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1278:, president emeritus of Plan Bordeaux hoped to reduce production, improve quality, and sell more wine in the United States. However, two years after the beginning of the program, Mr Delpeuch resigned, "citing the failure of the French government to address properly the wine crisis in Bordeaux." Delpeuch told journalists assembled at the Bordeaux Press Club "I refuse to countenance this continual putting off of decisions which can only end in failure." "Delpeuch said he was shocked and disappointed by the failure of his efforts—and by the lack of co-operation from winemakers and
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761:. Dry white wines are made throughout the region, using the regional appellation Bordeaux Blanc, often from 100% Sauvignon blanc or a blend dominated by Sauvignon blanc and Sémillon. The Bordeaux Blanc AOC is used for wines made in appellations that only allow red wines. Dry whites from Graves are the most well-known and it is the only subregion with a classification for dry white wines. The better versions tend to have a significant oak influence. In 2007, 7.8% of the region's vineyard surface was used for wines in this family.
727:. Eight appellations are in the hilly outskirts of the region, and produce wines where the blend usually is dominated by Merlot. These wines tend to be intermediate between basic red Bordeaux and the more famous appellations of the left and right bank in both style and quality. However, since none of Bordeaux's stellar names are situated in Côtes de Bordeaux, prices tend to be moderate. There is no official classification in Côtes de Bordeaux. In 2007, 14.7% of the region's vineyard surface was used for wines in this family.
1294:
618:; wine from different grape varieties is mixed together, depending on the vintage conditions, so as to produce a wine in the château's preferred style. In addition to mixing wine from different grape varieties, wine from different parts of the vineyard is often aged separately, and then blended into either the main or the second wine (or sold off wholesale) according to the judgment of the winemaker. The wine is then bottled and usually undergoes a further period of ageing before it is released for sale.
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721:. For the past 10 years, there has been strong, ongoing investment by the winemakers in both the vineyards and in the cellar, resulting in ever increasing quality. New reforms for the regional appellations were instituted in 2008 by the Bordeaux and Bordeaux Supérieur Winemakers' Association. In 2010, 55% of all Bordeaux wines sold in the world were from Bordeaux and Bordeaux Supérieur AOCs, with 67% sold in France and 33% exported (+9%), representing 14 bottles consumed per second.
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755:. North and south of the city of Bordeaux, which are the classic areas, produce wines dominated by Cabernet Sauvignon, but often with a significant portion of Merlot. These wines are concentrated, tannic, long-lived and most of them meant to be cellared before drinking. The five First Growths are situated here. There are official classifications for both Médoc and Graves. In 2007, 17.1% of the region's vineyard surface was used for wines in this family.
771:, which also has an official classification, and where some of the world's most famous sweet wines are produced. There are also appellations neighbouring Sauternes, on both sides of the Garonne river, where similar wines are made. These include Loupiac, Cadillac, and Sainte Croix du Mont. The regional appellation for sweet white wines is Bordeaux Supérieur Blanc. In 2007, 3.2% of the region's vineyard surface was used for wines in this family.
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713:. With the majority of châteaux located on the Right Bank in the Entre-Deux-Mers area, wines are typically Merlot-dominant, often blended with the other classic Bordeaux varieties. There are many small, family-run châteaux, as well as wines blended and sold by wine merchants under commercial brand names. The Bordeaux AOC wines tend to be fruity, with minimal influence of
1632:) to wines of yellowish or light red color, as distinguished alike from 'red wine' and 'white wine'; the contrast with the former ceased about 1600, and it was then used for red wines generally . Now applied to the red wines imported from Bordeaux, generally mixed with Benicarlo or some full-bodied French wine.
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In 2004, exports to the U.S. plummeted 59% in value over the previous year. Sales in
Britain dropped 33% in value during the same period. The UK, a major market, now imports more wine from Australia than from France. Amongst the possible causes for this economic crisis are that many consumers tend to
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and transferred to barriques (in most cases) for a period of ageing (commonly a year). The traditional
Bordeaux barrique is a 225-litre oak barrel. At some point between pressing and bottling the wine is blended. This is an integral part of the Bordeaux wine making process, as scarcely any Bordeaux
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Classification, which began as an unofficial classification, but came to enjoy official status and was last updated in 2003. However, after various legal turns, the classification was annulled in 2007. As of 2007, plans exist to revive it as an unofficial classification. 78 producers took legal
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The red grapes in the
Bordeaux vineyard are Merlot (62% by area), Cabernet Sauvignon (25%), Cabernet Franc (12%) and a small amount of Petit Verdot, Malbec and Carménère (1% in total). The white grapes are Sémillon (54% by area), Sauvignon blanc (36%), Muscadelle (7%) and a small amount of Ugni
536:
In the late 1960s Sémillon was the most planted grape in
Bordeaux. Since then it has been in constant decline although it still is the most common of Bordeaux's white grapes. Sauvignon blanc's popularity on the other hand has been rising, overtaking Ugni blanc as the second most planted white
1477:
The Romans first intensively sponsored viticulture in Gaul in their province of
Narbonensis, and it is unlikely to have extended beyond this Mediterranean-Rhône region until the first-century CE. Vines were first recorded in Bordeaux in the first century
544:
Association to identify wines made in this way. Although most
Meritage wines come from California, there are members of the Meritage Association in 18 states and five other countries, including Argentina, Australia, Canada, Israel, and Mexico.
