209:
204:Cl. hartmannae
200:
199:
188:
187:
183:
182:
170:
166:
165:
162:incertae sedis
158:
154:
153:
148:
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97:
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57:
52:
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37:
26:
9:
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3:
2:
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2280:
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2250:
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2238:
2231:
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2205:
2201:
2197:
2190:
2189:
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2179:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2136:
2127:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2091:
2083:
2079:
2075:
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2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2042:
2034:
2030:
2023:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1995:
1990:
1983:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1954:
1946:
1939:
1933:
1925:
1918:
1910:
1903:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1860:
1853:
1849:
1846:
1841:
1833:
1829:
1824:
1819:
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1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
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1771:
1767:
1763:
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1707:
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1625:
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1611:
1604:
1602:
1593:
1584:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1561:
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1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
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1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1414:
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1395:
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1391:
1389:
1380:
1376:
1369:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1326:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1291:
1289:
1271:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1243:on 2011-05-22
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1205:
1199:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
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1163:
1159:
1155:
1148:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1112:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1017:
1012:
1005:
1003:
987:
986:
981:
974:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
938:
936:
931:
924:
919:
916:
914:
913:
909:
907:
906:
905:Sinotubulites
902:
900:
899:
895:
893:
892:
888:
886:
885:
881:
880:
874:
872:
868:
863:
859:
858:
857:Sinotubulites
853:
849:
845:
842:to be found,
841:
831:
829:
828:
823:
822:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
744:
742:
741:
736:
733:, which like
732:
731:
726:
722:
718:
709:
707:
703:
699:
694:
692:
687:
682:
678:
672:
670:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
644:
642:
638:
634:
629:
625:
624:stromatolites
621:
614:
609:
600:
598:
594:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
558:
554:
550:
546:
537:
534:
530:
523:
518:
509:
507:
503:
499:
495:
494:
493:Sinotubulites
489:
485:
481:
478:
474:
469:
467:
463:
459:
455:
450:
446:
442:
438:
433:
431:
427:
421:
419:
415:
410:
408:
407:Preston Cloud
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
385:
381:
380:
375:
374:
369:
368:
364:
360:
357:
353:
339:
338:
330:
323:
320:
319:
317:
314:
310:
302:
299:
295:
286:
281:
278:
277:
271:
268:
262:
257:
254:
250:
245:
242:
237:
234:
229:
226:
221:
218:
215:Germs 1972
213:
210:
207:Germs 1972
205:
202:
201:
195:
192:
191:
189:
184:
177:
171:
168:
167:
164:
163:
159:
156:
155:
152:
149:
146:
145:
142:
139:
136:
135:
130:
125:
121:
117:
112:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
44:
41:555–529
33:
30:
19:
2406:
2312:
2286:. Retrieved
2240:
2236:
2223:
2211:. Retrieved
2187:
2144:
2140:
2135:Gaojiashania
2134:
2126:
2101:
2097:
2090:
2057:
2051:
2041:
2032:
2028:
2022:
2010:. Retrieved
1998:
1992:
1982:
1957:
1951:
1945:
1937:
1932:
1923:
1917:
1908:
1902:
1869:
1865:
1859:
1840:
1795:
1791:
1781:
1723:
1719:
1706:
1681:
1675:
1645:(1): 86–93.
1642:
1638:
1632:
1609:
1600:
1592:
1587:Ca/Mg ratios
1583:
1566:
1560:
1519:
1515:
1464:(4–5): 454.
1461:
1457:
1423:
1419:
1413:
1404:
1400:
1378:
1374:
1368:
1335:
1331:
1325:
1300:
1296:
1276:. Retrieved
1245:. Retrieved
1241:the original
1228:
1198:
1157:
1153:
1147:
1122:
1118:
1111:
1086:
1082:
1023:(205): 205.
1020:
1014:
989:. Retrieved
983:
973:
948:
944:
922:
910:
903:
896:
889:
882:
861:
855:
851:
843:
837:
830:in Siberia.
825:
819:
811:
798:, northwest
755:
745:
738:
734:
730:Namacalathus
728:
725:stromatolite
719:occurred in
716:
715:
705:
695:
690:
676:
673:
668:
663:
659:
647:
645:
640:
632:
619:
618:
612:
583:
575:
571:
563:
548:
544:
543:
528:
527:
521:
491:
487:
483:
470:
434:
422:
417:
413:
411:
402:
378:
377:
372:
371:
366:
365:
351:
349:
336:
335:
328:
321:
300:
287:
279:
269:
260:
255:
248:
243:
236:Cl. carinata
235:
228:Cl. sinensis
227:
220:Cl. lucianoi
219:
212:Cl. riemkeae
211:
203:
197:Germs, 1972
193:
175:
161:
29:
2104:(12): 932.
1125:(11): 911.
951:: 202–215.
912:Somatohelix
816:anabaritids
560:polychaetes
477:mineralized
354:, an early
337:C. lucianoi
176:Cloudinidae
35:Cloudinidae
2413:Categories
2060:(2): 349.
2001:: 102348.
1938:Salterella
1407:: 245–260.
1381:: 413–431.
