Climate change policy of the United States

2283: 1656:. He signed the bill into law on September 27, 2006, saying, "We simply must do everything we can in our power to slow down global warming before it is too late... The science is clear. The global warming debate is over." The Act caps California's greenhouse gas emissions at 1990 levels by 2020, and institutes a mandatory emissions reporting system to monitor compliance, representing the first enforceable statewide program in the U.S. to cap all GHG emissions from major industries that includes penalties for non-compliance. It required the State Air Resources Board to establish a program for statewide greenhouse gas emissions reporting and to monitor and enforce compliance with this program, authorizes the state board to adopt market-based compliance mechanisms including cap-and-trade, and allows a one-year extension of the targets under extraordinary circumstances. Thus far, flexible mechanisms in the form of project based offsets have been suggested for five main project types. A 1212:

rates from 12.5% to 16.7%, doubled rents and increased lease bond minimums by a factor of 15 on federal lands for oil and gas companies. Third, it allowed wildlife conservation groups to pay rents to restore federal lands for the first time. Fourth, the EPA finalized new standards for power plant carbon emissions, projecting cuts of 65,000 tons by 2028 and 1.38 billion tons by 2047. Fifth, the DOE announced that it would assume the role of default lead agency on regulatory approvals for most new power transmission projects, streamline permitting approvals, enact a two-year deadline, require only one environmental impact statement per project, and increase transparency around the permitting process. Lastly, it issued a new rule to make large water heaters much more energy-efficient by 2029, cutting carbon emissions by a projected 332 million tons over 30 years, as part of the DOE's overall effort since 2020 to drive 2.5 billion tons in 30-year appliance emissions cuts.

1607: 2967:(WGA) Clean and Diversified Energy Initiative, including 18 western states, has begun investigating strategies to increase efficiency and renewable energy sources in their electricity systems. Governors Richardson (NM), Schwarzenegger (CA), Freudenthal (WY) & Hoeven (ND) serve as lead Governors on this initiative. To meet its goals, the Initiative's advisory committee (CDEAC) appointed eight technical task forces to develop recommendations based on reviews of specific clean energy and efficiency options. The CDEAC made final recommendations to the Western Governors' Association on June 11, 2006. Additionally, the WGA and the California Energy Commission are creating the Western Renewable Energy Generation Information State (WREGIS). WREGIS is a voluntary system for renewable energy credits and tracks renewable energy credits (RECs) across 11 western states in order to facilitate trading to meet renewable energy portfolio standards. 2264: 2296: 122: 2245: 2740:

up climate change policies, stating "we are also standing up for our constituents and all Americans harmed by climate change, including those most vulnerable among us: coastal residents confronting erosion and sea level rise; young and old alike suffering from worsening air pollution and at risk during heatwaves; mountain residents engulfed by wildfires; farmers struggling at harvest time due to drought; and communities across our nation challenged by extreme weather." Climate Mayors currently has over 400 cities involved in the network. Their current key initiative is the Electric Vehicle Request for Information (EV RFI). They have also produced responses to the announcement of the plan for the United States to withdraw from the

138: 2068: 439:, the Bush White House pressured American scientists to suppress discussion of global warming "High-quality science" was "struggling to get out", as the Bush administration pressured scientists to tailor their writings on global warming to fit the Bush administration's skepticism, in some cases at the behest of an ex-oil industry lobbyist. "Nearly half of all respondents perceived or personally experienced pressure to eliminate the words 'climate change,' 'global warming' or other similar terms from a variety of communications." Similarly, according to the testimony of senior officers of the 1838: 3033: 2882: 2825: 2546: 2374: 1783: 1402: 1071: 393:

Protocol, by bringing forth a plan to reduce the intensity of greenhouse gasses by 18 percent over 10 years. The intensity of greenhouse gasses specifically is the ratio of greenhouse gas emissions and economic output, meaning that under this plan, emissions would still continue to grow, but at a slower pace. Bush stated that this plan would prevent the release of 500 million metric tons of greenhouse gases, which is about the equivalent of 70 million cars from the road. This target would achieve this goal by providing

1433: 3019:, municipal leaders met at the United Nations in New York and adopted a declaration that called for the establishment of a worldwide movement of local governments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, improve air quality, and enhance urban sustainability. The result was the Cities for Climate Protection (CCP) Campaign. Since its inception, the CCP Campaign has grown to involve more than 650 local governments worldwide that are integrating climate change mitigation into their decision-making processes. 2676: 12506: 12494: 12530: 12518: 9463:

exaggeration and at worst an utter "hoax," as James Inhofe of Oklahoma, the ranking Republican on the Senate Environment and Public Works Committee, once put it. These grim numbers, compiled by the Center for American Progress, describe a troubling new reality: the rise of the Tea Party and its anti-intellectual, anti-establishment, anti-elite worldview has brought both a mainstreaming and a radicalization of antiscientific thought.

1750:, stream and forest conservation and pollinator breeders. The state government also passed a $ 9 billion transportation package focused on raising the gas tax and improving transit, biking and walking, and implemented a bipartisan energy permitting reform bill. It implemented California's stricter tailpipe emissions standards for cars, and set a goal of 20% electric vehicles as a share of all cars by 2030. 3002:, including short and long-term GHG emission reduction goals. Powering the Plains, launched in 2002, is a regional effort involving participants from the Dakotas, Minnesota, Iowa, Wisconsin and the Canadian Province of Manitoba. This initiative aims to develop strategies, policies, and demonstration projects for alternative energy sources and technology and climate-friendly agricultural development. 1027:, the Trump administration acknowledged that, without a course correction, the planet is on track for global average temperature warming by approximately four degrees Celsius by the end of the century, compared with preindustrial levels. Such warming would be catastrophic for organized human life, according to scientists. The EIP supports the U.S. government's decision to maintain without increase 474: 1973:(RGGI). This program launched on January 1, 2009, with the aim to reduce the carbon "budget" of each state's electricity generation sector to 10 percent below their 2009 allowances by 2018. 11 Northeastern US states are involved in the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative, It is believed that the state-level program will apply pressure on the federal government to support 801:(FAST), an act passed in December 2015 by the Obama administration. FAST was formulated to reduce traffic and increase the quality of air by reducing emissions, yet it proved to be slow in gathering infrastructure investments. Thus, the President proposed a tax on oil of $ 10 per barrel to pay for it. The plan failed in the House due to the Republican majority. 2509:'s position on climate hurts its standing within young voting blocs. Also in 2019, several Republican legislators broke with the party to advocate taking action on climate change, with market-based solutions rather than traditional regulations. Additionally, groups of younger Republicans began advocacy efforts in favor of a climate policy response, such as 9503:...a recent survey by the non-profit Center for American Progress found that some 58 percent of Republicans in the U.S. Congress still "refuse to accept climate change. Meanwhile, still others acknowledge the existence of global warming but cling to the scientifically debunked notion that the cause is natural forces, not greenhouse gas pollution by humans. 1884:

energy system for all New Yorkers. It will foster "economic prosperity and environmental stewardship" and cooperation between government and industry. Concrete goals thus far include a 40% reduction in greenhouse gas from 1990 levels, electricity sourced from 50% of renewable energy sources, and a 600 billion BTU increase in statewide energy efficiency.