278:
The major reason for the success of winemaking in the
Bordeaux region is the excellent environment for growing vines. The geological foundation of the region is limestone, leading to a soil structure that is heavy in calcium. The
501:. Typical blends are 80% Sémillon and 20% Sauvignon blanc. As with the reds, white Bordeaux wines are usually blends, most commonly of Sémillon and a smaller proportion of Sauvignon blanc. Other permitted grape varieties are
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as are permitted in
Bordeaux. The French themselves do not use the term, except for export purposes. The meaning of "claret" has changed and now refers to a dry, dark-red Bordeaux. It has remained a term associated with the
1017:
for that appellation to appear on the label. The appellation is a key indicator of the type of wine in the bottle. With the image example, Pauillac wines are always red, and usually
Cabernet Sauvignon is the dominant grape
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Classification was recognized by the
European Union in June 1994 and published on January 11, 2006. The classification is to be revised every 10 years. The initial list of 44 Cru Artisans was extended to 50 in 2012; see
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As the largest appellation producing fine wines, and the strong foundation of the pyramid of Bordeaux wines, Bordeaux AOC & Bordeaux Supérieur AOC today account for 55% of all Bordeaux wines consumed in the world.
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and consequently appears on bottles of generic red Bordeaux to raise their status in the market. In November 2011 the president of the Union des Maisons de Négoce de Bordeaux announced an intention to use the term
709:. Bordeaux winemakers may use the two regional appellations throughout the entire wine region; however, approximately half of the Bordeaux vineyard is specifically designated under Bordeaux and Bordeaux Supérieur
767:. In several locations and appellations throughout the region, sweet white wine is made from Sémillon, Sauvignon blanc and Muscadelle grapes affected by noble rot. The best-known of these appellations is
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action against the 2003 classification. In September 2010 a new list of Crus Bourgeois was unveiled as a recognition of quality, with a yearly reappraisal. It is no longer a recognized classification.
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association, designed to reduce France's wine production in order to improve profitability for the remaining producers. Part of the plan was to uproot 17,000 hectares of the 124,000 hectares of
717:, and are produced in a style meant to be drunk young. Bordeaux Superieur AOC wines are produced in the same area, but must follow stricter controls, such as lower yields, and are often aged in
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to some of the world's most expensive and prestigious wines. The vast majority of wine produced in Bordeaux is red (sometimes called "claret" in Britain), with sweet white wines (most notably
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for wines that are "light and fruity, easy to drink, in the same style as the original claret when it was prized by the English in former centuries". "Claret" is also sometimes used as a
455:. Typical top-quality Châteaux blends are 70% Cabernet Sauvignon, 15% Cabernet Franc and 15% Merlot. This is typically referred to as the "Bordeaux blend". Merlot tends to predominate in
188:
outbreak between France and England in 1337. By the end of the conflict in 1453 France had repossessed the province, thus taking control of wine production in the region. As part of the
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As a broad generalisation, Cabernet Sauvignon (Bordeaux's second-most planted grape variety) dominates the blend in red wines produced in the Médoc and the rest of the left bank of the
702:. The 60 Bordeaux appellations and the wine styles they represent are usually categorized into six main families, four red based on the subregions and two white based on sweetness:
36:
Map of the Bordeaux regions with most of its appellations shown. The rivers Garonne and Dordogne, and the Gironde estuary are important in defining the various parts of the region.
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Following harvest, the grapes are usually sorted and destemmed before crushing. Crushing was traditionally done by foot, but mechanical crushing is now almost universally used.
585:. In the past, this was counteracted by the widespread use of pesticides, although the use of natural methods has recently been gaining in popularity. The vines are generally
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and other economic problems have increased the salience of the winemakers' association, whose members are facing increasing costs and decreasing demand for their product.
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Market reports released in February 2009 showed that the market had increased in buying power by 128% while the prices had been lowered for the very best Bordeaux wines.
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1225:. Because of the combination of longevity, fairly large production, and an established reputation, Bordeaux wines tend to be the most common wines at wine auctions.
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and the other right bank appellations. These Right Bank blends from top -quality Châteaux are typically 70% Merlot, 15% Cabernet Franc and 15% Cabernet Sauvignon.
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themselves—to achieve anything concrete in terms of reforms to the Bordeaux wine industry over the last 24 months." The future of Plan Bordeaux is uncertain.
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Syndicate des Vins de Bordeaux et Bordeaux Supérieur is an organization representing the economic interests of 6,700 wine producers in Bordeaux, France. The
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Bordeaux, being one of the few to still retain Carménère vines. As of July 2019, Bordeaux wineries authorized the use of four new red grapes to combat
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in either single or double guyot. Hand-picking is preferred by most of the prestigious châteaux, but machine-harvesting is popular in other places.
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In the 13th century, Bordeaux became the main port for exporting wine to England, and its position has never faltered in the subsequent 800 years .
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stone, and clay. The region's best vineyards are located on the well-drained gravel soils that are frequently found near the Gironde river. An old
196:
ended the military alliance between France and Scotland. Even when the by then Protestant kingdoms of England and Scotland, both ruled by the same
847:. This came to be known as the Bordeaux Wine Official Classification of 1855, which ranked the wines into five categories according to price. The
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blanc, Colombard and Folle blanche (3% in total). Because of the generally humid Bordeaux climate, a variety of pests can cause a problem for the
145:, probably in the mid-1st century CE, to provide wine for local consumption, and wine production has been continuous in the region since then.
