Lighting - Knowledge

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not wanted. Well-designed lighting sends light only where it is needed without scattering it elsewhere. Poorly designed lighting can also compromise safety. For example, glare creates safety issues around buildings by causing very sharp shadows, temporarily blinding passersby making them vulnerable to would-be assailants. The negative ecological effects of artificial light have been increasingly well documented. The World Health Organization in 2007 issued a report that noted the effects of bright light on flora and fauna, sea turtle hatchlings, frogs during mating season and the migratory patterns of birds. The American Medical Association in 2012 issued a warning that extended exposure to light at night increases the risk of some cancers. Two studies in Israel from 2008 have yielded some additional findings about a possible correlation between artificial light at night and certain cancers.

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unobstructed view of the building area being scanned. Doors, partitions, stairways, etc. will block motion detection and reduce its effectiveness. The best applications for passive infrared occupancy sensors are open spaces with a clear view of the area being scanned. Ultrasonic sensors transmit sound above the range of human hearing and monitor the time it takes for the sound waves to return. A break in the pattern caused by any motion in the area triggers the control. Ultrasonic sensors can see around obstructions and are best for areas with cabinets and shelving, restrooms, and open areas requiring 360-degree coverage. Some occupancy sensors utilize both passive infrared and ultrasonic technology, but are usually more expensive. They can be used to control one lamp, one fixture or many fixtures.

961: 1769:) is a UK-based trade organisation representing the 500+ individual and corporate members drawn from the technical services sector. Its members include manufacturers and distributors of stage and entertainment lighting, sound, rigging and similar products and services, and affiliated professionals in the area. They lobby for and represent the interests of the industry at various levels, interacting with government and regulating bodies and presenting the case for the entertainment industry. Example subjects of this representation include the ongoing review of radio frequencies (which may or may not affect the radio bands in which wireless microphones and other devices use) and engaging with the issues surrounding the introduction of the RoHS ( 1071: 56: 232: 1222: 80: 68: 1543:

specific words, and the taste of two juices–all under different lighting conditions. In their study, they found that both positive and negative human emotions are felt more intensely in bright light. Professor Xu stated, "we found that on sunny days depression-prone people actually become more depressed." They also found that dim light makes people make more rational decisions and settle negotiations easier. In the dark, emotions are slightly suppressed. However, emotions are intensified in the bright light.

644: 45: 692: 1684: 350:) of the lamp. An incandescent bulb has a color temperature around 2800 to 3000 kelvins; daylight is around 6400 kelvins. Lower color temperature lamps have relatively more energy in the yellow and red part of the visible spectrum, while high color temperatures correspond to lamps with more of a blue-white appearance. For critical inspection or color matching tasks, or for retail displays of food and clothing, the color temperature of the lamps will be selected for the best overall lighting effect. 875:. This unit only quantifies the visible radiation, and excludes invisible infrared and ultraviolet light. A wax candle produces on the close order of 13 lumens, a 60 watt incandescent lamp makes around 700 lumens, and a 15-watt compact fluorescent lamp produces about 800 lumens, but actual output varies by specific design. Rating and marketing emphasis is shifting away from wattage and towards lumen output, to give the purchaser a directly applicable basis upon which to select a lamp. 1531:

negative evaluative comments in nurses' notes, and took fewer potent analgesics than 23 matched patients in similar rooms with windows facing a brick wall. This study suggests that due to the nature of the scenery and daylight exposure was indeed healthier for patients as opposed to those exposed to little light from the brick wall. In addition to increased work performance, proper usage of windows and daylighting crosses the boundaries between pure aesthetics and overall health.

3947: 7124: 6083: 1617: 1079: 1010: 7134: 6498: 755: 3935: 1087: 1213:(UGR), the Visual Comfort Probability, and the Daylight Glare Index are some of the most well-known methods of measurement. In addition to these new methods, four main factors influence the degree of discomfort glare; the luminance of the glare source, the solid angle of the glare source, the background luminance, and the position of the glare source in the field of view must all be taken into account. 717: 365: 491: 1581:

longer — up to 50,000 hours. The downside when they were first popularized was the initial cost. By 2018, production costs dropped, performance increased, and energy consumption was reduced. While the initially cost of LEDs is still higher than incandescent lamps, the savings are so dramatic that there are very few instances that LEDs are not the most economical choice.

1744:, publishes guidelines, standards, and handbooks that allow categorization of the illumination needs of different built environments. Manufacturers of lighting equipment publish photometric data for their products, which defines the distribution of light released by a specific luminaire. This data is typically expressed in standardized form defined by the IESNA. 469:

on computer displays and other dark glossy surfaces. It gives a more uniform presentation of the light output in operation. However indirect lighting is completely reliant upon the reflectance value of the surface. While indirect lighting can create a diffused and shadow free light effect it can be regarded as an uneconomical lighting principle.

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thus, artificial light at night has a negative impact of the metabolism of diurnal organisms. Moreover, the body temperature of diurnal animals fall during the night but the presence of artificial light at night, then causes an increase in body temperature which affects the melatonin levels of the animal.

1751:(IALD) is an organization which focuses on the advancement of lighting design education and the recognition of independent professional lighting designers. Those fully independent designers who meet the requirements for professional membership in the association typically append the abbreviation IALD to their name. 1432:

patients in hospitals as well as work and school performance. Due to a lack of information that indicate the likely energy savings, daylighting schemes are not yet popular among most buildings. Unlike electric lighting, the distribution of daylight varies considerably throughout the entire year inside a building.

683:, steps in the aisles are usually marked with a row of small lights for convenience and safety, when the film has started and the other lights are off. Traditionally made up of small low wattage, low-voltage lamps in a track or translucent tube, these are rapidly being replaced with LED based versions. 989:

In some instances, the materials used on walls and furniture play a key role in the lighting effect. For example, dark paint tends to absorb light, making the room appear smaller and more dim than it is, whereas light paint does the opposite. Other reflective surfaces also have an effect on lighting

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Lighting design as it applies to the built environment is known as 'architectural lighting design'. Lighting of structures considers aesthetic elements as well as practical considerations of quantity of light required, occupants of the structure, energy efficiency, and cost. Artificial lighting takes

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and emit light to the rear so as to reveal the vehicle's direction of travel to following drivers. White rear-facing reversing lamps indicate that the vehicle's transmission has been placed in the reverse gear, warning anyone behind the vehicle that it is moving backwards, or about to do so. Flashing

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is most common, with fixtures on or recessed in the ceiling casting light downward. This tends to be the most used method, used in both offices and homes. Although it is easy to design, it has dramatic problems with glare and excess energy consumption due to large number of fittings. The introduction

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Artificial light at night refers to any light source other than a natural light source. Sources of artificial light include LEDS and fluorescents. This particular light source has effect on the reproduction, immune function, metabolism, thermoregulation and body temperature of organisms that need

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is a growing problem in reaction to excess light being given off by numerous signs, houses, and buildings. Polluting light is often wasted light involving unnecessary energy costs and carbon dioxide emissions. Light pollution is described as artificial light that is excessive or intrudes where it is

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Daylighting is the oldest method of interior lighting. Daylighting is simply designing a space to use as much natural light as possible. This decreases energy consumption and costs, and requires less heating and cooling from the building. Daylighting has also been proven to have positive effects on

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systems have been developed to further reduce energy consumption. These technologies are helpful, but they do have their downfalls. Many times, rapid and frequent switching of the lights on and off can occur, particularly during unstable weather conditions or when daylight levels are changing around

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For example, in order to meet the expectations for good color rendering in retail applications, research suggests using the well-established CRI along with another metric called gamut area index (GAI). GAI represents the relative separation of object colors illuminated by a light source; the greater

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Lighting illuminates the performers and artists in a live theatre, dance, or musical performance, and is selected and arranged to create dramatic effects. Stage lighting uses general illumination technology in devices configured for easy adjustment of their output characteristics. The setup of stage

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is less common, often used to bounce indirect light off the ceiling and back down. It is commonly used in lighting applications that require minimal glare and uniform general illuminance levels. Uplighting (indirect) uses a diffuse surface to reflect light in a space and can minimize disabling glare

