History of Japan - Knowledge

4260: 3240: 3252: 3532:, guaranteed a little land in the small fishing village of "Nagasáqui" to the Jesuits, who divided it into six areas. They could use the land to receive Christians exiled from other territories, as well as for Portuguese merchants. The Jesuits built a chapel and a school under the name of São Paulo, like those in Goa and Malacca. By 1579, Nagasáqui had four hundred houses, and some Portuguese had gotten married. Fearful that Nagasaki could fall into the hands of its rival Takanobu, Omura Sumitada (Dom Bartolomeu) decided to guarantee the city directly to the Jesuits in 1580. After a few years, the Jesuits came to realize that if they understood the language they would achieve more conversions to the Catholic religion. Jesuits such as João Rodrigues wrote a 2460: 5666: 3603: 3853:

promoted commercial expansion that also benefited the merchants and artisans of the cities. City populations grew, but almost ninety percent of the population continued to live in rural areas. Both the inhabitants of cities and of rural communities would benefit from one of the most notable social changes of the Edo period: increased literacy and numeracy. The number of private schools greatly expanded, particularly those attached to temples and shrines, and raised literacy to thirty percent. This may have been the world's highest rate at the time and drove a flourishing commercial publishing industry, which grew to produce hundreds of titles per year. In the area of

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Since there was an economic advantage for a poor samurai class person to marry a wealthy merchant or peasant class woman, they would adopt a merchant or peasant class woman into the samurai class as an adopted daughter and then marry her. The social stratification had little bearing on economic conditions: many samurai lived in poverty and the wealth of the merchant class grew throughout the period as the commercial economy developed and urbanization grew. The Edo-era social power structure proved untenable and gave way following the Meiji Restoration to one in which commercial power played an increasingly significant political role.

5085:(MITI) with a mission to promote economic growth through close cooperation between the government and big business. MITI sought successfully to promote manufacturing and heavy industry, and encourage exports. The factors behind Japan's postwar economic growth included technology and quality control techniques imported from the West, close economic and defense cooperation with the United States, non-tariff barriers to imports, restrictions on labor unionization, long work hours, and a generally favorable global economic environment. Japanese corporations successfully retained a loyal and experienced workforce through the system of 4807: 4341: 4695: 4011: 3866: 4608: 4878: 2142: 2191: 2559: 3857: – approximated by an index measuring people's ability to report an exact rather than a rounded age (age-heaping method), and which level shows a strong correlation to later economic development of a country – Japan's level was comparable to that of north-west European countries, and moreover, Japan's index came close to the 100 percent mark throughout the nineteenth century. These high levels of both literacy and numeracy were part of the socio-economical foundation for Japan's strong growth rates during the following century. 2259: 3517: 3264: 3452: 3294: 2130: 4898: 2073: 12203: 5530: 2114: 5325: 5029: 3639: 2899: 3731: 3351: 13881: 13484: 3343: 2990: 5496:

commoners, and slaves. Over 90% were commoners, who included farmers, merchants, and artisans. During the late Heian period, the governing elite consisted of three classes. The traditional aristocracy shared power with Buddhist monks and samurai, though the latter became increasingly dominant in the Kamakura and Muromachi periods. These periods witnessed the rise of the merchant class, which diversified into a greater variety of specialized occupations.

13891: 3665:. Nobunaga was renowned for his strategic leadership and his ruthlessness. He encouraged Christianity to incite hatred toward his Buddhist enemies and to forge strong relationships with European arms merchants. He equipped his armies with muskets and trained them with innovative tactics. He promoted talented men regardless of their social status, including his peasant servant Toyotomi Hideyoshi, who became one of his best generals. 1991: 50: 2692: 4680: 2359: 13473: 5652: 1623: 870: 5263: 12191: 4092: 5638: 5290:. Economic performance was often poor in the following decades, and the stock market never returned to its pre-1989 highs. Japan's system of lifetime employment largely collapsed and unemployment rates rose. The faltering economy and several corruption scandals weakened the LDP's dominant political position. Japan was nevertheless governed by non-LDP prime ministers only in 1993–1996 and 2009–2012. 2323: 3185:, meaning "divine wind". In spite of the Kamakura shogunate's victory, the defense so depleted its finances that it was unable to provide compensation to its vassals for their role in the victory. This had permanent negative consequences for the shogunate's relations with the samurai class. Discontent among the samurai proved decisive in ending the Kamakura shogunate. In 1333, 2444: 5214:. The reasons for this include the abolition of government censorship, low film production costs, expanded access to new film techniques and technologies, and huge domestic audiences at a time when other forms of recreation were relatively scarce. During this period, Japan also began to emerge as an exporter of popular culture. Young people across the world began consuming 4543:'s sixty-three-year reign from 1926 to 1989 is the longest in recorded Japanese history. The first twenty years were characterized by the rise of extreme nationalism and a series of expansionist wars. After suffering defeat in World War II, Japan was occupied by foreign powers for the first time in its history, and then re-emerged as a major world economic power. 4552: 3479:, Firando (Hirado), and in the province of Bungo, lands of Ōtomo Sōrin, but in 1562 they moved to Yokoseura when the Daimyô there, Omura Sumitada, offered to be the first lord to convert to Christianity, adopting the name of Dom Bartolomeu. In 1564, he faced a rebellion instigated by the Buddhist clergy and Yokoseura was destroyed. 5519:

the status of men as dominant landholders. During the US occupation following World War II , women gained legal equality with men, but faced widespread workplace discrimination. A movement for women's rights led to the passage of an equal employment law in 1986, but by the 1990s women held only 10% of management positions.

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factories, rural landlords, and tenant farmers. The great disparities of income between the classes dissipated during and after World War II, eventually declining to levels that were among the lowest in the industrialized world. Some postwar surveys indicated that up to 90% of Japanese self-identified as being middle class.

3685:, persecutions of Christians, a thorough land survey, and a new law effectively forbidding the peasants and samurai from changing their social class. Hideyoshi's land survey designated all those who were cultivating the land as being "commoners", an act which effectively granted freedom to most of Japan's 3339:, who came to power in 1368 and remained influential until his death in 1408. Yoshimitsu expanded the power of the shogunate and in 1392, brokered a deal to bring the Northern and Southern Courts together and end the civil war. Henceforth, the shogunate kept the emperor and his court under tight control. 4595:

of the Seiyūkai Party attempted to restrain the Kwantung Army and was assassinated in 1932 by right-wing extremists. Because of growing opposition within the Japanese military and the extreme right to party politicians, who they saw as corrupt and self-serving, Inukai was the last party politician to

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In spite of the war, Japan's relative economic prosperity, which had begun in the Kamakura period, continued well into the Muromachi period. By 1450 Japan's population stood at ten million, compared to six million at the end of the thirteenth century. Commerce flourished, including considerable trade

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rulers of the country. The court maintained bureaucratic and religious functions, and the shogunate welcomed participation by members of the aristocratic class. The older institutions remained intact in a weakened form, and Kyoto remained the official capital. This system has been contrasted with the

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The population of Japan began to increase rapidly, perhaps with a 10-fold rise over the Jōmon. Calculations of the increasing population size by the end of the Yayoi period have varied from 1 to 4 million. Skeletal remains from the late Jōmon period reveal a deterioration in already poor standards of

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For reasons that are unclear to historians the status of women rapidly deteriorated from the fourteenth century and onwards. Women of all social classes lost the right to own and inherit property and were increasingly viewed as inferior to men. Hideyoshi's land survey of the 1590s further entrenched

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Social stratification in Japan became pronounced during the Yayoi period. Expanding trade and agriculture increased the wealth of society, which was increasingly monopolized by social elites. By 600 AD, a class structure had developed which included court aristocrats, the families of local magnates,

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On December 16, 2022, Japan announced a major shift in its military policy by stating that it would acquire counterstrike capabilities and increase its defense budget to 2% of GDP (¥43 trillion ($ 315 billion) by 2027. The impetuses for this increase were regional security concerns over China, North

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Takauji set up his shogunate in the Muromachi district of Kyoto. However, the shogunate was faced with the twin challenges of fighting the Southern Court and of maintaining its authority over its own subordinate governors. Like the Kamakura shogunate, the Muromachi shogunate appointed its allies to

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attempted to curry favor with Yoritomo by attacking Yoshitsune's home. Although Yoshitsune was killed, Yoritomo still invaded and conquered the Northern Fujiwara clan's territories. In subsequent centuries, Yoshitsune would become a legendary figure, portrayed in countless works of literature as an

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among cultivators, and ordered the compilation of a household registry as the basis for a new system of taxation. The true aim of the reforms was to bring about greater centralization and to enhance the power of the imperial court, which was also based on the governmental structure of China. Envoys

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class, followed by craftsmen and merchants. However, various studies have revealed since about 1995 that the classes of peasants, craftsmen, and merchants under the samurai are equal, and the old hierarchy chart has been removed from Japanese history textbooks. In other words, peasants, craftsmen,

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Left-wing groups had been subject to violent suppression by the end of the Taishō period, and radical right-wing groups, inspired by fascism and Japanese nationalism, rapidly grew in popularity. The extreme right became influential throughout the Japanese government and society, notably within the

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written syllabaries was part of a general trend of declining Chinese influence during the Heian period. The official Japanese missions to Tang dynasty of China, which began in the year 630, ended during the ninth century, though informal missions of monks and scholars continued, and thereafter the

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Throughout the Heian period, the power of the imperial court declined. The court became so self-absorbed with power struggles and with the artistic pursuits of court nobles that it neglected the administration of government outside the capital. The nationalization of land undertaken as part of the

2714:), which remained the capital until 1868. Political power within the court soon passed to the Fujiwara clan, a family of court nobles who grew increasingly close to the imperial family through intermarriage. Between 812 and 814 CE, a smallpox epidemic killed almost half of the Japanese population. 4405:

Japan enjoyed solid economic growth at this time and most people lived longer and healthier lives. The population rose from 34 million in 1872 to 52 million in 1915. Poor working conditions in factories led to growing labor unrest, and many workers and intellectuals came to embrace socialist

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The Portuguese were allowed to trade and create colonies where they could convert new believers into the Christian religion. The civil war status in Japan greatly benefited the Portuguese, as well as several competing gentlemen who sought to attract Portuguese black boats and their trade to their

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region of central Japan. The rulers of the Yamato state were a hereditary line of emperors who still reign as the world's longest dynasty. The rulers of the Yamato extended their power across Japan through military conquest, but their preferred method of expansion was to convince local leaders to

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of the samurai class required the approval of the Tokugawa shogunate. It was also forbidden for a member of the samurai class to marry a peasant, craftsman, or merchant, but this was done through a loophole in which a person from a lower class was adopted into the samurai class and then married.

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praised Japan as the "first Asian nation that has begun exerting pressure on Russia." Japan froze the assets of Russia's central bank and other major Russian banks and assets owned by 500 Russian citizens and organizations. Japan banned new investments and the export of high tech to the country.

2187:, gradually supplanting the Jōmon. They also introduced weaving and silk production, new woodworking methods, glassmaking technology, and new architectural styles. The expansion of the Yayoi appears to have brought about a fusion with the indigenous Jōmon, resulting in a small genetic admixture. 2208:

These Yayoi technologies originated on the Asian mainland. There is debate among scholars as to what degree their spread can be attributed to migration or to cultural diffusion. The migration theory is supported by genetic and linguistic studies. Historian Hanihara Kazurō has suggested that the

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Although all social classes were legally abolished at the start of the Meiji period, income inequality greatly increased. New economic class divisions were formed between capitalist business owners who formed the new middle class, small shopkeepers of the old middle class, the working class in

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During the first century of Tokugawa rule, Japan's population doubled to thirty million, mostly because of agricultural growth; the population remained stable for the rest of the period. The shogunate's construction of roads, elimination of road and bridge tolls, and standardization of coinage

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A social hierarchy chart based on old academic theories. Such hierarchical diagrams were removed from Japanese textbooks after various studies in the 1990s revealed that peasants, craftsmen, and merchants were in fact equal and merely social categories. Successive shoguns held the highest or

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and metallurgy. Until recently, the onset of this wave of cultural and technological changes was thought to have begun around 400 BC. Radio-carbon evidence now suggests that the new phase started some 500 years earlier, between 1,000 and 800 BC. Endowed with bronze and iron weapons and tools

4003:, promoted what it asserted were native Japanese values. For instance, it criticized the Chinese-style Neo-Confucianism advocated by the shogunate and emphasized the Emperor's divine authority, which the Shinto faith taught had its roots in Japan's mythic past, which was referred to as the " 5104:

rose and Japan's population increased to 123 million by 1990. Ordinary Japanese people became wealthy enough to purchase a wide array of consumer goods. During this period, Japan became the world's largest manufacturer of automobiles and a leading producer of electronics. Japan signed the

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The Edo period was a time of cultural flourishing, as the merchant classes grew in wealth and began spending their income on cultural and social pursuits. Members of the merchant class who patronized culture and entertainment were said to live hedonistic lives, which came to be called the

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with a male head of household. Women until then had held important roles in government which thereafter gradually diminished, though even in the late Heian period women wielded considerable court influence. Marital customs and many laws governing private property remained gender neutral.

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poorly. Peasant unrest grew and government revenues fell. The shogunate cut the pay of the already financially distressed samurai, many of whom worked side jobs to make a living. Discontented samurai were soon to play a major role in engineering the downfall of the Tokugawa shogunate.

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times, with the oldest evidence dating to around 38–40,000 years ago. Little evidence of their presence remains, as Japan's acidic soils tend to degrade bone remains. However, the discovery of unique edge-ground axes in Japan dated to over 30,000 years ago may be evidence of the first

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from Japanese control. During this period the Japanese military was responsible for such war crimes as mistreatment of prisoners of war, massacres of civilians, and the use of chemical and biological weapons. The Japanese military earned a reputation for fanaticism, often employing

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with an alliance with the Portuguese, who provided three ships, with a crew of about 900 men and more than 50 cannons. This is thought to be the first bombardment by foreign ships on Japan. The first recorded naval battle between Europeans and the Japanese occurred in 1565. In the

3841:("closed country") isolationist policy under which Japanese people were not allowed to travel abroad, return from overseas, or build ocean-going vessels. The only Europeans allowed on Japanese soil were the Dutch, who were granted a single trading post on the island of 4652:

The United States opposed Japan's invasion of China and responded with increasingly stringent economic sanctions intended to deprive Japan of the resources to continue its war in China. Japan reacted by forging an alliance with Germany and Italy in 1940, known as the

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starting in 1592. Hideyoshi failed to defeat the Chinese and Korean armies on the Korean Peninsula and the war ended after his death in 1598. In the hope of founding a new dynasty, Hideyoshi had asked his most trusted subordinates to pledge loyalty to his infant son

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The Tokugawa shogunate went to great lengths to suppress social unrest. Harsh penalties, including crucifixion, beheading, and death by boiling, were decreed for even the most minor offenses, though criminals of high social class were often given the option of

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imposed on Japan at the same time locked Japan into a military alliance with the United States and continues to allow the presence of US military bases on Japanese soil. The occupation officially ended in 1952, although the US continued to occupy the

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During the Meiji period, Japan underwent a rapid transition towards an industrial economy. Both the Japanese government and private entrepreneurs adopted Western technology and knowledge to create factories capable of producing a wide range of goods.

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Nakagawa, Ryohei; Doi, Naomi; Nishioka, Yuichiro; Nunami, Shin; Yamauchi, Heizaburo; Fujita, Masaki; Yamazaki, Shinji; Yamamoto, Masaaki; Katagiri, Chiaki; Mukai, Hitoshi; Matsuzaki, Hiroyuki; Gakuhari, Takashi; Takigami, Mai; Yoneda, Minoru (2010).

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from the continent immigrated to the Japanese archipelago and introduced iron technology and agricultural civilization. Because they had an agricultural civilization, the population of the Yayoi began to grow rapidly and ultimately overwhelmed the

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occurred, in which the Japanese military, police, and gangs of vigilantes murdered thousands of Korean people after rumors emerged that Koreans had been poisoning wells. The rumors were later described as false by numerous Japanese sources.

4150:. It instituted comprehensive tax reform and lifted the ban on Christianity. Major government priorities also included the introduction of railways, telegraph lines, and a universal education system. The Meiji government promoted widespread 4938:, transferring ownership of agricultural land from landlords to tenant farmers, and promoting labor unionism. Other major goals were the demilitarization and democratization of Japan's government and society. Japan's military was disarmed, 3668:

The Azuchi–Momoyama period began in 1568, when Nobunaga seized Kyoto and thus effectively brought an end to the Ashikaga shogunate. He was well on his way towards his goal of reuniting all Japan when, in 1582, one of his own officers,

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increased productivity and rural villages grew. Fewer famines and epidemics allowed cities to grow and commerce to boom. Buddhism, which had been largely a religion of the elites, was brought to the masses by prominent monks, such as

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peaked at 128,083,960 in 2008, and as of December 2020 it had fallen below 126 million. In 2011, China surpassed Japan as the world's second largest economy by nominal GDP. Despite Japan's economic difficulties, this period also saw

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Japan's expansionist vision grew increasingly bold. Many of Japan's political elite aspired to have Japan acquire new territory for resource extraction and settlement of surplus population. These ambitions led to the outbreak of the

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continued to maintain a significant degree of autonomy in their domains. The central government of the shogunate in Edo, which quickly became the most populous city in the world, took counsel from a group of senior advisors known as

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Rhee, Song Nai; Aikens, C. Melvin.; Chʻoe, Sŏng-nak.; No, Hyŏk-chin. (2007). "Korean Contributions to Agriculture, Technology, and State Formation in Japan: Archaeology and History of an Epochal Thousand Years, 400 B.C.–A.D. 600".

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union under Japanese domination. Hirohito's role in Japan's foreign wars remains a subject of controversy, with various historians portraying him as either a powerless figurehead or an enabler and supporter of Japanese militarism.

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of 1931, radical army officers bombed a small portion of the South Manchuria Railroad and, falsely attributing the attack to the Chinese, invaded Manchuria. The Kwantung Army conquered Manchuria and set up the puppet government of

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Portugal and Japan came into contact in 1543, when the Portuguese became the first Europeans to reach Japan by landing in the southern archipelago. They had a significant impact on Japan, even in this initial limited interaction,

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By the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, the shogunate showed signs of weakening. The dramatic growth of agriculture that had characterized the early Edo period had ended, and the government handled the devastating

3313:, an ambitious attempt to monopolize power in the imperial court. Takauji rebelled after Go-Daigo refused to appoint him shōgun. In 1338, Takauji captured Kyoto and installed a rival member of the imperial family to the throne, 1708:, natives of the Japanese archipelago who were hunter-gatherers. Between the fourth and ninth centuries, Japan's many kingdoms and tribes gradually came to be unified under a centralized government, nominally controlled by the 4555: 3549:

and other groups within Japan were minting their own coins, Japan began to transition from a barter-based to a currency-based economy. During the period, some of Japan's most representative art forms developed, including

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The growth of popular prose fiction, which began during the Meiji period, continued into the Taishō period as literacy rates rose and book prices dropped. Notable literary figures of the era included short story writer

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The Japanese military played a key role in Japan's expansion abroad. The government believed that Japan had to acquire its own colonies to compete with the Western colonial powers. After consolidating its control over

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aimed to end Japan's isolationist policies. The shogunate had no defense against Perry's gunboats and had to agree to his demands that American ships be permitted to acquire provisions and trade at Japanese ports. The

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Women initially held social and political equality with men, and archaeological evidence suggests a prehistorical preference for female rulers in western Japan. Female Emperors appear in recorded history until the

4600:. They assassinated many moderate politicians before the coup was suppressed. In its wake the Japanese military consolidated its control over the political system and most political parties were abolished when the 5474:

reported that this was the first time ballistic missiles launched by China landed in Japan's exclusive economic zone and lodged a diplomatic protest with Beijing. Five Chinese missiles landed in Japan's EEZ off

3673:, killed him during an abrupt attack on his encampment. Hideyoshi avenged Nobunaga by crushing Akechi's uprising and emerged as Nobunaga's successor. Hideyoshi completed the reunification of Japan by conquering 2795:

outside the capital. The central government began to use these two warrior clans to suppress rebellions and piracy. Japan's population stabilized during the late Heian period after hundreds of years of decline.

5286:. Banks found themselves saddled with insurmountable debts that hindered economic recovery. Stagnation worsened as the birthrate declined far below replacement level. The 1990s are often referred to as Japan's 5184: 5007: 4511:, described as "perhaps the most versatile literary figure of his day" by the historian Conrad Totman, produced many works during the Taishō period influenced by European literature, though his 1929 novel 3239: 3179:. Though outnumbered by an enemy equipped with superior weaponry, the Japanese fought the Mongols to a standstill in Kyushu on both occasions until the Mongol fleet was destroyed by typhoons called 2428:. In 607, Shōtoku offered a subtle insult to China by opening his letter with the phrase, "The ruler of the land of the rising sun addresses the ruler of the land of the setting sun" as seen in the 10469: 3827:("self-disembowelment"), an ancient form of suicide that became ritualized. Christianity, which was seen as a potential threat, was gradually clamped down on until finally, after the Christian-led 3251: 4384:

By the end of the period, the majority of Japan's exports were manufactured goods. Some of Japan's most successful new businesses and industries constituted huge family-owned conglomerates called

4233:. Both the cabinet of Japan and the Japanese military were directly responsible not to the elected legislature but to the emperor. Concurrently, the Japanese government also developed a form of 4035:" on Japan which stipulated that Japan must allow citizens of these countries to visit or reside on Japanese territory and must not levy tariffs on their imports or try them in Japanese courts. 4814:

Life in Japan became increasingly difficult for civilians due to stringent rationing of food, electrical outages, and a brutal crackdown on dissent. In 1944 the US Army captured the island of

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Japan nevertheless entered a period of prosperity and population growth starting around 1250. In rural areas, the greater use of iron tools and fertilizer, improved irrigation techniques, and

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Schimmelpenninck van der Oye, David (2005). "The Immediate Origins of the War". In Steinberg, John; Menning, Bruce; Schimmelpenninck van der Oye, David; Wolff, David; Yokote, Shinji (eds.).

5622:, fell outside the Edo-period class structure and suffered discrimination that lasted after the class system was abolished. Though activism has improved the social conditions of those from 4414:

secret police force was established to root out left-wing agitators. The government also introduced social legislation in 1911 setting maximum work hours and a minimum age for employment.

4106:("eastern capital"). However, the most powerful men in the government were former samurai from Chōshū and Satsuma rather than the emperor, who was fifteen in 1868. These men, known as the 5054:, proposed that Japan should forge a tight relationship with the United States and focus on developing the economy rather than pursuing a proactive foreign policy. Yoshida was one of the 5305:

had made over 50 formal war apologies since the 1950s, some politicians and activists in China and South Korea found the official apologies, such as those of the Emperor in 1990 and the

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parties came to dominate politics by the end of the so-called "Taishō democracy" era. The franchise for the House of Representatives had been gradually expanded since 1890, and in 1925

4398:. The phenomenal industrial growth sparked rapid urbanization. The proportion of the population working in agriculture shrank from 75 percent in 1872 to 50 percent by 1920. In 1927 the 4229:, but its powers were restricted. Only two percent of the population were eligible to vote, and legislation proposed in the House required the support of the unelected upper house, the 2213:

health and nutrition, whereas contemporaneous Yayoi archaeological sites possess large structures suggestive of grain storehouses. This shift was accompanied by an increase in both the

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Bolitho, Harold (2007). "Yoshimasa and the Silver Pavilion: The Creation of the Soul of Japan. By Keene Donald. New York: Columbia University Press, 2003. x, 208 pp. $ 29.95 (cloth)".

2823:, who occupied key posts in the regional government, were openly defying the central authority. The court requested the Minamoto clan to engage the Abe clan, whom they defeated in the 2745:

in 996, governed during the height of the Fujiwara clan's power and married four of his daughters to emperors, current and future. The Fujiwara clan held on to power until 1086, when

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between the Taira and Minamoto families continued for another four years. The victory of the Minamoto clan was sealed in 1185, when a force commanded by Yoritomo's younger brother,

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each took sides and burned Kyoto to the ground while battling for their preferred candidate. By the time the succession was settled in 1477, the shogun had lost all power over the

4372:. The defeat of Russia in the war had set in motion a change in the global world order with the emergence of Japan as not only a regional power, but rather, the main Asian power. 5487:

Korea, and Russia. The defense budget expansion was projected to leapfrog Japan from the world's ninth-largest defense spender to third, behind only the United States and China.

4285:. The expedition featured the first instance of the Japanese military ignoring the orders of the civilian government, as the expedition set sail after being ordered to postpone. 5240:

became popular literary figures in America and Europe. American soldiers returning from the occupation brought with them stories and artifacts, and the following generations of

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The Heian period (平安時代, Heian jidai) is the last division of classical Japanese history, running from 794 to 1185. It followed the Nara period, beginning when the 50th emperor,

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for the second time since 1964. Japan was the second Asian country (after South Korea) to host the Olympics twice. However, due to the global outbreak and economic impact of

5535: 5470:, China conducted "precision missile strikes" in the ocean around Taiwan's coastline on August 4, 2022. These military exercises raised tensions in the region. The Japanese 10832: 4826:, fought between April and June 1945, was the largest naval operation of the war and left 115,000 soldiers and 150,000 Okinawan civilians dead, suggesting that the planned 4182:. Furthermore, the introduction of Western European literary styles to Japan sparked a boom in new works of prose fiction. Characteristic authors of the period included 10232: 5596:

and court nobles was forbidden by the Tokugawa shogunate because it could lead to political maneuvering. For the same reason, marriages between daimyo and high-ranking

4657:, which worsened its relations with the US. In July 1941, the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Netherlands froze all Japanese assets when Japan completed its 4554: 4490:

in September 1923 left over 100,000 dead, and combined with the resultant fires destroyed the homes of more than three million. In the aftermath of the earthquake, the

2631:(r. 724–749) feared his lack of piousness had caused the trouble and so increased the government's promotion of Buddhism, including the construction of the temple 2866:

as emperor. The outcome of this war led to the rivalry between the Minamoto and Taira clans. As a result, the dispute and power struggle between both clans led to the

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Brown, Delmer M.; Hall, John Whitney; Press, Cambridge University; McCullough, William H.; Jansen, Marius B.; Shively, Donald H.; Yamamura, Kozo; Duus, Peter (1988).

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and merchants are not a social pecking order, but a social classification. Marriage between certain classes was generally prohibited. In particular, marriage between

5463:. This shocked the public, because firearm fatalities were very rare in Japan. There were only 10 shooting deaths from 2017 to 2020 and 1 gun death incident in 2021. 2527:, which consolidated existing statutes and established the structure of the central government and its subordinate local governments. These legal reforms created the 10637: 10247: 4995: 2313:

accept their authority in exchange for positions of influence in the government. Many of the powerful local clans who joined the Yamato state became known as the

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with expertise in such fields as education, mining, banking, law, military affairs, and transportation to remodel Japan's institutions. The Japanese adopted the

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At the same time, the people drew inspiration from new ideas and fields of study. Dutch books brought into Japan stimulated interest in Western learning, called

3937:, a new profession of entertainers, also became popular. They would provide conversation, sing, and dance for customers, though they would not sleep with them. 4166:. As part of its Westernization drive, the Meiji government enthusiastically sponsored the importation of Western science, above all medical science. In 1893, 3335:—of their domains and often refused to obey the shogun. The Ashikaga shogun who was most successful at bringing the country together was Takauji's grandson 2775:

owners than by the central government. The imperial court was thus deprived of the tax revenue to pay for its national army. In response, the owners of the

10814: 4317:"), it next turned its attention to China and Korea. In 1894, Japanese and Chinese troops clashed in Korea, where they were both stationed to suppress the 3144:, a rebellion against the shogunate, in an attempt to restore political power to the court. The rebellion was a failure and led to Go-Toba being exiled to 10477: 5700: 4986: 15288: 3362:

During the final century of the Ashikaga shogunate the country descended into another, more violent period of civil war. This started in 1467 when the

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located in eastern Japan, its power was legally authorized by the Imperial court in Kyoto in several occasions. In 1192, the emperor declared Yoritomo

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During the Yayoi period, the Yayoi tribes gradually coalesced into a number of kingdoms. The earliest written work to unambiguously mention Japan, the

5387:, which suffered a nuclear meltdown and severe radiation leakage. Altogether nearly 26,000 people were killed or went missing due to these disasters. 2962:

development of native Japanese forms of art and poetry accelerated. A major architectural achievement, apart from Heian-kyō itself, was the temple of

5199:," which promised to double Japan's GDP in 10 years, and succeeded in doing so in just seven. Ikeda also oversaw the completion of the world's first 3782:

for perceived insults towards the shogunate; the Satsuma victory began 266 years of Ryukyu's dual subordination to Satsuma and China. Ieyasu led the

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During the Heian period, the imperial court was a vibrant center of high art and culture. Its literary accomplishments include the poetry collection

5522:

Hideyoshi's land survey of the 1590s designated all who cultivated the land as commoners, an act which granted effective freedom to most of Japan's

5171:

did not have unanimous support from the Japanese people. As requested by the United States, Japan reconstituted its military in 1954 under the name

3428:

traders on board were the first Europeans to set foot in Japan. Soon European traders would introduce many new items to Japan, most importantly the

13927: 3402:. Few definite historical facts are known about the secretive lifestyles of the ninja, who became the subject of many legends. In addition to the 2034:

in Japan. Early humans likely arrived in Japan by sea on watercraft. Evidence of human habitation has been dated to 32,000 years ago in Okinawa's

15685: 15426: 15022: 13180: 4951: 4584:

there without permission from the Japanese government. International criticism of Japan following the invasion led to Japan withdrawing from the

3681:

in eastern Japan. He launched sweeping changes to Japanese society, including the confiscation of swords from the peasantry, new restrictions on

3133:. The Kamakura shogunate allowed its vassals to maintain their own armies and to administer law and order in their provinces on their own terms. 1747:

Over the following centuries, the power of the imperial house decreased, passing first to great clans of civilian aristocrats — most notably the

1473: 5092:

By 1955, the Japanese economy had grown beyond prewar levels, and by 1968 it had become the second largest capitalist economy in the world. The

1716:

established at this time continues to this day, albeit in an almost entirely ceremonial role. In 794, a new imperial capital was established at

11633: 8224: 5321:, which commemorates Japanese soldiers who died in wars from 1868 to 1954, but also has included convicted war criminals since the late 1970s. 5302: 2103:

in 1877. The pottery style characteristic of the first phases of Jōmon culture was decorated by impressing cords into the surface of wet clay.