1322:. The legislation, signed into law by Biden on August 16, 2022, invests approximately $ 400 billion to climate-related projects, primarily in the form of tax credits for consumers and private businesses. The majority of these investments is intended to increase the amount of wind and solar energy in the United States grid by providing tax incentives to 1702:. Connecticut is one of the states that agreed, under the auspices of the New England Governors and Eastern Canadian Premiers (NEG/ECP), to a voluntary short-term goal of reducing regional greenhouse gas emissions to 1990 levels by 2010 and by 10 percent below 1990 levels by 2020. The NEG/ECP long-term goal is to reduce emissions to a level that 70:(EPA) defines climate change as "any significant change in the measures of climate lasting for an extended period of time." Essentially, climate change includes major changes in temperature, precipitation, or wind patterns, as well as other effects, that occur over several decades or longer. The policy with the biggest US investment in 2079:, a regional greenhouse gas emissions trading system. The Initiative was created when the West Coast Global Warming Initiative (California, Oregon, and Washington) and the Southwest Climate Change Initiative (Arizona and New Mexico) joined efforts with Utah and Montana, along with British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec. 443:, the White House attempted to bury the report "National Assessment of the Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change", produced by U.S. scientists pursuant to U.S. law, Some U.S. scientists resigned their jobs rather than give in to White House pressure to underreport global warming. and removed key portions of a 707:, which was the final version of regulations originally proposed by the EPA the previous year, and which pertained to carbon dioxide emissions from power plants. Even though it had never been fully implemented, it was replaced by the Trump administration's Affordable Clean Energy rule in 2019, itself voided by the 252:), set emissions standards for new vehicles and a renewable fuels requirement for gasoline beginning in 2016, establish energy efficiency and renewable portfolio standards beginning in 2008 and low-carbon electric generation standards beginning in 2016 for electric utilities, and require periodic evaluations by the 1124:, a new oil refinery in northern Alaska, and faced many objections from climate activists, who said it would contribute 287 million tons of carbon emissions. It came amid a slew of hundreds of other new oil and gas project approvals under Biden. In response, Biden stopped oil and gas leases in and around the 643:

tide is running out." In 2010, the president said, similarly, that it was time for the United States "to aggressively accelerate" its transition from oil to alternative sources of energy and vowed to push for quick action on climate change legislation, arguably seeking to harness the deepening anger over

7135:

Jiang, Betty; Mandloi, Maheep; Carlson, Richard; Hope, Matt; Ziffer, Mike; Campanella, Nick; Rosa, Ariel; Walsh, John; Kuske, Andrew; Tse, Horace; Kim, Sang Uk; Quiroga, Vanessa; Roberts, John; Chigumira, Danielle; Okusanya, Tayo; Oppenheim, Dan; Freshney, Mark; Leonard, Christopher; Woodworth, Curt;

2990:

issued an executive order to implement recommendations included in the Climate Change Advisory Group's Climate Action Plan. The West Coast states—Washington, Oregon, and California—are cooperating on a strategy to reduce GHG emissions, known as the Western Coast Governors' Global Warming Initiative.

2940:

model will set the stage for other states to join or form their own regional cap and trade systems and may encourage the program to expand to other greenhouse gases and other sectors. RGGI states, along with Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island, are also developing a GHG registry called the

2617:

states that "competitive free markets and property rights stimulate the technological innovations and behavioral changes required to protect our environment and ecosystems." The Libertarians believe the government has no rights or responsibilities to regulate and control the environmental issues. The

1883:

enforced the state's hallmark energy policy, Reforming the Energy Vision. This involves building a new network that will connect the central grid with clean, locally generated power. The method for this undertaking falls to the Energy Plan, a comprehensive plan to build a clean, resilient, affordable

1865:

In June 2018, the state announced its first major update in over two decades to its Environmental Quality Review (EQR) regulations. The update involves streamlining the environmental review process and encouraging renewable energy. It also expanded the Type II actions, or "list of actions not subject

1627:

to develop standards to achieve the maximum feasible and cost-effective reduction of greenhouse gases from motor vehicles. Now the California Vehicle Global Warming law, it requires automakers to reduce emissions by 30% by 2016. Although it has been challenged in the courts by the automakers, support

1527:

As described in a 2007 brief by the PEW Center on Global Climate Change, "States and municipalities often function as "policy laboratories", developing initiatives that serve as models for federal action. This has been especially true with environmental regulation—most federal environmental laws have

1055:

sector. On March 9, 2017, Mustafa Ali, a leader of the environmental justice office at EPA, resigned over proposed cuts to the agency's environmental justice program. The preliminary budget proposals would cut the environmental justice office's budget by 1/4, causing a 20% reduction in its workforce.

1042:

to cut EPA funding by 26%. The EPA provides technical assistance to cities as they update their infrastructure to adapt to climate change, according to Joel Scheraga, the EPA senior advisor for climate change adaptation who has worked for the EPA for three decades. Scheraga said he was working with a

658:

proposed to support clean energy development with a 10-year investment of US$ 15 billion per year, generated from the sale of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions credits. Under the proposed cap-and-trade program, all GHG emissions credits would be auctioned off, generating an estimated $ 83 billion in new

413:

asserts that there has been a disingenuous, concerted and effective campaign to convince Americans that the science is not proven, or that global warming is the result of natural cycles, and that there needs to be more research. The book claims that, to delay action, industry and government spokesmen

2939:

signed legislation in March 2006 that commits Maryland to join RGGI by 2007. To facilitate compliance with reduction targets, RGGI will provide flexibility mechanisms that include credits for emissions reductions achieved outside of the electricity sector. The successful implementation of the RGGI

2693:

Poor and disempowered groups often do not have the resources to prepare for, cope with or recover from climate disasters such as droughts, floods, heat waves, hurricanes, etc. This occurs not only within the United States but also between rich nations, who predominantly create the problem of climate

2642:

In regards to energy, the party calls attention to "the continuing need of the United States for a sufficient supply of energy for national security and for the immediate adoption of a policy of free market solutions to achieve energy independence for the United States," and calls for the "repeal of

2333:, the Democratic Party views climate change as "an urgent threat and a defining challenge of our time." Democrats are dedicated to "curbing the effects of climate change, protecting America's natural resources, and ensuring the quality of our air, water, and land for current and future generations." 1985:

emissions from power plants in the member states. Emission permit auctioning began in September 2008, and the first three-year compliance period began on January 1, 2009. Proceeds will be used to promote energy conservation and renewable energy. The system affects fossil fuel power plants with 25 MW

1940:

use. They are helping to drive the transition to cleaner energy, by building upon existing energy portfolio standards, and could be applied broadly at the federal level and developed more acutely at the regional and state levels. CES policies have had success at the federal level, gaining bipartisan

1857:

laws make it easier for both residents and businesses to use solar power by feeding unused energy back into electrical fields and receive credit from their power suppliers. Although one version was released in 1997, it was exclusively limited to residential systems using up to 10 kilowatts of power.

1845:

According to the 2015 New York State Energy Plan, renewable sources, which include wind, hydropower, solar, geothermal, and sustainable biomass, have the potential to meet 40 percent of the state's energy needs by 2030. As of 2018, sustainable energy use comprises 11 percent of all energy usage. The

1598:

One of the most notable pieces of climate legislation in California was Assembly Bill 32. This landmark piece of legislation required many actors in California’s economy to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions to 1990 levels by 2020. The bill also appointed the California Air Resources Board (CARB)

936:

with a history of close ties to energy industry interests, to head the EPA. While serving as Attorney General of Oklahoma, Pruitt removed Oklahoma's environmental protection unit and sued the EPA a total of fourteen times, thirteen of which involved "industry players" as co-parties. He was confirmed

330:

is a measure of heat corresponding to the quantity of heat needed to raise the temperature of water by one degree Fahrenheit. The tax also applied to electricity produced by hydro and nuclear power, but exempted renewable energy sources such as geothermal, solar, and wind. The Clinton Administration

2739:

As a part of MNCAA, 75 mayors from across the United States, known as the "Climate Mayors", wrote to President Trump on March 28, 2017, in opposition to proposed rollbacks of several major climate change departments and initiatives. They maintain that the federal government should continue to build

2340:

believes that "carbon dioxide, methane, and other greenhouse gasses should be priced to reflect their negative externalities, and to accelerate the transition to a clean energy economy and help meet our climate goals." Democrats are also committed to "implementing, and extending smart pollution and

809:

In June 2015, under Obama's Climate Action Plan Progress Report, the EPA announced that they were going to propose new standards for both medium and heavy-duty engines and vehicles, building off standards that were already enacted. These proposals were projected to decrease emissions by 270 million