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The public a general feeling that street lights have a deterrent effect on street crimes. This effect is somewhat substantiated by research conducted by LEAA and by the fact that various communities which have installed improved street lighting in certain areas have reported reductions in the rate

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Firstly, most organisms metabolism largely depends on light. In some instances the presence of intense light starts up or increases enzyme activity inside the body of an animal. For diurnal organisms, high rate of metabolism takes place during the day and reduces or comes to a stop during the night

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which is a disposal hazard. Due to the ability to reduce electricity consumption, many organizations encouraged the adoption of CFLs. Some electric utilities and local governments subsidized CFLs or provided them free to customers as a means of reducing electricity demand. For a given light output,

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In order to specifically measure the amount of light entering the eye, personal circadian light meter called the Daysimeter has been developed. This is the first device created to accurately measure and characterize light (intensity, spectrum, timing, and duration) entering the eye that affects the

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Motion picture and television production use many of the same tools and methods of stage lighting. Especially in the early days of these industries, very high light levels were required and heat produced by lighting equipment presented substantial challenges. Modern cameras require less light, and

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LED lamps provide significant energy savings over incandescent and fluorescent lamps. According to the Energy Saving Trust, LED lamps use only 10% power compared to a standard incandescent bulb, where compact fluorescent lamps use 20% and energy saving halogen lamps 70%. The lifetime is also much

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Furthermore, for organisms such as birds, their sex organs are activated in relation to light intensity in certain periods during the summer at day time to aid reproduction. These sex organs are deactivated during the night but the presence of artificial light during the night sometimes disrupts

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Analysis of lighting quality particularly emphasizes use of natural lighting, but also considers spectral content if artificial light is to be used. Not only will greater reliance on natural light reduce energy consumption, but will favorably impact human health and performance. New studies have

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Occupancy sensors to allow operation for whenever someone is within the area being scanned can control lighting. When motion can no longer be detected, the lights shut off. Passive infrared sensors react to changes in heat, such as the pattern created by a moving person. The control must have an

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Scattered light from outdoor illumination may have effects on the environment and human health. For instance, one study conducted by the American Medical Association warned on the use of high blue content white LEDs in street lighting, due to their higher impact on human health and environment,

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is generally concerned with the amount of useful light falling on a surface and the amount of light emerging from a lamp or other source, along with the colors that can be rendered by this light. The human eye responds differently to light from different parts of the visible spectrum, therefore

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in the 1840s, allowing brighter light to be produced at substantially lower cost. In the 1850s, the price of whale oil dramatically increased (more than doubling from 1848 to 1856) due to shortages of available whales, hastening whale oil's decline. By 1860, there were 33 kerosene plants in the

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A study conducted in 1972 and 1981, documented by Robert Ulrich, surveyed 23 surgical patients assigned to rooms looking out on a natural scene. The study concluded that patients assigned to rooms with windows allowing much natural light had shorter postoperative hospital stays, received fewer

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conducted a series of studies analyzing the correlation between lighting and human emotion. The researchers asked participants to rate a number of things such as: the spiciness of chicken-wing sauce, the aggressiveness of a fictional character, how attractive someone was, their feelings about

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The National Council on Qualifications for the Lighting Professions (NCQLP) offers the Lighting Certification Examination which tests rudimentary lighting design principles. Individuals who pass this exam become "Lighting Certified" and may append the abbreviation LC to their name. This

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The small, head-mounted device measures an individual's daily rest and activity patterns, as well as exposure to short-wavelength light that stimulates the circadian system. The device measures activity and light together at regular time intervals and electronically stores and logs its

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the switching illuminance. Not only does this disturb occupants, it can also reduce lamp life. A variation of this technology is the 'differential switching or dead-band' photoelectric control which has multiple illuminances it switches from so as not to disturb occupants as much.

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might be chosen for a work environment involving meeting rooms and conferences, whereas a level of 80 lux could be selected for building hallways. If the hallway standard simply emulates the conference room needs, then much more energy will be consumed than is needed.

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is an uplight intended for ambient lighting. It is typically a floor lamp but may be wall-mounted like a sconce. Further interior light fixtures include chandeliers, pendant lights, ceiling fans with lights, close-to-ceiling or flush lights, and various types of lamps

597:. It has regained some popularity recently in low-voltage tracks, which often look nothing like their predecessors because they do not have the safety issues that line-voltage systems have, and are therefore less bulky and more ornamental in themselves. A master 807:

lights placed in the front of the vehicle, designed to illuminate the upcoming road and to make the vehicle more visible. Many manufactures are turning to LED headlights as an energy-efficient alternative to traditional headlamps. Tail and brake lights are

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feeds all of the fixtures on the track or rod with 12 or 24 volts, instead of each light fixture having its own line-to-low voltage transformer. There are traditional spots and floods, as well as other small hanging fixtures. A modified version of this is

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below fluorescent lights, and is considered general lighting. Other forms include neon, which is not usually intended to illuminate anything else, but to actually be an artwork in itself. This would probably fall under accent lighting, though in a dark

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may help relieve symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. The human circadian system is entrained to a 24-hour light-dark pattern that mimics the earth's natural light/dark pattern. When those patterns are disrupted, they disrupt the natural circadian cycle.

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to incorporate the right types of light at the right time of day for the right duration may improve student performance and well-being. Similarly, designing lighting systems that maximize the right amount of light at the appropriate time of day

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in place of using artificial lighting, which represents a major component of energy consumption in buildings. Proper lighting can enhance task performance, improve the appearance of an area, or have positive psychological effects on occupants.

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Lighting control systems reduce energy usage and cost by helping to provide light only when and where it is needed. Lighting control systems typically incorporate the use of time schedules, occupancy control, and photocell control (i.e.

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certification process is one of three national (U.S.) examinations (the others are CLEP and CLMC) in the lighting industry and is open not only to designers, but to lighting equipment manufacturers, electric utility employees, etc.

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to produce the desired effects. A set of lighting cues are prepared so that the lighting operator can control the lights in step with the performance; complex theatre lighting systems use computer control of lighting instruments.

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Specification of illumination requirements is the basic concept of deciding how much illumination is required for a given task. Clearly, much less light is required to illuminate a hallway compared to that needed for a

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lighting is tailored for each scene of each production. Dimmers, colored filters, reflectors, lenses, motorized or manually aimed lamps, and different kinds of flood and spot lights are among the tools used by a stage

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However, these two metrics, developed in the last century, are facing increased challenges and criticisms as new types of light sources, particularly light-emitting diodes (LEDs), become more prevalent in the market.

1758:(PLDA), formerly known as ELDA is an organisation focusing on the promotion of the profession of Architectural Lighting Design. They publish a monthly newsletter and organise different events throughout the world. 1259:

the GAI, the greater the apparent saturation or vividness of the object colors. As a result, light sources which balance both CRI and GAI are generally preferred over ones that have only high CRI or only high GAI.

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calculations. For simple installations, hand calculations based on tabular data are used to provide an acceptable lighting design. More critical or complex designs now routinely use computer software such as

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either around or through an object is mainly for accent. Backlighting is used to illuminate a background or backdrop. This adds depth to an image or scene. Others use it to achieve a more dramatic effect.

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Ryckaert W, Lootens C, Geldof J, Hanselaer P. Criteria for energy efficient lighting in buildings. Energy & Buildings . March 2010;42(3):341-347. Available from: Academic Search Premier, Ipswich, MA.

575:. There are also downlights with internal reflectors designed to accept common 'A' lamps (light bulbs) which are generally less costly than reflector lamps. Downlights can be incandescent, fluorescent, 743:

can be used along roadways in urban areas, or behind homes or commercial facilities. These are extremely bright lights used to deter crime. Security lights may include floodlights and be activated with

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Kloog, Itai; Haim, Abraham; Stevens, Richard G.; Barchana, Micha; Portnov, Boris A. (2008). "Light at night co-distributes with incident breast but not lung cancer in the female population of Israel".

