37:
222:
241:
1725:
737:
During this period, researchers gave the book different orientations according to various research directions and theories. Due to the introduction of
Western anthropology, folklore/ etc., many scholars regarded the book as a synthesis of various disciplines, using it as a reference for analysis and
654:
Ancient
Chinese scholars also called it an encyclopedia of geographical knowledge and a strange work with the most myths that records ancient China's "history, philosophy, mythology, religion, medicine, folklore, and ethnicity", reflecting a wide range of cultural phenomena and also involving
255:
831:
The book describes and reveals ancient
Chinese religious consciousness and ideas. For example, from the descriptions of various strange mountains and rocks, mysterious creatures, and immortal supernatural beings, scholars discover the characteristics, beliefs and attribution of
817:
records approximately 110–140 kinds of drugs with medicinal values. It provides evidence for the similarities and differences between ancient and modern diseases, the statistical quantity of animal and plant medicine materials, and the research on plants for both food and
1628:
798:
The book records the migration, evolution, and extinction of more than 400 ancient
Chinese animals. It describes animals' dynamics and living habits (including their sounds, characteristics, and attributes) for future generations' research and
1498:
1474:
1426:
1378:
1354:
1229:
1306:
1176:
1548:
1523:
1450:
1402:
1330:
1281:
1253:
1205:
1691:
Mathieu, Remi. 1983. "Etude sur la mythologie et l'ethnologie de la Chine
Ancienne." Vol I, "Traduction annotee du Shanhai Jing." Vol. II, "Index du Shanhai jing." Paris: College de France, Institut des hautes etudes
763:
It includes information about ancient lakes, swamps, wetlands, deserts, mountains, and rivers; mineral distribution, plant distribution (recording climate changes), animal distribution, ethnic tribe communication and
613:, animals, and geological features. Many descriptions are very mundane, and an equal number are fanciful or strange. Each chapter follows roughly the same formula, and the whole book is repetitious in this way.
724:
Through this period, the book was regarded as a fictional work. Due to people's increasing cognition of the world and the prevalence of novels in the Ming dynasty and Qing dynasty, the credibility of the
821:
While introducing the names, forms, origins, and functions of various drugs, the book puts forward a large number of ancient disease names, so that these ancient disease names can be preserved.
551:. This theory originated from Liu Shipei, who in his research on "A Study of Zou Yan's Theory on the Plurality of Literature in the Western Han Dynasty" inferred that, according to records in
651:, but apparently assumed it was accurate. In fact, the information in the book is mythological. It is not known why it was written or how it came to be viewed as an accurate geography book.
628:. The account of him is in the last chapter, chapter 18, in the 2nd to last paragraph (roughly verse 40). This account is a much more fanciful account than the depiction of him in the
709:
During this period, the contents of the book were considered authentic and reliable. All the mountains, rivers, strange objects and creatures recorded in the book are credible.
306:
and a compilation of mythic geography and beasts. Early versions of the text may have existed since the 4th century BCE, but the present form was not reached until the early
369:'s "Records of the Grand Historian - Biography of Dawan". The author of the book was first clearly identified in "The table of the Classic Mountains and Seas" written by
476:. Many people also believe that the book was written by the descendants according to a map, which is the text description of the map named "Mountains and Seas".
845:
The mythological creatures first described in
Shanhaijing appear in many historical and modern stories and art based on Chinese mythology; for examples, the
527:
further proposed that different sections of the book were written separately by different authors. He claimed that the "Mountains
Classic" was written by
2323:
792:
781:
It leaves a reliable textual basis for the mythical world and expresses the cosmology of the ancient
Chinese people in the form of metaphors.
1782:
2262:
1681:
Fracasso, Riccardo. 1996. "Libro dei monti e dei mari (Shanhai jing): Cosmografia e mitologia nella Cina Antica." Venice: Marsilio.
760:
period. It provides future generations with information on the ecological environment and human activities thousands of years ago.