785:

In June 2015, the Obama administration released the President's 21st Century Clean Transportation Plan with the goal of reducing carbon pollution by converting the nation's century old infrastructure into one based on clean energy. The President's multibillion-dollar proposal provided incentives to

642:

President Obama said in September 2009 that if the international community would not act swiftly to deal with climate change that "we risk consigning future generations to an irreversible catastrophe... our prosperity, our health, and our safety are in jeopardy, and the time we have to reverse this

322:

The Climate Change Action Plan was announced on October 19, 1993. This plan aimed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to 1990 levels by 2000. Clinton described this goal as "ambitious but achievable," and called for 44 action steps to achieve this goal. Among these steps were voluntary participation

310:

to 1990 levels by 2000 through his biodiversity treaty, reflecting his attempt to return the United States to the global platform of climate policy. Clinton's British Thermal Unit (BTU) Tax and Climate Change Action Plan were also announced within the first year of his presidency, calling for a tax

9484:

According to a survey by the Center for American Progress' Action Fund, more than 55 percent of congressional Republicans are climate change deniers. And it gets worse from there. They found that 77 percent of Republicans on the House Science Committee say they don't believe it in either. And that

9426:

The Republican Party's fast journey from debating how to combat human-caused climate change to arguing that it does not exist is a story of big political money, Democratic hubris in the Obama years and a partisan chasm that grew over nine years like a crack in the Antarctic shelf, favoring extreme

2774:

from the agreement. Currently, there are 22 states that are members of this network. This network is a bipartisan network of governors across the United States and is governed by three core principles: "States are continuing to lead on climate change", "State-level climate action is benefiting our

1632:

to adopt procedures and protocols for project reporting and carbon sequestration in forests. (SB 812. Approved by Governor Davis on September 7, 2002) California has convened an interagency task force, housed at the California Energy Commission, to develop these procedures and protocols. Staff are

365:

The Climate Change Technology Initiative provided $ 4 billion in tax incentives over a five-year period. The tax credits applied to energy efficient homes and building equipment, implementation of solar energy systems, electric and hybrid vehicles, clean energy, and the power industry. The Climate

9234:

It's much easier to list Republicans in Congress who think climate change is real than it is to list Republicans who don't, because there are so few members of the former group. Earlier this year, Politifact went looking for congressional Republicans who had not expressed scepticism about climate

1640:

signed an executive order calling for the following reductions in state greenhouse gas emissions: to reduce GHG emissions to 2000 levels by 2010, to reduce GHG emissions to 1990 levels by 2020, to reduce GHG emissions to 80 percent below 1990 levels by 2050. Measures to meet these targets include

1211:

Around spring 2024, the Biden administration announced several changes to its climate policy approach. First, the EPA issued new tailpipe emissions limits that it projected would cut emissions by 7 billion metric tons, or 56% of 2026 levels, by 2032. Second, the Interior Department raised royalty

1594:

on industry. In California, climate change policy has been developed through both the executive and legislative branches of the state government. Many of the policies have specifically targeted greenhouse gas emissions, which have been shown to raise global temperatures and skew natural rhythms.

725:

On May 12, 2016, the administration released an Information Collection Request (ICR), requiring all methane-emitting operations to provide emission levels reports to EPA analysts to deal with high-emitting sources. New standards set emission limits for methane; reductions were to be made through

2859:

Regional initiatives can be more efficient than programs at the state level, as they encompass a broader geographical area, eliminate duplication of work, and create more uniform regulatory environments. Over the past few years, a number of regional initiatives have begun developing systems to

392:

that would require nations to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions, claiming that ratifying the treaty would create economic setbacks in the U.S. and does not put enough pressure to limit emissions from developing nations. In February 2002, President Bush announced his alternative to the Kyoto

9462:

It would be easier to believe in this great moment of scientific reawakening, of course, if more than half of the Republicans in the House and three-quarters of Republican senators did not now say that the threat of global warming, as a man-made and highly threatening phenomenon, is at best an

357:

In his second term, Clinton announced his FY00 proposal, which allotted funding for a new set of environmental policies. Under this proposal, the President announced a new Clean Air Partnership Fund, new tax incentives and investments, and funding for environmental research of both natural and

93:

tends to be skeptical about the effects on business, as well as advocate for slower change, inaction, or reversal of existing climate change mitigation policies. Most lobbying on climate policy in the United States is done by corporations that are publicly opposed to reducing carbon emissions.

361:

The Clean Air Partnership Fund was proposed to finance state and local government efforts for greenhouse gas emission reductions in cooperation with EPA. Under this fund, $ 200 million was allotted to promote and finance innovation projects meant to reduce air pollution. It also supported the

835:

In April 2010, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Department of Transportation's National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) formulated a national program that would finalize new standards for model year 2012 through 2016 most consumer road vehicles. With these new

1135:

Even still, the Biden administration presided over record oil and gas production highs, reaching 12.9 million barrels per day in 2023 and 530,000 barrels per day from public lands since 2020 (despite a campaign pledge to halt drilling on said lands), though growth has been driven more by

1817:

created the New York State Climate Action Council (NYSCAC) and tasked them with creating a direct action plan. In 2010, the NYSCAC released a 428-page Interim Report which outlined a plan to reduce emissions and highlighted the impact climate change will have in the future. In 2010, the

607:

as the department's Special Envoy for Climate Change. Clinton said, "we are sending an unequivocal message that the United States will be energetic, focused, strategic and serious about addressing global climate change and the corollary issue of clean energy." Stern, who had coordinated

7212: 353:

on behalf of the United States in 1997, pledging the country to a non-binding 7% reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. He claimed that the agreement was "environmentally strong and economically sound," and expressed a desire for greater involvement in the treaty by developing nations.

2449:, the former President of the United States, has said that "climate change is a hoax invented by and for Chinese." During his political campaign, he blamed China for doing little helping the environment on the earth, but he seemed to ignore many projects organized by China to slow 454:, the Transportation Secretary at that time, personally directed US efforts to urge governors and dozens of members of the House of Representatives to block California's first-in-the-nation limits on greenhouse gases from cars and trucks, according to e-mails obtained by Congress. 331:

planned to collect up to $ 22.3 billion in revenue from the tax by 1997. The tax was opposed by the energy-intensive industry, who feared that the price increase caused by the tax would make U.S. products undesirable on an international level, and thus was never fully implemented.

1531:

City and state governments often act as liaisons to the business sector, working with stakeholders to meet standards and increase alignment with city and state goals. This section will provide an overview of major statewide climate change policies as well as regional initiatives.

2419:

does champion some energy initiatives following: opening up public lands and the ocean for further oil exploration; fast tracking permits for oil and gas wells; and hydraulic fracturing. It also supports dropping "restrictions to allow responsible development of nuclear energy."

2587:

leaders released their proposal to solve and integrate the problem and policy of climate change with six parts. First, Greens (the members of the Green Party) want a stronger international climate treaty to decrease greenhouse gases at least 40% by 2020 and 95% by 2050. Second,

1038:, President Trump proposed cutting the EPA's budget by 31% (reducing its current $ 8.2 billion to $ 5.7 billion). Had it passed, it would have been the lowest EPA budget in 40 years adjusted for inflation, but Congress did not approve it. Trump tried again unsuccessfully in his 2855:

Twenty-eight states have climate action plans and nine have statewide emission targets. The states of California and New Mexico have committed most recently to emission reductions targets, joining New Jersey, Maine, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, Washington and Oregon.

996:

indicated that any climate change policies that they deem hinder the growth of American jobs will not be pursued. In addition, the executive order rolled back on six Obama-made orders aimed at reducing climate change and carbon dioxide emissions and called for a review of the

2316:

seeks to develop policies which curb negative effects from climate change. The Republican Party, whose leading members have frequently denied the existence of global warming, continues to meet its party goals of expanding the energy industries and curbing the efforts of

1571:

As the most populous state in the United States, California's climate policies influence both global climate change and federal climate policy. In line with the views of climate scientists, the state of California has progressively passed emission-reduction legislation.