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department, with a total vineyard area of 110,800 hectares, is the second largest wine-growing area in France behind the Languedoc-Rousillon .
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driven wines that reflect the place they are from, often from grapes collected from a single vineyard. The soil of Bordeaux is composed of
192:, the French granted Scottish merchants a privileged position in the trade of claret. This position continued largely unchanged after the
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in Bordeaux. The wine industry in Bordeaux has been experiencing economic problems in the face of strong international competition from
322:, French for "between two seas", the area between the rivers Dordogne and Garonne, both of which are tidal, in the center of the region.
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341:, the area downstream of the city Bordeaux, situated on a peninsula between Gironde and the Atlantic at the Left Bank of the Gironde.
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961:, are often considered as being equivalent to the first growths of the 1855 classification, and often sell for even higher prices.
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749:. Saint-Émilion has an official classification. In 2007, 10.5% of the region's vineyard surface was used for wines in this family.
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for a period to refer to all red wine rather than to the claret style specifically. The export of Bordeaux was interrupted by the
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303:, for the region. Bordeaux lies at the center of the confluence of the Dordogne and Garonne Rivers, which flow into the Gironde.
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prefer wine labels that state the variety of grape used, and often find the required French AOC labels difficult to understand.
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Bordeaux grape in the late 1980s and now being grown in an area more than half the size of that of the lower yielding Sémillon.
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in Bordeaux is the best estates can "see the river" from their vineyards. The majority of land facing riverward is occupied by
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During the 12th century, the popularity of Bordeaux wines in England increased dramatically following the marriage in 1152 of
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Wineries all over the world aspire to making wines in a Bordeaux style. In 1988, a group of American vintners formed The
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1147:, describing a red Bordeaux wine, accepted after the British wine trade demonstrated over 300 years' usage of the term.
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lands included the Bordeaux region. Henry Plantagenet became King Henry II of England in 1154, and within his so-called
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red wines (four from Médoc and one, Château Haut-Brion, from Graves), are among the most expensive wines in the world.
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in Bordeaux, though only for those wines designated as Bordeaux or Bordeaux Supérior. These newly approved grapes are
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Many of the top Bordeaux wines are primarily sold by receiving the related payment in advance, the so-called selling
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to "claret" as a result of its widespread consumption in England during the period in the 12th–15th centuries that
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The vast majority of Bordeaux wine is red, with red wine production outnumbering white wine production six to one.
737:, 10 appellations produce wines dominated by Merlot with very little Cabernet Sauvignon, the two most famous being
219:
so it could be planted with vines, and this gradually surpassed Graves as the most prestigious region of Bordeaux.
310:"The right bank", situated on the right bank of Dordogne, in the northern parts of the region, around the city of
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At the same time, the sweet white wines of Sauternes and Barsac were classified into three categories, with only
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234:; this classification remains widely used today. From 1875 to 1892 almost all Bordeaux vineyards were ruined by
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325:"The left bank", situated on the left bank of Garonne, in the west and south of the region, around the city of
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212:, but the French navy escorted them safely to the port of Bordeaux to protect them from Huguenot privateers.
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525:. Recently permitted by Bordeaux wineries, three new white grapes have been added. These grapes are
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Bordeaux established a monopoly in the production, sale and distribution of wine to Great Britain.
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Average vintages produce over 700 million bottles of wine, ranging from large quantities of daily
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Map of the French provinces (including Bordeaux) assimilated by the Plantagenet-Aquitaine union
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There are four different classifications of Bordeaux, covering different parts of the region:
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106:) collectively making up the remainder. Bordeaux wine is made by more than 5,660 producers or
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Bordeaux & Bordeaux Supérieur Press Kit, 2011, CIVB Economie et Etudes Nov 16, 2010.
801:, covering (with one exception) red wines of Médoc, and sweet wines of Sauternes-Barsac.
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Conseil interprofessional du vin de Bordeaux (CIVB), (French) Retrieved 4 March 2023.
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Bordeaux developed a long-lived export market for its wine in England. At this time,
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then takes place, usually in temperature controlled stainless steel vats. Next the
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was the dominant grape here, until the early 19th century, when it was replaced by
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In 1955, St. Émilion AOC were classified into three categories, the highest being
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Wine war: Savvy New World marketers are devastating the French wine industry
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Angevin Dynasties of Europe 900-1500: Lords of the Greater Part of the World
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904:, in the appellation Pauillac, promoted from second to first growth in 1973.
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Red Bordeaux is generally made from a blend of grapes. Permitted grapes are
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plays a pivotal role in wine production with the top estates aiming to make
27:
Wine produced in the Bordeaux region of France best vinyage year of last 100
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1195:. In Britain and Australia, "claret" has also been a slang term for blood.
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This can be in reference to the 1855 Bordeaux classification or one of the
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840:
745:. These wines often have great fruit concentration, softer tannins and are
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In the seventeenth century, Dutch traders drained the swampy ground of the
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White Bordeaux is predominantly, and exclusively in the case of the sweet
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102:), dry whites, and (in much smaller quantities) rosé and sparkling wines (
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label for red wine in the style of the Bordeaux, ideally from the same
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1786:"New Grapes Approved for Bordeaux | Wine-Searcher News & Features"
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These rivers define the main geographical subdivisions of the region:
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2015:(3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 175–177, 212–216.
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1458:. Oakland, California: University of California Press. p. 17.