1278:2007-04-24
1247:2008-07-19
991:10 January
927:References
891:Corumbella
884:Anabarites
867:speciation
804:California
794:, central
784:Antarctica
748:Nama Group
740:Namapoikia
698:Nama Group
588:stem group
512:Morphology
504:of animal
466:bilaterian
458:Nephrozoan
445:cnidarians
441:polychaete
399:calcareous
352:cloudinids
2253:CiteSeerX
2169:140569611
2082:130774342
2074:0022-3360
1966:0022-3360
1894:0091-7613
1766:206556938
1698:130499063
1494:131590949
1486:0883-1351
1360:130795227
848:Ediacaran
780:Argentina
681:predatory
593:Ediacaran
580:cnidarian
506:diversity
480:skeletons
418:Conotubus
384:Ediacaran
379:Conotubus
329:C. waldei
270:Conotubus
263:, 2017
251:, 2017
194:Cloudina
147:Kingdom:
141:Eukaryota
2342:52308896
2322:Wikidata
2313:Cloudina
2279:Archived
2275:33112819
2204:Archived
1848:Archived
1832:29483244
1770:Archived
1758:24970084
1601:Cloudina
1544:17832833
1237:11538690
1190:27418253
1182:17540895
1055:31924764
877:See also
862:Cloudina
852:Cloudina
844:Cloudina
812:Cloudina
756:Cloudina
735:Cloudina
717:Cloudina
706:Cloudina
691:Cloudina
686:infaunal
677:Cloudina
660:Cloudina
648:Cloudina
646:In many
641:Cloudina
633:Cloudina
620:Cloudina
584:Cloudina
576:Cloudina
557:serpulid
549:Cloudina
545:Cloudina
529:Cloudina
522:Cloudina
488:Cloudina
484:Cloudina
414:Cloudina
403:Cloudina
391:Cambrian
373:Cloudina
356:metazoan
313:Synonyms
186:Species
169:Family:
157:Phylum:
151:Animalia
137:Domain:
18:Cloudina
2381:4987682
2368:1322560
2355:2319158
2328:Q509074
2288:30 July
2245:Bibcode
2213:18 July
2149:Bibcode
2106:Bibcode
1974:1303753
1874:Bibcode
1866:Geology
1823:5856547
1800:Bibcode
1728:Bibcode
1720:Science
1667:3515363
1647:Bibcode
1639:PALAIOS
1552:6710335
1524:Bibcode
1516:Science
1466:Bibcode
1458:PALAIOS
1428:Bibcode
1420:Geology
1340:Bibcode
1305:Bibcode
1162:Bibcode
1154:Science
1127:Bibcode
1119:Geology
1091:Bibcode
1046:6954273
1025:Bibcode
953:Bibcode
898:Saarina
808:Siberia
776:Uruguay
752:Namibia
702:Namibia
669:in situ
664:in situ
603:Ecology
597:kingdom
553:annelid
533:calcite
395:fossils
291:others?
2273:
2255:
2167:
2080:
2072:
2035:: 130.
2012:7 July
1972:
1964:
1892:
1830:
1820:
1764:
1756:
1696:
1682:Nature
1665:
1620:
1550:
1542:
1492:
1484:
1358:
1235:
1188:
1180:
1053:
1043:
810:. The
800:Mexico
792:Nevada
788:Brazil
772:Canada
639:, but
568:family
564:et al.
387:period
363:genera
359:family
261:et al.
249:et al.
2363:IRMNG
2282:(PDF)
2271:S2CID
2233:(PDF)
2207:(PDF)
2192:(PDF)
2165:S2CID
2078:S2CID
1970:JSTOR
1773:(PDF)
1762:S2CID
1716:(PDF)
1694:S2CID
1663:JSTOR
1606:(PDF)
1548:S2CID
1490:S2CID
1356:S2CID
1273:(PDF)
1186:S2CID
796:Spain
764:China
475:with
460:type
2394:7338
2350:GBIF
2290:2008
2215:2008
2070:ISSN
2014:2024
1962:ISSN
1890:ISSN
1828:PMID
1754:PMID
1618:ISBN
1540:PMID
1482:ISSN
1233:PMID
1178:PMID
1051:PMID
993:2020
824:and
802:and
760:Oman
462:guts
449:buds
435:The
376:and
350:The
259:Cai
247:Cai
49:PreꞒ
2337:EoL
2263:doi
2241:286
2196:doi
2157:doi
2145:146
2114:doi
2062:doi
2003:doi
1882:doi
1818:PMC
1808:doi
1796:115
1744:hdl
1736:doi
1724:344
1686:doi
1655:doi
1571:doi
1532:doi
1520:257
1474:doi
1436:doi
1405:290
1348:doi
1336:132
1313:doi
1170:doi
1158:316
1135:doi
1099:doi
1087:272
1041:PMC
1033:doi
961:doi
949:285
766:'s
750:in
2415::
2391::
2378::
2365::
2352::
2339::
2324::
2277:.
2269:.
2261:.
2251:.
2239:.
2235:.
2202:.
2177:^
2163:.
2155:.
2143:.
2139:.
2112:.
2102:49
2100:.
2076:.
2068:.
2058:74
2056:.
2050:.
2033:57
2031:.
1999:96
1997:.
1991:.
1968:.
1958:51
1956:.
1888:.
1880:.
1870:29
1868:.
1826:.
1816:.
1806:.
1794:.
1790:.
1768:.
1760:.
1752:.
1742:.
1734:.
1722:.
1718:.
1692:.
1684:.
1661:.
1653:.
1643:14
1641:.
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1538:.
1530:.
1518:.
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1488:.
1480:.
1472:.
1462:18
1460:.
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1434:.
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1379:65
1377:.
1354:.
1346:.
1334:.
1311:.
1301:33
1299:.
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1227:.
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1184:.
1176:.
1168:.
1156:.
1133:.
1123:44
1121:.
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1049:.
1039:.
1031:.
1021:11
1019:.
1013:.
1001:^
982:.
959:.
947:.
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873:.
790:,
786:,
782:,
778:,
774:,
770:,
762:,
754:,
700:,
693:.
409:.
370:,
334:=
327:=
99:Pg
43:Ma
2292:.
2265::
2247::
2217:.
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2171:.
2159::
2151::
2120:.
2116::
2108::
2084:.
2064::
2005::
1976:.
1926:.
1896:.
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1573::
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1362:.
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