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for instance is a measure of the density of luminous intensity in a given direction. It describes the amount of light that passes through or is emitted from a particular area, and falls within a given

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Newsham G, Brand J, Donnelly C, Veitch J, Aries M, Charles K. Linking indoor environment conditions to job satisfaction: a field study. Building Research & Information . March 2009;37(2):129-147.

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Typical measurements of light have used a Dosimeter. Dosimeters measure an individual's or an object's exposure to something in the environment, such as light dosimeters and ultraviolet dosimeters.

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are used to light roadways and walkways at night. Some manufacturers are designing LED and photovoltaic luminaires to provide an energy-efficient alternative to traditional street light fixtures.

301:. Some are very plain and functional, while some are pieces of art in themselves. Nearly any material can be used, so long as it can tolerate the excess heat and is in keeping with safety codes. 1326:

Some big box stores were being built from 2006 on with numerous plastic bubble skylights, in many cases completely obviating the need for interior artificial lighting for many hours of the day.

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has greatly improved this by approx. 90% when compared to a halogen downlight or spotlight. LED lamps or bulbs are now available to retro fit in place of high energy consumption lamps.

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Front lighting is also quite common, but tends to make the subject look flat as its casts almost no visible shadows. Lighting from the side is the less common, as it tends to produce

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has eliminated the correspondence of wattage to the amount of light produced. For example, a 60 W incandescent light bulb produces about the same amount of light as a 13 W

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Visual comfort often entails the measurement of subjective evaluations. Several measurement methods have been developed to control glare resulting from indoor lighting design. The

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was economical enough to power street lights in major cities starting in the early 1800s, and was also used in some commercial buildings and in the homes of wealthy people. The

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can help reduce the power requested by individuals to the main power supply. Load shedding can be done on an individual level, at a building level, or even at a regional level.

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Local 829 (USA829), membership for lighting designers as a category, with scenic designers, projection designers, costume designers, and sound designers, in the United States

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can be used to illuminate work zones or outdoor playing fields during nighttime hours. The most common type of floodlights are metal halide and high pressure sodium lights.

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General lighting (sometimes referred to as ambient light) fills in between the two and is intended for general illumination of an area. Indoors, this would be a basic

2569: 593:, was popular at one period of time because it was much easier to install than recessed lighting, and individual fixtures are decorative and can be easily aimed at a 1568:

CFLs use between one fifth and one quarter the power of an equivalent incandescent lamp. Unlike incandescent lamps CFLs need a little time to warm up and reach full

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come in a wide variety of styles for various functions. The most important functions are as a holder for the light source, to provide directed light and to avoid

320:. A fixture using replaceable light sources can also have its efficiency quoted as the percentage of light passed from the "bulb" to the surroundings. The more 813:

turn signals on the front, side, and rear of the vehicle indicate an intended change of position or direction. In the late 1950s, some automakers began to use

2965: 2595: 2534: 1333:", plastic water-filled transparent drink bottles fitted through the roof, provide the equivalent of a 40- to 60-watt incandescent bulb each during daylight. 660: 2886:

ASSIST recommends: Recommendations for Specifying Color Properties of Light Sources for Retail Merchandising. 2010. Volume 8, Issue 2. Available online at:

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Entry lights can be used outside to illuminate and signal the entrance to a property. These lights are installed for safety, security, and for decoration.

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Hung-Liang, C; Yung-Hsin, H (2010). "Design and Implementation of Dimmable Electronic Ballast for Fluorescent Lamps Based on Power-Dependent Lamp Model".

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Lighting is classified by intended use as general, accent, or task lighting, depending largely on the distribution of the light produced by the fixture.

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Kim, W; Han, H; Kim, J (2009). "The position index of a glare source at the borderline between comfort and discomfort (BCD) in the whole visual field".

564:) is popular, with fixtures mounted into the ceiling structure so as to appear flush with it. These downlights can use narrow beam spotlights, or wider- 4029: 3002: 1486:

It is valuable to provide the correct light intensity and color spectrum for each task or environment. Otherwise, energy not only could be wasted but

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Claudio L. Switch On the Night. Environmental Health Perspectives . January 2009;117(1):A28-A31. Available from: Academic Search Premier, Ipswich, MA.

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Van Derlofske, J, JD Bullough, J Watkinson. 2005. Spectral Effects of LED Forward Lighting. TLA 2005-02. Lighting Research Center. Found online at:

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boosted the luminosity of utility lighting and of kerosene lanterns. The next major drop in price came about in the 1880s with the introduction of

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Bellido-Outeirino, Francisco J. (February 2012). "Building lighting automation through the integration of DALI with wireless sensor networks".

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to illuminate surroundings. These lamps were made from naturally occurring materials such as rocks, shells, horns and stones, were filled with

3530: 918:: Incandescent lamps containing halogen gases such as iodine or bromine, increasing the efficacy of the lamp versus a plain incandescent lamp. 2889:"ASSIST recommends: Light Source Color for Retail Merchandising | ASSIST Program | Solid State Lighting | Programs | LRC" 2863:"ASSIST recommends: Light Source Color for Retail Merchandising | ASSIST Program | Solid State Lighting | Programs | LRC" 1770: 338:

for white light sources also affects their use for certain applications. The color temperature of a white light source is the temperature in

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Integration of space planning and interior architecture (including choice of interior surfaces and room geometries) to lighting design

110:(using windows, skylights, or light shelves) is sometimes used as the main source of light during daytime in buildings. This can save 3966: 3581: 465: 220:

United States, and Americans spent more on gas and kerosene than on whale oil. The final death knell for whale oil was in 1859, when

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Hanselaer P, Lootens C, Ryckaert W, Deconinck G, Rombauts P. Power density targets for efficient lighting of interior task areas.

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Beyond the energy factors being considered, it is important not to over-design illumination, lest adverse health effects such as

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Lynn A. See the Light. Parks & Recreation . October 2010;45(10):81-82. Available from: Academic Search Premier, Ipswich, MA.

1159:, which is equal to one candela per square centimetre or 10 kcd/m. The amount of useful light emitted from a source or the 6891: 6755: 6120: 4022: 2963:

Lighting Research Center Website: New approach sheds light on ways circadian disruption affects human health. Found online at:

180:. Lamps typically used animal or vegetable fats as fuel. Hundreds of these lamps (hollow worked stones) have been found in the 960: 3897:

Guo, Xin; Houser, Kevin W. (2004). "A review of colour rendering indices and their application to commercial light sources".

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for mathematical modeling, which can allow an architect to quickly and accurately evaluate the benefit of a proposed design.

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compared to low blue content light sources (e.g. High Pressure Sodium, phosphor-coated or PC amber LEDs, and low CCT LEDs).

188:, dating to about 15,000 years ago. Oily animals (birds and fish) were also used as lamps after being threaded with a wick. 2000: 1924: 3245:

Ulrich R S. View through a Windows May Influence Recovery from Surgery. Science (Washington D C) . 1984;224(4647):420-421.

2065: 6967: 4736: 3099: 1867: 636:. The standard lamp and shade that sits on a table is general lighting, while the desk lamp is considered task lighting. 3352:"Lack of short-wavelength light during the school day delays dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) in middle school students" 2142:

The First Form of Electric Light History of the Carbon Arc Lamp (1800 - 1980s)'.Edison Tech Center, edisontechcenter.org

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shown that the performance of students is influenced by the time and duration of daylight in their regular schedules.

4015: 3221: 2670: 2622: 2579: 2220: 2195: 1664: 1535: 1475: 1454:. In many situations, controlling the light emission of LEDs may be done most effectively by using the principles of 1206:, a standardized model of human visual brightness perception. In English, "lux" is used in both singular and plural. 1057: 851:. While lamps have traditionally been rated and marketed primarily in terms of their power consumption, expressed in 4790: 4531: 2969: 2239:. United States Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, Emergency Energy Committee, U.S. Dept. of Justice. 1974. 1646: 1247:(CCT), commonly used as an indication of the apparent "warmth" or "coolness" of the light emitted by a source, and 1039: 6912: 4773: 4176: 2860:

ASSIST recommends: Guide to Light and Color in Retail Merchandising. 2010. Volume 8, Issue 1. Available online at:

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Li, D; Cheung, K; Wong, S; Lam, T (2010). "An analysis of energy-efficient light fittings and lighting controls".