1986:

or greater generating capacity ("compliance entities"). Since 2005, the participating states have collectively seen an over 45% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by RGGI-affected power plants. This has resulted in cleaner air, better health, and economic growth.

1528:

been based on state models. In addition, state actions can have a significant impact on emissions, because many individual states emit high levels of greenhouse gases. Texas, for example, emits more than France, while California's emissions exceed those of Brazil."

1009:

In his first year in office, President Trump ordered the Environmental Protection Agency to remove references to climate change from its website, suppressed government publication of scientific reports showing the threat of climate change and the effectiveness of

2504:

However, many Republicans see ways to address the issue of climate change using conservative principles. In 2019, Luntz Global released polling indicating that a majority of Republican voters would support government action on emissions reduction, and worry the

2462:. In 2011 "more than half of the Republicans in the House and three-quarters of Republican senators" said "that the threat of global warming, as a man-made and highly threatening phenomenon, is at best an exaggeration and at worst an utter 'hoax'", according to 194:

and Doug Randall. The authors conclude by stating, "this report suggests that, because of the potentially dire consequences, the risk of abrupt climate change, although uncertain and quite possibly small, should be elevated beyond a scientific debate to a U.S.

334:

In 1994, the U.S. called for a new limit on greenhouse gas emissions post-2000 in at the August 1994 INC-10. They also called for a focus on joint implementation, and for new developing countries to limit their emissions. Environmental groups, including the

1286:

However, before its passage into law, the impact of the Act on climate was forecast to be small (with emissions reductions on the order of 200 million metric tons in the best-case scenario), and highly dependent on implementation of the highway provisions.

2690:, which EPA defines as: "The fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income, with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies." 2230:

in the Pacific Northwest, which is thought to have killed hundreds of people. According to the Center for Climate Integrity, the Multnomah County lawsuit is the 36th action filed against fossil fuel interests for worsening the effects of climate change.

431:

that is so prevalent in the USA "was largely generated and kept alive by a small number of conservative think tanks, often with direct funding from industries having special interests in delaying or avoiding the regulation of greenhouse gas emissions".

2288:

Opinion about human causation of climate change increased substantially with education among Democrats, but not among Republicans. Conversely, opinions favoring becoming carbon neutral declined substantially with age among Republicans, but not among

1523:

is a joint program of over twenty U.S. cabinet departments and federal agencies, all working together to investigate climate change. In June 2008, a report issued by the program stated that weather would become more extreme, due to climate change.

2269:

The sharp divide over the existence of and responsibility for global warming and climate change falls largely along political lines. Overall, 60% of Americans surveyed said oil and gas companies were "completely or mostly responsible" for climate

323:

by industry, especially those in the commercial and energy supply fields. Clinton allotted $ 1.9 billion to fund this plan from the federal budget and called for an additional $ 60 billion funding to come voluntarily businesses and industries.

3090:

Urge their state governments, and the federal government, to enact policies and programs to meet or beat the greenhouse gas emission reduction target suggested for the United States in the Kyoto Protocol—7% reduction from 1990 levels by 2012;

2215:. On August 14, 2023, the trial court judge ruled in the youth plaintiffs' favor, though the state indicated it would appeal the decision. Montana's Supreme Court heard oral arguments on July 10, 2024, its seven justices taking the case under 1326:

producers, as well as companies that manufacture batteries and wind and solar power components. The Act may also invest $ 28–48 billion in building retrofits and energy efficiency, $ 23–436 billion in clean transportation, $ 22–26 billion in

836:

standards, vehicles were required to meet an average emissions level of 250 grams of carbon dioxide per mile by model year 2016. This was the first time the EPA had taken measures to regulate vehicular GHG emissions under the Clean Air Act.

10503:

He suggested the initiative was no longer necessary, given the state's economic rebound from the pandemic and the large infusion of federal aid to Massachusetts, as a result of Congress's recent passage of the $ 1.2 trillion infrastructure

9088: 3117: 2999: 2321:(EPA). Other parties, including the Green Party, the Libertarian Party, and the Constitution Party possess various views of climate change and mostly maintain their parties' own long-standing positions to influence their party members. 400:

The Bush administration has been accused of implementing an industry-formulated disinformation campaign designed to mislead the American public on global warming and to forestall limits on "climate polluters", according to a report in

1722:

In 2007, the state of Minnesota implemented a goal of 80% greenhouse gas emissions reductions from 2005 levels, by 2030. However, under the state's 2022 Climate Action Framework, the goal was revised to 50% by 2030, and 100% by 2050.

2638:

is unlawful because "under no circumstances may the federal government take private property, by means of rules and regulations which preclude or substantially reduce the productive use of the property, even with just compensation."

2947:

On November 29, 2011, New Jersey withdrew from the initiative, effective January 1, 2012. Groups such as Acadia Center have since reported on lost revenue resulting from New Jersey's departure, and argued for renewed participation.

4002: 1683:– to produce at least 20% of their electricity using renewable sources by 2010. This shortens the time span originally enacted by Gov. Davis in September 2002 to increase utility renewable energy sales 1% annually to 20% by 2017. 1949:(RPS) are standards set in place to ensure a greater integration of renewable energies in state and regional energy portfolios. Both CES and RPS are helping increase the use of clean and renewable energies in the United States. 1618:

California (the world's fifth largest economy) has long been seen as the state-level pioneer in environmental issues related to global warming and has shown some leadership in the last four years. On July 22, 2002, Governor

256:

to determine whether emissions targets are adequate. However, the bill died in committee. Two more bills, the Climate Protection Act and the Sustainable Energy Act, proposed February 14, 2013, also failed to pass committee.

2991:

Finally, on February 26, 2007, these five Western states (Washington, Oregon, California, Arizona, and New Mexico) agreed to combine their efforts to develop regional targets for reducing greenhouse emissions, creating the

2775:

economies and strengthening our communities", "States are showing the nation and the world that ambitious climate action is achievable." Their current initiatives include green banks, grid modernizations, solar soft costs,

5881: 1706:—a goal scientists suggest will require reductions 75 to 85 percent below current levels. These goals were announced in August 2001. The state has also acted to require additions in renewable electric generation by 2009. 2806:

The environmental justice groups who worked on AB 32 strongly opposed cap and trade programs being made mandatory. A cap and trade plan was put in place, and a 2016 study by a group of California academics found that

1128:(though not the Willow lease itself) in September 2023, and temporarily suspended regulatory approvals for new natural gas export terminals in January 2024, though this suspension was halted by Louisiana federal judge 900:

of climate change and stated that efforts to curb fossil fuel emissions could harm the United States' global competitiveness. He pledged to roll back regulations placed on the oil and gas industry by the EPA under the

2596:, nuclear power, biomass and waste incineration, and biofuels, and preventing corrupt actions from the rise of carbon prices. Third, countries with few contributions should pay for adaption to climate change. Fourth, 1018:

made at the EPA. In a similar vein, the Trump Administration prevented scientists from reporting to Congress regarding the threat of climate change and the urgent need to address it. However, buried inside a 500-page

2484:

in May 2014, "...relatively few Republican members of Congress...accept the prevailing scientific conclusion that global warming is both real and man-made...eight out of 278, or about 3 percent." A 2017 study by the

1870:

upgrades and retrofits. Furthermore, solar arrays are set to be installed in sites like brownfields, wastewater treatment facilities, and land zoned for industry. The regulations will take effect on January 1, 2019.

9070: 1506:

Across the country, regional organizations, states, and cities are achieving real emissions reductions and gaining valuable policy experience as they take action on climate change. These actions include increasing

846:

In August 2012, the administration expanded on these standards for model years 2017 through 2025 vehicles, issuing final rules and standards that were to result in a 163 gram emission per mile by model year 2025.