2401:
678:
2078:
413:
1128:
1092:
1065:
1038:
36:
2269:
593:
The book is not a narrative, as the "plot" involves detailed descriptions of locations in the cardinal directions of the
1055:
1871:
937:
920:
916:
900:
390:
2290:
1711:
1686:
1657:
1649:
1617:
1206:"A Review of Discussions on Shan Hai Jing's Writers and the Process of Finishing the Book in the 20th Century - CNKI"
1160:
1632:
221:
1810:
2355:
2348:
2234:
1775:
2391:
2316:
1729:
1587:
954:
505:
167:
59:
2283:
285:
75:
810:
610:
468:
and others have acknowledged that it is a book written during the classical era, but it is not written by
2396:
2018:
523:
On the basis of summarizing the research achievements of the previous dynasties scholars, Bi Yuan of the
1866:
1830:
1768:
2369:
2341:
2121:
1845:
547:
Moving to the 20th century, some scholars put forward that the author of the book was Zou Yan in the
488:
2241:
1754:
266:
2362:
2255:
1947:
1825:
342:, the debate about the author(s) of the book has been going on for more than two thousand years.
577:
In addition, some scholars also believe that the author of the book is written by a disciple of
411:
in their works, and was modified by later generations in the process of spreading. In Zhao Ye's
2177:
2151:
2002:
1805:
1120:
674:
to be "the only surviving work that preserves the most ancient
Chinese mythological materials".
1082:
2146:
1850:
1028:
582:
548:
496:
1499:"Achievements of Traditional Chinese Medicine in The Classic of Mountains and Rivers - CNKI"
1177:"A Brief Review on the Myths of Yao and Shun: Centering on the Classic Shan Hai Jing - CNKI"
2406:
303:
1307:"A Study of the Graphic Relations of the Shanhaijing under the Intertextual Theory - CNKI"
964:– titular figure of the lost treatise on demonology which has similarities to some of the
82:
66:
8:
2411:
2276:
2131:
374:
327:
1749:
1645:
240:
2297:
2126:
2111:
977:
908:
A Chinese
Bestiary: Strange Creatures from the Guideways Through the Mountains and Seas
630:
511:
203:
195:
50:
503:
that the book was by "a curious man in the Warring States period", based on the books
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1815:
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1707:
1682:
1653:
1613:
1583:
1156:
1124:
1088:
1061:
1034:
981:
833:
775:
658:
Contemporary academia has three main different arguments for the nature of the book:
617:
404:
370:
319:
151:
143:
1704:
A Chinese Bestiary: Strange Creatures from the Guideways Through Mountains and Seas.
984:– a 4th-century work containing "apocryphal" versions of some of the stories in the
535:, the "Overseas Classic" and "Inside Seas Classic" were written by people from the
2063:
2058:
1964:
1152:
616:
It contains many short myths, and most rarely exceed a paragraph. A famous ancient
108:
2073:
1876:
1676:
1577:
532:
473:
449:
434:
408:
386:
355:
262:
2227:
1952:
1937:
1891:
1820:
1663:
129:
2385:
2220:
2141:
2106:
1984:
1957:
1642:
Is Shan Hai Jing The Original Catalog Of Psychophysiological Human Structure?
688:
A majority of contemporary scholars believe it is primarily a geography book.
655:"geography, astronomy, meteorology, medicine, animals, plants, minerals ..."
495:
Hu Yinglin believed that the book was written by a curious person during the
756:
systematically and comprehensively records the geographical overview of the
2136:
2096:
1942:
1932:
1648:(in Russian). Vol. VII. Philosophy and Human Problem. St. Petersburg:
1646:
First Russian Philosophical Convention. Human Being – Philosophy – Humanism
1610:"Shan Hai Jing" and "I Ching" - Map of Human Psychophysiological Structure?
1606:"Шань Хай Цзин" и "И Цзин" - Карта Психофизиологической Структуры Человека?
1549:"On the Religious Feature of the Sutra of the Mountains and the Sea - CNKI"
850:
718:
714:
703:
621:
528:
524:
492:
469:
445:
441:
430:
382:
351:
233:
115:
46:
2172:
2052:
2048:
1896:
1637:Шань Хай Цзин - Своеобразный Каталог Психо-Физической Структуры Человека?
1331:"Classification and Cultural Significance of "Shan Hai Jing" Myth - CNKI"
858:
757:
729:
gradually decreased. More people started to believe in the Novel Theory.
699:
553:
539:, and the "Great Farmland Classic" was produced when Liu Xiu revised it.
536:
394:
315:
307:
444:
raised doubts about the authenticity of assigning the book's authors as
2043:
1996:
1906:
663:
625:
400:
293:
2309:
2206:
1974:
1743:
972:
366:
339:
229:
160:
1760:
322:. The book is divided into eighteen sections; it describes over 550
1979:
1886:
648:
323:
181:
2213:
2033:
1881:
1739:
1735:
1009:
862:
667:
479:
929:
Fantastic Creatures of the Mountains and Seas: A Chinese Classic
569:, which supports the idea that the book was written by Zou Yan.