1070: 7163: 7137: 7091: 5034: 4931: 4906: 4669: 4536: 2010: 568: 146: 139: 3951: 2804: 1210: 930:: Light-emitting diodes (LED) are solid state devices that emit light by dint of the movement of electrons in a 6907: 6896: 5069: 4761: 4546: 3773: 1975: 1642: 1035: 483: 2892: 2866: 2701:

Khan N, Abas N. Comparative study of energy saving light sources. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews .

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be induced by the higher lighting levels. In addition, glare or excess light can decrease worker efficiency.

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or close to wall lighting can be general or a decorative wall-wash, sometimes used to bring out texture (like

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Analysis of lighting quality to ensure that adverse components of lighting (for example, glare or incorrect

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of materials. For example, reading poor-quality reproductions may require task lighting levels up to 1500

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The New York Times Practical Guide to Practically Everything: The Essential Companion for Everyday Life

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Sanders, Dirk; Frago, Enric; Kehoe, Rachel; Patterson, Christophe; Gaston, Kevin J. (January 2021).

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To define light source color properties, the lighting industry predominantly relies on two metrics,

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patterns disappeared, improved nighttime lighting made more activities possible at night, and more

231: 886:: A ballast is an auxiliary piece of equipment designed to start and properly control the flow of 7004: 6957: 6947: 6942: 6937: 5376: 4859: 4143: 1913: 1887: 1631: 1572:. Not all CFLs are suitable for dimming. CFL's have largely been replaced with LED technologies. 1539: 1368: 1024: 856: 847:

are the removable and replaceable part of a light fixture, which converts electrical energy into

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expended is proportional to the design illumination level. For example, a lighting level of 400

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Underwater accent lighting is also used for koi ponds, fountains, swimming pools and the like.

621: 3067: 2412: 2405: 1450:(LEDs) are becoming increasingly efficient leading to an extraordinary increase in the use of 6886: 6641: 6185: 6106: 5933: 5737: 5712: 5278: 5172: 5029: 2990:

The Guardian newspaper: Alfredo Moser: Bottle light inventor proud to be poor, 13 August 2013

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DELTA Snapshot: Outdoor Entry Lighting. Issue 11. Lighting Research Center. Found online at:

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Illuminated cherry blossoms, light from the shop windows, and Japanese lantern at night in

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Several strategies are available to minimize energy requirements for lighting a building:

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Velds, M. (2002). "User acceptance studies to evaluate discomfort glare in daylit room".

1862: 1409: 1387: 1375: 1312: 1203: 1187: 1124: 1119: 1113: 983: 924:: A low pressure gas contained within a glass tube; the color emitted depends on the gas. 814: 787: 733: 727: 720: 699: 663:

was once popular in the 1960s and 1970s but fell out of favor after the 1980s. This uses

624:

is a wall-mounted fixture, particularly one that shines up and sometimes down as well. A

614: 48: 3191: 2381: 2343: 2305: 1227: 632:

The portable or table lamp is probably the most common fixture, found in many homes and

98:

to achieve practical or aesthetic effects. Lighting includes the use of both artificial

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illuminated at night while docked at a shipyard for the purposes of safety and security

759: 695: 380: 225: 170: 3985: 3478: 2597:

Draft Revised Environmental Impact Report for Scotts Valley High School--Glenwood Site

2389: 79: 7158: 7099: 7052: 6649: 6464: 6403: 6355: 6288: 6283: 6261: 6190: 5800: 5707: 5513: 4561: 4509: 4481: 4401: 4239: 4227: 4183: 4111: 4057: 3918: 3883: 3864: 3815: 3754: 3709: 3697: 3689: 3659: 3640: 3424: 3373: 3330: 3327:

Advanced Lighting Controls: Energy Savings, Productivity, Technology and Applications

3305: 3280: 3164: 2946: 2828: 2666: 2618: 2575: 2416: 2216: 2191: 2160: 2046: 1940: 1929: 1564: 1560: 1487: 1471: 1455: 1156: 1096: 909: 895: 864: 740: 668: 664: 553: 335: 305: 83:

Low-intensity lighting and haze in a concert hall allows laser effects to be visible.

3827: 2915:"A new approach to understanding the impact of circadian disruption on human health" 940:: CFLs are designed to replace incandescent lamps in existing and new installations. 7047: 7042: 7022: 7017: 6780: 6547: 6425: 6375: 6370: 6342: 6308: 6298: 6168: 6053: 5825: 5540: 5293: 4844: 4778: 4708: 4659: 4391: 4210: 4099: 4094: 3906: 3807: 3744: 3736: 3679: 3671: 3632: 3414: 3404: 3363: 3268: 3207: 3195: 3131: 2936: 2926: 2816: 2385: 2351: 2347: 2313: 2309: 2267: 2038: 1383: 1338: 1251:(CRI), an indication of the light source's ability to make objects appear natural. 901: 891: 804: 652: 294: 72: 3800:

Chronobiology International: The Journal of Biological and Medical Rhythm Research

3272: 3143: 3098:. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, US Dept. of Labor. Archived from 2820: 2272: 2255: 328:

the light will normally decrease efficacy but increase the directionality and the

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Training of building occupants to use lighting equipment in most efficient manner

978: 529: 414: 402: 273: 262: 123: 67: 3224:. June 2007;39(2):171-182. Available from: Academic Search Premier, Ipswich, MA. 2790: 2568:

Transportation, Department of; Administration, Federal Highway (November 2003).

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lighting, which like most other uplighting is indirect. This is often done with

379:

is mainly functional and is usually the most concentrated, for purposes such as

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W. Kim and Y. Koga, "Effect of local background luminance on discomfort glare,

2069: 2030: 1816: 1498: 1329:

In countries where indoor lighting of simple dwellings is a significant cost, "

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as well. The effect depends heavily on the exact type of lighting source used.

473: 212: 5047: 3910: 3811: 2791:

NIST Guide to SI Units - 9 Rules and Style Conventions for Spelling Unit Names

7152: 7012: 6597: 6483: 6408: 6385: 6325: 6249: 6232: 6138: 5815: 5732: 5672: 5584: 5555: 5227: 5189: 5143: 5055: 4973: 4703: 4606: 4601: 4523: 4424: 4331: 4309: 4135: 4116: 4072: 3693: 3644: 3199: 3135: 2050: 1981: 1934: 1898: 1386:

incentives. Lighting control systems are sometimes incorporated into larger

1308: 1160: 931: 868: 723:

are used to illuminate outdoor playing fields or work zones during nighttime.

680: 637: 561: 525: 376: 289: 277: 235:

Dim night lighting for the old warehouses along the river in the old town of

201: 119: 3256: 1232: 1090:

Illuminating a subject from beneath can create a heightened dramatic effect.

102:

like lamps and light fixtures, as well as natural illumination by capturing

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Another view of the interior by Panini (1735), Liechtenstein Museum, Vienna

1683: 1164: 1148: 915: 872: 710: 459: 313: 298: 246: 149:, the earliest form of artificial lighting used to illuminate an area were 99: 3991:

Lighting Research and Technology; an international peered reviewed journal

2931: 1721:

and lighting. Publishing widely used standard metrics such as various CIE

1717:(CIE) is an international authority and standard defining organization on 6984: 6842: 6619: 6614: 6478: 6447: 6413: 6318: 6214: 6180: 6058: 6043: 5855: 5692: 5608: 5599: 5579: 5550: 5484: 5155: 5148: 5133: 5118: 5113: 5103: 5090: 5024: 4978: 4854: 4713: 4441: 4436: 4396: 4368: 4363: 4294: 4289: 4274: 4232: 4153: 1969: 1877: 1825: 1722: 1175: 1140: 822: 598: 433: 418: 254: 207:

A major reduction in the cost of lighting occurred with the discovery of

177: 162: 127: 4633: 3946: 3740: 3684: 3623:

Longcore, Travis; Rich, Catherine (2004). "Ecological light pollution".