418:

and other fixes. It calls on voters to demand immediate government action to curb emissions. Papers presented at an International Scientific Congress on Climate Change, held in 2009 under the sponsorship of the

2090:

The Powering the Plains Initiative (PPI) began in 2001 and aims to expand alternative energy technologies and improve climate-friendly agricultural practices. Its most significant accomplishment was a 50-year

2600:

champion more efficient but low-cost public transportation system and less energy demand economy. Fifth, the government should train more workers to operate and develop the new, green energy economy. Last,

7760:"One State Generates Much, Much More Renewable Energy Than Any Other, and It's Not California / Here's a state-by-state tally of the leaders and laggards for wind, solar and other renewable energy in 2022" 4227: 826:

oversaw an increase of investments into more fuel-efficient ships, and incentives made it possible for buses and other forms of transit to switch to other forms of energy such as natural gas and electric.

813:

The Climate Action Plan progress report also addressed aircraft, transit, and maritime emissions. The EPA proposed a rule tightening carbon pollution standards in civil aviation. Additionally, under the

700:(UNFCCC). The United States committed to reducing emissions 26-28% below 2005 levels by 2025, a reflection of the Obama administration's goal to convert the U.S. economy into one of low-carbon reliance. 4944: 4825: 616:, said that "The time for denial, delay and dispute is over.... We can only meet the climate challenge with a response that is genuinely global. We will need to engage in vigorous, dramatic diplomacy." 5920: 752:

An October 2016 report compared US government spending on climate security and military security and found the latter to be 28 times greater. The report estimated that public sector spending of $ 55

326:

The British Thermal Tax proposed by Clinton in early 1993 called for a tax on producers of gasoline, oil, and other fuels based on fuel content in accordance to the British Thermal Unit (BTU). The

6601: 9084: 9044: 2776: 1338:

However, the law also requires that for federal lands, oil and gas projects be considered before wind and solar rights of way, even as it brought about the aforementioned royalty rate increases.

722:, stating that the two federal governments will jointly work together to reduce methane emissions in North America, coordinating particularly on research and development and standards creation. 5982: 2935:) emissions from regional power plants. Currently (at the time of this edit), Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, and Vermont have signed, and Maryland Governor 3075:

through leadership and action by at least 141 American cities, and as of October, 2006, 319 mayors representing over 51.4 million Americans had accepted the challenge. Under the terms of the

1714:

Maryland began a partnership with the Center for Climate and Energy Solutions (C2ES) in 2015 to research impacts and solutions to climate change called the Maryland Climate Change Commission.

4573:"FACT SHEET: The Recovery Act Made The Largest Single Investment In Clean Energy In History, Driving The Deployment Of Clean Energy, Promoting Energy Efficiency, And Supporting Manufacturing" 1698:

The state of Connecticut passed a number of bills on global warming in the early to mid 1990s, including—in 1990—the first state global warming law to require specific actions for reducing CO

366:

Change Technology Initiative also provided funding for additional research and development on clean technology, especially in the building, electricity, industry, and transportation sectors.

9166: 229:

said, "I'm hot to get something done. It's hard not to conclude that the politics of global warming has changed and a new consensus for action is emerging and it is a bipartisan consensus."

1906:"A cap-and-invest program that will help fund new climate-friendly transportation options and community reinvestments that help businesses and families to transition away from fossil fuels 7806: 5184: 4010: 10777: 7433: 1554:

signed an executive order calling on the state to create initiatives to cut greenhouse gas emissions to the 2000 level by the year 2020 and to 50 percent below the 2000 level by 2040.

7785: 7213:"Biden-Harris Administration Announces Historic $ 20 Billion in Awards to Expand Access to Clean Energy and Climate Solutions and Lower Energy Costs for Communities Across the Nation" 9026: 8896: 530:

is a plan to invest in renewable energy, reduce reliance on foreign oil, address the global climate crisis, and make coal a less competitive energy source. It was announced during

12943: 9114: 4381: 2626:

The Constitution Party, in the 2014 Platform, states that "it is our responsibility to be prudent, productive, and efficient stewards of God's natural resources." On the issue of

8919: 7137: 1841:

A snapshot of the destruction caused by Hurricane Sandy, which flooded coastlines and forced many residents to flee for safety. Houses and critical infrastructure were destroyed.

6137: 2955:

in the 2017 Virginia gubernatorial election and Phil Murphy in the 2017 New Jersey gubernatorial election, New Jersey and Virginia began to make preliminary moves to join RGGI.

2532:

had formed which actively opposed private sector climate initiatives. The group also raised objections to government appointments and regulations due to climate-related issues.

6472:"Biden-Harris Administration Announces Final Transmission Permitting Rule and Latest Investments To Accelerate the Build Out of a Resilient, Reliable, Modernized Electric Grid" 3701: 2803:

recruited staffers with environmental justice expertise as well as community leaders in order to appease environmental justice groups and ensure the safe passage of the bill.

9542: 2975:

As of 2020, several states in the northeastern United States were discussing a regional cap and trade system for carbon emissions from motor vehicle fuel sources, called the

488: 13152: 12230: 9003: 7769: 6238: 1912:"Launch of a state Clean Energy Fund, the Clean Energy Institute at University of Washington, and the Institute for Northwest Energy Futures at Washington State University" 596:

as Assistant to the President for Energy and Climate Change. Browner is a former administrator of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and was a principal of The

9062: 8138: 6114: 5279: 13157: 12976: 12878: 4572: 2982:

The governors of Arizona and New Mexico signed an agreement to create the Southwest Climate Change Initiative in February 2006. The two states collaborated to assess

2941: 375: 9249:"Even the basics of climate change are still being debated in the 2016 election: Republican and Democratic platforms lay out very different plans for the environment" 3404: 794:

investments, $ 10 billion per year to improved regional transportation planning reform, and $ 2 billion per year to alternative fuel and autonomous vehicle research.

13162: 12986: 12406: 8781: 5646: 2148:, was filed by Gerald Maples, a trial attorney in Mississippi, in an effort to force fossil fuel and chemical companies to pay for damages caused by global warming. 346:(COP-1). This victory is noted in the Berlin Mandate of April 1995, which called for developed countries to lead the implementation of national mitigation policies. 6420: 5703: 2605:

think necessary to transform commercial plants where have uncontrolled animal feeding operations and overuse of fossil fuel to health farms with organic practices.

2257:

differ in views of the seriousness of climate change, with the gap widening in the 2010s and Democrats more than three times as likely to view it as a major threat.

1660:

would create offsets by showing that it has reduced carbon dioxide and equivalent gases. The project types include: manure management, forestry, building energy, SF

726:

transition to newer and cleaner production equipment, fixed monitoring of leaks at operation sites using innovative techniques, and the capturing of emissions from

12074: 11531: 8164: 4237: 4033:"United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. REPORT OF THE CONFERENCE OF THE PARTIES ON ITS FIRST SESSION, HELD AT BERLIN FROM 28 MARCH TO 7 APRIL 1995" 1922: 1847: 1819: 45: 8817: 5436: 5062: 4351: 2282: 992:

industry. The executive order rolls back on Obama-era climate regulations on the coal industry in order to grow the coal sector and create new American jobs. The

12961: 12901: 12896: 12818: 9516: 5450: 4521: 2226:

filed a lawsuit against seven defendants, including Exxon Mobil, Shell, Chevron and the Western States Petroleum Association, for materially contributing to the

463: 13021: 12996: 7763: 4892: 4833: 3172: 589: 103: 4779: 13134: 13068: 12247: 4320:

William Freudenburg, "The effects of journalistic imbalance on scientific imbalance: special interests, scientific consensus and global climate disruption",

697: 215: 10714: 10098: 6915: 6809: 2301:

National political divides on the seriousness of climate change consistently correlate with political ideology, with right-wing opinion being more negative.