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in England, though the anglicized term "claret" came to be used by
68:
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839:
The 1855 classification system was made at the request of Emperor
338:
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3182:
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2786:
2761:
2688:
2424:
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Phillips, Rod (7 April 2020) . "From the beginnings to 1000 CE".
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and continued to be controlled by Kings of England for some time
1115:
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laws dictate that all grapes must be harvested from a particular
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349:
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209:
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72:
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1732:(revised ed.). London: Mitchell Beazley. pp. 36–74.
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Claret, English silver bottle ticket, by Sandylands Drinkwater
934:
In the 2012 classification, two more Châteaux became members:
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259:
208:, Scots trading vessels were not only permitted to enter the
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the land and provide an Atlantic Climate, also known as an
2086:
Sanderson, B (15 May 2007). "A Master Class in Cabernet".
2258:"President of Bordeaux Wine Board resigns in frustration"
2230:"Wine-makers destroy vines in lip service to glut crisis"
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1805:
1729:
The Complete Bordeaux: The Wines The Châteaux The People
238:
infestations. The region's wine industry was rescued by
2362:
1909:"The 60 Appellations – Saint-Emilion, Pomerol, Fronsac"
1252:
Plan Bordeaux was an initiative introduced in 2005 by
808:, which is updated approximately once every ten years.
200:
king by this point, were trying to militarily aid the
2006:
2004:
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1664:
1662:
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1499:(7th ed.). Mitchell Beazley. pp. 13, 81.
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815:, initially classified in 1953 and revised in 1959.
2001:
1810:. United Kingdom: Time Warner Books. p. 129.
1659:
1611:
1495:Johnson, Hugh; Robinson, Jancis (8 October 2013).
1389:
1387:
1232:Syndicat des AOC de Bordeaux et Bordeaux Supérieur
1021:Whether or not the wine is bottled at the château
329:itself. The left bank is further subdivided into:
2199:"Lettre ouverte aux régions viticoles françaises"
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1867:
1865:
1610:
204:rebels in their fight against Catholic France in
4012:
2010:
1806:Clarke, Oz; Rand, Margaret (30 September 2001).
2115:(3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. 2014.
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1486:
1384:
1169:is occasionally used in the United States as a
1123:, which was the most common wine exported from
949:There is no official classification applied to
141:was introduced into the Bordeaux region by the
2255:
2201:[Open letter to French wine regions].
2038:"Cru Bourgeois classification officially over"
1862:
1753:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1670:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
3540:
3427:
3141:
2378:
2320:– The official website of France (in English)
2264:. William Reed Publishing Ltd. Archived from
2101:
2099:
2097:
1799:
1050:"Claret" redirects here. For other uses, see
912:being classified as a superior first growth.
799:Bordeaux Wine Official Classification of 1855
789:Bordeaux Wine Official Classification of 1855
548:
2085:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1483:
1023:(Image example: Mis en Bouteille au Château)
2227:
2057:"Cru Bourgeois to rise again with new name"
1714:
1513:
806:1955 Official Classification of St.-Émilion
3547:
3533:
3434:
3420:
3148:
3134:
2385:
2371:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2094:
1689:
1580:. Ramsbury, Wiltshire: The Crowood Press.
1268:and declining wine consumption in France.
1045:
601:is permitted, and is fairly common-place.
242:native vines onto pest-resistant American
1884:"The 60 Appellations – Côtes de Bordeaux"
1824:
1675:. Workman Publishing. pp. 118, 120.
1645:
1371:"Wine Regions of FRANCE – Grape to Glass"
753:Red Graves and Médoc or "Left Bank" wines
335:, the area upstream of the city Bordeaux.
172:of Bordeaux, and the principal style was
2348:
2308:Vins de Bordeaux (CIVB) official website
2011:Robinson, Jancis, ed. (1 October 2006).
1934:"The 60 Appellations – Médoc and Graves"
1573:
1451:
1210:
1202:
1149:
1056:
968:
853:
667:
653:
639:
625:
563:
470:
434:effects of climate change on viticulture
385:
265:
253:
249:
123:
31:
3326:Clarification and stabilization of wine
2244:
1984:"The 60 Appellations – Dry white wines"
1959:"The 60 Appellations – Dry white wines"
1808:Grapes and Wines:Encyclopedia of Grapes
707:Red Bordeaux and Red Bordeaux Supérieur
424:. Today Carménère is rarely used, with
230:In 1855, the châteaux of Bordeaux were
14:
4013:
2334:Robert Parker's Bordeaux vintage chart
953:. However some Pomerol wines, notably
813:1959 Official Classification of Graves
778:
3528:
3415:
3129:
2366:
2347:
2284:Noble Rot: A Bordeaux Wine Revolution
2135:
2054:
2048:
2035:
2029:
1749:
1747:
1725:
1628:A name originally given (like French
1198:
1127:until the 18th century. The name was
686:is divided into subregions including
283:dominates the regions along with its
83:forming the broad estuary called the
2188:Ghatineh, Aarash, WineInvestment.org
1701:International Wine of the Month Club
1639:participating institution membership
1143:. It is a protected name within the
176:. This accounts for the ubiquity of
3554:
1560:from the original on 14 June 2017.
1191:to refer to the dark, purplish-red
731:Red Libourne, or "Right Bank" wines
24:
2289:Teichgraeber, Tim (June 8, 2006).
2276:
1766:from the original on 7 August 2019
1756:"New Grapes Approved for Bordeaux"
1744:
1726:Brook, Stephen (7 November 2012).