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Inventing Baseball: The 100 Greatest Games that Shaped the 19th Century

1872: 1569: 1330: 1199: 1195: 898:(HID) lamps. Some lamps require the ballast to have thermal protection. 590: 521: 437: 392: 384: 343: 272:

Over time, electric lighting became ubiquitous in developed countries.

250: 197: 158: 2651:

http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/transportation/TLA/pdf/TLA-2005-02.pdf

736:

are positioned at the intersection of two roads to aid in navigation.

444:

already used to the dark will need little light for crossing the area.

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Felber, Bill; Fimoff, Mark; Levin, Len; Mancuso, Peter (April 2013).

1136: 921: 818: 775: 673: 610: 477: 454: 221: 208: 31: 3660:"A meta-analysis of biological impacts of artificial light at night" 2805:"Measuring Discomfort from Glare: Recommendations for Good Practice" 2156:

Electric Power Principles: Sources, Conversion, Distribution and Use

1616: 1078: 1009: 778:

are most often used to attract attention rather than to illuminate.

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and will automatically dim or turn off lights to take advantage of

905: 796: 792: 754: 441: 396: 258: 216: 166: 150: 103: 60: 6497: 2438:"Living Room Lighting: 20 Powerful Ideas to Improve your Lighting" 1291:

Specification of illumination requirements for each given use area

1127:

into account when measuring the amount of useful light. The basic

157:. As early as 400,000 years ago, fire was kindled in the caves of 6881: 6163: 5889: 5879: 5870: 5865: 5697: 5682: 5641: 5631: 5469: 5427: 5351: 5283: 5252: 5234: 5206: 5138: 4698: 4643: 4343: 4321: 2772:

Israel, C; Bleeker, N (2008). "Sustainable Lighting Strategies".

1304:

Design of time of day use that does not expend unnecessary energy

1279:. The Daysimeter can gather data for up to 30 days for analysis. 1190:

as a measure of the intensity, as perceived by the human eye, of

1144: 1132: 977:

into account the amount of daylight received in a space by using

703: 543: 429: 406: 240: 189: 181: 27:

Deliberate use of light to achieve practical or aesthetic effects

2473:. Iss. 4. Lighting Research Center. October 2009. Archived from 346:

emitter that most closely matches the spectral characteristics (

7104: 6707: 6697: 6098: 6012: 5884: 5569: 5545: 5518: 5479: 5413: 5371: 5334: 5324: 5247: 5240: 5196: 5123: 4326: 4284: 3934: 3453:"Ambient Lighting Affects Decision Making, Emotional Intensity" 1807: 1786: 1741: 1398: 1351: 1086: 648: 633: 572: 557: 539: 535: 339: 325: 236: 193: 185: 111: 2508:. Iss. 4. Lighting Research Center. March 2010. Archived from 1984:, long-lasting incandescent lamp with high-resistance filament 1519:

may lead to numerous health problems including breast cancer,

1194:

that hits or passes through a surface. It is analogous to the

716: 6732: 6727: 6717: 6687: 6158: 6129: 5955: 5923: 5913: 5893: 5768: 5702: 5459: 5386: 5381: 5165: 5082: 5009: 4373: 4299: 1798: 1766: 1718: 1236: 1191: 800: 607: 565: 410: 368:

A demonstration of the effects of different kinds of lighting

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Lighting Research Center at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

3035: 3000: 2567: 364: 6722: 6702: 6682: 6552: 6469: 6063: 6048: 6007: 5960: 5928: 5903: 5898: 5845: 5366: 5346: 5078: 4007: 3980: 3393:"Does architectural lighting contribute to breast cancer?"" 3255:

Kent, Michael; Schiavon, Stefano; Jakubiec, Alstan (2020).

852: 826: 594: 317: 37:"Artificial light" redirects here. Not to be confused with 3990: 3657: 3557:"New Map Shows the Dark Side of Artificial Light at Night" 2912: 2639:

http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/delta/pdf/OutdoorEntry.pdf

1320:

Maintenance of lighting systems to minimize energy wastage

490: 6798: 6692: 6457: 1563:

to supply the same amount of light, however they contain

1534:

Alison Jing Xu, assistant professor of management at the

1355: 1183: 1152: 809: 580: 388: 3797: 3637:

10.1890/1540-9295(2004)002[0191:ELP]2.0.CO;2

2913:

Rea, MS; Bierman, A; Figueiro, MG; Bullough, JD (2008).

2610: 2545:(3). Lighting Research Center. July 2006. Archived from 2254:

Kent, Michael; Fotios, Steve; Altomonte, Sergio (2019).

1791:

American Lighting Association (ALA) in the United States

1198:

unit watts per square metre, but with the power at each

4003:. Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers. 3848:. Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers. 3479:"Room lighting affects decision making, study suggests" 2571:

Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices: Inserts Only

2363: 2361: 1128: 3959: 2966:"Light and Health | Research Programs | LRC" 1958:, technique used in both still photography and in film 1490:

can lead to adverse health and psychological effects.

748:

switches that detect moving heat sources in darkness.

3725:"Missing the Dark: Health Effects of Light Pollution" 3066:. Sustainability Victoria. April 2010. Archived from 2663:

Heat, power and light: revolutions in energy services

1311:

and lamps that reflect best available technology for

3254: 3241: 3239: 2358: 1832:

Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers

1182:, being the luminous power per area, is measured in 3505:"Got an Important Decision to Make? Dim the Lights" 3390: 3177: 2253: 1239:, Finland, illuminated with colorful lights in 2017 436:may be as low as 10-20 lux (1-2 footcandles) since 3007:Working Energy Resource and Training Kit: Lighting 2404: 2186:(revised ed.). Jones & Bartlett. p. 855:, proliferation of lighting technology beyond the 269:-based utilities for indoor and outdoor lighting. 6751:Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate 3960:Illuminating Engineering Society of North America 3444: 3297:Introduction to Nonimaging Optics, Second Edition 3236: 3121: 1830:Society of Light and Lighting (SLL), part of the 1765:The Professional Lighting And Sound Association ( 126:. Lighting can also be an intrinsic component of 7150: 3986:Lighting Research at the University of Sheffield 2793:, National Institute of Standards and Technology 2152: 949: 871:. Visible light output is typically measured in 606:, where lights are hung from or clipped to bare 324:the lighting fixtures are, the higher efficacy. 196:and glass and pottery lamps were also invented. 5077: 3470: 2291: 1815:Institution of Lighting Engineers (ILE) in the 1749:International Association of Lighting Designers 304:An important property of light fixtures is the 3550: 3548: 3158:"Lighting control saves money and makes sense" 2429: 2237:Street lighting, energy conservation and crime 2126: 2089: 2087: 1972:, carbonized-thread filament incandescent lamp 1795:Associazione Professionisti dell'Illuminazione 1736:(IES), in conjunction with organizations like 118:Indoor lighting is usually accomplished using 6114: 5063: 4023: 3880:The Handbook of Lighting Surveys & Audits 3863:. Lilburn, Georgia: The Fairmont Press, Inc. 3496: 2771: 2325: 2323: 2287: 2285: 2283: 1771:Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive 1703: 863:. Each of these technologies has a different 3622: 3391:Figueiro, MG; Rea, MS; Bullough, JD (2006). 2180:Vito, Gennaro F.; Maahs, Jeffrey R. (2011). 2129:Leviathan: The History of Whaling in America 1859:, successful and innovative desk lamp design 1551: 405:is mainly decorative, intended to highlight 3545: 3349: 2084: 1812:Indian Society of Lighting Engineers (ISLE) 1756:Professional Lighting Designers Association 1645:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1362: 1038:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 571:, both of which are bulbs having their own 546:) on a wall, though this may also show its 7133: 6121: 6107: 5070: 5056: 4030: 4016: 3287: 3261:Journal of Building Performance Simulation 2802: 2711:"How to power an ENERGY-EFFICIENT LIGHT". 2320: 2280: 2210: 2146: 944: 3896: 3748: 3722: 3683: 3418: 3408: 3367: 3124:IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics 3001:Australian Greenhouse Office (May 2005). 2940: 2930: 2464:"Post-Top Photovoltaic Pathway Luminaire" 2402: 2329: 2271: 2183:Criminology: Theory, Research, and Policy 2179: 1665:Learn how and when to remove this message 1058:Learn how and when to remove this message 825:and other gauges or to draw attention to 676:it could be considered general lighting. 428:on a table or floor, or a fixture on the 6902:International Commission on Illumination 3771: 3625:Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 3554: 2211:Felson, Marcus; Boba, Rachel L. (2009). 2131:. W.W. Norton & Co. pp. 339–40. 2063: 1715:International Commission on Illumination 1682: 1220: 1085: 1077: 1069: 959: 753: 715: 690: 642: 489: 363: 230: 78: 66: 54: 43: 3877: 3858: 3450: 3324: 3003:"Chapter 5: Assessing lighting savings" 2159:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 11–. 2122: 2120: 2118: 2116: 1978:, carbon-rod filament incandescent lamp 1546: 1435: 1350:work station. Generally speaking, the 1123:photometric measurements must take the 14: 7151: 6892:Color Association of the United States 3772:Carlisle, Camille M. (July 16, 2012). 3528: 3293: 2600:. Denise Duffy & Associates. 1997. 2574:. Claitor's Law Books and Publishing. 2535:"Photovoltaic Lighting - Introduction" 399:procedures require even higher levels. 215:, a Canadian geologist, first refined 211:. The use of whale oil declined after 6102: 5051: 4011: 3976:. New Buildings Institute, Inc. 2001. 3476: 3451:Mientka, Matthew (25 February 2014). 2803:Fotios, Steve; Kent, Michael (2021). 2367: 1692:light for their daily activity. 1606: 1393:Many newer control systems are using 1282: 1104:modern light sources emit less heat. 560:, "can lights" or 'high hats" in the 3502: 2435: 2113: 2001:List of environmental health hazards 1783:Association de Concepteurs Eclairage 1687:Moths circling an electric lightbulb 1643:adding citations to reliable sources 1610: 1036:adding citations to reliable sources 1003: 498: 192:have been used as lighting sources. 3180:IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 1890:, underwater lights to attract fish 1868:Banning of incandescent light bulbs 1216: 993: 890:to discharge light sources such as 867:in converting electrical energy to 686: 432:. Outdoors, general lighting for a 71:Daylight used at the train station 24: 6756:Blue–green distinction in language 3529:Gumbel, Peter (December 4, 2008). 3222:Lighting Research & Technology 3032:"Low-Light Performance Calculator" 2101:. Episode 534. NPR. April 25, 2014 1588: 1082:Moving heads in a photo studio set 503: 25: 7180: 3927: 3503:Wood, Janice (25 February 2014). 3477:Ellis, Marie (25 February 2014). 2665:, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2008 2066:"A History of Light and Lighting" 1822:Schweizerische Licht Gesellschaft 1536:University of Toronto Scarborough 1497:frequency, stress, and increased 1476:Light effects on circadian rhythm 1461: 1262: 7132: 7123: 7122: 6913:International Colour Association 6496: 6128: 6082: 6081: 3945: 3933: 3899:Lighting Research and Technology 3861:Applied Illumination Engineering 3096:Regulations (Standards - 29 CFR) 2444:from the original on Feb 3, 2019 2153:James L. Kirtley (5 July 2011). 1925:List of Lighting Design Software 1734:Illuminating Engineering Society 1708: 1615: 1008: 968:in the 18th century, painted by 912:vapor that produces white light. 799:and tail lights. Headlamps are 532:. It is a form of backlighting. 395:), and some inspection tasks or 4547:Parabolic aluminized reflector 3997:"Society of Light and Lighting" 3842:"Society of Light and Lighting" 3834: 3791: 3774:"AMA Addresses Light Pollution" 3765: 3716: 3651: 3616: 3607: 3598: 3574: 3555:Billings, Lee (June 10, 2016). 3522: 3435: 3384: 3343: 3318: 3248: 3227: 3214: 3171: 3150: 3115: 3106: 3084: 3049: 3024: 2994: 2983: 2957: 2906: 2880: 2854: 2841: 2796: 2784: 2765: 2741: 2723: 2704: 2695: 2676: 2655: 2643: 2631: 2604: 2588: 2561: 2527: 2491: 2456: 2411:. St. Martin's Press. pp. 2396: 2247: 2011:Timeline of lighting technology 1916:, for a buildings or residences 1804:Hellenic Illumination Committee 1143:. The SI unit for luminance is 843:Commonly called 'light bulbs', 494:Wall-mounted light with shadows 140:Timeline of lighting technology 138:For a chronological guide, see 6908:International Color Consortium 6897:International Colour Authority 4492:Hydrargyrum medium-arc iodide 3967:"Advanced Lighting Guidelines" 3664:Nature Ecology & Evolution 3350:Figueiro, MG; Rea, MS (2010). 2352:10.1016/j.buildenv.2008.07.007 2314:10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.07.002 2229: 2204: 2173: 2135: 2057: 2023: 1976:Alexander Nikolayevich Lodygin 1559:(CFLs) use less power than an 1420: 1107: 964:Lighting without windows: The 829:or other decorative elements. 781: 640:lamps are also task lighting. 577:HID (high intensity discharge) 556:(often called "pot lights" in 13: 1: 6973:List of Crayola crayon colors 3950:The dictionary definition of 3273:10.1080/19401493.2019.1711456 2821:10.1080/15502724.2020.1803082 2390:10.1016/s0038-092x(02)00037-3 2273:10.1080/15502724.2018.1489282 2016: 1378:). Some systems also support 956:Architectural lighting design 950:Architectural lighting design 4037: 1963: 1700:their reproduction process. 1575: 1525:delayed sleep phase syndrome 1298:) are not biasing the design 1245:correlated color temperature 7: 6776:Traditional colors of Japan 6553:Achromatic colors (Neutral) 6436:Multi-primary color display 6210:Spectral power distribution 4737:Automotive light bulb types 4587:Intelligent street lighting 3356:Neuro Endocrinology Letters 3329:. The Fairmont Press, Inc. 2436:West, Paul (June 1, 2018). 1946:Seasonal affective disorder 1844: 1776: 1521:seasonal affective disorder 1507:Designing school facilities 1388:building automation systems 1131:unit of measurement is the 839:Lamp (electrical component) 348:spectral power distribution 283: 10: 7187: 4500:Hydrargyrum quartz iodide 3676:10.1038/s41559-020-01322-x 2332:Building & Environment 1883:Computer graphics lighting 1704:Professional organizations 1679:Ecological light pollution 1676: 1592: 1482:Ecological light pollution 1479: 1465: 1439: 1427:Daylighting (architecture) 1424: 1366: 1202:weighted according to the 1111: 997: 953: 904:light: A tube coated with 836: 785: 508:Forms of lighting include 448: 357: 330:visual comfort probability 287: 137: 133: 36: 29: 7118: 7090: 7003: 6928: 6921: 6872: 6791: 6741: 6673: 6664: 6636:Color realism (art style) 6583: 6516: 6505: 6494: 6394: 6341: 6294:Evolution of color vision 6223: 6146: 6137: 6077: 6021: 5834: 5751: 5598: 5441: 5271: 5215: 5089: 4992: 4947: 4939:Stage lighting instrument 4888: 4811: 4727: 4652: 4522: 4462: 4410: 4382: 4260: 4162: 4134: 4125: 4045: 3911:10.1191/1365782804li112oa 3878:Fetters, John L. (1997). 3859:Lindsey, Jack L. (1991). 3812:10.1080/07420520801921572 3397:Journal of Carcinogenesis 3112:European law UNI EN 12464 3092:"Illumination. - 1926.56" 2506:Field Test DELTA Snapshot 2043:10.1093/notesj/178.1.13-b 1904:Light in school buildings 1557:Compact fluorescent lamps 1552:Compact fluorescent lamps 1155:unit of luminance is the 938:Compact fluorescent lamps 849:electromagnetic radiation 360:List of types of lighting 94:is the deliberate use of 6953:List of colors (compact) 6771:Color in Chinese culture 6421:Digital image processing 6154:Electromagnetic spectrum 5791:Multi-family residential 5000:Battlefield illumination 4757:high-intensity discharge 4189:Electrochemiluminescence 3729:Environ. Health Perspect 3200:10.1109/tps.2010.2048928 3136:10.1109/TCE.2012.6170054 3064:ResourceSmart.Vic.gov.au 1994: 1920:Lighting for the elderly 1914:Lighting control systems 1397:open standards (such as 1363:Lighting control systems 1118:Measurement of light or 908:containing low pressure 896:high intensity discharge 861:compact fluorescent lamp 832: 516:(first available at the 353: 30:Not to be confused with 6958:List of colors by shade 4860:Electroluminescent wire 3723:Chepesiuk, Ron (2009). 3531:"Lighting: Bright Idea" 3325:DiLouie, Craig (2006). 2213:Crime and Everyday Life 2127:Eric Jay Dolin (2007). 2031:"Oil-Lamps and Candles" 1888:Fishing light attractor 1540:Northwestern University 1369:Lighting control system 945:Design and architecture 857:incandescent light bulb 413:, or other elements of 267:incandescent light bulb 224:was discovered and the 200:were an early form of " 122:, and is a key part of 39:Artificial Light (song) 18:Illumination (lighting) 7164:Architectural elements 6963:List of color palettes 4542:Multifaceted reflector 3974:lightingassociates.org 3410:10.1186/1477-3163-5-20 3294:Chaves, Julio (2015). 2774:Electrical Wholesaling 2683:"Leading luminaries". 2539:NLPIP Lighting Answers 2095:"The History of Light" 2064:Williams, Ben (1999). 1988:John Richardson Wigham 1834:in the United Kingdom. 1688: 1527:, and other ailments. 1240: 1091: 1083: 1075: 973: 769: 724: 707: 656: 495: 369: 243: 165:people used primitive 84: 76: 64: 52: 6887:Color Marketing Group 6642:On Vision and Colours 6575:Tinctures in heraldry 6186:Structural coloration 4932:ellipsoidal reflector 4537:Ellipsoidal reflector 4221:Fluorescent induction 4199:field-induced polymer 2932:10.1186/1740-3391-6-7 2499:"LED Street Lighting" 2215:. SAGE. p. 186. 2006:List of light sources 1990:, lighthouse engineer 1838:United Scenic Artists 1727:color rendering index 1686: 1538:and Aparna Labroo of 1448:light-emitting diodes 1323:Use of natural light 1277:operating temperature 1249:color rendering index 1224: 1089: 1081: 1073: 970:Giovanni Paolo Panini 963: 928:Light-emitting diodes 757: 719: 694: 647:Animated fountain in 646: 493: 367: 280:reduced urban crime. 234: 82: 70: 58: 47: 6968:List of color spaces 6860:Tint, shade and tone 6743:Cultural differences 6558:Polychromatic colors 6543:Complementary colors 6531:Monochromatic colors 4769:Rear position lights 4742:Daytime running lamp 4670:Mechanically powered 4557:Aviation obstruction 3942:at Wikimedia Commons 3541:on 14 December 2008. 1956:Three-point lighting 1951:Sustainable lighting 1852:3D computer graphics 1639:improve this section 1547:Environmental issues 1517:Circadian disruption 1452:solid state lighting 1442:Solid-state lighting 1436:Solid-state lighting 1271:human body's clock. 1211:Unified Glare Rating 1074:Lighting and shadows 1032:improve this section 879:Lamp types include: 528:, and recently with 524:, occasionally with 514:fluorescent lighting 310:wall-plug efficiency 261:for large space and 184:caves in modern-day 51:illuminated at night 6948:List of colors: N–Z 6943:List of colors: G–M 6938:List of colors: A–F 5237: / Guest room 4177:Electron-stimulated 3778:Sky & Telescope 3741:10.1289/ehp.117-a20 3561:Scientific American 3192:2010ITPS...38.1644C 2919:J Circadian Rhythms 2382:2002SoEn...73...95V 2344:2009BuEnv..44.1017K 2306:2010ApEn...87..558L 1863:Automotive lighting 1410:daylight harvesting 1376:daylight harvesting 1313:energy conservation 1204:luminosity function 1125:luminosity function 1114:Photometry (optics) 788:Automotive lighting 765:Samuel de Champlain 667:panels hung like a 661:illuminated ceiling 49:Acropolis of Athens 6995:List of web colors 6990:List of RAL colors 6396:Color reproduction 6361:Lüscher color test 6198:Color of chemicals 5713:Servants' quarters 5020:Luminous gemstones 4194:Electroluminescent 4172:Cathodoluminescent 3962:– official website 3509:Psych Central News 3483:Medical News Today 2735:2011-09-28 at the 2719:(12): 51–53. 2008. 2403:Bernstein (2006). 