12991: 12981: 12906: 12771: 12705: 9885: 8980: 6727: 6514: 6341: 5510: 4202: 2811:

under the plan were not used to benefit people in California who lived near power plants, who are mostly less well off than people who live far from them.

1114: 1065: 9143: 8112: 6676: 6649: 5399:"Regulatory Announcement, EPA and NHTSA Set Standards to Reduce Greenhouse Gases and Improve Fuel Economy for Model Years 2017-2025 Cars and Light Trucks" 4918: 13266: 13031: 12966: 12700: 11683: 11499: 9063:"As Economic Concerns Recede, Environmental Protection Rises on the Public's Policy Agenda / Partisan gap on dealing with climate change gets even wider" 8190: 7197: 6597: 3137: 856: 9048: 5000: 2736:

in 2014. The MNCAA aims to bring climate change policy into the hands of local government and to make federal climate change policies more accountable.

1606: 13107: 13016: 13001: 12781: 12776: 12766: 12715: 12710: 11678: 8216: 2456:

From 2008 to 2017, the Republican Party went from "debating how to combat human-caused climate change to arguing that it does not exist," according to

10485: 7958: 7404: 6471: 6445: 5866: 3795: 1730:, from 2023 to 2024, the state enacted 40 Framework initiatives to deal with climate change. These include a clean energy standard of 100% by 2040, a 566:

found the ARRA boosted GDP by 2-3%, supported 900,000 clean energy job-years and leveraged $ 150 billion in private sector clean energy investments.

175:

that it was not the sense of the Senate that the United States should be a signatory to the Kyoto Protocol. In 2001, former National Security Adviser

13041: 13036: 13026: 13011: 11546: 4456: 2771: 909: 6315: 3950: 2486: 13203: 13086: 13006: 12841: 10852: 9158: 7549: 6968: 6368: 5620: 5370:"Regulatory Announcement: EPA and NHTSA Finalize Historic National Program to Reduce Greenhouse Gases and Improve Fuel Economy for Cars and Trucks" 2120: 6186: 4752: 2706:

States and local governments are often tasked with defense against climate change affecting areas and peoples under state and local jurisdiction.

2453:. While Trump's words might be counted as his campaign strategy to attract voters, it brought concerns from the left about environmental justice. 1850:

offers incentives in the form of grants and loans to its residents to adopt renewable energy technologies and create renewable energy businesses.

13236: 13231: 12938: 12786: 12738: 11526: 11473: 6864: 2082:

The nonprofit organization WCI, Inc., was established in 2011 and supports implementation of state and regional greenhouse gas trading programs.

1381: 1357:, among a wide variety of other provisions to cut pollution. According to several independent analyses, the law is projected to reduce 2030 U.S. 424: 10022: 6835: 5044: 3521: 937:

to head the EPA on February 17, 2017, with a 52–46 vote and resigned on July 5, 2018, amid ethics violation controversies. Trump then nominated

13185: 13046: 12628: 12568: 4624: 3152: 2263: 1095: 1024: 798: 265: 241: 48:

in the world. Cumulatively, the United States has emitted over a trillion metric tons of greenhouse gases, more than any country in the world.

9854: 7444: 7020: 6544: 5672: 13213: 11182: 8217:"East Side foundry with past violations has 30 days to reduce lead, air pollution St. Paul foundry has 30 days to reduce lead, air pollution" 3489: 3142: 2428: 2318: 2164: 2129: 1373: 1358: 1350: 1147: 1075: 620: 67: 9248: 9218: 8242: 7774: 7107: 6757: 1628:

for the law is growing as other states have adopted similar legislation. On September 7, 2002, Governor Davis approved a bill requiring the

737:

analyzed a set of definite and proposed climate change policies for the United States and found that these were insufficient to meet the US

13241: 11415: 10047: 6941: 4422: 4386: 1946: 738: 693: 10516: 9018: 8888: 7372: 5595: 3600: 3083:

Strive to meet or beat the Kyoto Protocol targets in their own communities, through actions ranging from anti-sprawl land-use policies to

11299: 10942: 6045: 492: 339:(CAN), critiqued these efforts, questioning U.S. focus on limiting the emissions of other countries when it had not established its own. 9617: 9106: 8349: 7047: 6995: 6394: 1645:

has calculated that by 2020, drivers would save $ 26 billion per year if California's automotive standards were implemented nationally.

1603:, the first such program in the United States. California was able to reach the emissions target four years ahead of schedule, in 2016. 1314:

bill that was the largest investment in climate change mitigation in US history to date, setting out provisions to invest in increasing

538:, which invests $ 26.6 billion in renewable energy, $ 19.9 billion in energy efficiency and conservation, $ 18.1 billion in transit and 13121: 12813: 12638: 11568: 11516: 8944: 8911: 8634: 5089:"EPA's Actions to Reduce Methane Emissions from the Oil and Natural Gas Industry: Final Rules and Draft Information Collection Request" 4136: 2992: 1900:"A landmark 100% clean electricity policy that puts Washington on the nation’s most ambitious pathway to 100% clean electricity by 2045 1492: 1482: 1235:

In 2021, due to pressure from Senate Republicans, Biden's infrastructure plan was shrunk to $ 1.2 trillion, and signed into law as the

444: 7831: 6145: 5356: 5306: 2592:

advocate economic policies to create a safer atmosphere. The economic policies include setting carbon taxes on fossil fuels, removing

1610:

Though Texas and California generate the most wind + solar power of all states, various other states generate more wind + solar power

12933: 12860: 12447: 11563: 11138: 9276: 8425: 3675: 3108: 2510: 815: 111: 10555: 10441: 7918: 7902: 291:(EPA) from regulating greenhouse gasses as pollutants. As of 2012, the EPA was still overseeing regulation under the Clean Air Act. 12603: 12588: 11778: 11489: 11207: 10984: 10882: 10472: 4649: 3709: 3568: 2655:

In September 2019, the Nebraska Farmers Union called for "more government action on climate change." The organization wants better

2309: 1945:. Iowa was the first state to adopt CES policies, and now a majority of states have adopted CES policies. Similar to CES policies, 1101:

In June 2021 the Keystone XL pipeline, considered by some as dangerous for climate, was cancelled, following strong objection from

343: 208: 6702: 6421:"Biden administration moves to let conservation groups rent government-owned land just like oil, ranching and mining companies do" 5830: 1599:

to devise policies and mechanisms for reaching the goal. CARB ultimately implemented the state’s cap-and-trade program, a type of

447:(CDC) report given to the U.S. Senate Environment and Public Works Committee about the dangers to human health of global warming. 13078: 12928: 12868: 12643: 12134: 11923: 11081: 8995: 5729: 4487: 3976: 3850: 1671:

Additionally, on September 26 Governor Schwarzenegger signed SB 107, which requires California's three major biggest utilities –

1384:

spent hundreds of millions to adapt coastlines to climate change, and more than $ 1 billion was allocated to equitable access to

1311: 7869: 3315: 12825: 12808: 12725: 12658: 11783: 11746: 11600: 11585: 11494: 11143: 11087: 8559: 6650:"Biden-Harris Administration Announces $ 6 Billion To Drastically Reduce Industrial Emissions and Create Healthier Communities" 6572: 6160: 6098: 3177: 3162: 1236: 984:, making it easier for the companies sponsoring them to continue with production. On March 28, 2017, President Trump signed an 582: 535: 261: 9995:

Roberts, J. Timmons (2009). "The International Dimension of Climate Justice and the Need for International Adaption Funding".

7932: 4724: 4420:

before the Committee on Oversight and Government Reform of the U.S. House of Representatives on January 30, 2007, archived at

3079:, cities must commit to three actions in striving to meet the Kyoto Protocol in their own communities. These actions include: 1051:

The shift in direction of environmental policy in the United States under the Trump administration has led to a change in the

718:

emissions by 2025. In March 2016, the President would later solidify this goal in an agreement with Prime Minister of Canada,

13271: 13129: 12613: 12608: 12442: 11580: 10912: 10768: 6889: 6515:"DOE Finalizes Efficiency Standards for Water Heaters to Save Americans Over $ 7 Billion on Household Utility Bills Annually" 5558: 3274: 2721: 2715: 2295: 1689:

of Great Britain, and various other international efforts to address global warming, independently of the federal government.