248:
2301:
2182:
2116:
2068:
2028:
2023:
1911:
1901:
1724:
1087:(illustrated ed.). Harvard University Press. p. 202.
1026:
961:
484:
457:
418:
254:
1582:. Translated by Anne Birrell (illustrated ed.). Penguin.
429:,' all of them supported the idea that the book's authors are
2156:
2038:
2007:
1969:
1916:
1840:
866:
846:
840:
311:
677:
The Novel Theory represented by Li Jianguo. Some agree with
462:
Annotations on Chu Ci: Dialectical Differentiation of Chu Ci
2101:
2013:
1991:
1835:
578:
200:
186:
172:
1114:
931:
by Jiankun Sun, Siyu Chen, Howard Goldblatt (Hardcover)
913:
June 17, 2002 (Hardcover); November 4, 2008 (Paperback)
1475:"An Analysis of Animal Images in Shan Hai Jing - CNKI"
1027:
Jonathan H. Ping; Brett McCormick (14 December 2015).
1084:
China's Cosmopolitan Empire: the Tang dynasty, Vol. 4
148:
134:
120:
518:
563:Records of the Grand Historian: Biography of Dawan
2324:Notes of the Thatched Abode of Close Observations
1080:
2383:
1020:
793:list of supernatural beings in Chinese folklore
1626:
480:A curious man during the Warring States period
1776:
1697:The Legendary Creatures of the Shan hai ching
774:The book records seven categories of ancient
647:Earlier Chinese scholars referred to it as a
80:
64:
1060:. State University of New York. p. 64.
1783:
1769:
1146:
1047:
841:Notable Mythological Beasts in Shanhaijing
35:
1750:The Original Text (in Simplified Chinese)
314:geographical and cultural account of pre-
41:Scrollable pages from volume five of the
1627:Fedoruk, V. V.; Davydov, A. N. (1998) .
1115:Leo Bagrow, R. & A. Skelton (2009).
624:, who spent years trying to control the
350:
253:
239:
220:
1603:
1575:
872:
679:Complete Library of the Four Treasuries
16:Chinese classic and compilation of myth
2384:
1142:
1140:
414:Spring and Autumn Annals of Wu and Yue
345:
202:
150:
1790:
1764:
1652:Publishing House. pp. 355, 488.
1275:
1273:
1053:
733:From the Late Qing dynasty to present
423:Preface of Classic Mountains and Seas
1200:
1198:
1196:
741:
692:
2270:Strange Tales from a Chinese Studio
1137:
13:
1872:Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors
1569:
1323:
1270:
1246:
642:
609:. The descriptions are usually of
14:
2423:
2291:What the Master Would Not Discuss
1717:
1650:Saint Petersburg State University
1579:The Classic of Mountains and Seas
1521:
1279:
1193:
892:The Classic of Mountains and Seas
501:Shaoshi Mountain Room Pen Cluster
466:Shaoshi Mountain Room Pen Cluster
318:China as well as a collection of
1723:
1706:University of California Press.
1662:. B4231.R6751997. Archived from
519:Combination of different authors
2356:The Cowherd and the Weaver Girl
2349:Dong Yong and the Seventh Fairy
1604:Davydov, Andrey (July 2013) .
1541:
1515:
1491:
1467:
1443:
1419:
1395:
1371:
1347:
1299:
581:, named Sui Chaozi, during the
201:
187:
173:
94:"Classic of Mountains and Seas"
2402:Locations in Chinese mythology
2317:Records of the Grand Historian
1427:"上古文化的百科全书——奇幻诡谲的《山海经》 - CNKI"
1222:
1169:
1108:
1074:
1057:The Flood Myths of Early China
1002:
955:Chinese mythological geography
857:("thoroughly odd", one of the
670:. Some academies consider the
506:Tale of King Mu, Son of Heaven
407:also identified the author as
289:
228:illustration of a nine-headed
149:
135:
121:
81:
65:
1:
2284:In Search of the Supernatural
2200:Classic of Mountains and Seas
995:
986:Classic of Mountains and Seas
876:
815:Classic of Mountains and Seas
754:Classic of Mountains and Seas
727:Classic of Mountains and Seas
683:Classic of Mountains and Seas
672:Classic of Mountains and Seas
572:
567:Classic of Mountains and Seas
499:. Hu Yinglin recorded in his
427:The Yan Family's instructions
379:Classic of Mountains and Seas
363:Classic of Mountains and Seas
333:
275:Classic of Mountains and Seas
259:Classic of Mountains and Seas
245:Classic of Mountains and Seas
226:Classic of Mountains and Seas
43:Classic of Mountains and Seas
25:Classic of Mountains and Seas
1030:China's Strategic Priorities
894:by Anne Birrell (Paperback)
811:Traditional Chinese medicine
768:
746:
440:However, scholars after the
377:. Liu Xiu believed that the
361:The earliest records of the
7:
1702:Strassberg, Richard. 2002.
1699:. Hwa Kang. ASIN B0007AP1OI
1695:Schiffeler, John Wm. 1978.
1576:Birrell, Anne, ed. (1999).
1054:Lewis, Mark Edward (2006).
1033:. Routledge. pp. 40–.
948:
825:
803:
685:, defining it as a "novel".
588:
403:and Zhao Ye in the Eastern
10:
2428:
1081:Mark Edward Lewis (2009).
785:
620:from this book is that of
561:was a combined version of
559:Biographic of the Great Yu
542:
2370:Mulian Rescues His Mother
2342:Legend of the White Snake
2333:
2191:
2165:
2089:
1925:
1859:
1798:
1631:; B. G. Sokolova (eds.).
1230:"伯益始秦与其著《山海经》之说申论 - CNKI"
885:
882:
879:
681:'s classification of the
637:
215:
194:
180:
166:
159:
142:
128:
114:
107:
102:
98:
90:
74:
58:
34:
30:
23:
2242:The Peach Blossom Spring
1636:
1605:
1355:"谈谈《山海经》的历史和社会价值 - CNKI"
267:Queen Mother of the West
60:Traditional Chinese
2363:The Magic Lotus Lantern
2256:Investiture of the Gods
1451:"探析《山海经》神话的主题精神 - CNKI"
1403:"《山海经》与原始宗教信仰初探 - CNKI"
76:Simplified Chinese
2178:Peaches of Immortality
2003:Chinese guardian lions
1926:Mythological creatures
1524:"试述《山海经》的医药学成就 - CNKI"
1282:"《山海经》的作者及著作时代 - CNKI"
1149:Chinese popular prints
1121:Transaction Publishers
1117:History of cartography
910:by Richard Strassberg
666:Theory represented by
269:
251:
237:
2392:Chinese classic texts
2263:The Sorcerer's Revolt
1851:Chinese folk religion
1666:on September 24, 2014
1254:"《山海经》作者应为巴蜀人 - CNKI"
583:Warring States period
549:Warring States period
497:Warring States period
491:and the scholar from
257:
243:
224:
1811:Godly world concepts
1732:at Wikimedia Commons
1612:] (in Russian).
1379:"《山海经》性质定位研究 - CNKI"
1014:Chinese Text Project
873:English translations
865:(heavenly dog), the
454:Zhizhai Bibliography
304:Chinese classic text
2277:Journey to the West
1147:Lust, John (1996).
791:The book records a
603:Regions Within Seas
599:Regions Beyond Seas
425:, and Yan Zhitui's
375:Western Han dynasty
346:Definite references
265:, companion of the
2397:Chinese literature
2298:Heavenly Questions
2112:Gate of the Ghosts
1867:Gods and immortals
1831:Gods and immortals
1634:U-M Library Search
631:Classic of History
487:from the Southern
310:. It is largely a
270:
252:
238:
2379:
2378:
2249:The Four Journeys
1792:Chinese mythology
1728:Media related to
1629:L. A. Verbitskaya
1130:978-1-4128-1154-5
1094:978-0-674-03306-1
1067:978-0-7914-6663-6
1040:978-1-134-59229-6
943:
942:
883:Publication Date
834:Chinese shamanism
776:Chinese mythology
742:Field achievement
693:Historical nature
452:. Chen Zhensun's
320:Chinese mythology
219:
218:
211:
210:
168:Yale Romanization
109:Standard Mandarin
51:woodblock printed
2419:
2334:Other folk tales
2064:Nine-headed Bird
2059:Peng (mythology)
1965:Four Holy Beasts
1860:Major personages
1785:
1778:
1771:
1762:
1761:
1757:, ChinaKnowledge
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1153:Brill Publishers
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897:January 1, 2001
877:
738:summarizations.
365:can be found in
291:
278:, also known as
261:illustration of
247:illustration of
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2187:
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2127:Kunlun Mountain
2085:
2074:Nine-tailed fox
1921:
1877:Eight Immortals
1855:
1799:Overview topics
1794:
1789:
1755:Shanhaijing 山海經
1720:
1669:
1667:
1660:
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1607:
1594:
1592:
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1572:
1570:Further reading
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1289:
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1247:
1238:
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1228:
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1214:
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1204:
1203:
1194:
1185:
1183:
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1174:
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1163:
1155:. p. 301.
1145:
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1123:. p. 204.
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1021:
1010:"Shan Hai Jing"
1008:
1007:
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992:
951:
945:
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843:
828:
806:
788:
771:
749:
744:
695:
645:
643:Literary nature
640:
591:
575:
545:
521:
482:
464:, Hu Yinglin's
381:was written by
359:
348:
336:
263:Nine-tailed Fox
91:Literal meaning
54:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2238:
2231:
2228:Shenxian Zhuan
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2217:
2210:
2203:
2195:
2193:
2192:Literary works
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2188:
2186:
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2053:Four Evildoers
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1933:Four Symbols
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1664:the original
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116:Hanyu Pinyin
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2407:Flood myths
2235:Shenyi Jing
2049:Four Perils
1948:White Tiger
1897:Yan Emperor
1740:Traditional
1100:February 8,
966:Shanhaijing
859:Four Perils
758:Qin dynasty
700:Han dynasty
557:, the book
537:Qin dynasty
405:Han dynasty
395:Xia dynasty
308:Han dynasty
2412:Bestiaries
2386:Categories
2152:Weak River
2044:Fox spirit
1744:Simplified
1692:Chinoises.
1589:0140447199
1558:2023-04-30
1534:2023-04-30
1530:(6): 36–38
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1288:(1): 78–82
1263:2023-04-28
1239:2023-04-28
1215:2023-04-28
1186:2023-04-28
996:References
764:migration.
607:Wilderness
573:Sui Chaozi
401:Wang Chong
334:Authorship
130:Wade–Giles
2310:Huainanzi
2207:Shi Yi Ji
2147:Red River
1997:Huli jing
1975:Fenghuang
1816:Astrology
973:Shi Yi Ji
818:medicine.
769:Mythology
747:Geography
611:medicines
595:Mountains
367:Sima Qian
340:Sima Qian
324:mountains
294:romanized
232:(colored
1980:Yinglong
1887:Shennong
1595:24 April
982:Wang Jia
949:See also
847:Ba snake
826:Religion
804:Medicine
799:studies.
649:bestiary
589:Overview
565:and the
512:Tian Wen
328:channels
326:and 300
312:fabulous
236:edition)
182:Jyutping
2214:Bowuzhi
2142:Penglai
2132:Longmen
2080:more...
2034:Wuzhiqi
2010:(Bixie)
1907:Chang'e
1882:Youchao
1821:Dragons
1677:Alt URL
1644:].
869:, etc.
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861:), the
855:qiongqi
786:Zoology
668:Yuan Ke
543:Zou Yan
393:around
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296:as the
286:Chinese
230:phoenix
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2183:Xirang
2117:Fusang
2097:Buzhou
2090:Places
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2029:Xiezhi
2024:Hundun
2019:Horses
1912:Hou Yi
1902:Chiyou
1846:Ghosts
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880:Title
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813:, the
638:Nature
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605:, and
485:Zhu Xi
458:Zhu Xi
419:Guo Pu
338:Since
288::
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2157:Youdu
2039:Yeren
2008:Pixiu
1970:Qilin
1917:Kuafu
1841:Pangu
1640:[
1608:[
1528:中医药学报
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886:ISBN
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713:From
698:From
2102:Diyu
2014:Nian
1992:Bixi
1836:Tian
1708:ISBN
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1672:2014
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1597:2014
1584:ISBN
1157:ISBN
1125:ISBN
1102:2012
1089:ISBN
1062:ISBN
1035:ISBN
809:For
752:The
664:Myth
662:The
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554:Mozi
533:Boyi
531:and
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448:and
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272:The
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45:, a
978:拾遺记
717:to
702:to
460:'s
421:'s
316:Qin
290:山海经
196:IPA
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67:山海經
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