1671:MacNeil, Karen (20 October 2001).
1574:Anderson, Jeffrey (28 June 2019).
1539:from the original on 14 June 2017.
991:(Image example: Château L'Angelus)
25:
4042:
2410:Annual growth cycle of grapevines
2301:
2160:"Definition of claret in English"
2138:"Bordeaux reclaims 'claret' name"
997:(Image example: Grand Cru Classé)
3389:
3097:
2313:Vins de Bordeaux Classifications
1306:
1292:
1247:
1070:
631:Château Pichon-Longueville-Baron
75:. To the north of the city, the
3441:
2339:Enobytes Bordeaux vintage chart
2221:
2191:
2182:
2152:
2136:Anson, Jane (3 November 2011).
2129:
2079:
1976:
1951:
1926:
1901:
1876:
1778:
1604:
1011:Appellation d'origine contrôlée
845:Exposition Universelle de Paris
262:on the "right bank" of Bordeaux
3155:
2256:Kevany, Sophie (30 May 2006).
1754:Gray, W. Blake (2 July 2019).
1567:
1543:
1445:
1415:
1363:
1349:
1105:) is a name primarily used in
1008:(Image example: Saint-Émilion)
621:
553:
274:on the "left bank" of Bordeaux
13:
1:
3352:Glossary of viticulture terms
1342:
964:
889:, in the appellation Pauillac
592:
3357:Glossary of winemaking terms
2164:Lexico (Oxford Dictionaries)
2055:Anson, Jane (27 July 2007).
2036:Anson, Jane (10 July 2007).
2013:The Oxford Companion to Wine
1395:"Synopsis of Bordeaux wines"
1140:
995:The estate's classification
7:
2228:Bell, Susan (6 June 2006).
2205:(in French). Archived from
1285:
1174:
347:In Bordeaux the concept of
10:
4047:
3277:Yeast assimilable nitrogen
1049:
917:Premier Grand Cru Classé A
782:
557:
549:Viticulture and winemaking
131:
119:
3962:
3941:
3915:
3724:
3613:
3562:
3449:
3385:
3367:History of the wine press
3334:
3318:
3290:
3257:Sparkling wine production
3242:
3224:
3191:
3163:
3091:
3030:
2992:
2887:
2864:
2747:
2634:
2622:
2515:
2443:
2400:
2360:
2291:"Bordeaux for less dough"
1619:Oxford English Dictionary
902:Château Mouton Rothschild
869:Château Lafite Rothschild
466:
376:
3362:Wine tasting descriptors
3083:Wine tasting descriptors
3012:Phenolic content in wine
2904:Alternative wine closure
2488:Great French Wine Blight
2392:
2109:Oxford Companion to Wine
1332:Judgment of Paris (wine)
1113:derives from the French
134:History of Bordeaux wine
3252:Malolactic fermentation
2295:San Francisco Chronicle
1988:Vins de Bordeaux (CIVB)
1963:Vins de Bordeaux (CIVB)
1938:Vins de Bordeaux (CIVB)
1913:Vins de Bordeaux (CIVB)
1888:Vins de Bordeaux (CIVB)
1849:Vins de Bordeaux (CIVB)
1624:Oxford University Press
1551:"Vins de Bordeaux (US)"
1530:"Vins de Bordeaux (US)"
1497:The World Atlas of Wine
1402:Vins de Bordeaux (CIVB)
1193:colour of Bordeaux wine
1109:for red Bordeaux wine.
1052:Claret (disambiguation)
989:The name of the estate
864:The first growths are:
571:grapes being sorted at
381:
4026:Wine regions of France
3747:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1995:(read on May 28, 2010)
1970:(read on May 28, 2010)
1945:(read on May 28, 2010)
1920:(read on May 28, 2010)
1895:(read on May 28, 2010)
1856:(read on May 28, 2010)
1455:French Wine: A History
1404:. 2009. Archived from
1216:
1208:
1163:
1062:
978:
861:
679:
665:
651:
637:
575:
560:Winemaking in Bordeaux
482:
397:
275:
263:
129:
56:
48:
37:
3053:Wine and food pairing
2318:The wines of Bordeaux
1845:"The 60 Appellations"
1697:"French Wine Regions"
1423:"Bordeaux In Figures"
1337:Claret cup (beverage)
1214:
1206:
1158:"California Claret",
1153:
1060:
1034:(Image example: 1978)
972:
895:, in the appellation
880:, in the appellation
871:, in the appellation
857:
785:Bordeaux wine regions
733:. Around the city of
725:Red Côtes de Bordeaux
671:
657:
643:
629:
567:
474:
389:
295:rivers, and together
269:
257:
250:Climate and geography
127:
67:, around the city of
59:) is produced in the
35:
3489:Languedoc-Roussillon
2704:Muscat of Alexandria
1160:Delacroix, Louisiana
1040:(not shown on image)
929:Château Cheval Blanc
659:Château Cheval Blanc
154:Eleanor of Aquitaine
3282:Yeast in winemaking
3234:Carbonic maceration
2324:Bordeaux Wine Guide
2286:. NY: Norton, 2004.
2282:Echikson, William.
1655:. 9 September 2014.
1622:(Online ed.).