1894:(1912–1926), Japan's powerful military had great autonomy and overruled Japan's civilian leaders in the 1920s and 1930s. The Japanese military 11156: 4517:

reflects deep appreciation for the virtues of traditional Japanese culture. At the end of the Taishō period, Tarō Hirai, known by his penname

4329:. The island of Taiwan was thus ceded to Japan in 1895, and Japan's government gained enough international prestige to allow Foreign Minister 2623:

During this period, Japan suffered a series of natural disasters, including wildfires, droughts, famines, and outbreaks of disease, such as a

2523:, two rivals to the throne, became a major catalyst for further administrative reforms. These reforms culminated with the promulgation of the 13846: 6331: 5129: 2757:, by which the reigning emperor would function as a figurehead while the real authority was held by a retired predecessor behind the scenes. 5420:, the Summer Olympics were postponed to 2021; they took place from 23 July to 8 August 2021. Japan ranked third place, with 27 gold medals. 2330:

These leaders sought and received formal diplomatic recognition from China, and Chinese accounts record five successive such leaders as the

2246:, had gained ascendancy over the others, though modern historians continue to debate its location and other aspects of its depiction in the 2141: 15641: 15150: 10788: 5082: 4259: 5073:

Although the Japanese economy was in bad shape in the immediate postwar years, an austerity program implemented in 1949 by finance expert

3989:, for instance, used concepts from Western medicine to help spark a revolution in Japanese ideas of human anatomy. The scholarly field of 3584:, was an ineffectual political and military leader, he played a critical role in promoting these cultural developments. He had the famous 13050: 12521: 10595: 10473: 6395: 5460: 263: 10551: 10499: 6474: 6428: 6255: 15473: 14924: 6222: 4155: 4052:("revere the emperor, expel the barbarians"). The two domains went on to form an alliance. In August 1866, soon after becoming shogun, 1653: 912: 834: 774: 5929: 4406:

ideas. The Meiji government responded with harsh suppression of dissent. Radical socialists plotted to assassinate the emperor in the

13520: 5780: 5504:

declared strict male-only ascension in 1889. Chinese Confucian-style patriarchy was first codified in the 7th–8th centuries with the

3849:

from 1634 to 1854. China and Korea were the only other countries permitted to trade, and many foreign books were banned from import.

3693: 1929: 537: 11716:

A History of Japanese Literature, Vol. 1: Seeds in the Heart – Japanese Literature from Earliest Times to the Late Sixteenth Century

11082: 3817:

and employed samurai as bureaucrats. The emperor in Kyoto was funded lavishly by the government but was allowed no political power.

3467:

exchange between Japan and the West, the first map made of Japan in the west was represented in 1568 by the Portuguese cartographer

5006:

in 1972. The US continues to operate military bases throughout the Japanese archipelago, mostly on Okinawa, under the terms of the

2862:

defeated the Minamoto clan. Kiyomori used his victory to accumulate power for himself in Kyoto and even installed his own grandson

2858:) hired the Taira and Minamoto clans in the hopes of securing the throne by military force. During this war, the Taira clan led by 1686:

in the first millennium BC when new inventions were introduced from Asia. During this period, the first known written reference to

10697: 5055: 5036: 4753:. Japan then successfully invaded the Asian colonies of the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Netherlands, including the 13795: 10840: 5314: 4202: 4023: 3115:

in structure, in contrast with the earlier ritsuryō state. Yoritomo selected the provincial governors, known under the titles of

11272: 3831:

of 1638, the religion was completely outlawed. To prevent further foreign ideas from sowing dissent, the third Tokugawa shogun,

2874:, a member of the Minamoto clan whom Kiyomori had exiled to Kamakura. Though Taira no Kiyomori died in 1181, the ensuing bloody 13856: 12248: 11196: 5763: 5187:. Although the protests ultimately failed to stop revision of the treaty, they did succeed in forcing unpopular prime minister 5176: 4975: 4797:

and fighting almost to the last man against overwhelming odds. In 1944 the Imperial Japanese Navy began deploying squadrons of

4641: 3196:

to quell the revolt, but Takauji and his men instead joined forces with Emperor Go-Daigo and overthrew the Kamakura shogunate.

2624: 1148: 5942:

Ono, Akira (2014). "Modern hominids in the Japanese Islands and the early use of obsidian", pp. 157–159 in Sanz, Nuria (ed.).

2234: 12823: 12337: 12130: 12043:

Garon, Sheldon (May 1994). "Rethinking Modernization and Modernity in Japanese History: A Focus on State-Society Relations".

12018: 11971: 11943: 11886: 11856: 11829: 11791: 11727: 11652: 11595: 11570: 11545: 11522: 11497: 11039: 9575: 8848: 8200: 6606: 6489: 6443: 6410: 6389:

Kaner, Simon (2011) 'The Archeology of Religion and Ritual in the Prehistoric Japanese Archipelago,' in Timothy Insoll (ed.),

6374: 6346: 6306: 6270: 6237: 6129: 5753: 5708: 4534: 4250: 3437: 2083:

The Jōmon period of prehistoric Japan spans from roughly 13,000 BC to about 1,000 BC. Japan was inhabited by a predominantly

1535: 927: 784: 709: 12697: 5376: 5329: 2620:

was compiled in the latter half of the eighth century, which is widely considered the finest collection of Japanese poetry.

2174:

from the Asian mainland brought fundamental transformations to the Japanese archipelago. The millennial achievements of the

609: 13920: 12934: 11240: 10683: 10224: 5769: 5467: 4766: 4601: 10645: 9061: 6061:"Geology and Quaternary Environments of the Tategahana Paleolithic Site in Nojiri-ko (Lake Nojiri), Nagano, Central Japan" 6028:"Pleistocene human remains from Shiraho-Saonetabaru Cave on Ishigaki Island, Okinawa, Japan, and their radiocarbon dating" 4684: 4038:

The shogunate's failure to oppose the Western powers angered many Japanese, particularly those of the southern domains of

2827:. The court thus temporarily reasserted its authority in northern Japan. Following another civil war – the 2511:

and students were dispatched to China to learn about Chinese writing, politics, art, and religion. After the reforms, the

2113: 13770: 12993: 10756: 10564: 10255: 5361: 5275: 3536:. Thus Portuguese became the first Western language to have such a dictionary when it was published in Nagasaki in 1603. 2659:, but after her death in 770 he lost all his power and was exiled. The Fujiwara clan furthermore consolidated its power. 2338:

played an important role in transmitting continental technologies and administrative skills to Japan during this period.

230: 10855: 4114:

desired Japan to become a modern nation-state that could stand equal to the Western imperialist powers. Among them were

2424:-inspired code of conduct for officials and citizens, and attempted to introduce a merit-based civil service called the 13317: 12941: 11701: 11410: 9934: 5774: 5384: 4918: 4278: 3701:. Despite this, almost immediately after Hideyoshi's death, war broke out between Hideyori's allies and those loyal to 2765:

state decayed as various noble families and religious orders succeeded in securing tax-exempt status for their private

1083: 387: 362: 11119: 10818: 5899: 5156:

on Taiwan as the legitimate government of China after World War II, though Japan switched its recognition to the

5050:

in 1946–1947 and 1948–1954, and played a key role in guiding Japan through the occupation. His policies, known as the

4306: 3913:

puppet theater became widely popular. These new forms of entertainment were (at the time) accompanied by short songs (

15051: 13957: 13815: 12956: 12720: 12195: 11990: 11924: 11905: 11810: 11764: 11617: 10381: 10184: 10063: 9777: 9696: 9647: 9044: 8797: 8549: 8399: 8366: 8308: 8247: 8063: 7669: 7614: 7523: 6989: 6926: 6829: 6673: 6630: 6596: 6012: 5452: 5406: 4741:, decided to break the US-led embargo through force of arms. On 7 December 1941, the Imperial Japanese Navy launched 4596:

govern Japan in the pre-World War II era. In February 1936 young radical officers of the Imperial Japanese Army

4241:

and the emperor was declared a living god. Schools nationwide instilled patriotic values and loyalty to the emperor.

614: 4913:

Japan experienced dramatic political and social transformation under the Allied occupation in 1945–1952. US General

4102:

The emperor was restored to nominal supreme power, and in 1869, the imperial family moved to Edo, which was renamed

4056:, struggled to maintain power as civil unrest continued. The Chōshū and Satsuma domains in 1868 convinced the young 3766:

of what became a long dynasty. Nevertheless, it took time for the Tokugawas to consolidate their rule. In 1609, the

2042:. Evidence has been found suggesting that Japan's Paleolithic inhabitants interacted with and butchered now extinct 15258: 15145: 13013: 12924: 12066: 5802: 5785: 5758: 5694: 5424: 5063: 5003: 4436:

opened the period with mass protests and riots organized by Japanese political parties, which succeeded in forcing

4226: 4205:, a grassroots campaign demanding greater popular participation in politics. The leaders of this movement included 4086: 4064:

calling for an end to the Tokugawa shogunate. The armies of Chōshū and Satsuma soon marched on Edo and the ensuing

2651:. There was also a serious attempt to overthrow the Imperial house during the middle Nara period. During the 760s, 2425: 2273:, Japan gradually unified under a single territory. The symbol of the growing power of Japan's new leaders was the 1960: 732: 445: 5948: 5612:, such as leatherworkers and those who handled the dead, developed in the 15th and 16th centuries into hereditary 4640:

and the war descended into a bloody stalemate that lasted until 1945. Japan's stated war aim was to establish the

15670: 15061: 14099: 13913: 13075: 12951: 12783: 12272: 12261: 4754: 4353: 674: 17: 2287:

that took huge teams of laborers fifteen years to complete. It is commonly accepted that the tomb was built for

13020: 11680: 11489: 7642: 5483:

said these missiles were "serious threats to Japan's national security and the safety of the Japanese people."

4611:

Japanese experts inspect the scene of the alleged railway sabotage on South Manchurian Railway that led to the

4457: 4369: 4365: 4289:, who was born a samurai in the Chōshū Domain, was a key force behind the modernization and enlargement of the 3111:

The regime that Yoritomo had established, and which was kept in place by his successors, was decentralized and

2417: 2039: 1895: 1646: 1321: 827: 492: 412: 12638: 5309:

of 1995, inadequate or insincere. Nationalist politics in Japan sometimes exacerbated these tensions, such as

4487: 2544:, commissioned by Prince Shōtoku and completed in 607 AD. It is now the oldest wooden structure in the world. 450: 15792: 15283: 14813: 14073: 13513: 12778: 12332: 10525: 5748: 5157: 4194:, who wrote satirical, autobiographical, and psychological novels combining both the older and newer styles. 3420:

Amid this on-going anarchy, a trading ship was blown off course and landed in 1543 on the Japanese island of

2459: 1441: 908: 699: 14141: 12119:

A History of Japanese Literature, Vol. 3: Dawn to the West – Japanese Literature of the Modern Era (Fiction)

5002:

were restored to Japanese sovereignty and Japanese citizens were allowed to return. Okinawa was the last to

2129: 15278: 14818: 14291: 13605: 12961: 12773: 12320: 5807: 5730: 5179:. A wave of protests in Japan against US military bases and nuclear testing culminated in the massive 1960 4860: 4848: 4658: 4411: 1933: 1922: 1185: 808: 798: 742: 727: 684: 13967: 10783:["China launches 9 ballistic missiles, 5 of which are in Japan's EEZ," says Ministry of Defense]. 4325:, Japan's highly motivated and well-led forces defeated the more numerous and better-equipped military of 4162:, Western clothing, and Western hairstyles. One leading advocate of Westernization was the popular writer 4046:. Many samurai there, inspired by the nationalist doctrines of the kokugaku school, adopted the slogan of 3896:

art, the latter of which were often woodblock prints that progressed to greater sophistication and use of

14244: 13851: 12584: 9925:

Edstrom, Bert (2016). "Japan's Foreign Policy and the Yoshida Legacy Revisited". In Edstrom, Bert (ed.).

6338: 5715: 5471: 5444: 5118: 5059: 4974:

came into effect in 1947 and guaranteed civil liberties, labor rights, and women's suffrage, and through

4840: 4293:, especially the introduction of national conscription. The new army was put to use in 1877 to crush the 3406:, rebellious peasants and "warrior monks" affiliated with Buddhist temples also raised their own armies. 2680: 2408:

took over the government in the 580s and controlled Japan from behind the scenes for nearly sixty years.

1180: 917: 642: 572: 12059: 3602: 3164:

respectively. The shogunate further consolidated its political power relative to the Kyoto aristocracy.

15797: 15546: 15347: 13810: 13715: 13210: 12880: 12753: 12725: 12509: 12241: 11514: 9062:"Diagnosis of Ginza Line Subway Tunnel, the Oldest in Asia, by Acquiring Data on Deterioration Indices" 6501:

Maher, Kohn C. (1996). "North Kyushu Creole: A Language Contact Model for the Origins of Japanese", in

6481: 6435: 6366: 6262: 5417: 5241: 4852: 4832: 3597: 2412:, an advocate of Buddhism and of the Soga cause, who was of partial Soga descent, served as regent and 2178:

took hold of the islands in a relatively short span of centuries, particularly with the development of

1545: 1503: 779: 637: 392: 251: 6182:

Kuzmin, Yaroslav V. (2015). "Chronology of the earliest pottery in East Asia: progress and pitfalls".

4433: 4170:

established the Institute for Infectious Diseases, which would soon become world-famous, and in 1913,

2647:

site. Japan nevertheless entered a phase of population decline that continued well into the following

2533:

state, a system of Chinese-style centralized government that remained in place for half a millennium.

2091:

and cultural complexity. The name Jōmon, meaning "cord-marked", was first applied by American scholar

1807:. Over the course of the late 16th century, Japan was reunified under the leadership of the prominent 15787: 15782: 15352: 15167: 13390: 13104: 12986: 12946: 12868: 12818: 12680: 12650: 12569: 12467: 12342: 12327: 12122: 11878: 11783: 11719: 8537: 5797: 5679: 5172: 5023: 4674: 4254: 4111: 3168: 2824: 2536:

The art of the Asuka period embodies the themes of Buddhist art. One of the most famous works is the

1956: 1786: 1639: 1555: 1550: 1242: 937: 903: 820: 754: 737: 689: 567: 522: 417: 197: 159: 33: 6059:

Kondo, Y.; Takeshita, Y.; Watanabe, T.; Seki, M.; Nojiri-ko Excavation Research Group (April 2018).

4508: 2389:. Since then, Buddhism has coexisted with Japan's native Shinto religion, in what is today known as 477: 15541: 14633: 14178: 13820: 13537: 13506: 13205: 13116: 12914: 12897: 12803: 12788: 12692: 12660: 12633: 12206: 12000: 11610:

The War of the Rising Sun and the Tumbling Bear—A Military History of the Russo-Japanese War 1904–5

11171: 10172: 5743: 5341: 4939: 4806: 4621: 4572: 4467: 3619:

During the second half of the 16th century, Japan gradually reunified under two powerful warlords:

3440:, which soon came to have a substantial following in Japan reaching 350,000 believers. In 1549 the 3263: 3230: 2783:

warriors. Two powerful noble families that had descended from branches of the imperial family, the

2385:

began as early as 538 AD with the introduction of the Buddhist religion from the Korean kingdom of

2279:

burial mounds they constructed from around 250 AD onwards. Many were of massive scale, such as the

1899: 1587: 1143: 599: 517: 482: 440: 14705: 14700: 6326: 5554:, ruled by dividing the people into four main categories. Older scholars believed that there were 5109:

in 1985 to depreciate the US dollar against the yen and other currencies. By the end of 1987, the

4504: 3088:

After Yoritomo's death in 1199, the office of shogun weakened. Behind the scenes, Yoritomo's wife

15658: 15568: 14740: 14507: 14326: 14259: 13991: 13765: 13730: 13685: 13080: 13008: 12998: 12875: 12808: 12607: 11934:

Tonomura, Hitomi (2009). "Women and Sexuality in Premodern Japan". In Tsutsui, William M. (ed.).

11344: 10778: 10728:"Shooting of Former Prime Minister Abe a Shock to Japan, Which Saw Just One Gun Fatality in 2021" 6402: 6060: 5689: 5310: 5168: 5145: 5047: 4982: 4906: 4453: 4334: 4322: 4314: 4265: 4218: 3010: 2799:

During the early Heian period, the imperial court successfully consolidated its control over the

2567: 2335: 2226:, published in 111 AD, states that one hundred kingdoms comprised Japan, which is referred to as 1948: 1713: 1190: 1041: 932: 719: 542: 372: 357: 11345:"The Evolution of Income Concentration in Japan, 1886–2005: Evidence from Income Tax Statistics" 8076: 4340: 4167: 2677:, moved the capital of Japan to Heian-kyō (modern Kyoto). Heian (平安) means "peace" in Japanese. 15746: 15620: 15226: 15117: 15105: 14801: 14542: 14381: 14018: 13952: 13936: 13655: 13650: 13545: 13065: 12902: 12813: 12793: 12514: 12357: 12352: 12347: 12158: 8654:

The New Cambridge Modern History Volume 11: Material Progress and World-Wide Problems 1870–1898

5093: 4943: 4750: 4742: 4461: 4399: 4290: 4230: 2879: 2812: 2607: 2217:

of society and tribal warfare, indicated by segregated gravesites and military fortifications.

2048: 1911: 1903: 1279: 1046: 942: 759: 527: 319: 7702:"João Rodrigues's Account of Sixteenth Century Japan. The Hakluyt Society, 3rd series, vol. 7" 6390: 6360: 4500: 4225:, which was promulgated in 1889. The new constitution established an elected lower house, the 4142:

The Meiji government abolished the Edo class structure and replaced the feudal domains of the

15485: 15421: 15295: 14988: 14914: 14688: 14683: 14621: 14560: 14497: 14445: 14438: 13984: 13775: 13750: 13665: 13645: 13595: 13565: 13555: 13433: 13365: 13355: 13257: 13195: 13161: 13131: 13060: 12885: 12853: 12405: 12234: 10569: 6469: 6423: 6296: 6250: 5345: 5336: 5175:(JSDF), though some Japanese insisted that the very existence of the JSDF was a violation of 5133: 4971: 4947: 4785: 4770: 4471: 4407: 4110:, oversaw the dramatic changes Japan would experience during this period. The leaders of the 2738: 2728: 2718: 2214: 2183:

initially imported from China and the Korean peninsula, the Yayoi radiated out from northern

1944: 1582: 1540: 1513: 1488: 1274: 1153: 1112: 947: 893: 377: 14870: 12492: 9257:"The Massacre of Koreans in Yokohama in the Aftermath of the Great Kanto Earthquake of 1923" 6446:

pp. 81–82, referring to the two sub-styles of houses introduced from the Korean peninsular:

6217: 5626:

backgrounds, discrimination in employment and education has lingered into the 21st century.

4843:, killing over 70,000 people. This was the first nuclear attack in history. On 9 August the 4694: 4198:, a leading female author, took inspiration from earlier literary models of the Edo period. 3873:

for the slightest insult and were widely feared by the Japanese population. Edo period, 1798

3865: 3468: 3322: 2635:

in 752. The funds to build this temple were raised in part by the influential Buddhist monk

15751: 15702: 15697: 15680: 15675: 15653: 15443: 15157: 15010: 14902: 14806: 14599: 14284: 14083: 14026: 13861: 13740: 13735: 13615: 13448: 13190: 12929: 12890: 12798: 12758: 12375: 11866: 6425:

The Archaeology of Japan: From the Earliest Rice Farming Villages to the Rise of the State,

6322: 6072: 5978: 5921: 5738: 5671: 5433: 5427:

began, Japan condemned and levied sanctions on Russia for its actions. Ukrainian President

5413: 5287: 5282:. The economic bubble popped in 1989, and stock and land prices plunged as Japan entered a 5232:(comic books), video games, and other forms Japanese pop culture. Japanese authors such as 5196: 5114: 5081:(1950–1953) was a major boon to Japanese business. In 1949 the Yoshida cabinet created the 4963: 4597: 4479: 4234: 4147: 4010: 3710: 3611: 3492: 3329:

rule in the provinces, but these men increasingly styled themselves as feudal lords—called

3149: 3101: 3081: 3073: 3064:

Legitimacy was conferred on the shogunate by the Imperial court, but the shogunate was the

3053:("tent government")), referring to the tents where his soldiers encamped. The English term 3006: 2993:

Minamoto no Yoritomo was the founder of the Kamakura shogunate in 1192. This was the first

2883: 2871: 2851: 2832: 2695: 2487: 2390: 2175: 2077: 1995: 1985: 1952: 1760: 1671: 1667: 1508: 1451: 1446: 1227: 502: 407: 268: 164: 71: 14254: 5210:

Among cultural developments, the immediate post-occupation period became a golden age for

4985:

of 1951 officially normalized relations between Japan and the United States, although the

4661:

by occupying the southern half of the country, further increasing tension in the Pacific.

4607: 2440:, established itself as the official name of the nation, which has persisted to this day. 984: 8: 15741: 15406: 15211: 15044: 14577: 14450: 14331: 14306: 13835: 13805: 13755: 13710: 13690: 13680: 13580: 13438: 13370: 13360: 13243: 13121: 13003: 12973: 12670: 11094: 6655: 5722: 5428: 5204: 4877: 4872: 4576: 4513: 4297:

of discontented samurai in southern Japan led by the former Meiji leader Saigo Takamori.

3828: 3678: 3655: 3642:

Japan in 1582, showing territory conquered by Oda Nobunaga and Toyotomi Hideyoshi in gray

3336: 2994: 1940: 1679: 1498: 1493: 1421: 1335: 552: 507: 472: 382: 6076: 5982: 4432:, Japan developed stronger democratic institutions and grew in international power. The 4115: 3755: 3455:

Japan (Iapam) and Korea, in the 1568 Portuguese map of the cartographer João Vaz Dourado

2804: 2190: 1031: 15692: 15595: 15497: 15310: 14492: 14222: 14188: 13780: 13695: 13675: 13560: 13550: 13380: 13292: 13215: 13168: 13141: 13136: 13085: 12858: 12768: 12741: 12612: 12564: 12542: 12487: 12460: 12082: 12048: 11627: 11587: 11533: 11460: 11452: 11367: 10705: 9884: 9284: 8218: 6761: 6753: 6659: 6292: 6199: 5868: 5830: 5684: 5547: 5501: 5306: 4856: 4827: 4819: 4475: 4441: 4361: 4357: 4222: 4159: 4053: 4039: 3779: 3747: 3692:

As Hideyoshi's power expanded, he dreamed of conquering China and launched two massive

3624: 3581: 3314: 3288: 3209: 3181: 3093: 2558: 2507: 2499: 2035: 1925: 1915: 1827: 1815: 1782: 1527: 1204: 1158: 1131: 1073: 1026: 1008: 714: 547: 402: 299: 294: 6291: 4449: 4210: 3192:

in the hope of restoring full power to the imperial court. The shogunate sent General

2847: 1843: 15734: 15724: 15714: 15663: 15320: 15238: 14532: 14517: 14502: 14482: 14373: 14352: 14163: 14006: 13890: 13825: 13760: 13725: 13660: 13640: 13630: 13590: 13575: 13570: 13302: 13200: 13173: 13146: 12837: 12594: 12579: 12477: 12305: 12173: 12126: 12014: 11986: 11967: 11939: 11920: 11901: 11882: 11871: 11852: 11825: 11806: 11787: 11776: 11760: 11723: 11697: 11676: 11648: 11613: 11591: 11566: 11541: 11518: 11493: 11464: 11406: 11399: 11282: 11246: 11206: 11035: 10519: 10377: 10180: 10059: 9930: 9773: 9692: 9643: 9571: 9288: 9276: 9040: 8844: 8793: 8545: 8395: 8362: 8304: 8243: 8206: 8196: 8059: 7665: 7638: 7610: 7519: 7252: 6985: 6922: 6825: 6669: 6626: 6602: 6485: 6439: 6406: 6370: 6342: 6302: 6266: 6233: 6125: 6088: 6008: 5872: 5860: 5369: 5233: 5153: 5086: 4999: 4991: 4914: 4882: 4823: 4774: 4762: 4625: 4585: 4483: 4318: 4294: 3965: 3698: 3662: 3551: 3310: 3217: 3200: 2950: 2911: 2859: 2836: 2746: 2616: 2341:

Historians agree that there was a big struggle between the Yamato federation and the

2258: 1867: 1855: 1741: 1733: 1483: 1478: 1269: 1261: 1247: 1217: 1135: 1098: 1068: 1021: 1016: 898: 888: 764: 747: 694: 679: 367: 329: 207: 11820:

Neary, Ian (2009). "Class and Social Stratification". In Tsutsui, William M. (ed.).

11664:

A History Of East Asia: From the Origins of Civilization to the Twenty-First Century

10165: 6765: 6203: 4491: 4429: 4195: 4191: 4119: 3529: 3317:, who did appoint him shogun. Go-Daigo responded by fleeing to the southern city of 2463: 2409: 1728:, which lasted until 1185. The Heian period is considered a golden age of classical 15729: 15636: 15379: 15162: 14962: 14882: 14838: 14638: 14460: 14311: 14271: 13866: 13785: 13745: 13720: 13700: 13610: 13600: 13585: 13443: 13282: 13235: 13220: 13156: 13038: 12981: 12863: 12482: 12277: 12220: 11841: 11602: 11444: 11371: 11359: 10863: 9876: 9268: 9069: 7760: 6743: 6735: 6191: 6080: 6039: 5986: 5850: 5842: 5792: 5613: 5568: 5551: 5523: 5456: 5051: 4955: 4886: 4815: 4781: 4633: 4286: 4183: 4163: 4131: 4096: 4019: 3996: 3945: 3941: 3686: 3670: 3516: 3483: 3476: 3441: 3298: 3280: 3193: 3186: 3167:

The samurai armies of the whole nation were mobilized in 1274 and 1281 to confront

3089: 2945: 2840: 2750: 2331: 2263: 1999: 1964: 1859: 1790: 1789:, but in 1333 it was toppled by a rival claimant to the shogunate, ushering in the 1729: 1709: 1607: 1569: 1371: 1172: 1078: 974: 880: 860: 314: 223: 15221: 15177: 12410: 9073: 7585: 5195:, successfully diverted popular attention away from political struggles with his " 2656: 2628: 2104: 2100: 1891: 15610: 15580: 15342: 15270: 15248: 15206: 15101: 15071: 14936: 14931: 14582: 14465: 14036: 13705: 13670: 13625: 13620: 13529: 13307: 13277: 13272: 13185: 13151: 13070: 12763: 12655: 12574: 12554: 12455: 12315: 12099: 12038:

From Prejudice to Tolerance. A Study of the Japanese Image of the West, 1826–1864

12004: 11963: 11957: 11848: 11691: 11642: 11581: 11556: 11508: 11483: 10602: 9561: 8838: 7659: 7604: 6478: 6432: 6399: 6335: 6259: 6226: 6119: 6084: 5990: 5952: 5318: 5211: 5149: 5101: 5097: 5043: 5032: 4789: 4699: 4654: 4637: 4612: 4592: 4364:, which was another victory for Japan's new navy. Japan thus laid claim to Korea 4345: 4330: 4206: 4107: 4004: 4000: 3870: 3746:

was characterized by relative peace and stability under the tight control of the

3702: 3632: 3565: 3451: 3153: 3137: 2984: 2940: 2931: 2867: 2754: 2537: 2362: 2305: 2288: 2092: 2084: 1914:. Japan's forces soon became overextended, but the military held out in spite of 1883: 1875: 1819: 1426: 1353: 1311: 1117: 994: 969: 961: 922: 704: 512: 497: 487: 397: 185: 12380: 11250: 10619: 6003:

Hudson, Mark (2009). "Japanese Beginnings", p. 15 In Tsutsui, William M. (ed.).