1641:

tighter automotive emissions standards, and requirements for renewable energy as a proportion of electricity production. The

1315: 823: 734: 55: 8523: 3782: 121: 12733: 12598: 12464: 11410: 11405: 10887: 8849: 7081: 4856: 3396: 2792: 2498: 2227: 9188: 8792: 2244: 13180: 13172: 12920: 11945: 11723: 11541: 11463: 11453: 11436: 11343: 11150: 10797: 8827: 7238: 6290: 5842: 5781: 3198: 3132: 2634:

are using the global warming threat to gain more control via worldwide sustainable development." According to the party,

2409: 2330: 1564: 1520: 976:

After less than a week as president, on January 24, 2017, Trump issued an executive order that removed barriers from the

211:

failed a vote in the US Senate. In the 2005 vote, Republicans opposed the Bill 49–6, while Democrats supported it 37–10.

20: 11468: 9400: 8296: 8086: 4359: 585:, a cap and trade bill, was passed on June 26, 2009, in the House of Representatives, but was not passed by the Senate. 13195: 13102: 12800: 12633: 12618: 12593: 12577: 12561: 12374: 12235: 12192: 11688: 10847: 10787: 9721: 8453: 8060: 5894: 5428: 4705: 3817:"Opinion | 'Climate Change Is Not a Subjective Thing.' How Does the U.S. Approach to the Environment Look From Abroad?" 2924: 2918: 2644: 2115: 1970: 1629: 1452: 1442: 1199: 1106: 673:

worked in accordance for the first time, formulating a landmark agreement to reduce both production and consumption of

107: 9306: 8754: 8724: 7272: 6212: 2312:, the two major parties established different positions on the issue of global warming and climate change policy. The 1822:

also commissioned a report about statewide climate change impacts, later published in November 2011. After Hurricanes

13223: 13060: 12301: 12177: 11994: 11187: 10932: 10927: 10902: 10867: 8764: 8426:"Clean Energy Standards: State and Federal Policy Options and Implications | Center for Climate and Energy Solutions" 3430:

Friedlingstein, Pierre; O'Sullivan, Michael; Jones, Matthew W.; Anddrew, Robbie M.; et al. (November 11, 2022).

2976: 2964: 2614: 1703: 1039: 1035: 964:. His nomination was confirmed on February 1, 2017, by a 56–43 vote. He was fired on March 31, 2018, and replaced by 765: 655: 619:

In February 2009, Stern said that the US would take a lead role in the formulation of a new climate change treaty in

514: 440: 41: 10687: 10571: 9136:"Americans Largely Favor U.S. Taking Steps To Become Carbon Neutral by 2050 / Appendix (Detailed charts and tables)" 7759: 5818: 2439:

has viewed these efforts as a "war on coal" and has significantly opposed them. Instead, it advocates building the

19:

This article is about the policy regarding climate change. For other aspects of climate change in this country, see

12971: 12648: 12534: 12172: 12152: 12099: 12051: 11103: 10952: 10892: 10877: 10837: 10827: 10802: 10792: 10656: 8788: 3816: 3203: 3167: 3147: 3076: 2602: 2597: 2589: 2577: 2436: 2416: 2405: 2337: 2313: 2254: 2250: 1368:, in the first year of implementation, the Act had a significant impact on the environment: their expectations for 1110: 276: 10626: 9668: 7108:"BCG Executive Perspectives: US Inflation Reduction Act: Climate & Energy Features and Potential Implications" 6446:"Biden-Harris Administration Finalizes Suite of Standards to Reduce Pollution from Fossil Fuel-Fired Power Plants" 12291: 12242: 11668: 11630: 11575: 11035: 10937: 10922: 10907: 10897: 10872: 10857: 10832: 10812: 10807: 10725: 7323: 6805: 6071: 5329:"House Passes Five Gosar Amendments that Defund Obama's Climate Agenda, Protect Vital Water and Energy Resources" 5088: 4874: 3113: 2795:(commonly known as AB 32) mandates a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions to 1990 levels by the year 2020. The 2176: 1125: 985: 819: 496: 288: 127:

Though China has the greatest annual carbon dioxide emissions (area of its rectangle), the U.S. exceeds China in

75: 9362: 8962: 5502: 4199: 12359: 11643: 11390: 10917: 10862: 10842: 10817: 9565: 9135: 8869: 2800: 2763: 2757: 1624: 1020: 840: 7189: 6728:"Biden-Harris Administration Announces $ 17.6 Million to Help Communities Add Affordable Housing Near Transit" 3766: 2356:

as the climate change has disproportionately impacted low-income and minority communities, tribal nations and

13208: 12846: 12623: 12554: 12469: 12004: 11536: 10822: 9694: 7839: 5533: 3543: 3188: 3157: 2656: 2172: 2125: 1862:

set a statewide target for renewable energy and offered incentives to residents to use the new technologies.

1642: 1364:

By the Act's first anniversary, emissions projections had begun to shift. According to Rhodium Group and the

1346: 1137: 436: 3732: 294:

In 2019, there were 130 elected congresspeople who had expressed doubt about the science of climate change.

12452: 12124: 11653: 11648: 11553: 11420: 10977: 8033: 7965: 6022: 5257: 5223: 3573: 2345:, fuel economy standards for automobiles and heavy-duty vehicles, building codes and appliance standards." 1859: 1757:

regarding climate action in the agricultural and iron processing sectors, and for its fast-tracking of the

1653: 1579: 1268: 563: 407:

magazine that reviewed hundreds of internal government documents and former government officials. The book

381: 137: 6677:"The Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act Will Do More to Reach 2050 Climate Targets than Those of 2030" 6011:, 20 Jan. 2021, www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/keystone-xl-pipeline-halted-as-biden-moves-to-cancel-permit. 4464: 3288: 11663: 11506: 9448: 6779: 6498: 2468: 2152: 1680: 1248: 764:

billion that could be recouped by scrapping underperforming weapons programs. The report recommended the

708: 644: 613: 543: 10339:

Sze, Julie; et al. (2009). "Best in Show? Climate and Environmental Justice Policy in California".

8618: 8113:"Minnesota's permitting reforms will accelerate its clean energy boom and can serve as a national model" 8034:"Governor Walz, Lieutenant Governor Flanagan Celebrate Historic Climate Action Legislation in Minnesota" 7775:"Table 2: Resident Population for the 50 States, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico: 2020 Census" 7772:) Gearino cites IEA as data source, crediting Paul Horn for a related bar chart. ● Population data from 7344:

Engel, Kirsten and Barak Orbach (2008). "Micro-Motives for State and Local Climate Change Initiatives".

4387:"Written Testimony of Francesca T. Grifo, Ph.D. Senior Scientist with the Union of Concerned Scientists" 2211:

to a "clean and healthful environment in Montana for present and future generations" as required by the

1372:

reductions by 2030, relative to 2005 levels, moved from 17%-30% to 29%-42%, and to 32%-51% by 2035. The

12522: 12286: 12089: 12046: 11819: 11741: 11595: 10692: 10369:. Research Brief, September 2016. UC Berkeley, USC, Occidental College, San Francisco State University. 9910:

Friedlingstein, Pierre; Jones, Matthew W.; O'Sullivan, Michael; Andrew, Robbie M.; et al. (2019).

9829: 8651: 7873: 7733: 7495: 5398: 5369: 5026: 4756: 3626: 3473: 3208: 3127: 2796: 2679:

Per person, the United States generates carbon dioxide at a far faster rate than other primary regions.