1180:English upper class
985:generally include:
779:Wine classification
426:Château Clerc Milon
194:Treaty of Edinburgh
104:Crémant de Bordeaux
3272:Traditional method
3073:Wine personalities
2777:Cabernet Sauvignon
1276:Christian Delpeuch
1217:
1215:Bordeaux dry white
1209:
1199:Commercial aspects
1185:claret de Bordeaux
1164:
1154:One gallon jug of
1141:after the Angevins
1119:, now a rare dark
1063:
1025:or assembled by a
979:
919:with two members:
893:Château Haut-Brion
862:
680:
666:
652:
638:
576:
483:
402:Cabernet Sauvignon
398:
391:Cabernet Sauvignon
371:classified estates
276:
264:
225:Cabernet Sauvignon
186:Hundred Years' War
168:was the principal
130:
116:of Bordeaux wine.
38:
4008:
4007:
3522:
3521:
3514:South West France
3409:
3408:
3403:
3402:
3173:Late harvest wine
3123:
3122:
2860:
2859:
2757:Alicante Bouschet
2505:Judgment of Paris
2262:Wine & Spirit
1997:on 30 April 2009.
1972:on 30 April 2009.
1947:on 30 April 2009.
1922:on 30 April 2009.
1897:on 30 April 2009.
1858:on 30 April 2009.
1637:(Subscription or
1207:Bordeaux red wine
975:Château l'Angélus
765:Sweet white wines
533:, and Liliorila.
448:, and Arinarnoa.
150:Henry Plantagenet
16:(Redirected from
4038:
3549:
3542:
3535:
3526:
3525:
3436:
3429:
3422:
3413:
3412:
3394:
3393:
3150:
3143:
3136:
3127:
3126:
3102:
3101:
3017:Proteins in wine
2684:Grüner Veltliner
2632:
2631:
2387:
2380:
2373:
2364:
2363:
2345:
2344:
2270:
2269:
2268:on 18 June 2006.
2253:
2242:
2241:
2236:. Archived from
2225:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2209:on 26 March 2006
2195:
2189:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2166:. Archived from
2156:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2114:
2103:
2092:
2091:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2063:. Archived from
2052:
2046:
2045:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2008:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1990:. Archived from
1980:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1965:. Archived from
1955:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1940:. Archived from
1930:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1915:. Archived from
1905:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1890:. Archived from
1880:
1874:
1871:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1851:. Archived from
1841:
1822:
1821:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1751:
1742:
1741:
1723:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1668:
1657:
1656:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1634:
1615:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1596:
1594:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1555:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1534:
1526:
1511:
1510:
1492:
1481:
1480:
1474:
1472:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1433:on 18 April 2012
1429:. Archived from
1419:
1413:
1412:
1411:on 24 July 2011.
1410:
1399:
1391:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1367:
1361:
1353:
1316:
1311:
1310:
1309:
1302:
1297:
1296:
1135:was part of the
1101:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1038:Alcohol content
1006:The appellation
442:Touriga Nacional
182:English-speakers
21:
4046:
4045:
4041:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4036:
4035:
4011:
4010:
4009:
4004:
3958:
3937:
3911:
3837:North Macedonia
3720:
3609:
3558:
3556:Wine by country
3553:
3523:
3518:
3445:
3440:
3410:
3405:
3404:
3399:
3396:Wine portal
3388:
3381:
3372:History of wine
3330:
3314:
3286:
3238:
3220:
3201:Deacidification
3187:
3159:
3154:
3124:
3119:
3104:Wine portal
3096:
3087:
3026:
2988:
2893:
2883:
2856:
2743:
2724:Sauvignon blanc
2659:Cayetana blanca
2627:
2625:grape varieties
2618:
2511:
2439:
2396:
2391:
2356:
2304:
2279:
2277:Further reading
2274:
2273:
2254:
2245:
2240:on 27 May 2006.
2226:
2222:
2212:
2210:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2187:
2183:
2173:
2171:
2170:on 28 July 2019
2158:
2157:
2153:
2143:
2141:
2134:
2130:
2123:
2112:
2105:
2104:
2095:
2084:
2080:
2070:
2068:
2067:on 11 June 2008
2053:
2049:
2034:
2030:
2023:
2009:
2002:
1994:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1969:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1944:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1919:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1894:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1863:
1855:
1843:
1842:
1825:
1818:
1804:
1800:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1769:
1767:
1752:
1745:
1724:
1715:
1705:
1703:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1683:
1669:
1660:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1636:
1609:
1605:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1572:
1568:
1554:(Official site)
1553:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1533:(Official site)
1532:
1528:
1527:
1514:
1507:
1493:
1484:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1450:
1446:
1436:
1434:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1408:
1397:
1393:
1392:
1385:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1312:
1307:
1305:
1298:
1291:
1288:
1266:New World wines
1250:
1234:
1201:
1107:British English
1099:
1073:
1069:
1055:
1048:
967:
939:Château Angélus
910:Château d'Yquem
878:Château Margaux
859:Château Margaux
791:
783:Main articles:
781:
759:Dry white wines
645:Château d'Yquem
624:
595:
562:
556:
551:
495:Sauvignon blanc
469:
453:Gironde estuary
384:
379:
319:Entre-Deux-Mers
301:oceanic climate
281:Gironde estuary
252:
136:
122:
112:. There are 65
61:Bordeaux region
57:vin de Bordeaux
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4044:
4034:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4006:
4005:
4003:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3966:
3964:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3956:
3951:
3945:
3943:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3919:
3917:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3909:
3907:United Kingdom
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3767:Czech Republic
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3728:
3726:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3617:
3615:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3566:
3564:
3560:
3559:
3552:
3551:
3544:
3537:
3529:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3439:
3438:
3431:
3424:
3416:
3407:
3406:
3401:
3400:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3338:
3336:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3328:
3322:
3320:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3296:
3294:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3262:Sugars in wine
3259:
3254:
3248:
3246:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3236:
3230:
3228:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3218:
3213:
3211:Chaptalization
3208:
3203:
3197:
3195:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3169:
3167:
3161:
3160:
3153:
3152:
3145:
3138:
3130:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3038:Classification
3034:
3032:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3024:
3022:Sugars in wine
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2998:
2996:
2994:Wine chemistry
2990:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2969:Wine dispenser
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2900:
2898:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2876:
2870:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2772:Cabernet Franc
2769:
2764:
2759:
2753:
2751:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2741:
2739:Welschriesling
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2694:Müller-Thurgau
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2640:
2638:
2629:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2546:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2519:
2517:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2497:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2480:
2479:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2461:Ancient Greece
2458:
2449:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2406:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2390:
2389:
2382:
2375:
2367:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2342:
2341:
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73:Garonne River
70:
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63:of southwest
62:
58:
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50:
49:vin de Bordèu
46:
42:
41:Bordeaux wine
34:
30:
19:
3595:South Africa
3494:Loire Valley
3463:
3387:
3244:Fermentation
3095:
3078:Wine tasting
2699:Muscat blanc
2669:Chenin blanc
2466:Ancient Rome
2294:
2283:
2266:the original
2261:
2238:the original
2234:The Scotsman
2233:
2223:
2211:. Retrieved
2207:the original
2202:
2193:
2184:
2172:. Retrieved
2168:the original
2163:
2154:
2142:. Retrieved
2131:
2108:
2087:
2081:
2069:. Retrieved
2065:the original
2060:
2050:
2041:
2031:
2012:
1992:the original
1987:
1978:
1967:the original
1962:
1953:
1942:the original
1937:
1928:
1917:the original
1912:
1903:
1892:the original
1887:
1878:
1853:the original
1848:
1807:
1801:
1789:. Retrieved
1780:
1768:. Retrieved
1759:
1728:
1704:. Retrieved
1700:
1691:
1672:
1647:
1629:
1627:
1617:
1606:
1598:
1591:. Retrieved
1576:
1569:
1561:
1545:
1496:
1476:
1469:. Retrieved
1454:
1447:
1435:. Retrieved
1431:the original
1427:New Bordeaux
1426:
1417:
1406:the original
1401:
1374:. Retrieved
1365:
1355:
1351:
1274:
1270:
1251:
1242:
1235:
1227:
1220:
1218:
1184:
1171:semi-generic
1166:
1165:
1114:
1110:
1065:
1064:
1039:
1033:
1032:The vintage
1022:
1007:
996:
990:
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948:
933:
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849:first growth
841:Napoleon III
838:
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764:
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724:
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681:
603:Fermentation
596:
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539:
535:
515:Merlot blanc
489:, made from
484:
450:
430:fifth growth
414:Petit Verdot
399:
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317:
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177:
147:
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114:appellations
107:
93:
40:
39:
29:
3954:New Zealand
3897:Switzerland
3842:Netherlands
3691:Philippines
3443:French wine
3347:Wine bottle
3319:Other steps
3310:Wine cellar
3267:Süssreserve
2959:Wine cellar
2949:Wine bottle
2890:accessories
2888:Packaging,
2847:Tempranillo
2476:Noah's wine
2456:Phoenicians
2402:Viticulture
2106:"Clairet".
1630:vin clairet
1300:Wine portal
1189:colour name
1015:appellation
983:wine labels
833:Cru artisan
828:Cru artisan
684:wine region
622:Wine styles
554:Viticulture
285:tributaries
206:La Rochelle
170:wine region
139:Viticulture
4015:Categories
3867:San Marino
3832:Montenegro
3817:Luxembourg
3671:Kazakhstan
3631:Azerbaijan
3459:Beaujolais
3226:Maceration
3216:Wine press
3206:Destemming
3157:Winemaking
3063:Wine fraud
3058:Wine fault
3043:Oenophilia
2979:Wine label
2974:Wine glass
2939:Port tongs
2837:Sangiovese
2832:Pinot noir
2792:Douce noir
2719:Rkatsiteli
2664:Chardonnay
2654:Catarratto
2628:by acreage
2602:Biodynamic
2565:Aromatized
2354:winemaking
2203:Vitisphere
2144:23 October
2140:. Decanter
1738:B00E8V3G76
1641:required.)