5067: 4444:

increased the power of Japan's political parties over the ruling oligarchy. The

4437: 4356:

was the first time in decades that an Asian power defeated a western power. The

4214: 3972: 3930: 3799: 3505:

port. The engagement led the Portuguese traders to find a safe harbor for their

3309:

Takauji and many other samurai soon became dissatisfied with Emperor Go-Daigo's

3293: 3018: 2935: 2644: 2520: 2151: 2120: 2067: 1890:. Although democracy developed and modern civilian culture prospered during the 1705: 1675: 83: 15719: 15646: 15468: 15433: 15364: 15253: 15125: 14833: 14418: 14408: 14229: 14210: 13487: 13423: 13375: 13332: 13225: 13126: 12504: 12310: 12074: 11562: 9689:

Power across the Pacific: A Diplomatic History of American Relations with Japan

8834: 8187: 6621:

Carter, William R. (1983). "Asuka period". In Reischauer, Edwin et al. (eds.).

6465: 5643: 5188: 5125: 5100:

slowed growth to a still-rapid average annual rate of just over 4% until 1991.

4925:

leader and played a central role in implementing reforms, many inspired by the

4758: 4310: 4282: 4274: 4171: 4151: 4123: 4048: 4043: 4032: 3986: 3783: 3775: 3651: 3445: 3391: 3387: 3375: 3284: 3141: 3105: 2863: 2855: 2579: 2479: 2370: 1804: 1465: 1416: 1408: 1367: 1212: 1036: 851: 769: 304: 235: 192: 12148:

The Political History of Modern Japan: Foreign Relations and Domestic Politics

10764: 9077: 9059: 7764: 7250:

Encyclopedia of Japan : Japanese history and culture, from abacus to zori

6195: 5965:

Takashi, Tsutsumi (2012). "MIS3 edge-ground axes and the arrival of the first

3886: 3709:

and a former ally of Hideyoshi. Tokugawa Ieyasu won a decisive victory at the

3382:

fought among themselves for control of the country. Some of the most powerful

2703: 2516: 15776: 15605: 15590: 15536: 15514: 15411: 15399: 15315: 15184: 15066: 15027: 15015: 15003: 14715: 14626: 14555: 14296: 14239: 14217: 14126: 14058: 14053: 14031: 13884: 13385: 13297: 13286: 13055: 12919: 12675: 11953: 11126: 11089: 10160: 9280: 9256: 8210: 6665: 6092: 5864: 5357: 5237: 5180: 5137: 5019: 4959: 4897: 4794: 4568: 4518: 4057: 4028: 3791: 3787: 3714: 3628: 3614:. It began on 21 October 1600, with a total of 160,000 men facing each other. 3487: 3374:, who now ruled hundreds of independent states throughout Japan. During this 3318: 3176: 3157: 2963: 2788: 2674: 2541: 2491: 2483: 2398: 2366: 2072: 2054: 1756: 1748: 1577: 1237: 989: 562: 557: 14146: 12628: 12400: 8188: 5066:(LDP), which went on to dominate Japanese politics for the remainder of the 4423: 3944:, which led the government to divide society into four classes based on the 3257:

Samurai Mitsui Sukenaga (right) defeating the Mongolian invasion army (left)

2524: 1862:

in 1853–54 more completely ended Japan's seclusion; this contributed to the

433: 15524: 15480: 15461: 15416: 15216: 15140: 14897: 14892: 14848: 14475: 14357: 14321: 14301: 14153: 14131: 14043: 13477: 13453: 13396: 13262: 13090: 12909: 12434: 12422: 12417: 12395: 12390: 12385: 12114: 11711: 11131: 10439: 9567: 8977: 8390:

Collcutt, Martin C. (1983). "Bushidō". In Reischauer, Edwin et al. (eds.).

7686: 5887: 5657: 5365: 5283: 5245: 5192: 5106: 5074: 4967: 4902: 4844: 4822:. These destroyed over half of the total area of Japan's major cities. The 4746: 4352:

Japan next clashed with Russia, which was expanding its power in Asia. The

4238: 4127: 3620: 3561: 3460: 3415: 2828: 2668: 2648: 2591: 2495: 2471: 2382: 2284: 2270: 2195: 2171: 2165: 1968: 1811: 1725: 1700: 1683: 1627: 1298: 594: 258: 152: 124: 110: 96: 15573: 12645: 12472: 12202: 11448: 11363: 10698:"Japan's former PM Abe Shinzo shot, confirmed dead | NHK WORLD-JAPAN News" 9272: 6739: 4530: 4187: 3189: 2707: 2685: 2594:. During this period, the first two books produced in Japan appeared: the 1717: 1389: 465: 202: 15563: 15553: 15509: 15504: 15456: 15394: 15357: 15330: 15231: 15201: 15076: 14998: 14919: 14907: 14668: 14653: 14643: 14614: 14572: 14487: 14455: 14403: 14336: 14173: 14048: 13905: 13894: 12665: 12429: 12216: 12212: 11166: 8054:

Chaiklin, Martha (2013). "Sakoku (1633–1854)". In Perez, Louis G. (ed.).

5480: 5356:, expanding worldwide, especially among young people. In March 2011, the 5298: 4738: 4670: 4273:

In December 1871, a Ryukyuan ship was shipwrecked on Taiwan and the crew

3533: 3421: 3172: 3161: 3145: 3112: 3080:

ruler of northern Honshu. In 1189, after Hidehira's death, his successor

2870:

in 1160. In 1180, Taira no Kiyomori was challenged by an uprising led by

2602: 2587: 2571: 2553: 2512: 2455:(horizontal placement of characters). The text means "Japan" in Japanese. 2222: 2179: 2107:

is generally accepted to be among the oldest in East Asia and the world.

2026: 1907: 1887: 1692: 1343: 1222: 979: 532: 138: 12499: 12092: 11456: 10757:"China's missle [sic] landed in Japan's Exclusive Economic Zone" 6757: 6252:

To the Ends of Japan: Premodern Frontiers, Boundaries, and Interactions,

5506: 4962:. The Emperor was permitted to remain on the throne, but was ordered to 4932:

The occupation sought to decentralize power in Japan by breaking up the

4745:

on the American fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. This brought the US into

4445: 4018:

The arrival in 1853 of a fleet of American ships commanded by Commodore

3730: 3363: 3245:

Ancient drawing depicting a samurai battling forces of the Mongol Empire

2920: 2753:

but continued to exercise political power, establishing the practice of

2632: 2606:, which contain chronicles of legendary accounts of early Japan and its 2563: 2529: 15707: 15600: 15558: 15374: 15337: 15300: 15196: 14783: 14695: 14522: 14423: 14396: 14316: 14114: 14068: 13979: 13947: 13322: 12687: 12589: 12537: 12450: 12052: 9888: 9659: 6748: 6447: 6044: 6027: 5943: 5543: 5529: 5448: 5440: 5324: 5257: 5200: 5183:

that saw millions of citizens take to the streets in opposition to the

5110: 5078: 5028: 4636:. The Japanese military failed to defeat the Chinese government led by 4546: 4482:

and enjoyed good international relations through its membership in the

4391: 4326: 4065: 3743: 3658:, his army defeated a force several times its size led by the powerful 3638: 3607: 3585: 3464: 3342: 2989: 2967: 2926: 2898: 2875: 2784: 2652: 2583: 2315: 2280: 2227: 1871: 1839: 1768: 1764: 1060: 604: 587: 334: 283: 169: 11432: 11401:

The Abacus and the Sword: The Japanese Penetration of Korea, 1895–1910

8357:

Crihfield, Liza (1983). "Geisha". In Reischauer, Edwin et al. (eds.).

6219:

Globalizing the Prehistory of Japan: Language, Genes and Civilisation,

5855: 4777:. In the early stages of the war, Japan scored victory after victory. 3762:, and Ieyasu abdicated two years later to groom his son as the second 3350: 2771:

manors. By the eleventh century, more land in Japan was controlled by

1093: 15615: 15384: 15369: 14967: 14952: 14877: 14860: 14778: 14663: 14604: 14594: 14589: 14512: 14391: 14279: 14205: 13972: 13962: 13412: 12715: 12559: 12549: 10374:

Critical readings on the Liberal Democratic Party in Japan Volume One

10176: 6229: 5618: 5396: 4737:

In late 1941, Japanese government, led by Prime Minister and General

4645: 4581: 4082: 3961: 3897: 3813: 3436:

were using about 300,000 muskets in their armies. The Europeans also

2839:, controlled northern Honshu for the next century from their capital 2421: 2405: 2088: 2043: 1879: 1863: 1436: 630: 350: 324: 10372:

Pekkanen, Robert (2018). "Introduction". In Pekkanen, Robert (ed.).

9880: 5579: 5380: 3497: 3475:

domains. Initially, the Portuguese stayed on the lands belonging to

3331: 3323:

period of conflict between the Northern Court and the Southern Court

3037: 2723: 2474:, and considered to be the first major sponsor of Buddhism in Japan. 2369:

is the oldest wooden structure in the world. It was commissioned by

2209:

annual immigrant influx from the continent range from 350 to 3,000.

2200: 1795: 1777: 15389: 15325: 15172: 15130: 14865: 14773: 14648: 14470: 14433: 14413: 12010: 8544:(2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 55–56. 7701: 6492:

pp. 79–81. The Jōmon component is estimated at somewhere under 25%.

5846: 5831:"On the Pleistocene Population History in the Japanese Archipelago" 5597: 5476: 5402: 5279: 5164: 4934: 4926: 4890: 4799: 4540: 4464:

also passed, prescribing harsh penalties for political dissidents.

4395: 4386: 4302: 4175: 4061: 3991: 3919: 3854: 3846: 3510: 3425: 3213: 3014: 2820: 2374: 1990: 1919: 1772: 1232: 49: 13498: 13406: 12155:

Foreign Images and Experiences of Japan: 1: First Century AD-1841.

11917:

Japan's Foreign Policy 1945–2003: The Quest for a Proactive Policy

10024: 8111: 8109: 4679: 3321:, where he set up a rival government. This ushered in a prolonged 3205: 3092:

became the true power behind the government. In 1203, her father,

3072:

Yoritomo soon turned on Yoshitsune, who was initially harbored by

2767: 2691: 2636: 2498:. The Reform began with land reform, based on Confucian ideas and 2358: 1107: 15451: 15243: 15189: 15135: 14957: 14763: 14673: 14527: 14428: 14386: 14249: 14168: 14121: 14109: 13418: 13345: 13340: 12226: 12090:

Japan's International Relations: Politics, Economics and Security

11898:

Japanese Political History since the Meiji Restoration, 1868–2000

10503: 10056:

The Political Economy of East Asia: Striving for Wealth and Power

9541: 9068:(Information Technology in Geo-Engineering). IOS Press: 190–198. 7396: 7394: 7392: 5588: 5271: 4629: 4179: 3981: 3949: 3909: 3892: 3832: 3823: 3674: 3556: 3506: 3129: 3097: 2998: 2780: 2733: 2239: 1752: 1316: 10815:"Japan approves major defense overhaul in dramatic policy shift" 10812: 9867:

Klein, Thomas M. (1972). "The Ryukyus on the Eve of Reversion".

8434: 6824:. New York: Rizzoli International Publications. pp. 19–20. 6156:

Kidder, J. Edward (1993). "The Earliest Societies in Japan", in

5163:

Japan remained a close ally of the United States throughout the

4486:

and participation in international disarmament conferences. The

3123: 2147: 1882:(1868–1912) transformed the isolated feudal island country into 869: 15519: 15056: 15034: 14887: 14823: 14768: 14158: 14136: 14104: 14078: 13428: 13350: 13327: 13312: 13267: 12601: 12190: 11746:

Large, Stephen S. (2007). "Oligarchy, Democracy, and Fascism".

11342: 10596:"Reiwa: Japan Prepares to Enter New Era of 'Fortunate Harmony'" 9399: 9397: 8994: 8992: 8614: 8193:

A history of the global economy : from 1500 to the present

8106: 7084:

McCullough, William H. (1999). "The Heian Court, 794–1070," in

6982:

A Pest in the Land: New World Epidemics in a Global Perspective

5609: 5593: 5584: 5511: 5262: 4091: 3934: 3904: 3842: 3837: 3570: 3502: 3429: 3043: 2816: 2800: 2640: 2596: 2467: 2386: 2297: 2243: 2184: 1847: 1737: 1384: 1306: 1284: 1088: 309: 10554:[Press release no. 162 of the 2011 Tohuku earthquake] 9895: 8633: 8631: 8629: 7389: 6392:

The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of Ritual and Religion,

4978:, Japan renounced its right to go to war with another nation. 4571:, a Japanese army stationed in China along the Japanese-owned 3654:. He burst onto the scene suddenly, in 1560, when, during the 2811:("Great Barbarian Subduing General"). In 802, seii tai-shōgun 2737:, which could rule in the place of an adult reigning emperor. 2578:

In 710, the government constructed a grandiose new capital at

15585: 15305: 15039: 14993: 14855: 14710: 14658: 14234: 14200: 13402: 13252: 13248: 12257: 9608: 8602: 8542:

A Modern History of Japan: From Tokugawa Times to the Present

8412: 8410: 8408: 7987: 7985: 7924: 7922: 7281: 6921:. Chichester, West Sussex : Wiley Blackwell. pp. 63-64. 5353: 5349: 5294: 5293:

Issues relating to war memory led to strained relations with

5228: 5222: 5216: 5207:, which heralded Japan's return to international prominence. 5096:

expanded at an annual rate of nearly 10% from 1956 until the

4201:

Government institutions developed rapidly in response to the

4103: 3925: 3880: 3395: 3117: 2711: 2503: 2452: 2429: 2309: 2275: 2096: 1835: 1721: 1687: 1431: 1379: 1348: 1103: 12006:

Giants of Japan: The Lives of Japan's Greatest Men and Women

11644:

The Russo-Japanese War in Global Perspective: World War Zero

11640: 10975: 10963: 10532: 10399: 10354: 10342: 10306: 10294: 10093: 10012: 9988: 9976: 9964: 9807: 9783: 9702: 9669: 9529: 9517: 9505: 9457: 9445: 9433: 9409: 9394: 9152: 8989: 8983: 8558: 8240:

Japan in the 21st Century: Environment, Economy, and Society

7687:"História Portugal-Japão (o comércio entre Macau e o Japão)" 7449: 7447: 7445: 7229: 7227: 6963: 6961: 6959: 6539: 6537: 6535: 5945:

Human Origin Sites and the World Heritage Convention in Asia

4333:

to renegotiate the "unequal treaties". In 1902 Japan signed

3713:

in 1600, ushering in 268 years of uninterrupted rule by the

2494:. Their government devised and implemented the far-reaching 2322: 2301:

clay sculptures, often in the shape of warriors and horses.

1918:

that inflicted severe damage on population centers. Emperor

1838:), presided over a prosperous and peaceful era known as the 15531: 15492: 14972: 14828: 14758: 14678: 14550: 14063: 12213:"Japan as It Was and Is": A Handbook of Old Japan, Volume 1 11693:

Japan at the Crossroads: Conflict and Compromise after Anpo

10999: 10941: 10939: 10924: 10912: 9212: 9092: 9060:

Yamamoto Tsutomu; Matsukawa Shunsuke; Hisawa Haruo (2010).

9004: 8815: 8626: 7518:(2nd ed.). Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. pp. 161-162. 6984:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. p. 21. 5364:

in the world at 634 metres (2,080 ft), displacing the

4277:. In 1874, using the incident as a pretext, Japan launched 3588:

or "Temple of the Golden Pavilion" built in Kyoto in 1397.

2958: 2954:, often considered the masterpiece of Japanese literature. 2611: 11048: 10987: 10081: 9642:. New York: Ticknor & Fields. pp. 558, 578, 597, 600. 9493: 9469: 9322: 9295: 9176: 9116: 9104: 8965: 8953: 8929: 8893: 8758: 8707: 8671: 8592: 8590: 8577: 8575: 8573: 8470: 8422: 8405: 8169: 8133: 8121: 8002: 8000: 7982: 7934: 7919: 7871: 7823: 7811: 7789: 7787: 7005: 7003: 7001: 6779: 6777: 6775: 6578: 6576: 6561: 6058: 4375: 4014:

Samurai of the Satsuma Domain during the Boshin War, 1860s

3627:. The period takes its name from Nobunaga's headquarters, 3501:

Matsura Takanobu attacked two Portuguese trade vessels at

2909:, illustrating a scene from the "Bamboo River" chapter of 2326:

Territorial extent of Yamato court during the Kofun period

14843: 14609: 14567: 11221: 10676:"Japan edges from pacifism to more robust defense stance" 10270: 9738: 9714: 9596: 9382: 9312: 9310: 9164: 9016: 8905: 7970: 7471: 7442: 7406: 7377: 7365: 7353: 7329: 7305: 7293: 7269: 7224: 7140: 7128: 7103: 6956: 6694: 6532: 6520: 6024: 4958:

became responsible not to the Emperor but to the elected

4863:

by Emperor Hirohito on national radio the following day.

4839:

However, on 6 August 1945, the US dropped an atomic bomb

3751: 3576: 3521: 3221: 3104:. Henceforth, the Minamoto shoguns became puppets of the 3061:. Japan remained largely under military rule until 1868. 1831: 1394: 12107:

Prehistoric Japan: New Perspectives on Insular East Asia

11675:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard U. 11405:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 21. 10951: 10936: 10902: 10900: 10887: 10885: 10450: 10440:"United Nations Statistics Division - National Accounts" 10411: 10387: 10205: 10141: 10129: 10117: 9952: 9831: 9819: 9726: 9584: 9370: 9236: 9224: 8857: 8746: 8518: 8482: 8339: 8314: 8281: 7946: 7772: 7176: 6594: 6471:

Ruins of Identity: Ethnogenesis in the Japanese Islands,

6362:

Prehistoric Japan: New Perspectives on Insular East Asia

4460:

was passed.. However, in the same year the far-reaching

4190:, although the most famous of the Meiji era writers was 3366:

broke out over who would succeed the ruling shogun. The

2443: 10870: 9421: 9039:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 3. 8881: 8803: 8695: 8683: 8587: 8570: 8506: 8494: 8458: 8372: 8242:. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. p. 60. 8157: 8094: 8036: 7997: 7883: 7847: 7799: 7784: 7732: 7529: 7418: 7317: 7027: 6998: 6887: 6875: 6772: 6682: 6636: 6573: 6287: 6285: 6283: 6281: 6279: 6138: 4474:

sparked unprecedented economic growth and earned Japan

4244: 3940:

The Tokugawas sponsored and were heavily influenced by

11060: 10330: 10282: 10036: 9850: 9848: 9846: 9795: 9750: 9620: 9481: 9334: 9307: 9140: 8770: 8734: 8730:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 421. 8659: 8012: 7958: 7859: 7835: 7708: 7553: 7541: 7430: 7200: 7152: 7121:

Takeuchi, Rizo (1999). "The Rise of the Warriors", in

7039: 6899: 6863: 6851: 6163: 4818:, which allowed the United States to begin widespread 3995:

or "national learning", developed by scholars such as

3948:. The samurai class claimed to follow the ideology of 2610:, which describes the imperial line as descendants of 2416:

leader of Japan from 594 to 622. Shōtoku authored the

2238:, states that by 240 AD, the powerful kingdom of 1771:. After seizing power, Yoritomo set up his capital in 12166:

A Brief History of Chinese and Japanese Civilizations

11485:

Population, Disease, and Land in Early Japan, 645–900

11378: 11321: 11309: 11297: 10897: 10882: 10813:

Jesse Johnson, Gabriel Dominguez (16 December 2022).

10552:"平成23年（2011年）東北地方太平洋沖地震（東日本大震災）について（第162報）（令和4年3月8日）" 10470:"Japan Finishes World's Tallest Communications Tower" 10429:

Japan Statistical Agency monthly Population Estimate.

10318: 10000: 9940: 9907: 9200: 9188: 9128: 8941: 8917: 8191:; International Economic History Association (2016). 7565: 7257: 7212: 7164: 6706: 6298:

A Brief History of Chinese and Japanese Civilizations

5152:. In accordance with US policy, Japan recognized the 4830:

would be even bloodier. The Japanese superbattleship

4478:

seized from Germany. After the war, Japan signed the

4264:

Chinese generals surrendering to the Japanese in the

3591: 3069:"simple warrior rule" of the later Muromachi period. 2639:, and once completed it was used by the Chinese monk 1898:

in 1931, and from 1937 the conflict escalated into a

1767:

of 1180–85, defeating their rival military clan, the

1751:— and then to the military clans and their armies of 11532:

Gao, Bai (2009). "The Postwar Japanese Economy". In

10193: 9358: 8869: 8446: 8269: 8145: 8058:. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. pp. 356–357. 8024: 7907: 7895: 7720: 7341: 7063: 7051: 7015: 6944: 6932: 6801: 6789: 6549: 6508: 6276: 5633: 4547:

Manchurian Incident and the Second Sino-Japanese War

3955: 3346:

Kinkaku-ji was built in 1397 by Ashikaga Yoshimitsu.

1947:

was enacted in 1947 that transformed Japan into the

12143:. Pearson Education. 215pp; brief history textbook. 10833:"A plea and a promise for 2023: No more 'pacifism'" 10254:. About Japan: A Teacher's Resource. Archived from 10248:"Japan's Rebirth at the 1964 Tokyo Summer Olympics" 10105: 10069: 9843: 9640:

Tennozan: The Battle of Okinawa and the Atomic Bomb

9346: 8652:Beasley, WG (1962). "Japan". In Hinsley, FH (ed.). 8301:

Handbook to Life in Medieval and Early Modern Japan

8077:"Dejima Nagasaki | JapanVisitor Japan Travel Guide" 7483: 7459: 7188: 7091: 6917:Deal, William E and Ruppert, Brian Douglas (2015). 6124:. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge Press. pp. 3, 258. 6099: 5922:"'Jomon woman' helps solve Japan's genetic mystery" 5701:

Bulletin of the National Museum of Japanese History

5328:Wreckage at a railway station destroyed during the 5056:

longest serving prime ministers in Japanese history

4836:was sunk en route to aid in the Battle of Okinawa. 4780:The tide began to turn against Japan following the 4521:, began writing popular mystery and crime stories. 2655:tried to establish his own dynasty with the aid of 1971:of the 1990s, Japanese economic growth has slowed. 11870: 11840: 11775: 11398: 10164: 7125:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 675-677 6295:; Miranda Brown; David Lurie; Suzanne Gay (2012). 5892:Bulletin of the Society for East Asian Archaeology 5888:"A Comment on the Yayoi Period Dating Controversy" 4851:and other territories, and Nagasaki was struck by 4803:pilots who crashed their planes into enemy ships. 3933:(1644–1694), also rose as a major form of poetry. 3929:, whose greatest master is generally agreed to be 3790:in 1615. Soon after the shogunate promulgated the 2295:were often surrounded by and filled with numerous 1886:that closely followed Western models and became a 9563:Downfall: The End of the Imperial Japanese Empire 8262:Hirschmeier, Johannes and Yui, Tsunehiko (1975). 6724: 4402:opened and it is the oldest subway line in Asia. 3520:The Black Ship Portuguese traders that came from 2807:was the first man the court granted the title of 1848:cut off almost all contact with the outside world 15774: 11583:A History of Japan: From Stone Age to Superpower 11077: 11075: 10808: 10806: 9772:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 121. 7088:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 30–31 6503:Multicultural Japan: Palaeolithic to Postmodern. 5479:which is near Taiwan. Japanese Defense Minister 5013: 4859:was communicated to the Allies on 14 August and 3228:The Illustrated Account of the Mongol Invasion ( 3224:Buddhism spread widely among the samurai class. 2038:and up to 20,000 years ago on Ishigaki Island's 1974: 11151: 11149: 8656:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 472 8264:The Development of Japanese Business, 1600-1973 5555: 4952:International Military Tribunal of the Far East 4632:, the Japanese military committed the infamous 4137: 3806:to spend every other year in Edo. Even so, the 3274: 3013:. Though Yoritomo set up his own government in 1793:. During this period, regional warlords called 1736:from this time and onwards was a mix of native 11759:. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. 11750:. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing. 6321:Crawford, Gary W. "Japan and Korea:Japan", in 5562: 5390: 3048: 3026: 2978: 2815:subjugated the Emishi people, who were led by 2627:that killed over a quarter of the population. 2087:culture that reached a considerable degree of 13921: 13514: 12242: 11800: 11114: 11112: 11072: 10853: 10803: 9666:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 368 9614: 9037:Concise Dictionary of Modern Japanese History 8843:. New York: Harper Collins. pp. 27, 30. 8608: 7080: 7078: 6846:Foreigners in Japan: A Historical Perspective 5317:, and visits by some Japanese politicians to 3148:, along with two other emperors, the retired 2886:. Yoritomo and his retainers thus became the 1647: 828: 11801:Morton, W Scott; Olenike, J Kenneth (2004). 11510:Japan to 1600: A Social and Economic History 11146: 11032:Nemesis : The Battle for Japan, 1944–45 10673: 10217: 8256: 7501:Turnbull, Stephen and Hook, Richard (2005). 6160:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 59 5885: 5251: 5121:, stock and real-estate loans grew rapidly. 5089:, which assured their employees a safe job. 5083:Ministry of International Trade and Industry 4417: 3884:("floating world"). This lifestyle inspired 3580:theater. Though the eighth Ashikaga shogun, 2727:("regent") to the underage emperor. His son 2566:. This Buddhist temple was sponsored by the 2334:. Craftsmen and scholars from China and the 2253: 1842:(1600–1868). The Tokugawa shogunate imposed 12163: 12079:Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan (first series) 11938:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 351–371. 11824:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 389–406. 11696:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 11607: 11540:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 299–314. 11437:Social Research: An International Quarterly 11121:第35回教科書から『士農工商』が消えたー後編ー令和3年広報うき「ウキカラ」8月号 10751: 10749: 10747: 10745: 10506:. Archived from the original on 3 June 2012 10474:Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat 8959: 8648: 8646: 6601:. Cambridge University Press. p. 529. 6505:New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 40 5385:damaged the nuclear facilities in Fukushima 5128:in 1956, successfully normalized relations 4524: 4076: 2506:. It nationalized all land in Japan, to be 13935: 13928: 13914: 13521: 13507: 12249: 12235: 11632:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 11430: 11343:Moriguchi, Chiaki; Saez, Emmanuel (2008). 11338: 11336: 11281:(in Japanese). 6 June 2023. Archived from 11109: 8351: 8223:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 7606:Portugal and the Japan: The Namban Century 7244: 7242: 7075: 6664:(1st ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: 4440:to resign as prime minister. This and the 3734:Tokugawa Ieyasu was the founder and first 3394:. One enduring symbol of this era was the 2662: 2076:Reconstruction of a Jōmon family from the 1654: 1640: 835: 821: 11426: 11424: 11422: 11265: 11023: 10366: 9664:The Cambridge History of Japan: Volume 6. 8719: 8384: 8237: 8048: 7657: 7514:Hane, Mikiso and Perez, Louis G. (2015). 7123:The Cambridge History of Japan: Volume 2. 7086:The Cambridge History of Japan: Volume 2. 6747: 6158:The Cambridge History of Japan: Volume 1. 6043: 5854: 5781:Japanese foreign policy on Southeast Asia 4615:and the Japanese occupation of Manchuria. 4468:Japan's participation in World War I 3860: 3725: 2882:, scored a decisive victory at the naval 2436:). By 670, a variant of this expression, 2353: 2021:black outline indicates present-day Japan 1930:atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 11933: 11661: 11579: 11242:結婚は主君の許可が必要だが、離婚するときはどうだった？江戸時代「武士」の一生行事 11029: 11017: 10981: 10969: 10957: 10945: 10876: 10742: 10588: 10538: 10456: 10417: 10405: 10393: 10360: 10348: 10312: 10300: 10159: 10099: 10030: 10018: 9994: 9982: 9970: 9958: 9919: 9837: 9825: 9813: 9789: 9732: 9708: 9675: 9590: 9547: 9535: 9523: 9511: 9463: 9451: 9439: 9415: 9403: 9242: 9230: 9158: 9010: 8998: 8971: 8887: 8821: 8809: 8752: 8725: 8701: 8689: 8677: 8643: 8637: 8620: 8596: 8581: 8564: 8512: 8416: 8163: 8100: 8042: 7991: 7940: 7928: 7889: 7829: 7793: 7778: 7744: 7632: 7547: 7495: 7453: 7436: 7383: 7371: 7311: 7233: 7206: 7158: 7146: 7134: 7115: 7045: 6967: 6905: 6869: 6857: 6700: 6648: 6567: 6543: 6526: 6169: 5828: 5616:communities. These people, later called 5528: 5323: 5261: 5117:became the largest in the world. During 5027: 4896: 4893:, at their first meeting, September 1945 4876: 4805: 4693: 4678: 4606: 4550: 4339: 4281:to Taiwan to assert their claims to the 4258: 4090: 4009: 3864: 3794:, which imposed tighter controls on the 3729: 3637: 3601: 3515: 3450: 3349: 3341: 3292: 3033:Eastern Barbarian Subduing Great General 2988: 2897: 2690: 2679: 2562:The Daibutsu-den, within the complex of 2557: 2547: 2458: 2442: 2357: 2321: 2257: 2189: 2071: 1989: 1856:introducing firearms to Japanese warfare 12522:Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598) 12109:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. 12104: 11773: 11333: 11189: 10669: 10667: 10665: 10663: 10245: 9762: 9681: 9632: 9427: 9028: 8840:Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan 8530: 8440: 8392:Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan Volume 1 8359:Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan Volume 3 7976: 7750: 7239: 6919:A Cultural History of Japanese Buddhism 6911: 6838: 6819: 6813: 6623:Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan Volume 1 6358: 6018: 5964: 5510:system, which introduced a patrilineal 5113:stock market index had doubled and the 5037:longest serving PMs in Japanese history 4376:Economic modernization and labor unrest 3786:that ended with the destruction of the 3750:, which ruled from the eastern city of 3528:In 1571, Dom Bartolomeu, also known as 3398:, skilled spies and assassins hired by 3041:. Yoritomo's government was called the 2848:a dispute over succession to the throne 2684:Miniature model of the ancient capital 2232:. A later Chinese work of history, the 1955:it is today. After 1955, Japan enjoyed 14: 15775: 11999: 11980: 11952: 11865: 11670: 11506: 11481: 11419: 11233: 11066: 11054: 11005: 10993: 10930: 10918: 10906: 10891: 10825: 10620:"Tokyo Olympics to start in July 2021" 10336: 10288: 10087: 10042: 9860: 9801: 9756: 9626: 9553: 9499: 9487: 9475: 9340: 9328: 9316: 9301: 9218: 9146: 9122: 9110: 9098: 9034: 8899: 8782: 8776: 8764: 8740: 8713: 8665: 8536: 8476: 8428: 8326: 8231: 8181: 8175: 8139: 8127: 8115: 8018: 7964: 7877: 7865: 7841: 7817: 7714: 7658:Hesselink, Reinier (7 December 2015). 7628: 7626: 7571: 7477: 7412: 7400: 7359: 7347: 7299: 7275: 7263: 7218: 7170: 7109: 7069: 7057: 7009: 6979: 6973: 6950: 6938: 6893: 6807: 6795: 6783: 6712: 6688: 6615: 6582: 6555: 6514: 6301:. Cengage Learning. pp. 138–143. 6181: 6175: 6150: 6144: 6105: 5958: 5764:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere 5608:Populations of workers in professions 5459:while campaigning two days before the 5439:On 8 July 2022, former Prime Minister 4866: 4820:bombing raids on the Japanese mainland 4642:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere 3952:, literally "the way of the warrior". 2741:, an exceptional statesman who became 15099: 14738: 14004: 13909: 13502: 12230: 12168:. Boston: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. 12113: 11838: 11819: 11754: 11745: 11710: 11689: 11384: 11327: 11315: 11303: 11227: 10324: 10276: 10225:"Shinkansen – Bullet Trains in Japan" 10211: 10199: 10006: 9946: 9913: 9901: 9866: 9854: 9744: 9720: 9653: 9602: 9559: 9388: 9352: 9254: 9206: 9194: 9182: 9170: 9134: 9022: 8947: 8935: 8923: 8911: 8875: 8500: 8464: 8378: 8293: 8151: 8030: 8006: 7913: 7853: 7805: 7738: 7726: 7699: 7602: 7559: 7535: 7489: 7465: 7424: 7335: 7323: 7287: 7194: 7182: 7097: 7033: 7021: 6881: 6654: 6642: 6495: 5997: 5879: 5754:History of Japanese foreign relations 5709:Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 5148:over the ownership of the islands of 4788:, in which Allied troops wrested the 4535:History of Japanese foreign relations 4251:History of Japanese foreign relations 3720: 3354:Map showing the territories of major 2850:erupted and the two rival claimants ( 2702:In 784, the capital moved briefly to 2393:. The period draws its name from the 2025:Hunter-gatherers arrived in Japan in 1979: 15100: 12061:Introduction to the History of Japan 11914: 11895: 11739:Okinawa: History of an Island People 11736: 11558:Premodern Japan: A Historical Survey 11554: 11396: 11034:. London: HarperPress. p. 379. 10720: 10660: 10423: 10153: 10147: 10135: 10123: 10058:. Washington, DC: CQ Press. p. 156. 10048: 9376: 9364: 8863: 8827: 8792:. Rutland, Vermont: Tuttle. p. 315. 8524: 8488: 8452: 8345: 8320: 8287: 8275: 7952: 7901: 7516:Premodern Japan: A Historical Survey 7508: 6718: 6328:The Oxford Companion to Archaeology, 6117: 6111: 5829:Nakazawa, Yuichi (1 December 2017). 5824: 5822: 5587:, with 80% of peasants under the 5% 5490: 5468:2022 visit by Nancy Pelosi to Taiwan 5248:and other culture from the country. 4855:, killing around 40,000 people. The 4690:preparing the attack on Pearl Harbor 4602:Imperial Rule Assistance Association 4245:Rise of imperialism and the military 4203:Freedom and People's Rights Movement 3539: 3140:instigated what became known as the 3127:, from among his close vassals, the 2304:The center of the unified state was 1799:grew in power at the expense of the 13528: 11741:. Rutland, Vermont: Tuttle Company. 11531: 10847: 10565:Fire and Disaster Management Agency 10432: 10111: 10075: 8833: 8303:. New York: Facts on File. p. 296. 7623: 7583: 5932:from the original on 26 April 2020. 5412:In 2020, Tokyo was due to host the 4360:of 1904–05 ended with the dramatic 3985:or "Dutch learning". The physician 3076:, the grandson of Kiyohira and the 1803:. Eventually, Japan descended into 1666:The first human inhabitants of the 24: 12698:2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami 12256: 12141:Japan in Transformation, 1952–2000 12029: 11352:Review of Economics and Statistics 10854:Jennifer Lind (23 December 2022). 10791:from the original on 4 August 2022 9927:Turning Points in Japanese History 9691:. Basingstoke: Macmillan. p. 177. 8788:Mason, RHP and Caiger, JG (1997). 8266:. London: Allen & Unwin. p. 32 5936: 5902:from the original on 1 August 2019 5775:History of Sino-Japanese relations 5461:2022 House of Councillors election 5409:, Emperor Akihito, on 1 May 2019. 4919:Supreme Commander of Allied Powers 4068:led to the fall of the shogunate. 3592:Azuchi–Momoyama period (1568–1600) 3545:with China and Korea. Because the 3424:, just south of Kyushu. The three 3009:chose to rule in concert with the 3001:were the de facto rulers of Japan. 2515:of 672, a bloody conflict between 2348: 2345:centuries before written records. 1818:. After Toyotomi's death in 1598, 1674:, around 38–39,000 years ago. The 25: 15809: 15052:Megalithic architectural elements 12565:Imperial Constitution (1890–1947) 12183: 11433:"Burakumin at the End of History" 11249:. 31 January 2022. Archived from 10817:. The Japan Times. Archived from 10638:"Tokyo 2021: Olympic Medal Count" 8984:Schimmelpenninck van der Oye 2005 7684: 7635:Samurai: The World of the Warrior 5914: 5819: 5453:Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force 5191:to step down. Kishi's successor, 5177:Article 9 of Japan's constitution 4966:, which had been a pillar of the 4810:Atomic cloud over Hiroshima, 1945 4476:new colonies in the South Pacific 3956:Decline and fall of the shogunate 3923:, a new import to Japan in 1600. 3005:Upon the consolidation of power, 2835:took full power; his family, the 2791:, acquired large armies and many 1928:on 15 August 1945, following the 14739: 13889: 13880: 13879: 13483: 13482: 13471: 12201: 12189: 12121:(paperback ed.). New York: 11718:(paperback ed.). New York: 11474: 11390: 11011: 10839:. 3 January 2023. Archived from 10780:"中国が弾道ミサイル9発発射うち5発は日本のEEZ内に"防衛省 10771: 10690: 10630: 10612: 10594:McCurry, Justin (1 April 2019). 10544: 10492: 10462: 10239: 9248: 9053: 8728:Science & Technology Almanac 8069: 7693: 7678: 7651: 6848:. Kathmandu: Rabin Gurung. p. 29 5803:List of prime ministers of Japan 5770:History of Japan–Korea relations 5759:Foreign relations of Meiji Japan 5695:Bibliography of Japanese history 5664: 5650: 5636: 5538:, higher than most court nobles. 5425:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 5244:contributed to a steady flow of 5008:revised US-Japan Security Treaty 4784:in June 1942 and the subsequent 4239:Shinto became the state religion 4087:Foreign relations of Meiji Japan 3631:, and Hideyoshi's headquarters, 3262: 3250: 3238: 2930:, both associated with the poet 2893: 2373:and represents the beginning of 2140: 2128: 2112: 1822:came to power and was appointed 1724:), marking the beginning of the 1621: 948:Post-Japanese occupation history 868: 48: 15671:Evolutionary origin of religion 12172:Tames, Richard, et al. (2008). 11936:A Companion to Japanese History 11822:A Companion to Japanese History 11748:A Companion to Japanese History 11538:A Companion to Japanese History 11274:江戸時代の武家の結婚は簡単じゃなかった。幕府の許可も必要だった 10763:. 5 August 2022. Archived from 7661:The Dream of Christian Nagasaki 7596: 7590:Arquivo Nacional Torre do Tombo 7577: 6980:Alchon, Suzanne Austin (2003). 6588: 6459: 6416: 6383: 6352: 6315: 6243: 6210: 6005:A Companion to Japanese History 5303:Japanese officials and emperors 5301:on several occasions. Although 4964:renounce his claims to divinity 4942:were granted independence, the 4664: 4307:Hokkaidō Development Commission 4071: 3677:, Kyushu, and the lands of the 3409: 2973: 2159: 2061: 1699:Around the 3rd century BC, the 13847:British Indian Ocean Territory 13051:Agriculture, forestry, fishing 12175:A Traveller's History of Japan 12088:Hook, Glenn D. et al. (2011). 11985:. Cambridge University Press. 11803:Japan: Its History and Culture 11507:Farris, William Wayne (2009). 11490:Harvard University Asia Center 11482:Farris, William Wayne (1995). 11084:「士農工商」や「四民平等」の用語が使われていないことについて 10787:(in Japanese). 4 August 2022. 10674:Martin Fritz (28 April 2022). 10476:. 1 March 2012. Archived from 10246:Droubie, Paul (31 July 2008). 9662:(1988). "The Pacific War", in 7637:. Bloomsbury USA. p. 13. 6598:The Cambridge History of Japan 6052: 5969:in the Japanese archipelago". 5726:, Japanese studies, in English 5577:), craftsmen, and merchants" ( 5383:region. The resulting tsunami 5311:denial of the Nanjing Massacre 4458:Universal Manhood Suffrage Law 4335:an important military alliance 4031:imposed what became known as " 4022:threw Japan into turmoil. The 3301:who was the founder and first 2418:Seventeen-article constitution 2242:, ruled by the female monarch 1868:return of power to the emperor 13: 1: 15284:Art of the Middle Paleolithic 14814:British megalith architecture 11666:. Cambridge University Press. 11205:(in Japanese). Archived from 11170:(in Japanese). Archived from 11130:(in Japanese). Archived from 11093:(in Japanese). Archived from 10734:. 8 July 2022. Archived from 9929:. London: Routledge. p. 216. 9074:10.3233/978-1-60750-617-1-190 8336:. New York: Tuttle. pp. 14–15 8056:Japan at War: An Encyclopedia 7586:"Atlas de Fernão Vaz Dourado" 6325:, Alexander A. Bauer (eds.), 5749:History of Japanese Americans 5315:revisionist history textbooks 5203:line, and the widely praised 5124:Japan became a member of the 5014:Postwar growth and prosperity 4156:advisers from Western nations 3208:(1133–1212), who established 2997:in which the shogun with the 2903: 2590:, the capital of the Chinese 2007: regions above sea level 1975:Prehistoric and ancient Japan 15279:Art of the Upper Paleolithic 14819:Nordic megalith architecture 12209:travel guide from Wikivoyage 12164:Schirokauer, Conrad (2013). 11488:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: 7753:The Journal of Asian Studies 6085:10.1016/j.quaint.2017.12.012 5991:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.01.030 5813: 5808:Timeline of Japanese history 5786:Japan–Soviet Union relations 5731:Social Science Japan Journal 5379:struck Japan's northeastern 5368:. It is currently the third 5062:merged in 1955 into the new 4659:invasion of French Indochina 4138:Political and social changes 4060:and his advisors to issue a 3792:Laws for the Military Houses 3275:Muromachi period (1333–1568) 3108:, who wielded actual power. 2938:'s collection of miscellany 2902:A handscroll painting dated 2749:ceded the throne to his son 2625:smallpox epidemic in 735–737 1959:under the governance of the 1934:Soviet invasion of Manchuria 1763:emerged victorious from the 1690:was recorded in the Chinese 7: 12639:1923 Great Kantō earthquake 12585:Abolition of the han system 12146:Kitaoka, Shin’ichi (2019). 12040:. Tokyo, Sophia University. 11608:Connaughton, R. M. (1988). 10252:aboutjapan.japansociety.org 9687:Nester, William R. (1996). 8394:. Tokyo: Kodansha. p. 222. 7505:. Oxford: Osprey. pp. 53–54 6625:. Tokyo: Kodansha. p. 107. 6339:Oxford University Press USA 5716:Journal of Japanese Studies 5629: 5556: 5391:Reiwa period (2019–present) 5330:2011 earthquake and tsunami 5119:the ensuing economic bubble 4562:The Empire of Japan in 1937 4221:, responded by writing the 3800:alternate attendance system 2979:Kamakura period (1185–1333) 2803:people of northern Honshu. 2779:set up their own armies of 2478:In 645, the Soga clan were 2285:keyhole-shaped burial mound 2135:Middle Jōmon vase (2000 BC) 1943:until 1952, during which a 10: 15814: 15427:British Isles and Brittany 15348:Gwion Gwion rock paintings 12139:Kingston, Jeffrey (2001). 12036:Chang, Richard T. (1970). 11983:A Concise History of Japan 11873:A History of Japan to 1334 11784:W. W. Norton & Company 11774:McClain, James L. (2002). 11673:The Making of Modern Japan 11662:Holcombe, Charles (2017). 11580:Henshall, Kenneth (2012). 11515:University of Hawaii Press 8361:. Tokyo: Kodansha. p. 15. 8334:Little Songs of the Geisha 8195:. Cambridge. p. 177. 7633:Turnbull, Stephen (2006). 6820:Akiyama, Terukazu (1977). 6482:University of Hawaii Press 6436:Cambridge University Press 6367:University of Hawaii Press 6263:University of Hawaii Press 5394: 5255: 5158:People's Republic of China 5136:over the ownership of the 5039:(1946–1947 and 1948–1954). 5017: 4983:San Francisco Peace Treaty 4907:Treaty of Peace with Japan 4870: 4847:declared war on Japan and 4828:invasion of mainland Japan 4685:Japanese aircraft carrier 4668: 4528: 4428:During the short reign of 4421: 4248: 4080: 3959: 3917:) and music played on the 3738:of the Tokugawa shogunate. 3595: 3413: 3278: 2982: 2819:. By 1051, members of the 2666: 2551: 2163: 2065: 1983: 1908:war with the United States 15629: 15442: 15269: 15116: 15112: 15095: 14981: 14945: 14794: 14751: 14747: 14734: 14541: 14372: 14345: 14270: 14196: 14187: 14092: 14017: 14013: 14005: 14000: 13943: 13875: 13834: 13794: 13536: 13466: 13234: 13112: 13103: 13046: 13037: 12972: 12849: 12845: 12836: 12749: 12740: 12708: 12651:Japan during World War II 12621: 12530: 12468:Mongol invasions of Japan 12443: 12368: 12295: 12286: 12268: 12123:Columbia University Press 11879:Stanford University Press 11805:. New York: McGraw-Hill. 11755:Meyer, Milton W. (2009). 11720:Columbia University Press 10524:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 10033:, pp. 162, 166, 182. 9615:Morton & Olenike 2004 8609:Morton & Olenike 2004 8238:Pradyumna, Karan (2010). 7765:10.1017/S0021911804001950 7609:. Portuguese State Mint. 7248:Perkins, Dorothy (1991). 6196:10.1017/S0003598X00093686 5798:List of Emperors of Japan 5680:Economic history of Japan 5563: 5432:Russia's trade status as 5252:Heisei period (1989–2019) 5173:Japan Self-Defense Forces 5024:Japanese economic miracle 4954:tried war criminals. The 4675:Japan during World War II 4418:Taishō period (1912–1926) 4410:of 1910, after which the 4255:Military history of Japan 4122:from Satsuma, as well as 4095:Emperor Meiji, the 122nd 3903:Forms of theater such as 3780:invade the Ryukyu Kingdom 3758:declared Tokugawa Ieyasu 3754:(modern Tokyo). In 1603, 3650:of the small province of 3305:of the Ashikaga shogunate 3216:(1222–1282), who founded 3049: 3027: 2254:Kofun period (c. 250–538) 2046:, including the elephant 1957:very high economic growth 1696:in the first century AD. 388:Invasion of Taiwan (1895) 363:Invasion of Taiwan (1874) 13596:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 12925:House of Representatives 12721:2019 imperial transition 12693:Great Hanshin earthquake 12661:Second Sino-Japanese War 12634:Japan during World War I 12047:53#2, pp. 346–366. 12045:Journal of Asian Studies 11839:Perez, Louis G. (1998). 11757:Japan: A Concise History 11273: 11241: 11197: 11157: 11120: 11083: 10779: 10585:Page 31 of the PDF file. 10173:Cambridge, Massachusetts 9904:, pp. 156–157, 162. 9770:Feminism in Modern Japan 9550:, pp. 131–132, 135. 9255:Kenji, Hasegawa (2020). 8443:, pp. 123–124, 128. 8299:Deal, William E (2006). 8118:, pp. 237, 252–253. 7403:, pp. 141–142, 149. 7290:, pp. 892–893, 897. 6065:Quaternary International 6007:. Malden MA: Blackwell. 