2195:

in the United States, on June 12, 2023. The case was filed in March 2020 by sixteen youth residents of

2076: 1962: 1676: 1472: 1462: 1252: 1239:. The Act makes several investments germane to climate policy. These include the largest investment in 902: 551: 409: 342:

The U.S. government under Clinton succeeded in pushing its agenda for joint implementation in the 1995

82: 8673: 7654: 7106:

Baker, Tom; Dewar, Alex; Phillips, Katherine; Pieper, Cornelius; Seshadri, Pattabi (August 16, 2022).

6857: 5754: 4158: 3469: 2986:

and address the impacts of climate change in the Southwest and on September 8, 2006, Arizona Governor

1086:, created a National Climate Task Force, paused oil and gas leases on public lands, and re-joined the 12391: 12066: 12041: 12014: 11976: 11893: 11711: 11558: 11511: 11261: 11030: 11025: 11020: 10761: 9336: 6890:"Issue Brief: Estimating the Greenhouse Gas Impact of Federal Infrastructure Investments in the IIJA" 6831: 6369:"EPA issues new auto rules aimed at cutting carbon emissions, boosting electric vehicles and hybrids" 5248: 3193: 2204: 1831: 1672: 1541: 1015: 863: 428: 280: 191: 172: 71: 33: 11906: 10413:"New Jersey and RGGI: Potential Benefits of Renewed Participation" (PDF). Acadia Center. March 2015. 9019:"Republicans urge reversal of landmark ruling in Montana climate change lawsuit by young plaintiffs" 8007: 7470:"Arizona Governor Issues Executive Order for Reduction of Greenhouse Gases; Focus on Transportation" 4974: 3658: 1858:

However, on June 1, 2011, the laws were expanded to include farm and non-residential buildings. The

12401: 12396: 12386: 12327: 12167: 11673: 11638: 11521: 11448: 11289: 11118: 11054: 11015: 9862: 9337:"Conservative Environmentalist Benji Backer on Crossing Partisan Lines to Solve The Climate Crisis" 9045:"Oregon county sues fossil fuel companies, alleging they caused deadly 2021 heat wave in Northwest" 8191:"Knowing the history of regulatory capture on ag pollution can help us end it • Minnesota Reformer" 6916:"Biden-Harris Administration Announces $ 450 Million To Deploy Clean Energy Projects on Mine Lands" 5680: 5328: 4784: 2983: 2412:

denies the existence of climate change and dismisses scientists’ efforts of easing global warming.

2223: 1369: 547: 451: 420: 307: 9807: 4807: 4628: 3499: 12510: 12432: 12342: 12084: 12056: 11736: 11385: 11363: 10970: 10597: 10099:"#ClimateMayors write to President Trump to 'strongly object' to roll back of US climate actions" 9189:"How Do Republicans and Democrats Differ on Climate & Environment Policies? - Planet Experts" 6753: 5865:

Sabine Center for Climate Change Law, Columbia Law School, Columbia University Earth Initiative,

5841:

Sabine Center for Climate Change Law, Columbia Law School, Columbia University Earth Initiative,

5829:

Sabine Center for Climate Change Law, Columbia Law School, Columbia University Earth Initiative,

5817:

Sabine Center for Climate Change Law, Columbia Law School, Columbia University Earth Initiative,

5806: 5805:

Sabine Center for Climate Change Law, Columbia Law School, Columbia University Earth Initiative,

4679: 4602: 4492: 4111: 2979:. In 2021, Massachusetts withdrew citing as one of the reasons that it was no longer necessary. 2212: 2067: 1332: 1307: 1290:

Under the IIJA, in April 2023, President Biden's administration made $ 450 million available for

913: 666: 9443: 7469: 5704:"Andrew Wheeler, who's been leading Trump deregulatory charge, confirmed by Senate as EPA chief" 4429: 4393: 714:

In the same year, President Obama announced his aim for a 40-45% reduction below 2012 levels in

483:

may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience

12109: 11929: 11871: 11788: 11773: 11658: 11294: 11240: 11235: 11230: 11225: 11220: 11215: 10527: 7751: 7503:

Arizona Administrative Register / Secretary of State. Governor's Executive Orders/Proclamations

5115:"Assessment of the climate commitments and additional mitigation policies of the United States" 4829: 3927: 3604: 3228: 3098:

greenhouse gas reduction legislation, which would establish a national emission trading system.

2584: 2494: 2357: 1933: 1649: 1102: 981: 917: 527: 336: 284: 222: 7357: 7046:

Paris, Francesca; Parlapiano, Alicia; Sanger-Katz, Margot; Washington, Eve (August 13, 2022).

5475: 1834:, the state updated vulnerability in regards to the condition of its critical infrastructure. 892:

promised to roll back some of the Obama-era regulations enacted with the purpose of combating

13144: 12498: 12144: 12021: 11829: 11279: 11202: 7802: 6996:"The $ 369bn Climate Deal: America's Path To Climate Resilience - Renewables - United States" 5921:"EPA budget would be slashed by a fourth in President Trump's budget and Democrats are upset" 3465: 3118:

New England Governors and Eastern Canadian Premiers (NEG-ECP) Climate Change Action Plan 2001

3000:

New England Governors and Eastern Canadian Premiers (NEG-ECP) Climate Change Action Plan 2001

2687: 2593: 2490: 2473: 2349: 2075:

Since February 2007, seven U.S. states and four Canadian provinces have joined to create the

1637: 1328: 1052: 933: 897: 90: 86: 63: 51: 10191: 8996:"Young environmental activists prevail in first-of-its-kind climate change trial in Montana" 8933: 8268: 7163: 6863:(Report). Rapid Energy Policy Evaluation and Analysis Toolkit. October 20, 2021. p. 9. 6342:"US supreme court rules against EPA and hobbles government power to limit harmful emissions" 3544:"An Abrupt Climate Change Scenario and Its Implications for United States National Security" 2923:

In December 2005, the governors of seven Northeastern and Mid-Atlantic states agreed to the

2159:

ruling against five big power utility companies, brought by U.S. states, New York City, and

12337: 12215: 11876: 11441: 11368: 10754: 9923: 9085:"54% of Americans view climate change as a major threat, but the partisan divide has grown" 7844: 7666: 5126: 4423:"Testimony of Rick Piltz director, climate science watch government accountability project" 4297: 3182: 2865: 2698:

into the atmosphere, and poor nations who have to deal more heavily with the consequences.

2660: 2353: 2208: 2043: 1942: 1867: 1766: 1516: 1512: 1365: 1227:

imported from China. The increased tariffs will be phased in over a period of three years.

1204: 769: 727: 327: 316: 269: 230: 10366: 8782:"Global Warming in the Courts – An Overview of Current Litigation and Common Legal Issues" 7625: 7273:"The US Inflation Reduction Act one year on – what's been achieved for the green economy?" 6754:"Reconnecting Communities Pilot Program – Planning Grants and Capital Construction Grants" 3679: 3248: 2580:

advocates for reductions of greenhouse gas emissions and increased government regulation.

2144:

to force car manufacturers to reduce vehicles' emissions of carbon dioxide. A third case,

1837: 1259:

projects, $ 430 million in factory decarbonization projects, $ 8 billion in Western state

188:

An Abrupt Climate Change Scenario and Its Implications for United States National Security

8: 12354: 12129: 11353: 11348: 10448: 9517:"Jerry Brown says 'virtually no Republican' in Washington accepts climate change science" 8822: 8592:"The Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI) - NYS Dept. of Environmental Conservation" 7708: 4653: 4522:"Impact of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act on the Clean Energy Transformation" 1731: 1224: 312: 10260: 10214:"Climate Mayors Submit Comments on Proposed Repeal of Clean Power Plan – Climate Mayors" 9927: 7670: 6545:"Biden hikes tariffs on Chinese EVs, solar cells, steel, aluminum — and snipes at Trump" 6263: 5130: 4303: 4287:

Riley Dunlap, "Why climate-change skepticism is so prevalent in the USA: the success of

4183: 3578: 3046: