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was manually operated by a hand-crank, as opposed to Edison's electrically powered camera, which was not readily portable. Furthermore, while only one person at a time could use Edison's kinetoscope for viewing through an eyepiece-- an early model of a
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houses in both Europe and the United States. While vaudeville is typically associated with the working and middle classes, the machine also found its way into more sophisticated venues, where it appealed to the artistic tastes of high society.
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to concentrate the light onto the film frame and to absorb heat. The flask also acted as a safety feature, as the light would no longer focus on the flammable film if the glass were to break due to overheating or accident.
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produced a sharper projected image than had been seen before due to its design, in which a kind of fork held frames behind the lens in place using the perforations in the sides of the film strip.
183:, which did not have a projector. The Lumières endeavored to correct the flaws they perceived in the kinetograph and the kinetoscope, to develop a machine with both sharper images and better
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became a popular attraction for people all over the world. The Lumière brothers took their machine to China and India and it was enjoyed by people of all classes and social standings. The
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A technological history of motion pictures and television: an anthology from the pages of the
Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers
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132:. Each of these early films was 17 meters long (approximately 56 feet), which, when hand cranked through a projector, ran approximately 50 seconds.
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for "writing in movement." Due to a lack of money, Bouly could not develop his ideas properly and maintain his patent fees, so the
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Cinéma des premiers temps: nouvelles contributions françaises par Michel Marié, Thierry
Lefebvre, in collection Théorème (1996)
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in Paris, which was organised by the Lumière brothers. This presentation featured ten short films, including a new version of
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was presented. Nonetheless, this has often been incorrectly attributed to the first Lumière show on 28 December 1895 at
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Cinematograph, Louis Lumière. "1936 the Lumière
Cinematograph." SMPTE Journal 105, no. 10 (October 1, 1996): 608–611.
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weighed only 16 lb (7.3 kg), which allowed for ease of transportation and placement. As well, the
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Gomery, Professor
Douglas, and Clara Pafort-Overduin. Movie History: A Survey. Taylor & Francis, 2011.
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were free to adopt the name. In 1895, they applied it to a device that was mostly their own invention.
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could project an image onto a screen so a large audience of people could view images simultaneously.
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In 1897, the Lumières further added to their invention by using a glass flask of water as the
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is an early term for several types of motion picture film mechanisms. The name was used for
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films happened on 20 May 1895 at 156 Broadway, New York City, when the "
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Motion picture film camera which also serves as a projector and printer
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on
February 12, 1892. Bouly coined the term "cinematograph," from the
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Louis Lumière and his brother
Auguste worked together to create a
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Ang, Tom. 2019. Photography: History, Art, Technique, 2005–2019.
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108:), that same year. The first commercial, public screening of
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A device by this name was invented and patented as the "
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