5971:Quaternary International 5407:abdication of his father 5405:'s reign began upon the 5342:Japanese popular culture 5274:'s reign began upon the 5185:US-Japan Security Treaty 5064:Liberal Democratic Party 4987:US-Japan Security Treaty 4950:were abolished, and the 4731:Acquisitions (1930–1942) 4721:Acquisitions (1895–1930) 4622:Second Sino-Japanese War 4573:South Manchuria Railroad 4525:Shōwa period (1926–1989) 4456:was introduced when the 4227:House of Representatives 4174:proved the link between 4077:Meiji period (1868–1912) 3560:flower arrangement, the 3169:two full-scale invasions 2040:Shiraho Saonetabaru Cave 1961:Liberal Democratic Party 1900:prolonged war with China 1846:on Japanese society and 1781:. In 1274 and 1281, the 1670:have been traced to the 600:Great Hanshin earthquake 518:Second Sino-Japanese War 15659:Evolutionary musicology 15062:Oldest extant buildings 14989:Archaeological features 14508:Prepared-core technique 13857:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 12608:First Sino-Japanese War 12105:Imamura, Keiji (1996). 11915:Togo, Kazuhiko (2005). 11778:Japan: A Modern History 11671:Jansen, Marius (2000). 10376:. Leiden: Brill. p. 3. 10163:; Hoshi, Takeo (1992). 9638:Feifer, George (1992). 9560:Frank, Richard (1999). 8726:Lauerman, Lynn (2002). 6844:Kshetry, Gopal (2008). 6477:5 December 2022 at the 6431:5 December 2022 at the 6422:Mizoguchi, Koji (2013) 6403:Oxford University Press 6398:5 December 2022 at the 6359:Imamura, Keiji (1996). 6334:5 December 2022 at the 6258:5 December 2022 at the 6225:5 December 2022 at the 6032:Anthropological Science 5744:History of Japanese art 5690:Historiography of Japan 5573:of "samurai, peasants ( 4598:attempted a coup d'état 4454:universal male suffrage 4434:Taishō political crisis 4370:full annexation in 1910 4323:First Sino-Japanese War 4266:First Sino-Japanese War 4219:Prime Minister of Japan 3898:multiple printed colors 3486:attacked the castle in 3448:disembarked in Kyushu. 3358:families around 1570 CE 3085:idealized tragic hero. 3011:Imperial Court in Kyoto 2957:The development of the 2706:, then again in 794 to 2663:Heian period (794–1185) 2401:, in the Kinai region. 2336:Three Kingdoms of Korea 2204:) of the 3rd century AD 2002:about 20,000 years ago 1953:parliamentary democracy 1949:constitutional monarchy 1876:new national leadership 1734:Japanese religious life 913:Science, and Technology 446:Intervention in Siberia 373:First Sino-Japanese War 15621:Unchambered long cairn 15469:Mound Builders culture 14802:Neolithic architecture 13937:Prehistoric technology 13076:Science and technology 12515:Council of Five Elders 12510:Azuchi–Momoyama period 12098:1 October 2021 at the 12058:Hara, Katsuro (2010). 11981:Walker, Brett (2015). 11900:. New York: Palgrave. 11896:Sims, Richard (2001). 11647:. Vol. I. BRILL. 11030:Hastings, Max (2007). 10231:. 2020. Archived from 9035:Hunter, Janet (1984). 8623:, pp. 75–76, 217. 6121:Ancient Jomon of Japan 5539: 5377:2011 Tōhoku earthquake 5375:On 11 March 2011, the 5332: 5313:and other war crimes, 5267: 5040: 4944:Peace Preservation Law 4910: 4901:US Secretary of State 4894: 4811: 4734: 4691: 4616: 4563: 4488:Great Kantō earthquake 4462:Peace Preservation Law 4400:Tokyo Metro Ginza Line 4349: 4291:Imperial Japanese Army 4270: 4154:and hired hundreds of 4099: 4015: 3874: 3861:Culture and philosophy 3802:, which required each 3739: 3726:Edo period (1600–1868) 3643: 3616: 3598:Azuchi–Momoyama period 3525: 3456: 3359: 3347: 3306: 3002: 2915: 2880:Minamoto no Yoshitsune 2825:Former Nine Years' War 2813:Sakanoue no Tamuramaro 2731:created the office of 2699: 2688: 2575: 2475: 2456: 2432:characters for Japan ( 2378: 2354:Asuka period (538–710) 2327: 2269:During the subsequent 2266: 2205: 2119:A vase from the early 2080: 2049:Palaeoloxodon naumanni 2022: 1904:attack on Pearl Harbor 1830:, which governed from 1775:and took the title of 1682:, was followed by the 1047:Japanese Sign Language 775:Science and technology 528:Attack on Pearl Harbor 451:Great Kantō earthquake 393:Colonization of Taiwan 320:Convention of Kanagawa 160:Former Nine Years' War 103:1000 BC – 300 AD 89:14,000 – 1000 BC 15296:List of Stone Age art 14498:Microblade technology 14446:Langdale axe industry 14044:Ard / plough 13021:Deputy Prime Minister 12406:Asuka Kiyomihara Code 12153:McOmie, William, ed. 12067:registration required 11737:Kerr, George (1958). 11555:Hane, Mikiso (1991). 11449:10.1353/sor.2003.0019 11364:10.1162/rest.90.4.713 10568:]. Archived from 9768:Mackie, Vera (2003). 9273:10.1353/mni.2020.0002 6740:10.1353/asi.2007.0016 5886:Shinya Shōda (2007). 5532: 5327: 5265: 5130:with the Soviet Union 5077:ended inflation. The 5031: 4948:Special Higher Police 4900: 4880: 4809: 4786:Battle of Guadalcanal 4711:Territory (1870–1895) 4697: 4682: 4610: 4604:was founded in 1940. 4561: 4408:High Treason Incident 4368:in 1905, followed by 4343: 4321:. During the ensuing 4279:a military expedition 4262: 4249:Further information: 4094: 4020:Matthew C. Perry 4013: 3868: 3733: 3641: 3610:screen depicting the 3605: 3524:and Macau once a year 3519: 3482:In 1561 forces under 3454: 3376:Warring States period 3353: 3345: 3296: 3156:, who were exiled to 3136:In 1221, the retired 2992: 2901: 2739:Fujiwara no Michinaga 2729:Fujiwara no Mototsune 2721:had himself declared 2719:Fujiwara no Yoshifusa 2694: 2683: 2561: 2548:Nara period (710–794) 2490:, the founder of the 2466:was a semi-legendary 2462: 2446: 2361: 2325: 2261: 2193: 2150:figurine of the late 2075: 2052:, and the giant deer 1993: 1963:, and became a world 1941:Allies occupied Japan 1864:fall of the shogunate 1844:a strict class system 1805:a period of civil war 1322:Pottery and porcelain 493:Invasion of Manchuria 418:Colonization of Korea 378:Treaty of Shimonoseki 117:300 AD – 538 AD 15793:Japanese nationalism 15703:Prehistoric medicine 15698:Prehistoric counting 15681:Prehistoric religion 15676:Paleolithic religion 15654:Behavioral modernity 15011:Causewayed enclosure 14903:Abri de la Madeleine 14027:Neolithic Revolution 13771:United Arab Emirates 12930:House of Councillors 12824:World Heritage Sites 12198:at Wikimedia Commons 11964:Blackwell Publishing 11843:The History of Japan 11690:Kapur, Nick (2018). 11397:Duus, Peter (1995). 11008:, pp. 159, 160. 10933:, pp. 152, 157. 10921:, pp. 152, 181. 10866:on 23 December 2022. 10821:on 16 December 2022. 10601:4 April 2019 at the 10167:The Japanese Economy 9221:, pp. 384, 428. 9185:, pp. 179, 193. 9101:, pp. 312, 335. 8938:, pp. 115, 121. 8332:Dalby, Liza (2010). 8081:www.japanvisitor.com 7700:Hesselink, Reinier. 7603:Costa, João (1993). 7338:, pp. 672, 831. 6413:pp. 457–468, p. 462. 6369:. pp. 165–178. 6323:Neil Asher Silberman 6118:Habu, Junko (2004). 5835:Current Anthropology 5739:History of East Asia 5672:Ancient Japan portal 5552:neo-Confucian theory 5242:U.S. troops in Japan 5197:Income Doubling Plan 5115:Tokyo Stock Exchange 4921:, served as Japan's 4853:a second atomic bomb 4702:at its peak in 1942: 4480:Treaty of Versailles 4354:Battle of Yalu River 4235:Japanese nationalism 4168:Kitasato Shibasaburō 3711:Battle of Sekigahara 3612:Battle of Sekigahara 3493:Battle of Fukuda Bay 3438:brought Christianity 3190:launched a rebellion 3150:Emperor Tsuchimikado 3102:Minamoto no Sanetomo 3098:regent to the shogun 3074:Fujiwara no Hidehira 3007:Minamoto no Yoritomo 2884:Battle of Dan-no-ura 2872:Minamoto no Yoritomo 2852:Emperor Go-Shirakawa 2833:Fujiwara no Kiyohira 2829:Later Three-Year War 2698:in the 11th century 2696:Later Three-Year War 2488:Fujiwara no Kamatari 2480:overthrown in a coup 2283:, a 486 m-long 2176:Neolithic Revolution 2078:Sannai-Maruyama Site 1996:Last Glacial Maximum 1986:Japanese Paleolithic 1826:by the emperor. The 1761:Minamoto no Yoritomo 1668:Japanese archipelago 1536:World Heritage Sites 1484:Association football 1442:Mobile phone culture 785:World Heritage Sites 503:February 26 incident 408:Treaty of Portsmouth 269:Battle of Sekigahara 165:Later Three-Year War 15742:Prehistoric warfare 14488:Magdalenian culture 14451:Levallois technique 14382:Earliest toolmaking 13798:limited recognition 12947:Self-Defense Forces 11534:Tsutsui, William M. 11431:Neary, Ian (2003). 11097:on 30 November 2023 11057:, pp. 614–615. 10996:, pp. 162–163. 10984:, pp. 354–355. 10972:, pp. 353–354. 10541:, pp. 187–188. 10408:, pp. 199–201. 10363:, pp. 189–190. 10351:, pp. 182–183. 10315:, pp. 185–187. 10303:, pp. 181–182. 10279:, pp. 177–178. 10150:, pp. 126–128. 10138:, pp. 162–163. 10126:, pp. 234–235. 10102:, pp. 160–161. 10090:, pp. 466–467. 10021:, pp. 161–162. 9997:, pp. 159–160. 9985:, pp. 156–157. 9973:, pp. 154–155. 9816:, pp. 147–148. 9792:, pp. 145–146. 9747:, pp. 150–151. 9723:, pp. 151–152. 9711:, pp. 142–143. 9678:, pp. 136–137. 9605:, pp. 147–148. 9538:, pp. 132–133. 9526:, pp. 129–130. 9514:, pp. 124–126. 9502:, pp. 442–443. 9478:, pp. 201–203. 9466:, pp. 123–124. 9454:, pp. 122–123. 9442:, pp. 119–120. 9418:, pp. 115–116. 9406:, pp. 114–115. 9391:, pp. 139–140. 9379:, pp. 179–180. 9331:, pp. 413–414. 9304:, pp. 411–412. 9261:Monumenta Nipponica 9173:, pp. 135–136. 9161:, pp. 108–109. 9125:, pp. 353–354. 9113:, pp. 342–344. 9025:, pp. 102–103. 9001:, pp. 101–102. 8914:, pp. 118–119. 8902:, pp. 328–331. 8866:, pp. 356–360. 8767:, pp. 254–255. 8716:, pp. 359–360. 8567:, pp. 71, 236. 8527:, pp. 214–215. 8491:, pp. 168–169. 8479:, pp. 149–151. 8431:, pp. 280–281. 8348:, pp. 213–214. 8323:, pp. 171–172. 8290:, pp. 201–202. 8178:, pp. 163–164. 8142:, pp. 116–117. 8130:, pp. 238–240. 7955:, pp. 162–167. 7880:, pp. 116–117. 7820:, pp. 141–143. 7480:, pp. 170–171. 7415:, pp. 144–145. 7362:, pp. 441–442. 7302:, pp. 137–138. 7278:, pp. 135–136. 7185:, pp. 477–478. 7112:, pp. 249–250. 6349:pp. 153–157 p. 155. 6293:Schirokauer, Conrad 6077:2018QuInt.471..385K 5983:2012QuInt.248...70T 5951:17 May 2021 at the 5723:Monumenta Nipponica 5472:Ministry of Defense 5429:Volodymyr Zelenskyy 5337:population of Japan 5284:deflationary spiral 5276:death of his father 5205:1964 Tokyo Olympics 5087:lifetime employment 4873:Occupation of Japan 4867:Occupation of Japan 4749:on the side of the 4630:the Chinese capital 4577:Manchurian Incident 4514:Some Prefer Nettles 4509:Jun'ichirō Tanizaki 4501:Ryūnosuke Akutagawa 4470:on the side of the 4309:) and annexing the 3890:popular novels and 3829:Shimabara Rebellion 3656:Battle of Okehazama 3534:Japanese dictionary 3337:Ashikaga Yoshimitsu 3231:Mōko Shūrai Ekotoba 2995:military government 2508:distributed equally 2426:Cap and Rank System 2055:Sinomegaceros yabei 1965:economic powerhouse 1814:and his successor, 1680:cord-marked pottery 1551:Cultural Properties 1546:Cultural Landscapes 1149:Legendary creatures 899:Historical currency 615:Imperial transition 553:Occupation of Japan 543:Soviet–Japanese War 508:Anti-Comintern Pact 383:Triple Intervention 15693:Origin of language 15686:Spiritual drug use 15596:Rectangular dolmen 15498:Dartmoor kistvaens 15311:Carved stone balls 15023:Circular enclosure 14982:Other architecture 14925:Alp pile dwellings 14513:Solutrean industry 14424:Gravettian culture 14074:Secondary products 13081:Telecommunications 12613:Russo-Japanese War 12543:Tokugawa shogunate 12493:Nanboku-chō period 12488:Ashikaga shogunate 12461:Kamakura shogunate 12178:. Popular history. 12083:Bernhard Tauchnitz 11959:A History of Japan 11588:Palgrave Macmillan 11230:, p. 390-391. 10843:on 4 January 2023. 10767:on 12 August 2022. 10258:on 15 January 2010 10214:, pp. 98–105. 10054:Wan, Ming (2008). 9570:. pp. 28–29. 9013:, pp. 99–100. 8824:, pp. 91, 92. 8790:A History of Japan 8640:, pp. 79, 89. 7538:, pp. 39, 41. 7503:Samurai Commanders 7427:, pp. 32, 33. 7326:, pp. 28, 29. 7036:, pp. 25, 26. 6884:, pp. 85, 89. 6728:Asian Perspectives 6661:Japan Encyclopedia 6645:, pp. 16, 18. 6570:, pp. 16, 22. 6249:Bruce Loyd Batten, 6216:Kumar, Ann (2009) 6045:10.1537/ase.091214 5841:(S17): S539–S552. 5685:Higashiyama period 5610:considered unclean 5548:Tokugawa shogunate 5540: 5502:Meiji Constitution 5333: 5307:Murayama Statement 5268: 5220:(monster) movies, 5146:an ongoing dispute 5134:an ongoing dispute 5041: 4911: 4909:, 8 September 1951 4895: 4857:surrender of Japan 4812: 4735: 4692: 4617: 4564: 4442:rice riots of 1918 4362:Battle of Tsushima 4358:Russo-Japanese War 4350: 4337:with the British. 4315:Ryūkyū Disposition 4271: 4223:Meiji Constitution 4160:Gregorian calendar 4100: 4054:Tokugawa Yoshinobu 4016: 3875: 3835:, implemented the 3748:Tokugawa shogunate 3740: 3721:Early modern Japan 3694:invasions of Korea 3644: 3625:Toyotomi Hideyoshi 3617: 3566:Japanese gardening 3526: 3509:that took them to 3469:Fernão Vaz Dourado 3459:Initiating direct 3457: 3360: 3348: 3307: 3289:Higashiyama period 3210:Pure Land Buddhism 3035:), abbreviated as 3003: 2916: 2831: – 2700: 2689: 2576: 2476: 2457: 2397:imperial capital, 2379: 2328: 2267: 2206: 2170:The advent of the 2081: 2023: 1980:Paleolithic period 1916:Allied air attacks 1828:Tokugawa shogunate 1816:Toyotomi Hideyoshi 1783:Kamakura shogunate 1678:, named after its 1556:National Treasures 1243:Cultural festivals 675:Capital punishment 651:2019–present 573:Asset price bubble 548:Surrender of Japan 413:Japan–Korea Treaty 403:Russo-Japanese War 358:Ryūkyū Disposition 300:Invasion of Ryukyu 295:Tokugawa shogunate 231:Nanboku-chō period 15798:Politics of Japan 15770: 15769: 15766: 15765: 15762: 15761: 15715:Prehistoric music 15664:music archaeology 15321:Cup and ring mark 15146:Clothing/textiles 15091: 15090: 15087: 15086: 14730: 14729: 14726: 14725: 14533:Yubetsu technique 14518:Striking platform 14483:Lithic technology 14368: 14367: 14353:Game drive system 14272:Projectile points 14164:Mortar and pestle 13903: 13902: 13840:other territories 13496: 13495: 13462: 13461: 13211:Sexual minorities 13099: 13098: 13033: 13032: 13029: 13028: 12942:Political parties 12881:Foreign relations 12832: 12831: 12736: 12735: 12726:COVID-19 pandemic 12595:Satsuma Rebellion 12580:Meiji Restoration 12478:Kenmu Restoration 12338:Foreign relations 12194:Media related to 12132:978-0-231-11435-6 12020:978-0-9882259-4-7 11973:978-1-119-02235-0 11945:978-1-4051-9339-9 11919:. Boston: Brill. 11888:978-0-8047-0523-3 11858:978-0-313-30296-1 11831:978-1-4051-9339-9 11793:978-0-393-04156-9 11729:978-0-231-11441-7 11654:978-90-474-0704-1 11597:978-0-230-34662-8 11572:978-0-8133-4970-1 11547:978-1-4051-9339-9 11524:978-0-8248-3379-4 11499:978-0-674-69005-9 11247:The Asahi Shimbun 11134:on 30 August 2023 11041:978-0-00-726816-0 10575:on 27 August 2022 10235:on 21 March 2020. 9577:978-0-14-100146-3 8974:, pp. 96–97. 8850:978-0-06-186047-8 8680:, pp. 84–85. 8503:, pp. 84–85. 8467:, pp. 79–80. 8419:, pp. 68–69. 8381:, pp. 57–59. 8202:978-1-107-10470-9 8009:, pp. 62–63. 7994:, pp. 57–58. 7979:, pp. 26–27. 7943:, pp. 54–55. 7931:, pp. 53–54. 7856:, pp. 51–52. 7832:, pp. 47–48. 7808:, pp. 48–49. 7741:, pp. 43–45. 7584:Dourado, Fernão. 7562:, pp. 46–47. 7456:, pp. 43–44. 7386:, pp. 40–41. 7374:, pp. 39–40. 7314:, pp. 35–36. 7236:, pp. 34–35. 7149:, pp. 33–34. 7137:, pp. 31–32. 7012:, pp. 91–93. 6970:, pp. 29–30. 6896:, pp. 74–75. 6822:Japanese Painting 6786:, pp. 55–57. 6703:, pp. 18–19. 6691:, pp. 54–55. 6608:978-0-521-22352-2 6585:, pp. 52–53. 6546:, pp. 15–16. 6529:, pp. 14–15. 6490:978-0-824-82156-2 6444:978-0-521-88490-7 6411:978-0-199-23244-4 6376:978-0-824-81852-4 6347:978-0-199-73578-5 6308:978-0-495-91322-1 6271:978-0-824-82447-1 6238:978-0-710-31313-3 6147:, pp. 12–15. 6131:978-0-521-77670-7 5491:Social conditions 5418:COVID-19 pandemic 5370:tallest structure 5234:Yasunari Kawabata 5169:US–Japan alliance 5154:Republic of China 5144:in 1965, despite 5132:in 1956, despite 5000:Ogasawara Islands 4915:Douglas MacArthur 4883:Douglas MacArthur 4849:invaded Manchukuo 4824:Battle of Okinawa 4775:Dutch East Indies 4747:World War II 4743:a surprise attack 4586:League of Nations 4559: 4503:and the novelist 4484:League of Nations 4366:as a protectorate 4319:Donghak Rebellion 4295:Satsuma Rebellion 3966:Meiji Restoration 3699:Toyotomi Hideyori 3663:Imagawa Yoshimoto 3646:Nobunaga was the 3552:ink wash painting 3540:Muromachi culture 3311:Kenmu Restoration 3218:Nichiren Buddhism 3100:, Yoritomo's son 2966:built in 1053 in 2912:The Tale of Genji 2890:rulers of Japan. 2860:Taira no Kiyomori 2837:Northern Fujiwara 2747:Emperor Shirakawa 2484:Prince Naka no Ōe 2262:Daisenryō Kofun, 2095:, who discovered 2013: unvegetated 1926:Japan's surrender 1896:invaded Manchuria 1878:of the following 1664: 1663: 1504:American football 1248:Japanese New Year 1228:Buddha's Birthday 1218:Coming of Age Day 985:Ōbeikei Islanders 928:Foreign relations 845: 844: 710:Foreign relations 655: 654: 643:Abe assassination 638:COVID-19 pandemic 610:Tōhoku earthquake 368:Satsuma Rebellion 330:Meiji Restoration 208:Kenmu Restoration 16:(Redirected from 15805: 15788:Culture of Japan 15783:History of Japan 15730:Divje Babe flute 15637:Archaeoastronomy 15380:Petrosomatoglyph 15114: 15113: 15097: 15096: 14946:Water management 14749: 14748: 14736: 14735: 14639:Denticulate tool 14461:Lithic reduction 14194: 14193: 14015: 14014: 14002: 14001: 13930: 13923: 13916: 13907: 13906: 13893: 13883: 13882: 13852:Christmas Island 13538:Sovereign states 13523: 13516: 13509: 13500: 13499: 13486: 13485: 13478:Japan portal 13476: 13475: 13474: 13391:National symbols 13110: 13109: 13044: 13043: 12847: 12846: 12843: 12842: 12747: 12746: 12681:Economic miracle 12483:Muromachi period 12293: 12292: 12251: 12244: 12237: 12228: 12227: 12221:Richard Hildreth 12207:Pre-modern Japan 12205: 12196:History of Japan 12193: 12169: 12136: 12110: 12070: 12024: 11996: 11977: 11949: 11930: 11911: 11892: 11877:. Stanford, CA: 11876: 11862: 11847:. Westport, CT: 11846: 11835: 11816: 11797: 11781: 11770: 11751: 11742: 11733: 11707: 11686: 11667: 11658: 11637: 11631: 11623: 11601: 11576: 11551: 11528: 11513:. Honolulu, HI: 11503: 11469: 11468: 11428: 11417: 11416: 11404: 11394: 11388: 11382: 11376: 11375: 11349: 11340: 11331: 11325: 11319: 11313: 11307: 11301: 11295: 11294: 11292: 11290: 11269: 11263: 11262: 11260: 11258: 11237: 11231: 11225: 11219: 11218: 11216: 11214: 11193: 11187: 11186: 11184: 11182: 11176: 11163: 11153: 11144: 11143: 11141: 11139: 11116: 11107: 11106: 11104: 11102: 11079: 11070: 11064: 11058: 11052: 11046: 11045: 11027: 11021: 11015: 11009: 11003: 10997: 10991: 10985: 10979: 10973: 10967: 10961: 10955: 10949: 10943: 10934: 10928: 10922: 10916: 10910: 10904: 10895: 10889: 10880: 10874: 10868: 10867: 10862:. Archived from 10856:"Japan Steps Up" 10851: 10845: 10844: 10829: 10823: 10822: 10810: 10801: 10800: 10798: 10796: 10775: 10769: 10768: 10753: 10740: 10739: 10724: 10718: 10717: 10715: 10713: 10704:. Archived from 10694: 10688: 10687: 10682:. Archived from 10671: 10658: 10657: 10655: 10653: 10644:. Archived from 10634: 10628: 10627: 10626:. 30 March 2020. 10616: 10610: 10592: 10586: 10584: 10582: 10580: 10574: 10557: 10548: 10542: 10536: 10530: 10529: 10523: 10515: 10513: 10511: 10500:"Tokyo Sky Tree" 10496: 10490: 10489: 10487: 10485: 10466: 10460: 10454: 10448: 10447: 10436: 10430: 10427: 10421: 10415: 10409: 10403: 10397: 10391: 10385: 10370: 10364: 10358: 10352: 10346: 10340: 10334: 10328: 10322: 10316: 10310: 10304: 10298: 10292: 10286: 10280: 10274: 10268: 10267: 10265: 10263: 10243: 10237: 10236: 10221: 10215: 10209: 10203: 10197: 10191: 10190: 10170: 10157: 10151: 10145: 10139: 10133: 10127: 10121: 10115: 10109: 10103: 10097: 10091: 10085: 10079: 10073: 10067: 10052: 10046: 10040: 10034: 10028: 10022: 10016: 10010: 10004: 9998: 9992: 9986: 9980: 9974: 9968: 9962: 9956: 9950: 9944: 9938: 9923: 9917: 9911: 9905: 9899: 9893: 9892: 9864: 9858: 9852: 9841: 9835: 9829: 9823: 9817: 9811: 9805: 9799: 9793: 9787: 9781: 9766: 9760: 9754: 9748: 9742: 9736: 9730: 9724: 9718: 9712: 9706: 9700: 9685: 9679: 9673: 9667: 9657: 9651: 9636: 9630: 9624: 9618: 9612: 9606: 9600: 9594: 9588: 9582: 9581: 9557: 9551: 9545: 9539: 9533: 9527: 9521: 9515: 9509: 9503: 9497: 9491: 9485: 9479: 9473: 9467: 9461: 9455: 9449: 9443: 9437: 9431: 9425: 9419: 9413: 9407: 9401: 9392: 9386: 9380: 9374: 9368: 9362: 9356: 9350: 9344: 9338: 9332: 9326: 9320: 9314: 9305: 9299: 9293: 9292: 9252: 9246: 9240: 9234: 9228: 9222: 9216: 9210: 9204: 9198: 9192: 9186: 9180: 9174: 9168: 9162: 9156: 9150: 9144: 9138: 9132: 9126: 9120: 9114: 9108: 9102: 9096: 9090: 9089: 9087: 9085: 9076:. Archived from 9057: 9051: 9050: 9032: 9026: 9020: 9014: 9008: 9002: 8996: 8987: 8981: 8975: 8969: 8963: 8960:Connaughton 1988 8957: 8951: 8945: 8939: 8933: 8927: 8921: 8915: 8909: 8903: 8897: 8891: 8885: 8879: 8873: 8867: 8861: 8855: 8854: 8831: 8825: 8819: 8813: 8807: 8801: 8786: 8780: 8774: 8768: 8762: 8756: 8750: 8744: 8738: 8732: 8731: 8723: 8717: 8711: 8705: 8699: 8693: 8687: 8681: 8675: 8669: 8663: 8657: 8650: 8641: 8635: 8624: 8618: 8612: 8606: 8600: 8594: 8585: 8579: 8568: 8562: 8556: 8555: 8534: 8528: 8522: 8516: 8510: 8504: 8498: 8492: 8486: 8480: 8474: 8468: 8462: 8456: 8450: 8444: 8438: 8432: 8426: 8420: 8414: 8403: 8388: 8382: 8376: 8370: 8355: 8349: 8343: 8337: 8330: 8324: 8318: 8312: 8297: 8291: 8285: 8279: 8273: 8267: 8260: 8254: 8253: 8235: 8229: 8228: 8222: 8214: 8185: 8179: 8173: 8167: 8161: 8155: 8149: 8143: 8137: 8131: 8125: 8119: 8113: 8104: 8098: 8092: 8091: 8089: 8087: 8073: 8067: 8052: 8046: 8040: 8034: 8028: 8022: 8016: 8010: 8004: 7995: 7989: 7980: 7974: 7968: 7962: 7956: 7950: 7944: 7938: 7932: 7926: 7917: 7911: 7905: 7899: 7893: 7887: 7881: 7875: 7869: 7863: 7857: 7851: 7845: 7839: 7833: 7827: 7821: 7815: 7809: 7803: 7797: 7791: 7782: 7776: 7770: 7768: 7748: 7742: 7736: 7730: 7724: 7718: 7712: 7706: 7705: 7697: 7691: 7690: 7682: 7676: 7675: 7655: 7649: 7648: 7630: 7621: 7620: 7600: 7594: 7593: 7581: 7575: 7569: 7563: 7557: 7551: 7545: 7539: 7533: 7527: 7512: 7506: 7499: 7493: 7487: 7481: 7475: 7469: 7463: 7457: 7451: 7440: 7434: 7428: 7422: 7416: 7410: 7404: 7398: 7387: 7381: 7375: 7369: 7363: 7357: 7351: 7345: 7339: 7333: 7327: 7321: 7315: 7309: 7303: 7297: 7291: 7285: 7279: 7273: 7267: 7261: 7255: 7246: 7237: 7231: 7222: 7216: 7210: 7204: 7198: 7192: 7186: 7180: 7174: 7168: 7162: 7156: 7150: 7144: 7138: 7132: 7126: 7119: 7113: 7107: 7101: 7095: 7089: 7082: 7073: 7067: 7061: 7055: 7049: 7043: 7037: 7031: 7025: 7019: 7013: 7007: 6996: 6995: 6977: 6971: 6965: 6954: 6948: 6942: 6936: 6930: 6915: 6909: 6903: 6897: 6891: 6885: 6879: 6873: 6867: 6861: 6855: 6849: 6842: 6836: 6835: 6817: 6811: 6805: 6799: 6793: 6787: 6781: 6770: 6769: 6751: 6722: 6716: 6710: 6704: 6698: 6692: 6686: 6680: 6679: 6652: 6646: 6640: 6634: 6619: 6613: 6612: 6592: 6586: 6580: 6571: 6565: 6559: 6553: 6547: 6541: 6530: 6524: 6518: 6512: 6506: 6499: 6493: 6463: 6457: 6420: 6414: 6387: 6381: 6380: 6356: 6350: 6319: 6313: 6312: 6289: 6274: 6247: 6241: 6214: 6208: 6207: 6190:(308): 362–371. 6179: 6173: 6167: 6161: 6154: 6148: 6142: 6136: 6135: 6115: 6109: 6103: 6097: 6096: 6056: 6050: 6049: 6047: 6022: 6016: 6001: 5995: 5994: 5962: 5956: 5955:. Paris: UNESCO. 5940: 5934: 5933: 5928:. 10 July 2019. 5918: 5912: 5911: 5909: 5907: 5883: 5877: 5876: 5858: 5826: 5793:History of Tokyo 5674: 5669: 5668: 5667: 5660: 5655: 5654: 5653: 5646: 5641: 5640: 5639: 5572: 5569:four occupations 5566: 5565: 5559: 5457:Tetsuya Yamagami 5142:with South Korea 5052:Yoshida Doctrine 4972:new constitution 4970:system. Japan's 4887:Emperor of Japan 4782:Battle of Midway 4732: 4729: 4727: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4683:Planes from the 4634:Nanjing Massacre 4560: 4287:Yamagata Aritomo 4184:Futabatei Shimei 4164:Fukuzawa Yukichi 4132:Yamagata Aritomo 4116:Ōkubo Toshimichi 4112:Meiji government 4097:Emperor of Japan 4033:unequal treaties 3997:Motoori Norinaga 3946:four occupations 3942:Neo-Confucianism 3756:Emperor Go-Yōzei 3671:Akechi Mitsuhide 3477:Matsura Takanobu 3386:of the era were 3299:Ashikaga Takauji 3281:Muromachi period 3266: 3254: 3242: 3194:Ashikaga Takauji 3187:Emperor Go-Daigo 3096:, was appointed 3052: 3051: 3030: 3029: 2946:Murasaki Shikibu 2908: 2905: 2805:Ōtomo no Otomaro 2751:Emperor Horikawa 2343:Izumo Federation 2332:Five kings of Wa 2180:rice cultivation 2144: 2132: 2116: 2018: 2012: 2006: 2000:Late Pleistocene 1945:new constitution 1860:Perry Expedition 1791:Muromachi period 1787:Mongol invasions 1730:Japanese culture 1714:imperial dynasty 1710:Emperor of Japan 1656: 1649: 1642: 1628:Japan portal 1626: 1625: 1624: 975:Zainichi Koreans 938:Military history 923:Imperial history 904:Economic history 872: 863: 861:Culture of Japan 847: 846: 837: 830: 823: 667: 568:Economic miracle 483:Nanking incident 478:Financial crisis 315:Perry Expedition 289: 198:Mongol invasions 77:before 14,000 BC 67: 66: 62: 52: 42:History of Japan 29: 28: 21: 15813: 15812: 15808: 15807: 15806: 15804: 15803: 15802: 15773: 15772: 15771: 15758: 15625: 15611:Stone box grave 15581:Megalithic tomb 15486:Cotswold-Severn 15438: 15343:Guardian stones 15271:Prehistoric art 15265: 15108: 15083: 15072:Timber trackway 14977: 14941: 14937:Wattle and daub 14790: 14769:Standing stones 14743: 14722: 14537: 14364: 14341: 14266: 14183: 14093:Food processing 14088: 14037:New World crops 14009: 13996: 13939: 13934: 13904: 13899: 13871: 13839: 13830: 13811:Northern Cyprus 13797: 13790: 13532: 13530:History of Asia 13527: 13497: 13492: 13472: 13470: 13458: 13278:Class S (genre) 13230: 13206:Sex trafficking 13181:Life expectancy 13117:Anti-monarchism 13095: 13025: 12968: 12935:List of members 12915:Law enforcement 12828: 12732: 12704: 12656:Mukden Incident 12617: 12575:Meiji oligarchy 12555:Empire of Japan 12526: 12456:Kamakura period 12439: 12364: 12282: 12264: 12255: 12186: 12181: 12157:(Brill, 2021). 12133: 12100:Wayback Machine 12075:Hearn, Lafcadio 12064: 12032: 12030:Further reading 12027: 12021: 11993: 11974: 11946: 11927: 11908: 11889: 11859: 11849:Greenwood Press 11832: 11813: 11794: 11767: 11730: 11704: 11683: 11655: 11625: 11624: 11620: 11598: 11573: 11561:. Boulder, CO: 11548: 11525: 11500: 11477: 11472: 11429: 11420: 11413: 11395: 11391: 11383: 11379: 11347: 11341: 11334: 11326: 11322: 11314: 11310: 11302: 11298: 11288: 11286: 11285:on 7 March 2024 11275: 11271: 11270: 11266: 11256: 11254: 11253:on 7 March 2024 11245:(in Japanese). 11243: 11239: 11238: 11234: 11226: 11222: 11212: 11210: 11209:on 7 March 2024 11199: 11195: 11194: 11190: 11180: 11178: 11174: 11161: 11159: 11155: 11154: 11147: 11137: 11135: 11122: 11118: 11117: 11110: 11100: 11098: 11085: 11081: 11080: 11073: 11065: 11061: 11053: 11049: 11042: 11028: 11024: 11016: 11012: 11004: 11000: 10992: 10988: 10980: 10976: 10968: 10964: 10956: 10952: 10944: 10937: 10929: 10925: 10917: 10913: 10905: 10898: 10890: 10883: 10875: 10871: 10860:Foreign Affairs 10852: 10848: 10831: 10830: 10826: 10811: 10804: 10794: 10792: 10781: 10777: 10776: 10772: 10755: 10754: 10743: 10738:on 8 July 2022. 10726: 10725: 10721: 10711: 10709: 10696: 10695: 10691: 10686:on 9 July 2022. 10672: 10661: 10651: 10649: 10648:on 15 July 2021 10636: 10635: 10631: 10618: 10617: 10613: 10603:Wayback Machine 10593: 10589: 10578: 10576: 10572: 10555: 10550: 10549: 10545: 10537: 10533: 10517: 10516: 10509: 10507: 10498: 10497: 10493: 10483: 10481: 10480:on 19 June 2016 10468: 10467: 10463: 10455: 10451: 10438: 10437: 10433: 10428: 10424: 10416: 10412: 10404: 10400: 10392: 10388: 10371: 10367: 10359: 10355: 10347: 10343: 10335: 10331: 10323: 10319: 10311: 10307: 10299: 10295: 10287: 10283: 10275: 10271: 10261: 10259: 10244: 10240: 10229:Trainspread.com 10223: 10222: 10218: 10210: 10206: 10198: 10194: 10187: 10158: 10154: 10146: 10142: 10134: 10130: 10122: 10118: 10110: 10106: 10098: 10094: 10086: 10082: 10074: 10070: 10053: 10049: 10041: 10037: 10029: 10025: 10017: 10013: 10005: 10001: 9993: 9989: 9981: 9977: 9969: 9965: 9957: 9953: 9945: 9941: 9924: 9920: 9912: 9908: 9900: 9896: 9881:10.2307/2755258 9869:Pacific Affairs 9865: 9861: 9853: 9844: 9836: 9832: 9824: 9820: 9812: 9808: 9800: 9796: 9788: 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8651: 8644: 8636: 8627: 8619: 8615: 8607: 8603: 8595: 8588: 8580: 8571: 8563: 8559: 8552: 8535: 8531: 8523: 8519: 8511: 8507: 8499: 8495: 8487: 8483: 8475: 8471: 8463: 8459: 8455:, pp. 8–9. 8451: 8447: 8439: 8435: 8427: 8423: 8415: 8406: 8389: 8385: 8377: 8373: 8356: 8352: 8344: 8340: 8331: 8327: 8319: 8315: 8298: 8294: 8286: 8282: 8274: 8270: 8261: 8257: 8250: 8236: 8232: 8216: 8215: 8203: 8186: 8182: 8174: 8170: 8162: 8158: 8150: 8146: 8138: 8134: 8126: 8122: 8114: 8107: 8099: 8095: 8085: 8083: 8075: 8074: 8070: 8053: 8049: 8041: 8037: 8029: 8025: 8017: 8013: 8005: 7998: 7990: 7983: 7975: 7971: 7963: 7959: 7951: 7947: 7939: 7935: 7927: 7920: 7912: 7908: 7900: 7896: 7888: 7884: 7876: 7872: 7864: 7860: 7852: 7848: 7840: 7836: 7828: 7824: 7816: 7812: 7804: 7800: 7792: 7785: 7777: 7773: 7749: 7745: 7737: 7733: 7725: 7721: 7713: 7709: 7698: 7694: 7685:Silva, Samuel. 7683: 7679: 7672: 7656: 7652: 7645: 7631: 7624: 7617: 7601: 7597: 7582: 7578: 7570: 7566: 7558: 7554: 7546: 7542: 7534: 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In 1968, the 4875: 4869: 4790:Solomon Islands 4733: 4730: 4725: 4724: 4723: 4720: 4715: 4714: 4713: 4710: 4705: 4704: 4700:Empire of Japan 4677: 4669:Main articles: 4667: 4655:Tripartite Pact 4638:Chiang Kai-shek 4624:in 1937. After 4613:Mukden Incident 4593:Tsuyoshi Inukai 4591:Prime Minister 4551: 4549: 4537: 4529:Main articles: 4527: 4426: 4420: 4378: 4346:Japanese Empire 4331:Mutsu Munemitsu 4269: 4257: 4247: 4211:Ōkuma Shigenobu 4207:Itagaki Taisuke 4140: 4108:Meiji oligarchs 4089: 4081:Main articles: 4079: 4074: 4005:Age of the Gods 4001:Hirata Atsutane 3968: 3960:Main articles: 3958: 3871:kill a commoner 3863: 3728: 3723: 3703:Tokugawa Ieyasu 3633:Momoyama Castle 3615: 3600: 3594: 3542: 3432:. By 1556, the 3418: 3412: 3291: 3279:Main articles: 3277: 3270: 3267: 3258: 3255: 3246: 3243: 3201:double-cropping 3154:Emperor Juntoku 3138:Emperor Go-Toba 3023:seii tai-shōgun 2987: 2985:Kamakura period 2981: 2976: 2941:The Pillow Book 2932:Ki no Tsurayuki 2906: 2896: 2868:Heiji rebellion 2809:seii tai-shōgun 2755:cloistered rule 2671: 2665: 2657:Empress Shōtoku 2556: 2550: 2538:Buddhist temple 2519:and his nephew 2391:Shinbutsu-shūgō 2363:Buddhist temple 2356: 2351: 2349:Classical Japan 2289:Emperor Nintoku 2281:Daisenryō Kofun 2256: 2168: 2162: 2155: 2145: 2136: 2133: 2124: 2123:(11000–7000 BC) 2117: 2093:Edward S. Morse 2085:hunter-gatherer 2070: 2064: 2020: 2016: 2014: 2010: 2008: 2004: 1988: 1982: 1977: 1906:in 1941 led to 1858:. The American 1820:Tokugawa Ieyasu 1660: 1622: 1620: 1613: 1612: 1603: 1602: 1593: 1592: 1588:National anthem 1573: 1572: 1561: 1560: 1531: 1530: 1519: 1518: 1469: 1468: 1457: 1456: 1412: 1411: 1400: 1399: 1375: 1374: 1372:performing arts 1359: 1358: 1339: 1338: 1327: 1326: 1302: 1301: 1290: 1289: 1265: 1264: 1253: 1252: 1208: 1207: 1196: 1195: 1176: 1175: 1164: 1163: 1139: 1138: 1123: 1122: 1064: 1063: 1052: 1051: 1012: 1011: 1000: 999: 965: 964: 953: 952: 884: 883: 859: 841: 791: 790: 789: 669: 668: 665: 657: 656: 648: 647: 623:1989–2019 620: 619: 580:1926–1989 577: 538:Atomic bombings 513:Tripartite Pact 498:May 15 incident 488:Mukden Incident 459:1912–1926 456: 455: 426:1868–1912 423: 422: 398:Boxer Rebellion 343:1603–1868 340: 339: 287: 277:1573–1603 274: 273: 252:Azuchi–Momoyama 244:1336–1573 241: 240: 216:1185–1333 213: 212: 175: 174: 145:710 – 794 142: 131:538 – 710 128: 114: 100: 64: 63: 60: 23: 22: 18:Classical Japan 15: 12: 11: 5: 15811: 15801: 15800: 15795: 15790: 15785: 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15262: 15261: 15256: 15246: 15241: 15236: 15235: 15234: 15229: 15224: 15219: 15214: 15209: 15199: 15194: 15193: 15192: 15182: 15181: 15180: 15175: 15165: 15160: 15155: 15154: 15153: 15143: 15138: 15133: 15128: 15122: 15120: 15118:Material goods 15110: 15109: 15093: 15092: 15089: 15088: 15085: 15084: 15082: 15081: 15080: 15079: 15069: 15064: 15059: 15054: 15049: 15048: 15047: 15037: 15032: 15031: 15030: 15020: 15019: 15018: 15008: 15007: 15006: 14996: 14991: 14985: 14983: 14979: 14978: 14976: 14975: 14970: 14965: 14960: 14955: 14949: 14947: 14943: 14942: 14940: 14939: 14934: 14929: 14928: 14927: 14917: 14912: 14911: 14910: 14905: 14900: 14890: 14885: 14880: 14875: 14874: 14873: 14863: 14858: 14853: 14852: 14851: 14841: 14836: 14834:Cliff dwelling 14831: 14826: 14821: 14816: 14811: 14810: 14809: 14798: 14796: 14792: 14791: 14789: 14788: 14787: 14786: 14781: 14776: 14766: 14761: 14755: 14753: 14745: 14744: 14732: 14731: 14728: 14727: 14724: 14723: 14721: 14720: 14719: 14718: 14708: 14703: 14698: 14693: 14692: 14691: 14681: 14676: 14671: 14666: 14661: 14656: 14651: 14646: 14641: 14636: 14631: 14630: 14629: 14619: 14618: 14617: 14612: 14602: 14597: 14592: 14587: 14586: 14585: 14575: 14570: 14565: 14564: 14563: 14553: 14547: 14545: 14539: 14538: 14536: 14535: 14530: 14525: 14520: 14515: 14510: 14505: 14500: 14495: 14490: 14485: 14480: 14479: 14478: 14473: 14468: 14458: 14453: 14448: 14443: 14442: 14441: 14431: 14426: 14421: 14419:Fire hardening 14416: 14411: 14409:Clovis culture 14406: 14401: 14400: 14399: 14394: 14389: 14378: 14376: 14370: 14369: 14366: 14365: 14363: 14362: 14361: 14360: 14349: 14347: 14343: 14342: 14340: 14339: 14334: 14332:Manis Mastodon 14329: 14324: 14319: 14314: 14309: 14304: 14299: 14294: 14289: 14288: 14287: 14276: 14274: 14268: 14267: 14265: 14264: 14263: 14262: 14257: 14252: 14247: 14242: 14232: 14227: 14226: 14225: 14215: 14214: 14213: 14211:throwing stick 14203: 14197: 14191: 14185: 14184: 14182: 14181: 14176: 14171: 14166: 14161: 14156: 14151: 14150: 14149: 14144: 14134: 14129: 14124: 14119: 14118: 14117: 14107: 14102: 14096: 14094: 14090: 14089: 14087: 14086: 14081: 14076: 14071: 14066: 14061: 14056: 14051: 14046: 14041: 14040: 14039: 14034: 14023: 14021: 14011: 14010: 13998: 13997: 13995: 13994: 13989: 13988: 13987: 13977: 13976: 13975: 13970: 13965: 13960: 13955: 13944: 13941: 13940: 13933: 13932: 13925: 13918: 13910: 13901: 13900: 13898: 13897: 13887: 13876: 13873: 13872: 13870: 13869: 13864: 13859: 13854: 13849: 13843: 13841: 13832: 13831: 13829: 13828: 13823: 13818: 13813: 13808: 13802: 13800: 13792: 13791: 13789: 13788: 13783: 13778: 13773: 13768: 13763: 13758: 13753: 13748: 13743: 13738: 13733: 13728: 13723: 13718: 13713: 13708: 13703: 13698: 13693: 13688: 13683: 13678: 13673: 13668: 13663: 13658: 13653: 13648: 13643: 13638: 13633: 13628: 13623: 13618: 13613: 13608: 13603: 13598: 13593: 13588: 13583: 13578: 13573: 13568: 13563: 13558: 13553: 13548: 13542: 13540: 13534: 13533: 13526: 13525: 13518: 13511: 13503: 13494: 13493: 13491: 13490: 13480: 13467: 13464: 13463: 13460: 13459: 13457: 13456: 13451: 13446: 13441: 13436: 13431: 13426: 13421: 13416: 13409: 13400: 13393: 13388: 13383: 13378: 13373: 13368: 13363: 13358: 13353: 13348: 13343: 13338: 13335: 13333:Henohenomoheji 13330: 13325: 13320: 13315: 13310: 13305: 13300: 13295: 13290: 13280: 13275: 13270: 13265: 13260: 13255: 13246: 13240: 13238: 13232: 13231: 13229: 13228: 13223: 13218: 13213: 13208: 13203: 13198: 13193: 13188: 13183: 13178: 13177: 13176: 13166: 13165: 13164: 13154: 13149: 13144: 13139: 13134: 13129: 13124: 13119: 13113: 13107: 13101: 13100: 13097: 13096: 13094: 13093: 13088: 13083: 13078: 13073: 13068: 13063: 13058: 13053: 13047: 13041: 13035: 13034: 13031: 13030: 13027: 13026: 13024: 13023: 13018: 13017: 13016: 13009:Prime Minister 13006: 13001: 12999:Foreign policy 12996: 12991: 12990: 12989: 12978: 12976: 12970: 12969: 12967: 12966: 12965: 12964: 12959: 12954: 12944: 12939: 12938: 12937: 12932: 12927: 12917: 12912: 12907: 12906: 12905: 12895: 12894: 12893: 12883: 12878: 12876:Imperial House 12873: 12872: 12871: 12861: 12856: 12850: 12840: 12834: 12833: 12830: 12829: 12827: 12826: 12821: 12816: 12811: 12806: 12801: 12796: 12791: 12786: 12784:Extreme points 12781: 12776: 12771: 12766: 12761: 12756: 12750: 12744: 12738: 12737: 12734: 12733: 12731: 12730: 12729: 12728: 12723: 12712: 12710: 12706: 12705: 12703: 12702: 12701: 12700: 12695: 12685: 12684: 12683: 12678: 12673: 12668: 12663: 12658: 12653: 12643: 12642: 12641: 12636: 12625: 12623: 12619: 12618: 12616: 12615: 12610: 12605: 12599: 12598: 12597: 12592: 12587: 12582: 12577: 12572: 12567: 12557: 12552: 12547: 12546: 12545: 12534: 12532: 12528: 12527: 12525: 12524: 12519: 12518: 12517: 12512: 12505:Sengoku period 12502: 12497: 12496: 12495: 12490: 12480: 12475: 12470: 12465: 12464: 12463: 12453: 12447: 12445: 12444:Post-Classical 12441: 12440: 12438: 12437: 12432: 12427: 12426: 12425: 12415: 12414: 12413: 12408: 12403: 12393: 12388: 12383: 12378: 12372: 12370: 12366: 12365: 12363: 12362: 12361: 12360: 12355: 12350: 12340: 12335: 12330: 12325: 12324: 12323: 12318: 12313: 12308: 12299: 12297: 12290: 12284: 12283: 12281: 12280: 12275: 12269: 12266: 12265: 12254: 12253: 12246: 12239: 12231: 12225: 12224: 12210: 12199: 12185: 12184:External links 12182: 12180: 12179: 12170: 12161: 12151: 12144: 12137: 12131: 12111: 12102: 12086: 12072: 12056: 12041: 12033: 12031: 12028: 12026: 12025: 12019: 11997: 11991: 11978: 11972: 11962:. Malden, MA: 11954:Totman, Conrad 11950: 11944: 11931: 11925: 11912: 11906: 11893: 11887: 11867:Sansom, George 11863: 11857: 11836: 11830: 11817: 11811: 11798: 11792: 11771: 11765: 11752: 11743: 11734: 11728: 11708: 11703:978-0674984424 11702: 11687: 11681: 11668: 11659: 11653: 11638: 11618: 11605: 11596: 11577: 11571: 11563:Westview Press 11552: 11546: 11529: 11523: 11504: 11498: 11478: 11476: 11473: 11471: 11470: 11443:(1): 269–294. 11418: 11412:978-0520213616 11411: 11389: 11387:, p. 397. 11377: 11358:(4): 713–734. 11332: 11330:, p. 393. 11320: 11318:, p. 392. 11308: 11306:, p. 391. 11296: 11264: 11232: 11220: 11188: 11177:on 6 June 2023 11145: 11108: 11071: 11069:, p. 193. 11059: 11047: 11040: 11022: 11010: 10998: 10986: 10974: 10962: 10960:, p. 351. 10950: 10948:, p. 352. 10935: 10923: 10911: 10896: 10881: 10869: 10846: 10824: 10802: 10770: 10741: 10719: 10708:on 8 July 2022 10689: 10680:Deutsche Welle 10659: 10629: 10611: 10587: 10543: 10531: 10491: 10461: 10459:, p. 204. 10449: 10444:unstats.un.org 10431: 10422: 10420:, p. 191. 10410: 10398: 10396:, p. 199. 10386: 10365: 10353: 10341: 10339:, p. 547. 10329: 10327:, p. 250. 10317: 10305: 10293: 10291:, p. 539. 10281: 10269: 10238: 10216: 10204: 10192: 10185: 10161:Ito, Takatoshi 10152: 10140: 10128: 10116: 10114:, p. 305. 10104: 10092: 10080: 10078:, p. 303. 10068: 10047: 10045:, p. 459. 10035: 10023: 10011: 10009:, p. 169. 9999: 9987: 9975: 9963: 9961:, p. 163. 9951: 9949:, p. 163. 9939: 9935:978-1138986268 9918: 9916:, p. 159. 9906: 9894: 9859: 9842: 9840:, p. 145. 9830: 9828:, p. 150. 9818: 9806: 9804:, p. 455. 9794: 9782: 9761: 9759:, p. 454. 9749: 9737: 9735:, p. 144. 9725: 9713: 9701: 9680: 9668: 9652: 9631: 9629:, p. 448. 9619: 9617:, p. 188. 9607: 9595: 9593:, p. 134. 9583: 9576: 9552: 9540: 9528: 9516: 9504: 9492: 9490:, p. 248. 9480: 9468: 9456: 9444: 9432: 9430:, p. 454. 9420: 9408: 9393: 9381: 9369: 9367:, p. 139. 9357: 9345: 9343:, p. 465. 9333: 9321: 9319:, p. 416. 9306: 9294: 9247: 9245:, p. 110. 9235: 9233:, p. 111. 9223: 9211: 9209:, p. 138. 9199: 9197:, p. 160. 9187: 9175: 9163: 9151: 9149:, p. 345. 9139: 9137:, p. 134. 9127: 9115: 9103: 9091: 9080:on 25 May 2021 9052: 9045: 9027: 9015: 9003: 8988: 8976: 8964: 8952: 8950:, p. 122. 8940: 8928: 8926:, p. 120. 8916: 8904: 8892: 8880: 8868: 8856: 8849: 8835:Bix, Hebert P. 8826: 8814: 8802: 8781: 8779:, p. 365. 8769: 8757: 8755:, p. 103. 8745: 8743:, p. 363. 8733: 8718: 8706: 8694: 8682: 8670: 8668:, p. 310. 8658: 8642: 8625: 8613: 8611:, p. 171. 8601: 8586: 8569: 8557: 8550: 8538:Gordon, Andrew 8529: 8517: 8505: 8493: 8481: 8469: 8457: 8445: 8433: 8421: 8404: 8383: 8371: 8350: 8338: 8325: 8313: 8292: 8280: 8278:, p. 200. 8268: 8255: 8248: 8230: 8201: 8180: 8168: 8156: 8144: 8132: 8120: 8105: 8093: 8068: 8047: 8035: 8023: 8021:, p. 229. 8011: 7996: 7981: 7969: 7967:, p. 220. 7957: 7945: 7933: 7918: 7906: 7904:, p. 133. 7894: 7882: 7870: 7868:, p. 193. 7858: 7846: 7844:, p. 192. 7834: 7822: 7810: 7798: 7783: 7781:, p. 162. 7771: 7759:(3): 799–800. 7743: 7731: 7719: 7717:, p. 152. 7707: 7692: 7677: 7670: 7650: 7643: 7622: 7615: 7595: 7576: 7574:, p. 166. 7564: 7552: 7540: 7528: 7507: 7494: 7482: 7470: 7458: 7441: 7429: 7417: 7405: 7388: 7376: 7364: 7352: 7340: 7328: 7316: 7304: 7292: 7280: 7268: 7266:, p. 139. 7256: 7238: 7223: 7221:, p. 120. 7211: 7199: 7187: 7175: 7173:, p. 123. 7163: 7151: 7139: 7127: 7114: 7102: 7090: 7074: 7062: 7050: 7038: 7026: 7024:, p. 306. 7014: 6997: 6990: 6972: 6955: 6943: 6931: 6910: 6898: 6886: 6874: 6862: 6850: 6837: 6830: 6812: 6800: 6788: 6771: 6734:(2): 404–459. 6717: 6715:, p. 127. 6705: 6693: 6681: 6674: 6668:. p. 59. 6647: 6635: 6614: 6607: 6587: 6572: 6560: 6548: 6531: 6519: 6507: 6494: 6458: 6415: 6382: 6375: 6351: 6314: 6307: 6275: 6242: 6209: 6174: 6162: 6149: 6137: 6130: 6110: 6098: 6051: 6038:(3): 173–183. 6017: 5996: 5957: 5935: 5913: 5878: 5847:10.1086/694447 5817: 5815: 5812: 5811: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5789: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5772: 5767: 5761: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5735: 5734: 5727: 5719: 5712: 5705: 5697: 5687: 5682: 5676: 5675: 5661: 5647: 5644:History portal 5631: 5628: 5492: 5489: 5434:favored nation 5395:Main article: 5392: 5389: 5372:in the world. 5256:Main article: 5253: 5250: 5189:Nobusuke Kishi 5126:United Nations 5048:prime minister 5015: 5012: 4996:Ryukyu Islands 4929:of the 1930s. 4871:Main article: 4868: 4865: 4841:over Hiroshima 4795:banzai charges 4703: 4666: 4663: 4548: 4545: 4526: 4523: 4492:Kantō Massacre 4430:Emperor Taishō 4422:Main article: 4419: 4416: 4377: 4374: 4311:Ryukyu Kingdom 4283:Ryukyu Islands 4275:were massacred 4263: 4246: 4243: 4231:House of Peers 4196:Ichiyō Higuchi 4192:Natsume Sōseki 4172:Hideyo Noguchi 4152:Westernization 4139: 4136: 4124:Kido Takayoshi 4120:Saigō Takamori 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4029:Western powers 3987:Sugita Genpaku 3957: 3954: 3869:Samurai could 3862: 3859: 3784:Siege of Osaka 3778:permission to 3776:Satsuma Domain 3727: 3724: 3722: 3719: 3606: 3596:Main article: 3593: 3590: 3541: 3538: 3530:Ōmura Sumitada 3446:Francis Xavier 3414:Main article: 3411: 3408: 3392:Takeda Shingen 3388:Uesugi Kenshin 3285:Sengoku period 3276: 3273: 3272: 3271: 3269:Shiraishi clan 3268: 3261: 3259: 3256: 3249: 3247: 3244: 3237: 3235: 3212:in Japan, and 3057:refers to the 2983:Main article: 2980: 2977: 2975: 2972: 2895: 2892: 2856:Emperor Sutoku 2789:Minamoto clans 2667:Main article: 2664: 2661: 2568:Imperial Court 2552:Main article: 2549: 2546: 2464:Prince Shōtoku 2410:Prince Shōtoku 2371:Prince Shotoku 2355: 2352: 2350: 2347: 2255: 2252: 2215:stratification 2164:Main article: 2161: 2158: 2157: 2156: 2146: 2139: 2137: 2134: 2127: 2125: 2118: 2111: 2066:Main article: 2063: 2060: 2036:Yamashita Cave 2015: 2009: 2003: 1984:Main article: 1981: 1978: 1976: 1973: 1785:withstood two 1740:practices and 1662: 1661: 1659: 1658: 1651: 1644: 1636: 1633: 1632: 1631: 1630: 1615: 1614: 1611: 1610: 1604: 1600: 1599: 1598: 1595: 1594: 1591: 1590: 1585: 1580: 1574: 1568: 1567: 1566: 1563: 1562: 1559: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1532: 1526: 1525: 1524: 1521: 1520: 1517: 1516: 1511: 1506: 1501: 1496: 1491: 1486: 1481: 1476: 1470: 1464: 1463: 1462: 1459: 1458: 1455: 1454: 1449: 1444: 1439: 1434: 1429: 1424: 1419: 1413: 1407: 1406: 1405: 1402: 1401: 1398: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1382: 1376: 1366: 1365: 1364: 1361: 1360: 1357: 1356: 1351: 1346: 1340: 1334: 1333: 1332: 1329: 1328: 1325: 1324: 1319: 1314: 1309: 1303: 1297: 1296: 1295: 1292: 1291: 1288: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1266: 1260: 1259: 1258: 1255: 1254: 1251: 1250: 1245: 1240: 1235: 1230: 1225: 1220: 1215: 1209: 1203: 1202: 1201: 1198: 1197: 1194: 1193: 1188: 1183: 1177: 1171: 1170: 1169: 1166: 1165: 1162: 1161: 1156: 1151: 1146: 1140: 1130: 1129: 1128: 1125: 1124: 1121: 1120: 1115: 1110: 1101: 1096: 1091: 1086: 1081: 1076: 1071: 1065: 1059: 1058: 1057: 1054: 1053: 1050: 1049: 1044: 1042:Writing system 1039: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1019: 1013: 1007: 1006: 1005: 1002: 1001: 998: 997: 992: 987: 982: 977: 972: 966: 960: 959: 958: 955: 954: 951: 950: 945: 940: 935: 933:Historiography 930: 925: 920: 915: 906: 901: 896: 891: 885: 879: 878: 877: 874: 873: 865: 864: 856: 855: 843: 842: 840: 839: 832: 825: 817: 814: 813: 812: 811: 806: 801: 793: 792: 788: 787: 782: 777: 772: 767: 762: 757: 752: 751: 750: 745: 740: 735: 730: 722: 720:Historiography 717: 712: 707: 702: 697: 692: 687: 682: 677: 671: 670: 664: 663: 662: 659: 658: 653: 652: 649: 646: 645: 640: 634: 628: 625: 624: 621: 618: 617: 612: 607: 602: 597: 591: 585: 582: 581: 578: 576: 575: 570: 565: 560: 555: 550: 545: 540: 535: 530: 525: 520: 515: 510: 505: 500: 495: 490: 485: 480: 475: 469: 461: 460: 457: 454: 453: 448: 443: 437: 431: 428: 427: 424: 421: 420: 415: 410: 405: 400: 395: 390: 385: 380: 375: 370: 365: 360: 354: 348: 345: 344: 341: 338: 337: 332: 327: 322: 317: 312: 307: 305:Siege of Osaka 302: 297: 291: 282: 279: 278: 275: 272: 271: 266: 261: 255: 249: 246: 245: 242: 239: 238: 236:Sengoku period 233: 227: 221: 218: 217: 214: 211: 210: 205: 200: 195: 189: 183: 180: 179: 178:794–1185 176: 173: 172: 167: 162: 156: 150: 147: 146: 143: 136: 133: 132: 129: 122: 119: 118: 115: 108: 105: 104: 101: 94: 91: 90: 87: 79: 78: 75: 65: 59: 58: 57: 54: 53: 45: 44: 38: 37: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15810: 15799: 15796: 15794: 15791: 15789: 15786: 15784: 15781: 15780: 15778: 15753: 15750: 15749: 15748: 15745: 15743: 15740: 15736: 15733: 15731: 15728: 15726: 15723: 15721: 15718: 15717: 15716: 15713: 15709: 15706: 15705: 15704: 15701: 15699: 15696: 15694: 15691: 15687: 15684: 15682: 15679: 15677: 15674: 15673: 15672: 15669: 15665: 15662: 15661: 15660: 15657: 15655: 15652: 15648: 15645: 15643: 15640: 15639: 15638: 15635: 15634: 15632: 15628: 15622: 15619: 15617: 15614: 15612: 15609: 15607: 15606:Simple dolmen 15604: 15602: 15599: 15597: 15594: 15592: 15591:Passage grave 15589: 15587: 15584: 15582: 15579: 15575: 15572: 15570: 15567: 15566: 15565: 15562: 15560: 15557: 15555: 15552: 15548: 15545: 15543: 15540: 15539: 15538: 15537:Gallery grave 15535: 15533: 15530: 15526: 15523: 15522: 15521: 15518: 15516: 15513: 15511: 15508: 15506: 15503: 15499: 15496: 15495: 15494: 15491: 15487: 15484: 15483: 15482: 15479: 15475: 15472: 15471: 15470: 15467: 15463: 15460: 15458: 15455: 15454: 15453: 15452:Burial mounds 15450: 15449: 15447: 15445: 15441: 15435: 15432: 15428: 15425: 15423: 15420: 15419: 15418: 15415: 15413: 15412:Statue menhir 15410: 15408: 15405: 15401: 15400:Stone carving 15398: 15396: 15393: 15392: 15391: 15388: 15386: 15383: 15381: 15378: 15376: 15373: 15371: 15368: 15366: 15363: 15359: 15356: 15354: 15351: 15350: 15349: 15346: 15344: 15341: 15339: 15336: 15332: 15329: 15328: 15327: 15324: 15322: 15319: 15317: 15314: 15312: 15309: 15307: 15304: 15302: 15299: 15297: 15294: 15290: 15287: 15286: 15285: 15282: 15280: 15277: 15276: 15274: 15272: 15268: 15260: 15257: 15255: 15252: 15251: 15250: 15247: 15245: 15242: 15240: 15239:Sewing needle 15237: 15233: 15230: 15228: 15225: 15223: 15220: 15218: 15215: 15213: 15210: 15208: 15205: 15204: 15203: 15200: 15198: 15195: 15191: 15188: 15187: 15186: 15183: 15179: 15176: 15174: 15171: 15170: 15169: 15166: 15164: 15161: 15159: 15156: 15152: 15149: 15148: 15147: 15144: 15142: 15139: 15137: 15134: 15132: 15129: 15127: 15124: 15123: 15121: 15119: 15115: 15111: 15107: 15103: 15098: 15094: 15078: 15075: 15074: 15073: 15070: 15068: 15067:Timber circle 15065: 15063: 15060: 15058: 15055: 15053: 15050: 15046: 15043: 15042: 15041: 15038: 15036: 15033: 15029: 15026: 15025: 15024: 15021: 15017: 15016:Tor enclosure 15014: 15013: 15012: 15009: 15005: 15004:fulacht fiadh 15002: 15001: 15000: 14997: 14995: 14992: 14990: 14987: 14986: 14984: 14980: 14974: 14971: 14969: 14966: 14964: 14961: 14959: 14956: 14954: 14951: 14950: 14948: 14944: 14938: 14935: 14933: 14930: 14926: 14923: 14922: 14921: 14918: 14916: 14913: 14909: 14906: 14904: 14901: 14899: 14896: 14895: 14894: 14891: 14889: 14886: 14884: 14881: 14879: 14876: 14872: 14869: 14868: 14867: 14864: 14862: 14859: 14857: 14854: 14850: 14847: 14846: 14845: 14842: 14840: 14837: 14835: 14832: 14830: 14827: 14825: 14822: 14820: 14817: 14815: 14812: 14808: 14805: 14804: 14803: 14800: 14799: 14797: 14793: 14785: 14782: 14780: 14777: 14775: 14772: 14771: 14770: 14767: 14765: 14762: 14760: 14757: 14756: 14754: 14750: 14746: 14742: 14737: 14733: 14717: 14714: 14713: 14712: 14709: 14707: 14704: 14702: 14699: 14697: 14694: 14690: 14687: 14686: 14685: 14682: 14680: 14677: 14675: 14672: 14670: 14667: 14665: 14662: 14660: 14657: 14655: 14652: 14650: 14647: 14645: 14642: 14640: 14637: 14635: 14632: 14628: 14625: 14624: 14623: 14620: 14616: 14613: 14611: 14608: 14607: 14606: 14603: 14601: 14598: 14596: 14593: 14591: 14588: 14584: 14581: 14580: 14579: 14576: 14574: 14571: 14569: 14566: 14562: 14559: 14558: 14557: 14554: 14552: 14549: 14548: 14546: 14544: 14540: 14534: 14531: 14529: 14526: 14524: 14521: 14519: 14516: 14514: 14511: 14509: 14506: 14504: 14501: 14499: 14496: 14494: 14491: 14489: 14486: 14484: 14481: 14477: 14474: 14472: 14469: 14467: 14464: 14463: 14462: 14459: 14457: 14454: 14452: 14449: 14447: 14444: 14440: 14437: 14436: 14435: 14432: 14430: 14427: 14425: 14422: 14420: 14417: 14415: 14412: 14410: 14407: 14405: 14402: 14398: 14395: 14393: 14390: 14388: 14385: 14384: 14383: 14380: 14379: 14377: 14375: 14371: 14359: 14356: 14355: 14354: 14351: 14350: 14348: 14344: 14338: 14335: 14333: 14330: 14328: 14325: 14323: 14320: 14318: 14315: 14313: 14310: 14308: 14305: 14303: 14300: 14298: 14295: 14293: 14290: 14286: 14283: 14282: 14281: 14278: 14277: 14275: 14273: 14269: 14261: 14258: 14256: 14253: 14251: 14248: 14246: 14243: 14241: 14240:spear-thrower 14238: 14237: 14236: 14233: 14231: 14228: 14224: 14221: 14220: 14219: 14218:Bow and arrow 14216: 14212: 14209: 14208: 14207: 14204: 14202: 14199: 14198: 14195: 14192: 14190: 14186: 14180: 14177: 14175: 14172: 14170: 14167: 14165: 14162: 14160: 14157: 14155: 14152: 14148: 14145: 14143: 14140: 14139: 14138: 14135: 14133: 14130: 14128: 14127:Grinding slab 14125: 14123: 14120: 14116: 14113: 14112: 14111: 14108: 14106: 14103: 14101: 14098: 14097: 14095: 14091: 14085: 14082: 14080: 14077: 14075: 14072: 14070: 14067: 14065: 14062: 14060: 14059:Domestication 14057: 14055: 14054:Digging stick 14052: 14050: 14047: 14045: 14042: 14038: 14035: 14033: 14032:Founder crops 14030: 14029: 14028: 14025: 14024: 14022: 14020: 14016: 14012: 14008: 14003: 13999: 13993: 13990: 13986: 13983: 13982: 13981: 13978: 13974: 13973:New Stone Age 13971: 13969: 13966: 13964: 13961: 13959: 13956: 13954: 13951: 13950: 13949: 13946: 13945: 13942: 13938: 13931: 13926: 13924: 13919: 13917: 13912: 13911: 13908: 13896: 13892: 13888: 13886: 13878: 13877: 13874: 13868: 13865: 13863: 13860: 13858: 13855: 13853: 13850: 13848: 13845: 13844: 13842: 13837: 13833: 13827: 13824: 13822: 13821:South Ossetia 13819: 13817: 13814: 13812: 13809: 13807: 13804: 13803: 13801: 13799: 13793: 13787: 13784: 13782: 13779: 13777: 13774: 13772: 13769: 13767: 13764: 13762: 13759: 13757: 13754: 13752: 13749: 13747: 13744: 13742: 13739: 13737: 13734: 13732: 13729: 13727: 13724: 13722: 13719: 13717: 13714: 13712: 13709: 13707: 13704: 13702: 13699: 13697: 13694: 13692: 13689: 13687: 13684: 13682: 13679: 13677: 13674: 13672: 13669: 13667: 13664: 13662: 13659: 13657: 13654: 13652: 13649: 13647: 13644: 13642: 13639: 13637: 13634: 13632: 13629: 13627: 13624: 13622: 13619: 13617: 13614: 13612: 13609: 13607: 13604: 13602: 13599: 13597: 13594: 13592: 13589: 13587: 13584: 13582: 13579: 13577: 13574: 13572: 13569: 13567: 13564: 13562: 13559: 13557: 13554: 13552: 13549: 13547: 13544: 13543: 13541: 13539: 13535: 13531: 13524: 13519: 13517: 13512: 13510: 13505: 13504: 13501: 13489: 13481: 13479: 13469: 13468: 13465: 13455: 13452: 13450: 13447: 13445: 13442: 13440: 13437: 13435: 13432: 13430: 13427: 13425: 13422: 13420: 13417: 13415: 13414: 13410: 13408: 13404: 13401: 13399: 13398: 13394: 13392: 13389: 13387: 13384: 13382: 13379: 13377: 13374: 13372: 13369: 13367: 13364: 13362: 13359: 13357: 13354: 13352: 13349: 13347: 13344: 13342: 13339: 13336: 13334: 13331: 13329: 13326: 13324: 13321: 13319: 13316: 13314: 13311: 13309: 13306: 13304: 13301: 13299: 13296: 13294: 13291: 13288: 13284: 13281: 13279: 13276: 13274: 13271: 13269: 13266: 13264: 13261: 13259: 13256: 13254: 13250: 13247: 13245: 13242: 13241: 13239: 13237: 13233: 13227: 13224: 13222: 13219: 13217: 13214: 13212: 13209: 13207: 13204: 13202: 13199: 13197: 13194: 13192: 13189: 13187: 13184: 13182: 13179: 13175: 13172: 13171: 13170: 13167: 13163: 13160: 13159: 13158: 13155: 13153: 13150: 13148: 13145: 13143: 13140: 13138: 13135: 13133: 13130: 13128: 13125: 13123: 13120: 13118: 13115: 13114: 13111: 13108: 13106: 13102: 13092: 13089: 13087: 13084: 13082: 13079: 13077: 13074: 13072: 13069: 13067: 13066:Manufacturing 13064: 13062: 13059: 13057: 13054: 13052: 13049: 13048: 13045: 13042: 13040: 13036: 13022: 13019: 13015: 13012: 13011: 13010: 13007: 13005: 13002: 13000: 12997: 12995: 12994:Fiscal policy 12992: 12988: 12985: 12984: 12983: 12980: 12979: 12977: 12975: 12971: 12963: 12960: 12958: 12955: 12953: 12950: 12949: 12948: 12945: 12943: 12940: 12936: 12933: 12931: 12928: 12926: 12923: 12922: 12921: 12920:National Diet 12918: 12916: 12913: 12911: 12908: 12904: 12903:Supreme Court 12901: 12900: 12899: 12896: 12892: 12889: 12888: 12887: 12884: 12882: 12879: 12877: 12874: 12870: 12867: 12866: 12865: 12862: 12860: 12857: 12855: 12852: 12851: 12848: 12844: 12841: 12839: 12835: 12825: 12822: 12820: 12817: 12815: 12812: 12810: 12807: 12805: 12802: 12800: 12797: 12795: 12792: 12790: 12787: 12785: 12782: 12780: 12777: 12775: 12772: 12770: 12767: 12765: 12762: 12760: 12757: 12755: 12752: 12751: 12748: 12745: 12743: 12739: 12727: 12724: 12722: 12719: 12718: 12717: 12714: 12713: 12711: 12707: 12699: 12696: 12694: 12691: 12690: 12689: 12686: 12682: 12679: 12677: 12674: 12672: 12669: 12667: 12664: 12662: 12659: 12657: 12654: 12652: 12649: 12648: 12647: 12644: 12640: 12637: 12635: 12632: 12631: 12630: 12627: 12626: 12624: 12620: 12614: 12611: 12609: 12606: 12603: 12600: 12596: 12593: 12591: 12588: 12586: 12583: 12581: 12578: 12576: 12573: 12571: 12568: 12566: 12563: 12562: 12561: 12558: 12556: 12553: 12551: 12548: 12544: 12541: 12540: 12539: 12536: 12535: 12533: 12529: 12523: 12520: 12516: 12513: 12511: 12508: 12507: 12506: 12503: 12501: 12498: 12494: 12491: 12489: 12486: 12485: 12484: 12481: 12479: 12476: 12474: 12471: 12469: 12466: 12462: 12459: 12458: 12457: 12454: 12452: 12449: 12448: 12446: 12442: 12436: 12433: 12431: 12428: 12424: 12421: 12420: 12419: 12416: 12412: 12411:Hakuhō period 12409: 12407: 12404: 12402: 12399: 12398: 12397: 12394: 12392: 12389: 12387: 12384: 12382: 12379: 12377: 12374: 12373: 12371: 12367: 12359: 12358:Imperial Navy 12356: 12354: 12353:Imperial Army 12351: 12349: 12346: 12345: 12344: 12341: 12339: 12336: 12334: 12331: 12329: 12326: 12322: 12319: 12317: 12314: 12312: 12309: 12307: 12304: 12303: 12301: 12300: 12298: 12294: 12291: 12289: 12285: 12279: 12276: 12274: 12271: 12270: 12267: 12263: 12259: 12252: 12247: 12245: 12240: 12238: 12233: 12232: 12229: 12222: 12218: 12214: 12211: 12208: 12204: 12200: 12197: 12192: 12188: 12187: 12177: 12176: 12171: 12167: 12162: 12160: 12156: 12152: 12149: 12145: 12142: 12138: 12134: 12128: 12124: 12120: 12116: 12115:Keene, Donald 12112: 12108: 12103: 12101: 12097: 12094: 12091: 12087: 12084: 12080: 12076: 12073: 12068: 12063: 12062: 12057: 12054: 12050: 12046: 12042: 12039: 12035: 12034: 12022: 12016: 12012: 12008: 12007: 12002: 11998: 11994: 11992:9781107004184 11988: 11984: 11979: 11975: 11969: 11965: 11961: 11960: 11955: 11951: 11947: 11941: 11937: 11932: 11928: 11926:9789004147966 11922: 11918: 11913: 11909: 11907:9780312239152 11903: 11899: 11894: 11890: 11884: 11880: 11875: 11874: 11868: 11864: 11860: 11854: 11850: 11845: 11844: 11837: 11833: 11827: 11823: 11818: 11814: 11812:9780071460620 11808: 11804: 11799: 11795: 11789: 11785: 11780: 11779: 11772: 11768: 11766:9780742557932 11762: 11758: 11753: 11749: 11744: 11740: 11735: 11731: 11725: 11721: 11717: 11713: 11712:Keene, Donald 11709: 11705: 11699: 11695: 11694: 11688: 11684: 11678: 11674: 11669: 11665: 11660: 11656: 11650: 11646: 11645: 11639: 11635: 11629: 11621: 11619:0-415-00906-5 11615: 11611: 11606: 11604: 11599: 11593: 11589: 11585: 11584: 11578: 11574: 11568: 11564: 11560: 11559: 11553: 11549: 11543: 11539: 11535: 11530: 11526: 11520: 11516: 11512: 11511: 11505: 11501: 11495: 11491: 11487: 11486: 11480: 11479: 11475:Cited sources 11466: 11462: 11458: 11454: 11450: 11446: 11442: 11438: 11434: 11427: 11425: 11423: 11414: 11408: 11403: 11402: 11393: 11386: 11381: 11373: 11369: 11365: 11361: 11357: 11353: 11346: 11339: 11337: 11329: 11324: 11317: 11312: 11305: 11300: 11284: 11280: 11279:Livedoor News 11276: 11268: 11252: 11248: 11244: 11236: 11229: 11224: 11208: 11204: 11200: 11192: 11173: 11169: 11168: 11160: 11152: 11150: 11133: 11129: 11128: 11127:Uki, Kumamoto 11123: 11115: 11113: 11096: 11092: 11091: 11090:Tokyo Shoseki 11086: 11078: 11076: 11068: 11063: 11056: 11051: 11043: 11037: 11033: 11026: 11019: 11014: 11007: 11002: 10995: 10990: 10983: 10982:Tonomura 2009 10978: 10971: 10970:Tonomura 2009 10966: 10959: 10958:Tonomura 2009 10954: 10947: 10946:Tonomura 2009 10942: 10940: 10932: 10927: 10920: 10915: 10909:, p. 96. 10908: 10903: 10901: 10894:, p. 26. 10893: 10888: 10886: 10879:, p. 13. 10878: 10877:Henshall 2012 10873: 10865: 10861: 10857: 10850: 10842: 10838: 10834: 10828: 10820: 10816: 10809: 10807: 10790: 10786: 10782: 10774: 10766: 10762: 10758: 10752: 10750: 10748: 10746: 10737: 10733: 10729: 10723: 10707: 10703: 10699: 10693: 10685: 10681: 10677: 10670: 10668: 10666: 10664: 10647: 10643: 10639: 10633: 10625: 10621: 10615: 10608: 10604: 10600: 10597: 10591: 10571: 10567: 10566: 10561: 10553: 10547: 10540: 10539:Henshall 2012 10535: 10527: 10521: 10505: 10501: 10495: 10479: 10475: 10471: 10465: 10458: 10457:Henshall 2012 10453: 10445: 10441: 10435: 10426: 10419: 10418:Henshall 2012 10414: 10407: 10406:Henshall 2012 10402: 10395: 10394:Henshall 2012 10390: 10383: 10382:9789004380523 10379: 10375: 10369: 10362: 10361:Henshall 2012 10357: 10350: 10349:Henshall 2012 10345: 10338: 10333: 10326: 10321: 10314: 10313:Henshall 2012 10309: 10302: 10301:Henshall 2012 10297: 10290: 10285: 10278: 10273: 10257: 10253: 10249: 10242: 10234: 10230: 10226: 10220: 10213: 10208: 10202:, p. 33. 10201: 10196: 10188: 10186:9780262090292 10182: 10178: 10174: 10169: 10168: 10162: 10156: 10149: 10144: 10137: 10132: 10125: 10120: 10113: 10108: 10101: 10100:Henshall 2012 10096: 10089: 10084: 10077: 10072: 10065: 10064:9781483305325 10061: 10057: 10051: 10044: 10039: 10032: 10031:Henshall 2012 10027: 10020: 10019:Henshall 2012 10015: 10008: 10003: 9996: 9995:Henshall 2012 9991: 9984: 9983:Henshall 2012 9979: 9972: 9971:Henshall 2012 9967: 9960: 9959:Henshall 2012 9955: 9948: 9943: 9936: 9932: 9928: 9922: 9915: 9910: 9903: 9898: 9890: 9886: 9882: 9878: 9874: 9870: 9863: 9856: 9851: 9849: 9847: 9839: 9838:Henshall 2012 9834: 9827: 9826:Henshall 2012 9822: 9815: 9814:Henshall 2012 9810: 9803: 9798: 9791: 9790:Henshall 2012 9786: 9779: 9778:9780521527194 9775: 9771: 9765: 9758: 9753: 9746: 9741: 9734: 9733:Henshall 2012 9729: 9722: 9717: 9710: 9709:Henshall 2012 9705: 9698: 9697:9780230378759 9694: 9690: 9684: 9677: 9676:Henshall 2012 9672: 9665: 9661: 9656: 9649: 9648:9780395599242 9645: 9641: 9635: 9628: 9623: 9616: 9611: 9604: 9599: 9592: 9591:Henshall 2012 9587: 9579: 9573: 9569: 9565: 9564: 9556: 9549: 9548:Henshall 2012 9544: 9537: 9536:Henshall 2012 9532: 9525: 9524:Henshall 2012 9520: 9513: 9512:Henshall 2012 9508: 9501: 9496: 9489: 9484: 9477: 9472: 9465: 9464:Henshall 2012 9460: 9453: 9452:Henshall 2012 9448: 9441: 9440:Henshall 2012 9436: 9429: 9424: 9417: 9416:Henshall 2012 9412: 9405: 9404:Henshall 2012 9400: 9398: 9390: 9385: 9378: 9373: 9366: 9361: 9354: 9349: 9342: 9337: 9330: 9325: 9318: 9313: 9311: 9303: 9298: 9290: 9286: 9282: 9278: 9274: 9270: 9267:(1): 91–122. 9266: 9262: 9258: 9251: 9244: 9243:Henshall 2012 9239: 9232: 9231:Henshall 2012 9227: 9220: 9215: 9208: 9203: 9196: 9191: 9184: 9179: 9172: 9167: 9160: 9159:Henshall 2012 9155: 9148: 9143: 9136: 9131: 9124: 9119: 9112: 9107: 9100: 9095: 9079: 9075: 9071: 9067: 9063: 9056: 9048: 9046:9780520045576 9042: 9038: 9031: 9024: 9019: 9012: 9011:Henshall 2012 9007: 9000: 8999:Henshall 2012 8995: 8993: 8986:, p. 83. 8985: 8980: 8973: 8972:Henshall 2012 8968: 8962:, p. 86. 8961: 8956: 8949: 8944: 8937: 8932: 8925: 8920: 8913: 8908: 8901: 8896: 8890:, p. 80. 8889: 8888:Henshall 2012 8884: 8878:, p. 98. 8877: 8872: 8865: 8860: 8852: 8846: 8842: 8841: 8836: 8830: 8823: 8822:Henshall 2012 8818: 8812:, p. 89. 8811: 8810:Henshall 2012 8806: 8799: 8798:9780804820974 8795: 8791: 8785: 8778: 8773: 8766: 8761: 8754: 8753:Henshall 2012 8749: 8742: 8737: 8729: 8722: 8715: 8710: 8704:, p. 83. 8703: 8702:Henshall 2012 8698: 8692:, p. 81. 8691: 8690:Henshall 2012 8686: 8679: 8678:Henshall 2012 8674: 8667: 8662: 8655: 8649: 8647: 8639: 8638:Henshall 2012 8634: 8632: 8630: 8622: 8621:Henshall 2012 8617: 8610: 8605: 8599:, p. 78. 8598: 8597:Henshall 2012 8593: 8591: 8584:, p. 75. 8583: 8582:Henshall 2012 8578: 8576: 8574: 8566: 8565:Henshall 2012 8561: 8553: 8551:9780195339222 8547: 8543: 8539: 8533: 8526: 8521: 8515:, p. 70. 8514: 8513:Henshall 2012 8509: 8502: 8497: 8490: 8485: 8478: 8473: 8466: 8461: 8454: 8449: 8442: 8437: 8430: 8425: 8418: 8417:Henshall 2012 8413: 8411: 8409: 8401: 8400:9780870116216 8397: 8393: 8387: 8380: 8375: 8368: 8367:9780870116230 8364: 8360: 8354: 8347: 8342: 8335: 8329: 8322: 8317: 8310: 8309:9780195331264 8306: 8302: 8296: 8289: 8284: 8277: 8272: 8265: 8259: 8251: 8249:9780813127637 8245: 8241: 8234: 8226: 8220: 8212: 8208: 8204: 8198: 8194: 8190: 8184: 8177: 8172: 8166:, p. 64. 8165: 8164:Henshall 2012 8160: 8154:, p. 67. 8153: 8148: 8141: 8136: 8129: 8124: 8117: 8112: 8110: 8103:, p. 61. 8102: 8101:Henshall 2012 8097: 8082: 8078: 8072: 8065: 8064:9781598847413 8061: 8057: 8051: 8045:, p. 60. 8044: 8043:Henshall 2012 8039: 8033:, p. 60. 8032: 8027: 8020: 8015: 8008: 8003: 8001: 7993: 7992:Henshall 2012 7988: 7986: 7978: 7973: 7966: 7961: 7954: 7949: 7942: 7941:Henshall 2012 7937: 7930: 7929:Henshall 2012 7925: 7923: 7916:, p. 72. 7915: 7910: 7903: 7898: 7892:, p. 50. 7891: 7890:Henshall 2012 7886: 7879: 7874: 7867: 7862: 7855: 7850: 7843: 7838: 7831: 7830:Henshall 2012 7826: 7819: 7814: 7807: 7802: 7796:, p. 46. 7795: 7794:Henshall 2012 7790: 7788: 7780: 7779:Holcombe 2017 7775: 7766: 7762: 7758: 7754: 7747: 7740: 7735: 7729:, p. 40. 7728: 7723: 7716: 7711: 7703: 7696: 7688: 7681: 7673: 7671:9780786499618 7667: 7664:. McFarland. 7663: 7662: 7654: 7646: 7640: 7636: 7629: 7627: 7618: 7616:9789722705677 7612: 7608: 7607: 7599: 7591: 7587: 7580: 7573: 7568: 7561: 7556: 7550:, p. 45. 7549: 7548:Henshall 2012 7544: 7537: 7532: 7525: 7524:9780813349657 7521: 7517: 7511: 7504: 7498: 7492:, p. 46. 7491: 7486: 7479: 7474: 7468:, p. 37. 7467: 7462: 7455: 7454:Henshall 2012 7450: 7448: 7446: 7439:, p. 41. 7438: 7437:Henshall 2012 7433: 7426: 7421: 7414: 7409: 7402: 7397: 7395: 7393: 7385: 7384:Henshall 2012 7380: 7373: 7372:Henshall 2012 7368: 7361: 7356: 7350:, p. 96. 7349: 7344: 7337: 7332: 7325: 7320: 7313: 7312:Henshall 2012 7308: 7301: 7296: 7289: 7284: 7277: 7272: 7265: 7260: 7254: 7251: 7245: 7243: 7235: 7234:Henshall 2012 7230: 7228: 7220: 7215: 7209:, p. 30. 7208: 7207:Henshall 2012 7203: 7197:, p. 44. 7196: 7191: 7184: 7179: 7172: 7167: 7161:, p. 28. 7160: 7159:Henshall 2012 7155: 7148: 7147:Henshall 2012 7143: 7136: 7135:Henshall 2012 7131: 7124: 7118: 7111: 7106: 7100:, p. 62. 7099: 7094: 7087: 7081: 7079: 7072:, p. 87. 7071: 7066: 7060:, p. 94. 7059: 7054: 7048:, p. 31. 7047: 7046:Henshall 2012 7042: 7035: 7030: 7023: 7018: 7011: 7006: 7004: 7002: 6993: 6991:9780826328717 6987: 6983: 6976: 6969: 6968:Henshall 2012 6964: 6962: 6960: 6953:, p. 99. 6952: 6947: 6941:, p. 59. 6940: 6935: 6928: 6927:9781118608319 6924: 6920: 6914: 6908:, p. 26. 6907: 6906:Henshall 2012 6902: 6895: 6890: 6883: 6878: 6872:, p. 56. 6871: 6870:Henshall 2012 6866: 6860:, p. 24. 6859: 6858:Henshall 2012 6854: 6847: 6841: 6833: 6831:9780847801329 6827: 6823: 6816: 6810:, p. 68. 6809: 6804: 6798:, p. 57. 6797: 6792: 6785: 6780: 6778: 6776: 6767: 6763: 6759: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6741: 6737: 6733: 6729: 6721: 6714: 6709: 6702: 6701:Henshall 2012 6697: 6690: 6685: 6677: 6675:9780674017535 6671: 6667: 6666:Belknap Press 6663: 6662: 6657: 6651: 6644: 6639: 6632: 6631:9780870116216 6628: 6624: 6618: 6610: 6604: 6600: 6599: 6591: 6584: 6579: 6577: 6569: 6568:Henshall 2012 6564: 6558:, p. 51. 6557: 6552: 6545: 6544:Henshall 2012 6540: 6538: 6536: 6528: 6527:Henshall 2012 6523: 6517:, p. 25. 6516: 6511: 6504: 6498: 6491: 6487: 6483: 6480: 6476: 6473: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6455: 6451: 6450: 6445: 6441: 6437: 6434: 6430: 6427: 6426: 6419: 6412: 6408: 6404: 6401: 6397: 6394: 6393: 6386: 6378: 6372: 6368: 6364: 6363: 6355: 6348: 6344: 6341:, Vol.1 2012 6340: 6337: 6333: 6330: 6329: 6324: 6318: 6310: 6304: 6300: 6299: 6294: 6288: 6286: 6284: 6282: 6280: 6272: 6268: 6264: 6261: 6257: 6254: 6253: 6246: 6239: 6235: 6231: 6228: 6224: 6221: 6220: 6213: 6205: 6201: 6197: 6193: 6189: 6185: 6178: 6172:, p. 88. 6171: 6170:Holcombe 2017 6166: 6159: 6153: 6146: 6141: 6133: 6127: 6123: 6122: 6114: 6108:, p. 64. 6107: 6102: 6094: 6090: 6086: 6082: 6078: 6074: 6070: 6066: 6062: 6055: 6046: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6029: 6021: 6014: 6013:9781405193399 6010: 6006: 6000: 5992: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5961: 5954: 5950: 5947: 5946: 5939: 5931: 5927: 5923: 5917: 5901: 5897: 5893: 5889: 5882: 5874: 5870: 5866: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5825: 5823: 5818: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777:, China-Japan 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5756: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5733: 5732: 5728: 5725: 5724: 5720: 5718: 5717: 5713: 5711: 5710: 5706: 5704:, in Japanese 5703: 5702: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5692: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5677: 5673: 5662: 5659: 5648: 5645: 5634: 5627: 5625: 5621: 5620: 5615: 5611: 5606: 5602: 5599: 5595: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5581: 5576: 5570: 5558: 5557:Shi-nō-kō-shō 5553: 5549: 5545: 5537: 5534:near-highest 5531: 5527: 5525: 5520: 5516: 5513: 5509: 5508: 5503: 5497: 5488: 5484: 5482: 5478: 5473: 5469: 5464: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5437: 5436:was revoked. 5435: 5430: 5426: 5421: 5419: 5415: 5410: 5408: 5404: 5398: 5388: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5373: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5362:tallest tower 5359: 5358:Tokyo Skytree 5355: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5338: 5331: 5326: 5322: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5291: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5266:Tokyo in 2010 5264: 5259: 5249: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5238:Yukio Mishima 5235: 5231: 5230: 5226:(animation), 5225: 5224: 5219: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5182: 5181:Anpo protests 5178: 5174: 5170: 5167:, though the 5166: 5161: 5159: 5155: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5138:Kuril Islands 5135: 5131: 5127: 5122: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5090: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5071: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5060:Liberal Party 5057: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5025: 5021: 5020:Postwar Japan 5011: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4988: 4984: 4979: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4960:National Diet 4957: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4936: 4930: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4908: 4904: 4899: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4864: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4837: 4835: 4834: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4808: 4804: 4802: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4778: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4701: 4696: 4689: 4688: 4681: 4676: 4672: 4662: 4660: 4656: 4650: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4626:their victory 4623: 4614: 4609: 4605: 4603: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4587: 4583: 4578: 4575:. During the 4574: 4570: 4569:Kwantung Army 4544: 4542: 4536: 4532: 4522: 4520: 4519:Edogawa Ranpo 4516: 4515: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4496: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4425: 4415: 4413: 4409: 4403: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4388: 4382: 4373: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4347: 4342: 4338: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4305:(through the 4304: 4298: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4267: 4261: 4256: 4252: 4242: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4199: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4135: 4134:from Chōshū. 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4098: 4093: 4088: 4084: 4069: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4058:Emperor Meiji 4055: 4051: 4050: 4045: 4041: 4036: 4034: 4030: 4025: 4024:US government 4021: 4012: 4008: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3993: 3988: 3984: 3983: 3977: 3974: 3973:Tenpō famines 3967: 3963: 3953: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3938: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3927: 3922: 3921: 3916: 3912: 3911: 3906: 3901: 3899: 3895: 3894: 3889: 3888: 3883: 3882: 3872: 3867: 3858: 3856: 3850: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3839: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3825: 3818: 3816: 3815: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3788:Toyotomi clan 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3737: 3732: 3718: 3716: 3715:Tokugawa clan 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3695: 3690: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3666: 3664: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3640: 3636: 3634: 3630: 3629:Azuchi Castle 3626: 3622: 3613: 3609: 3604: 3599: 3589: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3578: 3573: 3572: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3558: 3553: 3548: 3537: 3535: 3531: 3523: 3518: 3514: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3499: 3494: 3489: 3485: 3480: 3478: 3472: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3453: 3449: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3417: 3407: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3357: 3352: 3344: 3340: 3338: 3334: 3333: 3326: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3315:Emperor Kōmyō 3312: 3304: 3300: 3295: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3265: 3260: 3253: 3248: 3241: 3236: 3233: 3232: 3227: 3226: 3225: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3202: 3197: 3195: 3191: 3188: 3184: 3183: 3178: 3177:Mongol Empire 3174: 3170: 3165: 3163: 3159: 3158:Tosa Province 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3134: 3132: 3131: 3126: 3125: 3120: 3119: 3114: 3109: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3094:Hōjō Tokimasa 3091: 3086: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3070: 3067: 3062: 3060: 3056: 3046: 3045: 3040: 3039: 3034: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3000: 2996: 2991: 2986: 2971: 2969: 2965: 2960: 2955: 2953: 2952: 2951:Tale of Genji 2947: 2943: 2942: 2937: 2934:, as well as 2933: 2929: 2928: 2923: 2922: 2914: 2913: 2900: 2894:Heian culture 2891: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2844: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2797: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2769: 2764: 2758: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2735: 2730: 2726: 2725: 2720: 2715: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2697: 2693: 2687: 2682: 2678: 2676: 2675:Emperor Kammu 2670: 2660: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2629:Emperor Shōmu 2626: 2621: 2619: 2618: 2613: 2609: 2608:creation myth 2605: 2604: 2599: 2598: 2593: 2589: 2586:) modeled on 2585: 2581: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2560: 2555: 2545: 2543: 2539: 2534: 2532: 2531: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2496:Taika Reforms 2493: 2492:Fujiwara clan 2489: 2485: 2481: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2454: 2450: 2445: 2441: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2404:The Buddhist 2402: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2346: 2344: 2339: 2337: 2333: 2324: 2320: 2318: 2317: 2311: 2307: 2302: 2300: 2299: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2277: 2272: 2265: 2260: 2251: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2236: 2231: 2230: 2225: 2224: 2218: 2216: 2210: 2203: 2202: 2198:bronze bell ( 2197: 2192: 2188: 2186: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2167: 2154:(1000–400 BC) 2153: 2149: 2143: 2138: 2131: 2126: 2122: 2115: 2110: 2109: 2108: 2106: 2105:Jōmon pottery 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2079: 2074: 2069: 2059: 2057: 2056: 2051: 2050: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2028: 2001: 1997: 1994:Japan at the 1992: 1987: 1972: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1937: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1924: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1892:Taishō period 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1874:in 1868. The 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1851: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1797: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1779: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1757:Minamoto clan 1754: 1750: 1745: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1695: 1694: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1657: 1652: 1650: 1645: 1643: 1638: 1637: 1635: 1634: 1629: 1619: 1618: 1617: 1616: 1609: 1606: 1605: 1601:Organisations 1597: 1596: 1589: 1586: 1584: 1581: 1579: 1576: 1575: 1571: 1565: 1564: 1557: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1533: 1529: 1523: 1522: 1515: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1471: 1467: 1461: 1460: 1453: 1450: 1448: 1445: 1443: 1440: 1438: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1428: 1425: 1423: 1420: 1418: 1415: 1414: 1410: 1404: 1403: 1396: 1393: 1391: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1363: 1362: 1355: 1352: 1350: 1347: 1345: 1342: 1341: 1337: 1331: 1330: 1323: 1320: 1318: 1315: 1313: 1310: 1308: 1305: 1304: 1300: 1294: 1293: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1280:New religions 1278: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1267: 1263: 1257: 1256: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1239: 1238:Shichi-Go-San 1236: 1234: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1224: 1221: 1219: 1216: 1214: 1211: 1210: 1206: 1200: 1199: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1178: 1174: 1168: 1167: 1160: 1157: 1155: 1154:Urban legends 1152: 1150: 1147: 1145: 1142: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1127: 1126: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1111: 1109: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1085: 1082: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1066: 1062: 1056: 1055: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1014: 1010: 1004: 1003: 996: 993: 991: 988: 986: 983: 981: 978: 976: 973: 971: 968: 967: 963: 957: 956: 949: 946: 944: 943:Naval history 941: 939: 936: 934: 931: 929: 926: 924: 921: 919: 916: 914: 910: 907: 905: 902: 900: 897: 895: 892: 890: 887: 886: 882: 876: 875: 871: 867: 866: 862: 858: 857: 853: 849: 848: 838: 833: 831: 826: 824: 819: 818: 816: 815: 810: 807: 805: 802: 800: 797: 796: 795: 794: 786: 783: 781: 778: 776: 773: 771: 768: 766: 763: 761: 758: 756: 753: 749: 746: 744: 741: 739: 736: 734: 731: 729: 726: 725: 723: 721: 718: 716: 713: 711: 708: 706: 703: 701: 698: 696: 693: 691: 688: 686: 683: 681: 678: 676: 673: 672: 661: 660: 650: 644: 641: 639: 636: 635: 633: 632: 627: 626: 622: 616: 613: 611: 608: 606: 603: 601: 598: 596: 593: 592: 590: 589: 584: 583: 579: 574: 571: 569: 566: 564: 563:Anpo protests 561: 559: 558:Postwar Japan 556: 554: 551: 549: 546: 544: 541: 539: 536: 534: 531: 529: 526: 524: 521: 519: 516: 514: 511: 509: 506: 504: 501: 499: 496: 494: 491: 489: 486: 484: 481: 479: 476: 474: 471: 470: 468: 467: 463: 462: 458: 452: 449: 447: 444: 442: 439: 438: 436: 435: 430: 429: 425: 419: 416: 414: 411: 409: 406: 404: 401: 399: 396: 394: 391: 389: 386: 384: 381: 379: 376: 374: 371: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 356: 355: 353: 352: 347: 346: 342: 336: 333: 331: 328: 326: 323: 321: 318: 316: 313: 311: 308: 306: 303: 301: 298: 296: 293: 292: 290: 286: 281: 280: 276: 270: 267: 265: 262: 260: 257: 256: 254: 253: 248: 247: 243: 237: 234: 232: 229: 228: 226: 225: 220: 219: 215: 209: 206: 204: 201: 199: 196: 194: 191: 190: 188: 187: 182: 181: 177: 171: 168: 166: 163: 161: 158: 157: 155: 154: 149: 148: 144: 141: 140: 135: 134: 130: 127: 126: 121: 120: 116: 113: 112: 107: 106: 102: 99: 98: 93: 92: 88: 86: 85: 81: 80: 76: 74: 73: 69: 68: 56: 55: 51: 47: 46: 43: 40: 39: 35: 31: 30: 27: 19: 15547:wedge-shaped 15532:Funeral pyre 15525:Great dolmen 15481:Chamber tomb 15462:Round barrow 15417:Stone circle 15289:Blombos Cave 15217:Grooved ware 15141:Chalcolithic 15045:Thornborough 14963:Flush toilet 14898:Blombos Cave 14893:Rock shelter 14849:Quiggly hole 14741:Architecture 14716:illustration 14358:Buffalo jump 14179:Storage pits 14142:Aşıklı Höyük 14132:Ground stone 13968:Subdivisions 13836:Dependencies 13766:Turkmenistan 13731:Saudi Arabia 13635: 13434:Tea ceremony 13411: 13405: / 13397:No-pan kissa 13395: 13366:Martial arts 13356:LGBT culture 13258:Architecture 13251: / 13196:Prostitution 13162:Homelessness 13132:Demographics 13056:Central bank 12886:Human rights 12854:Constitution 12709:Contemporary 12531:Early Modern 12435:Heian period 12423:Monmu period 12418:Taika Reform 12396:Asuka period 12391:Kofun period 12386:Yayoi period 12381:Jōmon period 12287: 12223:(1807–1865). 12174: 12165: 12154: 12150:. Routledge. 12147: 12140: 12118: 12106: 12089: 12078: 12060: 12044: 12037: 12009:. New York: 12005: 12001:Weston, Mark 11982: 11958: 11935: 11916: 11897: 11872: 11842: 11821: 11802: 11782:. New York: 11777: 11756: 11747: 11738: 11715: 11692: 11672: 11663: 11643: 11609: 11582: 11557: 11537: 11509: 11484: 11440: 11436: 11400: 11392: 11380: 11355: 11351: 11323: 11311: 11299: 11287:. Retrieved 11283:the original 11278: 11267: 11255:. Retrieved 11251:the original 11235: 11223: 11211:. Retrieved 11207:the original 11202: 11191: 11179:. Retrieved 11172:the original 11165: 11136:. Retrieved 11132:the original 11125: 11099:. Retrieved 11095:the original 11088: 11062: 11050: 11031: 11025: 11013: 11001: 10989: 10977: 10965: 10953: 10926: 10914: 10872: 10864:the original 10859: 10849: 10841:the original 10836: 10827: 10819:the original 10793:. Retrieved 10784: 10773: 10765:the original 10760: 10736:the original 10731: 10722: 10710:. Retrieved 10706:the original 10701: 10692: 10684:the original 10679: 10650:. Retrieved 10646:the original 10641: 10632: 10623: 10614: 10607:The Guardian 10606: 10590: 10579:23 September 10577:. Retrieved 10570:the original 10563: 10560:総務省消防庁災害対策本部 10559: 10546: 10534: 10508:. Retrieved 10494: 10482:. Retrieved 10478:the original 10464: 10452: 10443: 10434: 10425: 10413: 10401: 10389: 10373: 10368: 10356: 10344: 10332: 10320: 10308: 10296: 10284: 10272: 10260:. Retrieved 10256:the original 10251: 10241: 10233:the original 10228: 10219: 10207: 10195: 10166: 10155: 10143: 10131: 10119: 10107: 10095: 10083: 10071: 10055: 10050: 10038: 10026: 10014: 10002: 9990: 9978: 9966: 9954: 9942: 9926: 9921: 9909: 9897: 9872: 9868: 9862: 9857:, p. 1. 9833: 9821: 9809: 9797: 9785: 9769: 9764: 9752: 9740: 9728: 9716: 9704: 9688: 9683: 9671: 9663: 9655: 9639: 9634: 9622: 9610: 9598: 9586: 9568:Random House 9566:. New York: 9562: 9555: 9543: 9531: 9519: 9507: 9495: 9483: 9471: 9459: 9447: 9435: 9428:McClain 2002 9423: 9411: 9384: 9372: 9360: 9355:, p. 1. 9348: 9336: 9324: 9297: 9264: 9260: 9250: 9238: 9226: 9214: 9202: 9190: 9178: 9166: 9154: 9142: 9130: 9118: 9106: 9094: 9082:. Retrieved 9078:the original 9065: 9055: 9036: 9030: 9018: 9006: 8979: 8967: 8955: 8943: 8931: 8919: 8907: 8895: 8883: 8871: 8859: 8839: 8829: 8817: 8805: 8789: 8784: 8772: 8760: 8748: 8736: 8727: 8721: 8709: 8697: 8685: 8673: 8661: 8653: 8616: 8604: 8560: 8541: 8532: 8520: 8508: 8496: 8484: 8472: 8460: 8448: 8441:McClain 2002 8436: 8424: 8391: 8386: 8374: 8358: 8353: 8341: 8333: 8328: 8316: 8300: 8295: 8283: 8271: 8263: 8258: 8239: 8233: 8192: 8183: 8171: 8159: 8147: 8135: 8123: 8096: 8084:. Retrieved 8080: 8071: 8055: 8050: 8038: 8026: 8014: 7977:McClain 2002 7972: 7960: 7948: 7936: 7909: 7897: 7885: 7873: 7861: 7849: 7837: 7825: 7813: 7801: 7774: 7756: 7752: 7746: 7734: 7722: 7710: 7695: 7680: 7660: 7653: 7634: 7605: 7598: 7589: 7579: 7567: 7555: 7543: 7531: 7515: 7510: 7502: 7497: 7485: 7473: 7461: 7432: 7420: 7408: 7379: 7367: 7355: 7343: 7331: 7319: 7307: 7295: 7283: 7271: 7259: 7249: 7214: 7202: 7190: 7178: 7166: 7154: 7142: 7130: 7122: 7117: 7105: 7093: 7085: 7065: 7053: 7041: 7029: 7017: 6981: 6975: 6946: 6934: 6918: 6913: 6901: 6889: 6877: 6865: 6853: 6845: 6840: 6821: 6815: 6803: 6791: 6731: 6727: 6720: 6708: 6696: 6684: 6660: 6650: 6638: 6622: 6617: 6597: 6590: 6563: 6551: 6522: 6510: 6502: 6497: 6470: 6466:Hudson, Mark 6461: 6453: 6448: 6424: 6418: 6391: 6385: 6361: 6354: 6327: 6317: 6297: 6251: 6245: 6218: 6212: 6187: 6183: 6177: 6165: 6157: 6152: 6140: 6120: 6113: 6101: 6068: 6064: 6054: 6035: 6031: 6020: 6004: 5999: 5974: 5970: 5967:Homo sapiens 5966: 5960: 5944: 5938: 5925: 5916: 5904:. Retrieved 5895: 5891: 5881: 5838: 5834: 5729: 5721: 5714: 5707: 5699: 5658:Japan portal 5623: 5617: 5607: 5603: 5583:) under the 5578: 5574: 5541: 5521: 5517: 5505: 5498: 5494: 5485: 5465: 5445:assassinated 5438: 5422: 5411: 5400: 5374: 5366:Canton Tower 5344:, including 5334: 5292: 5269: 5246:martial arts 5227: 5221: 5215: 5209: 5201:bullet train 5193:Hayato Ikeda 5162: 5123: 5107:Plaza Accord 5091: 5075:Joseph Dodge 5072: 5068:Shōwa period 5058:. Yoshida's 5042: 4980: 4968:State Shinto 4940:its colonies 4933: 4931: 4922: 4912: 4905:signing the 4903:Dean Acheson 4845:Soviet Union 4838: 4831: 4813: 4798: 4779: 4736: 4686: 4665:World War II 4651: 4618: 4590: 4565: 4538: 4512: 4497: 4466: 4438:Katsura Tarō 4427: 4404: 4385: 4383: 4379: 4351: 4299: 4272: 4237:under which 4217:, the first 4215:Itō Hirobumi 4200: 4143: 4141: 4128:Ito Hirobumi 4101: 4072:Modern Japan 4047: 4037: 4017: 3990: 3980: 3978: 3969: 3939: 3931:Matsuo Bashō 3924: 3918: 3914: 3908: 3902: 3891: 3885: 3879: 3876: 3851: 3836: 3822: 3819: 3812: 3807: 3803: 3795: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3741: 3735: 3706: 3691: 3682: 3667: 3659: 3647: 3645: 3621:Oda Nobunaga 3618: 3575: 3569: 3562:tea ceremony 3555: 3546: 3543: 3527: 3496: 3481: 3473: 3458: 3433: 3419: 3416:Nanban trade 3410:Nanban trade 3403: 3399: 3383: 3379: 3371: 3367: 3361: 3355: 3330: 3327: 3308: 3302: 3297:Portrait of 3229: 3198: 3180: 3171:launched by 3166: 3135: 3128: 3122: 3116: 3110: 3106:Hōjō regents 3087: 3077: 3071: 3065: 3063: 3058: 3054: 3042: 3036: 3032: 3022: 3019:Kantō region 3004: 2974:Feudal Japan 2956: 2949: 2939: 2936:Sei Shōnagon 2925: 2919: 2917: 2910: 2887: 2845: 2808: 2798: 2792: 2776: 2772: 2766: 2762: 2759: 2742: 2732: 2722: 2716: 2701: 2672: 2669:Heian period 2649:Heian period 2622: 2615: 2601: 2595: 2592:Tang dynasty 2577: 2535: 2528: 2521:Prince Ōtomo 2500:philosophies 2482:launched by 2477: 2472:Asuka period 2448: 2437: 2433: 2413: 2403: 2394: 2383:Asuka period 2380: 2340: 2329: 2314: 2303: 2296: 2292: 2274: 2271:Kofun period 2268: 2247: 2233: 2228: 2221: 2219: 2211: 2207: 2199: 2196:Yayoi period 2172:Yayoi people 2169: 2166:Yayoi period 2160:Yayoi period 2152:Jōmon period 2121:Jōmon period 2082: 2068:Jōmon period 2062:Jōmon period 2053: 2047: 2032:Homo sapiens 2031: 2024: 1967:. Since the 1938: 1852: 1823: 1812:Oda Nobunaga 1808: 1800: 1794: 1776: 1746: 1726:Heian period 1706:Jōmon people 1701:Yayoi people 1698: 1691: 1684:Yayoi period 1676:Jōmon period 1665: 1583:Coat of arms 1541:Architecture 1489:Martial arts 1275:Christianity 1181:Food history 1113:Tea ceremony 1106: / 894:Demographics 803: 733:Christianity 629: 595:Lost Decades 586: 523:World War II 464: 432: 349: 284: 259:Nanban trade 250: 222: 184: 151: 137: 123: 109: 95: 82: 70: 41: 26: 15569:unchambered 15564:Long barrow 15554:Grave goods 15510:Court cairn 15505:Clava cairn 15457:Bowl barrow 15395:Rock cupule 15338:Golden hats 15331:Hill figure 15232:Unstan ware 15212:Cord-marked 15077:Sweet Track 14999:Burnt mound 14920:Stilt house 14908:Sibudu Cave 14701:Tally stick 14669:Quern-stone 14654:Hammerstone 14644:Fire plough 14615:Pesse canoe 14573:Bannerstone 14543:Other tools 14456:Lithic core 14404:Aurignacian 14292:Bare Island 14174:Quern-stone 13895:Asia portal 13796:States with 13716:Philippines 13656:South Korea 13651:North Korea 13546:Afghanistan 13449:Video games 13191:Pornography 12799:Prefectures 12779:Environment 12774:Earthquakes 12759:Archipelago 12666:Pacific War 12622:Late Modern 12430:Nara period 12376:Paleolithic 12081:. Leipzig, 11167:Shimonoseki 11158:人権意識のアップデート 11067:Farris 1995 11055:Totman 2005 11006:Farris 1995 10994:Farris 1995 10931:Farris 1995 10919:Farris 1995 10907:Farris 1995 10892:Farris 1995 10837:Japan Times 10337:Totman 2005 10289:Totman 2005 10088:Totman 2005 10043:Totman 2005 9802:Totman 2005 9757:Totman 2005 9660:Coox, Alvin 9627:Totman 2005 9500:Totman 2005 9488:Walker 2015 9476:Weston 2002 9341:Totman 2005 9329:Totman 2005 9317:Totman 2005 9302:Totman 2005 9219:Totman 2005 9147:Totman 2005 9123:Totman 2005 9111:Totman 2005 9099:Totman 2005 9066:Stand Alone 8900:Totman 2005 8777:Totman 2005 8765:Weston 2002 8741:Totman 2005 8714:Totman 2005 8666:Totman 2005 8477:Walker 2015 8429:Totman 2005 8189:Baten, Jörg 8176:Jansen 2000 8140:Jansen 2000 8128:Totman 2005 8116:Totman 2005 8019:Totman 2005 7965:Totman 2005 7878:Walker 2015 7866:Farris 2009 7842:Farris 2009 7818:Weston 2002 7715:Farris 2009 7572:Farris 2009 7478:Totman 2005 7413:Farris 2009 7401:Farris 2009 7360:Sansom 1958 7348:Totman 2005 7300:Weston 2002 7276:Weston 2002 7264:Weston 2002 7219:Totman 2005 7171:Totman 2005 7110:Sansom 1958 7070:Farris 2009 7058:Totman 2005 7010:Totman 2005 6951:Sansom 1958 6939:Farris 2009 6894:Totman 2005 6808:Sansom 1958 6796:Sansom 1958 6784:Totman 2005 6749:10125/17273 6713:Weston 2002 6689:Totman 2005 6583:Totman 2005 6556:Totman 2005 6515:Farris 1995 6454:Teppyong’ni 6145:Walker 2015 6106:Totman 2005 6071:: 385–395. 5906:16 February 5766:, 1930–1945 5536:court ranks 5481:Nobuo Kishi 5455:serviceman 5360:became the 5346:video games 5299:South Korea 5288:Lost Decade 5004:be returned 4755:Philippines 4739:Hideki Tojo 4671:Pacific War 4268:(1894–1895) 4148:prefectures 3887:ukiyo-zōshi 3679:Hōjō family 3484:Ōtomo Sōrin 3444:missionary 3422:Tanegashima 3173:Kublai Khan 3162:Sado Island 3113:feudalistic 3090:Hōjō Masako 2907: 1130 2704:Nagaoka-kyō 2603:Nihon Shoki 2572:Nara period 2570:during the 2554:Nara period 2517:Prince Ōama 2513:Jinshin War 2451:written in 2248:Book of Wei 2235:Book of Wei 2223:Book of Han 2027:Paleolithic 1969:Lost Decade 1888:great power 1870:during the 1693:Book of Han 1672:Paleolithic 1509:Rugby union 1452:Pornography 1447:Video games 1344:Light novel 1223:Hinamatsuri 1186:Ingredients 685:Earthquakes 533:Pacific War 441:World War I 72:Paleolithic 15777:Categories 15708:trepanning 15601:Ring cairn 15559:Jar burial 15542:transepted 15474:U.S. sites 15375:Petroglyph 15301:Bird stone 15259:wine press 14932:Stone roof 14915:Roundhouse 14807:long house 14784:Stonehenge 14752:Ceremonial 14696:Stone tool 14523:Tool stone 14493:Metallurgy 14397:Mousterian 14374:Toolmaking 14312:Cumberland 14285:Transverse 14255:Schöningen 14147:Qesem cave 14115:Earth oven 14069:Irrigation 13980:Technology 13948:Prehistory 13776:Uzbekistan 13751:Tajikistan 13666:Kyrgyzstan 13646:Kazakhstan 13566:Bangladesh 13556:Azerbaijan 13439:Television 13361:Literature 13323:Hikikomori 13244:Aesthetics 13122:Censorship 13004:Ministries 12974:Government 12688:Heisei era 12671:Occupation 12629:Taishō era 12590:Boshin War 12570:Government 12538:Edo period 12451:Genpei War 12401:Taihō Code 11682:0674009916 11612:. 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2617:Man'yōshū 2580:Heijō-kyō 2447:The word 2422:Confucian 2406:Soga clan 2377:in Japan. 2089:sedentism 2044:megafauna 2019: sea 1923:announced 1884:an empire 1880:Meiji era 1718:Heian-kyō 1528:Monuments 1437:Media mix 1390:Kayōkyoku 1205:Festivals 1159:Folktales 1132:Mythology 1074:Etiquette 1009:Languages 909:Education 889:Era names 724:Religion 715:Geography 700:Education 695:Era names 325:Bakumatsu 264:Imjin War 224:Muromachi 203:Genkō War 193:Jōkyū War 15390:Rock art 15353:painting 15326:Geoglyph 15151:timeline 15131:Beadwork 14871:Mehrgarh 14866:Mudbrick 14774:megalith 14649:Fire-saw 14471:debitage 14466:analysis 14434:Hand axe 14414:Cupstone 13992:Glossary 13953:Timeline 13885:Category 13806:Abkhazia 13756:Thailand 13711:Pakistan 13691:Mongolia 13686:Maldives 13681:Malaysia 13581:Cambodia 13488:Category 13303:Folklore 13201:Religion 13174:Japanese 13147:Gambling 12957:Maritime 12838:Politics 12819:Villages 12500:Ōnin War 12343:Military 12328:Economic 12262:articles 12217:Volume 2 12096:Archived 12077:(1894). 12011:Kodansha 12003:(2002). 11956:(2005). 11869:(1958). 11457:40971613 11203:Kotobank 11018:Tonomura 10795:5 August 10789:Archived 10785:NHK News 10642:Olympics 10599:Archived 10520:cite web 10112:Gao 2009 10076:Gao 2009 8837:(2000). 8540:(2009). 6766:56131755 6758:42928724 6658:(2002). 6475:Archived 6429:Archived 6396:Archived 6332:Archived 6256:Archived 6223:Archived 6204:17316841 5949:Archived 5930:Archived 5900:Archived 5630:See also 5598:hatamoto 5575:hyakushō 5507:ritsuryō 5477:Hateruma 5403:Naruhito 5401:Emperor 5280:Hirohito 5270:Emperor 5165:Cold War 4935:zaibatsu 4927:New Deal 4923:de facto 4891:Hirohito 4881:General 4800:kamikaze 4541:Hirohito 4539:Emperor 4450:Minseitō 4446:Seiyūkai 4396:Sumitomo 4387:zaibatsu 4303:Hokkaido 4176:syphilis 4062:rescript 3992:kokugaku 3920:shamisen 3855:numeracy 3847:Nagasaki 3511:Nagasaki 3465:cultural 3364:Ōnin War 3214:Nichiren 3182:kamikaze 3082:Yasuhira 3078:de facto 3066:de facto 3015:Kamakura 2964:Byōdō-in 2924:and the 2921:Kokinshū 2888:de facto 2821:Abe clan 2763:ritsuryō 2717:In 858, 2710:(modern 2633:Tōdai-ji 2612:the gods 2588:Chang'an 2582:(modern 2564:Tōdai-ji 2542:Hōryū-ji 2530:ritsuryō 2414:de facto 2395:de facto 2375:Buddhism 2367:Hōryū-ji 1932:and the 1920:Hirohito 1866:and the 1834:(modern 1773:Kamakura 1749:Fujiwara 1742:Buddhism 1720:(modern 1514:Olympics 1479:Baseball 1270:Buddhism 1262:Religion 1233:Tanabata 1136:folklore 1099:Marriage 1079:Funerals 1069:Clothing 1027:Ryukyuan 1022:Japanese 970:Japanese 852:a series 850:Part of 809:Timeline 799:Glossary 770:Post-war 765:Politics 755:Military 728:Buddhism 680:Currency 186:Kamakura 34:a series 32:Part of 15747:Symbols 15358:pigment 15244:Weaving 15207:Cardium 15202:Pottery 15197:Mirrors 15185:Jewelry 15126:Baskets 15106:culture 14958:Cistern 14764:Pyramid 14706:Weapons 14684:Scraper 14674:Racloir 14634:Cleaver 14622:Chopper 14528:Uniface 14439:Grooves 14429:Hafting 14387:Oldowan 14346:Systems 14297:Cascade 14260:woomera 14250:harpoon 14223:history 14189:Hunting 14169:Pottery 14110:Cooking 14019:Farming 13985:history 13958:Outline 13781:Vietnam 13696:Myanmar 13676:Lebanon 13606:Georgia 13561:Bahrain 13551:Armenia 13444:Theatre 13419:Origami 13346:Irezumi 13341:Ikebana 13308:Gardens 13283:Cuisine 13236:Culture 13221:Smoking 13157:Housing 13105:Society 13039:Economy 12982:Cabinet 12864:Emperor 12804:Regions 12789:Islands 12676:Postwar 12604:(noble) 12369:Ancient 12316:Shoguns 12288:History 12278:Outline 12093:excerpt 12053:2059838 11536:(ed.). 11372:8976082 11289:7 March 11257:7 March 11213:7 March 11181:7 March 11138:7 March 11101:7 March 10510:2 March 10504:Emporis 10484:2 March 9889:2755258 6468:(1999) 6265:, 2003 6073:Bibcode 5979:Bibcode 5614:outcast 5589:samurai 5542:In the 5272:Akihito 4956:cabinet 4687:Shōkaku 4348:in 1939 4180:paresis 4144:daimyōs 4044:Satsuma 3982:rangaku 3950:bushido 3910:bunraku 3893:ukiyo-e 3833:Iemitsu 3824:seppuku 3808:daimyōs 3796:daimyōs 3774:of the 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3707:daimyō 3687:slaves 3660:daimyō 3648:daimyō 3574:, and 3571:bonsai 3503:Hirado 3498:daimyō 3495:, the 3442:Jesuit 3430:musket 3372:daimyō 3356:daimyō 3303:shōgun 3287:, and 3059:bakufu 3044:bakufu 3038:shōgun 2944:, and 2864:Antoku 2817:Aterui 2801:Emishi 2724:sesshō 2643:as an 2641:Ganjin 2614:. The 2597:Kojiki 2468:regent 2434:Nippon 2387:Baekje 2306:Yamato 2298:haniwa 2291:. The 2244:Himiko 2201:dōtaku 2185:Kyūshū 2097:shards 2017: 2011: 2005: 1824:shōgun 1809:daimyō 1801:shōgun 1796:daimyō 1778:shōgun 1759:under 1755:. The 1738:Shinto 1712:. The 1427:Cinema 1385:Anison 1354:Poetry 1307:Bonsai 1285:Shinto 1191:Dishes 1118:Values 1089:Geisha 990:Yamato 962:People 854:on the 780:Sports 748:Shinto 705:Empire 666:Topics 588:Heisei 434:Taishō 310:Sakoku 36:on the 15642:sites 15586:Mummy 15306:Cairn 15222:Jōmon 15173:shoes 15168:Hides 15040:Henge 14994:Broch 14856:Jacal 14711:Wheel 14659:Knife 14605:Canoe 14600:Burin 14578:Blade 14476:flake 14337:Plano 14245:baton 14235:Spear 14201:Arrow 14154:Manos 14007:Tools 13867:Macau 13786:Yemen 13746:Syria 13721:Qatar 13701:Nepal 13636:Japan 13611:India 13601:Egypt 13586:China 13424:Sport 13407:Sentō 13403:Onsen 13386:Names 13376:Music 13371:Media 13337:Icons 13318:Games 13253:Manga 13249:Anime 13226:Women 13127:Crime 13061:Labor 12814:Towns 12794:Lakes 12348:Naval 12311:Clans 12273:Index 12258:Japan 12219:, by 12049:JSTOR 11461:S2CID 11453:JSTOR 11368:S2CID 11348:(PDF) 11175:(PDF) 11162:(PDF) 10761:Asahi 10573:(PDF) 10562:[ 10556:(PDF) 9885:JSTOR 9285:S2CID 8086:6 May 6762:S2CID 6754:JSTOR 6200:S2CID 5869:S2CID 5354:manga 5350:anime 5295:China 5229:manga 5223:anime 5217:kaiju 4771:Burma 4412:Tokkō 4146:with 4104:Tokyo 3926:Haiku 3915:kouta 3881:ukiyo 3652:Owari 3507:ships 3396:ninja 3206:Hōnen 3118:shugo 3028:征夷大将軍 2793:shōen 2785:Taira 2777:shōen 2773:shōen 2768:shōen 2712:Kyoto 2637:Gyōki 2504:China 2502:from 2453:kanji 2449:Nihon 2438:Nihon 2430:kanji 2399:Asuka 2310:Kinai 2293:kofun 2276:kofun 2264:Osaka 1836:Tokyo 1769:Taira 1722:Kyoto 1688:Japan 1466:Sport 1432:Anime 1417:Radio 1409:Media 1380:J-pop 1368:Music 1349:Manga 1108:Sentō 1104:Onsen 1084:Games 760:Naval 738:Islam 631:Reiwa 466:Shōwa 351:Meiji 153:Heian 125:Asuka 111:Kofun 97:Yayoi 84:Jōmon 15735:gudi 15493:Cist 15422:list 15249:Wine 15178:Ötzi 15163:Glue 15136:Beds 15104:and 15102:Arts 14973:Well 14829:Cave 14759:Kiva 14689:side 14679:Rope 14627:tool 14561:bone 14551:Adze 14317:Eden 14230:Nets 14100:Fire 14064:Goad 14049:Celt 13706:Oman 13671:Laos 13626:Iraq 13621:Iran 13298:Flag 13287:wine 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