1593:3 November
1471:21 October
1343:References
1327:Garagistes
1280:négociants
1222:en primeur
1129:anglicised
965:Wine label
747:long-lived
614:wines are
593:Winemaking
507:Ugni blanc
499:Muscadelle
478:grapes in
393:grapes in
236:phylloxera
232:classified
96:table wine
79:joins the
3970:Argentina
3949:Australia
3686:Palestine
3474:Champagne
3178:Noble rot
3068:Winemaker
3048:Sommelier
2984:Wine rack
2964:Wine cork
2954:Wine cave
2944:Screw cap
2914:Corkscrew
2879:New World
2874:Old World
2852:Zinfandel
2827:Mourvèdre
2734:Trebbiano
2674:Colombard
2575:Noble rot
2555:Fortified
2533:Sparkling
2500:New World
2113:(Clairet)
2071:4 January
1262:vineyards
1238:wine lake
1133:Aquitaine
1027:Négociant
981:Bordeaux
769:Sauternes
649:Sauternes
616:varietals
527:Alvarinho
511:Colombard
487:Sauternes
422:Carménère
244:rootstock
158:Aquitaine
100:Sauternes
71:, on the
4031:Bordeaux
3990:Paraguay
3882:Slovenia
3877:Slovakia
3852:Portugal
3752:Bulgaria
3706:Thailand
3621:Abkhazia
3600:Tanzania
3580:Ethiopia
3499:Provence
3469:Burgundy
3464:Bordeaux
3193:Pressing
3115:Glossary
3031:Industry
2924:Jug wine
2919:Decanter
2909:Box wine
2807:Isabella
2802:Grenache
2782:Carignan
2729:Sémillon
2714:Riesling
2709:Palomino
2452:Ancient
2435:Vineyard
2430:Veraison
2415:Oenology
2213:26 March
2061:Decanter
2042:Decanter
1764:Archived
1613:"claret"
1558:Archived
1556:. 2016.
1537:Archived
1535:. 2016.
1286:See also
1258:vintners
1125:Bordeaux
1018:variety.
873:Pauillac
843:for the
735:Libourne
635:Pauillac
582:vigneron
542:Meritage
491:Sémillon
476:Sémillon
438:Marselan
327:Bordeaux
312:Libourne
297:irrigate
293:Dordogne
291:and the
272:Pauillac
240:grafting
202:Huguenot
156:, whose
109:châteaux
69:Bordeaux
4000:Uruguay
3975:Bolivia
3942:Oceania
3902:Ukraine
3857:Romania
3827:Moldova
3802:Ireland
3797:Hungary
3787:Germany
3782:Georgia
3772:Denmark
3757:Croatia
3742:Belgium
3737:Austria
3732:Albania
3716:Vietnam
3676:Lebanon
3626:Armenia
3605:Tunisia
3590:Namibia
3585:Morocco
3570:Algeria
3479:Corsica
3377:Terroir
3335:Related
3183:Vintage
3165:Harvest
3110:Outline
2934:Muselet
2896:storage
2787:Cinsaut
2762:Barbera
2689:Macabeo
2649:Aligoté
2607:Organic
2597:Natural
2550:Dessert
2495:Georgia
2445:History
2425:Terroir
2420:Species
2174:28 July
1791:23 June
1770:20 July
1706:28 June
1437:20 July
1376:10 June
1254:ONIVINS
1116:clairet
951:Pomerol
882:Margaux
743:Pomerol
692:Pomerol
677:Pomerol
611:pressed
587:trained
461:Pomerol
446:Castets
355:terroir
350:terroir
289:Garonne
210:Gironde
174:clairet
120:History
89:Gironde
85:Gironde
81:Garonne
45:Occitan
3980:Brazil
3928:Mexico
3923:Canada
3892:Sweden
3872:Serbia
3862:Russia
3847:Poland
3792:Greece
3777:France
3762:Cyprus
3725:Europe
3711:Turkey
3701:Taiwan
3666:Jordan
3656:Israel
3636:Bhutan
3563:Africa
3454:Alsace
3342:Winery
3305:Solera
2929:Kvevri
2817:Merlot
2812:Malbec
2612:Kosher
2588:Other
2543:Orange
2516:Styles
2483:France
2119:
2019:
1814:
1736:
1679:
1584:
1503:
1462:
1175:grapes
1167:Claret
1162:, 1941
1111:Claret
1066:Claret
700:Graves
698:, and
569:Merlot
523:Mauzac
519:Ondenc
480:Barsac
467:Whites
418:Malbec
410:Merlot
377:Grapes
359:gravel
333:Graves
287:, the
221:Malbec
198:Stuart
178:claret
166:Graves
143:Romans
87:; the
65:France
53:French
18:Claret
3985:Chile
3887:Spain
3822:Malta
3807:Italy
3696:Syria
3681:Nepal
3661:Japan
3646:India
3641:China
3575:Egypt
3509:Savoy
3504:Rhône
3292:Aging
2842:Syrah
2797:Gamay
2767:Bobal
2679:Glera
2644:Airén
2636:White
2592:Table
2580:Straw
2570:Fruit
2528:White
2471:China
2350:Wines
1653:"BBC"
1635:
1409:(PDF)
1398:(PDF)
1156:Gallo
1100:KLARR
696:Médoc
395:Médoc
367:adage
363:sandy
339:Médoc
260:Blaye
217:Médoc
3995:Peru
3651:Iran
3614:Asia
3484:Jura
2894:and
2623:Top
2538:Rosé
2394:Wine
2352:and
2215:2006
2176:2019
2146:2012
2117:ISBN
2073:2008
2017:ISBN
1812:ISBN
1793:2021
1772:2019
1734:ASIN
1708:2018
1677:ISBN
1595:2022
1582:ISBN
1501:ISBN
1473:2022
1460:ISBN
1439:2012
1378:2024
1121:rosé
977:1978
957:and
826:The
818:The
811:The
804:The
797:The
787:and
741:and
711:AOCs
607:must
521:and
497:and
428:, a
420:and
382:Reds
152:and
3300:Oak
2749:Red
2560:Ice
2523:Red
1478:CE.
1102:-it
719:oak
715:oak
675:in
661:in
647:in
633:in
609:is
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