2072:on 25 January 2013 1689: 1607:Effects on animals 1283:Energy consumption 1241: 1180:luminous emittance 1092: 1084: 1076: 974: 815:electroluminescent 795:typically include 770: 725: 708: 696:High mast lighting 657: 530:LED strip lighting 496: 370: 244: 226:petroleum industry 128:landscape projects 85: 77: 65: 53: 7146: 7145: 7086: 7085: 6868: 6867: 6660: 6659: 6650:Theory of Colours 6492: 6491: 6404:Color photography 6356:Color preferences 6299:Impossible colors 6289:Color vision test 6284:Color temperature 6262:Color calibration 6191:Animal coloration 6096: 6095: 5514:Janitorial closet 5248:Bedsit / Miniflat 5045: 5044: 4562:Balanced-arm lamp 4518: 4517: 4402:Yablochkov candle 4270:Acetylene/Carbide 4240:Radioluminescence 4112:Luminous efficacy 4058:Color temperature 3938:Media related to 3889:978-0-8493-9972-5 3870:978-0-88173-060-9 3336:978-0-88173-510-9 3165:Daintree Networks 2166:978-1-119-95744-7 2035:Notes and Queries 1941:Over-illumination 1930:Luminous efficacy 1675: 1674: 1667: 1561:incandescent lamp 1488:over-illumination 1472:Over-illumination 1456:nonimaging optics 1228:Leppävaaran Torni 1097:lighting designer 1068: 1067: 1060: 741:security lighting 669:suspended ceiling 554:Recessed lighting 518:1939 World's Fair 499:Forms of lighting 342:of a theoretical 336:Color temperature 306:luminous efficacy 295:Lighting fixtures 255:electric lighting 147:discovery of fire 16:(Redirected from 7176: 7136: 7135: 7126: 7125: 6926: 6925: 6792:Color dimensions 6781:Human skin color 6671: 6670: 6548:Analogous colors 6514: 6513: 6500: 6426:Color management 6343:Color psychology 6309:Opponent process 6225:Color perception 6144: 6143: 6123: 6116: 6109: 6100: 6099: 6085: 6084: 6054:Home improvement 5826:Studio apartment 5618:Kitchen-related 5294:Conversation pit 5081:and spaces of a 5072: 5065: 5058: 5049: 5048: 4845:Christmas lights 4779:Safety reflector 4774:Reversing lights 4709:Navigation light 4660:Bicycle lighting 4550: 4503: 4495: 4469: 4228:Photoluminescent 4211:Fluorescent lamp 4184:Chemiluminescent 4132: 4131: 4100:Bi-pin lamp base 4095:Lightbulb socket 4032: 4025: 4018: 4009: 4008: 4004: 3977: 3971: 3949: 3937: 3922: 3893: 3874: 3850: 3849: 3838: 3832: 3831: 3795: 3789: 3788: 3786: 3784: 3769: 3763: 3762: 3752: 3720: 3714: 3713: 3687: 3655: 3649: 3648: 3620: 3614: 3611: 3605: 3602: 3596: 3595: 3593: 3592: 3578: 3572: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3552: 3543: 3542: 3537:. Archived from 3526: 3520: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3500: 3494: 3493: 3491: 3489: 3474: 3468: 3467: 3465: 3463: 3448: 3442: 3439: 3433: 3432: 3422: 3412: 3388: 3382: 3381: 3371: 3347: 3341: 3340: 3322: 3316: 3315: 3291: 3285: 3284: 3252: 3246: 3243: 3234: 3231: 3225: 3218: 3212: 3211: 3186:(7): 1644–1650. 3175: 3169: 3168: 3162: 3154: 3148: 3147: 3119: 3113: 3110: 3104: 3103: 3088: 3082: 3081: 3079: 3078: 3072: 3061: 3053: 3047: 3046: 3044: 3043: 3034:. Archived from 3028: 3022: 3021: 3019: 3018: 3009:. Archived from 2998: 2992: 2987: 2981: 2980: 2978: 2977: 2968:. Archived from 2961: 2955: 2954: 2944: 2934: 2910: 2904: 2903: 2901: 2900: 2891:. Archived from 2884: 2878: 2877: 2875: 2874: 2865:. Archived from 2858: 2852: 2849:Building Environ 2845: 2839: 2838: 2836: 2835: 2800: 2794: 2788: 2782: 2781: 2769: 2763: 2762: 2760: 2759: 2745: 2739: 2727: 2721: 2720: 2708: 2702: 2699: 2693: 2692: 2680: 2674: 2659: 2653: 2647: 2641: 2635: 2629: 2628: 2608: 2602: 2601: 2592: 2586: 2585: 2565: 2559: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2531: 2525: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2514: 2503: 2495: 2489: 2488: 2486: 2485: 2479: 2471:Field Test DELTA 2468: 2460: 2454: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2433: 2427: 2426: 2410: 2400: 2394: 2393: 2365: 2356: 2355: 2338:(5): 1017–1023. 2327: 2318: 2317: 2289: 2278: 2277: 2275: 2251: 2245: 2244: 2242:of street crime. 2233: 2227: 2226: 2208: 2202: 2201: 2177: 2171: 2170: 2150: 2144: 2139: 2133: 2132: 2124: 2111: 2110: 2108: 2106: 2091: 2082: 2081: 2079: 2077: 2068:. Archived from 2061: 2055: 2054: 2027: 1670: 1663: 1659: 1656: 1650: 1619: 1611: 1446:In recent years 1217:Color properties 1186:. It is used in 1063: 1056: 1052: 1049: 1043: 1012: 1004: 994:On stage and set 805:selective yellow 687:Outdoor lighting 653:Square of Europe 21: 7186: 7185: 7179: 7178: 7177: 7175: 7174: 7173: 7169:Garden features 7149: 7148: 7147: 7142: 7114: 7082: 6999: 6917: 6874: 6864: 6787: 6766:Blue in culture 6737: 6656: 6603:Secondary color 6579: 6536:black-and-white 6508: 6501: 6488: 6390: 6376:National colors 6371:Political color 6351:Color symbolism 6337: 6267:Color constancy 6245:Color blindness 6219: 6176:Spectral colors 6133: 6127: 6097: 6092: 6088:Category: Rooms 6073: 6017: 5838: 5830: 5796:Secondary suite 5747: 5622:butler's pantry 5594: 5537:Mechanical room 5490:Electrical room 5449: 5437: 5267: 5211: 5185:Recreation room 5085: 5076: 5046: 5041: 5005:Bioluminescence 4988: 4957: 4943: 4900: 4884: 4823: 4807: 4723: 4648: 4572:Emergency light 4548: 4514: 4501: 4493: 4467: 4465: 4458: 4406: 4378: 4349:Magnesium torch 4256: 4158: 4127: 4121: 4078:Light pollution 4053:Accent lighting 4041: 4036: 3995: 3969: 3965: 3930: 3925: 3890: 3871: 3854: 3853: 3840: 3839: 3835: 3796: 3792: 3782: 3780: 3770: 3766: 3721: 3717: 3656: 3652: 3621: 3617: 3612: 3608: 3603: 3599: 3590: 3588: 3580: 3579: 3575: 3565: 3563: 3553: 3546: 3527: 3523: 3513: 3511: 3501: 3497: 3487: 3485: 3475: 3471: 3461: 3459: 3449: 3445: 3440: 3436: 3389: 3385: 3348: 3344: 3337: 3323: 3319: 3312: 3292: 3288: 3253: 3249: 3244: 3237: 3232: 3228: 3219: 3215: 3176: 3172: 3160: 3156: 3155: 3151: 3120: 3116: 3111: 3107: 3090: 3089: 3085: 3076: 3074: 3070: 3059: 3055: 3054: 3050: 3041: 3039: 3030: 3029: 3025: 3016: 3014: 2999: 2995: 2988: 2984: 2975: 2973: 2964: 2962: 2958: 2911: 2907: 2898: 2896: 2887: 2885: 2881: 2872: 2870: 2861: 2859: 2855: 2846: 2842: 2833: 2831: 2801: 2797: 2789: 2785: 2770: 2766: 2757: 2755: 2747: 2746: 2742: 2737:Wayback Machine 2728: 2724: 2710: 2709: 2705: 2700: 2696: 2682: 2681: 2677: 2661:Roger Fouquet, 2660: 2656: 2648: 2644: 2636: 2632: 2625: 2609: 2605: 2594: 2593: 2589: 2582: 2566: 2562: 2552: 2550: 2549:on Jun 11, 2010 2533: 2532: 2528: 2518: 2516: 2512: 2501: 2497: 2496: 2492: 2483: 2481: 2477: 2466: 2462: 2461: 2457: 2447: 2445: 2434: 2430: 2423: 2401: 2397: 2366: 2359: 2328: 2321: 2290: 2281: 2252: 2248: 2235: 2234: 2230: 2223: 2209: 2205: 2198: 2178: 2174: 2167: 2151: 2147: 2140: 2136: 2125: 2114: 2104: 2102: 2093: 2092: 2085: 2075: 2073: 2062: 2058: 2029: 2028: 2024: 2019: 1997: 1966: 1961: 1909:Light pollution 1894:Home automation 1857:Anglepoise lamp 1847: 1779: 1773:) regulations. 1711: 1706: 1681: 1671: 1660: 1654: 1651: 1636: 1620: 1609: 1600:Light pollution 1597: 1595:Light pollution 1591: 1589:Light pollution 1578: 1554: 1549: 1512:for the elderly 1484: 1478: 1468:Light pollution 1466:Main articles: 1464: 1444: 1438: 1429: 1423: 1404:In response to 1380:demand response 1371: 1365: 1348:word processing 1285: 1265: 1219: 1163:is measured in 1116: 1110: 1064: 1053: 1047: 1044: 1029: 1013: 1002: 996: 979:daylight factor 958: 952: 947: 878: 841: 835: 790: 784: 689: 506: 504:Indoor lighting 501: 451: 415:interior design 403:Accent lighting 362: 356: 292: 286: 274:Segmented sleep 263:street lighting 257:in the form of 143: 136: 124:interior design 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7184: 7183: 7172: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7144: 7143: 7141: 7140: 7130: 7119: 7116: 7115: 7113: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7096: 7094: 7088: 7087: 7084: 7083: 7081: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7009: 7007: 7001: 7000: 6998: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6981: 6980: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6940: 6934: 6932: 6923: 6919: 6918: 6916: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6878: 6876: 6870: 6869: 6866: 6865: 6863: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6851: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6820: 6819: 6818: 6808: 6807: 6806: 6795: 6793: 6789: 6788: 6786: 6785: 6784: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6762:Color history 6760: 6759: 6758: 6747: 6745: 6739: 6738: 6736: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6679: 6677: 6668: 6662: 6661: 6658: 6657: 6655: 6654: 6646: 6645:(Schopenhauer) 6638: 6633: 6630:Color analysis 6627: 6625:Color triangle 6622: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6606: 6605: 6600: 6589: 6587: 6581: 6580: 6578: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6561: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6539: 6538: 6522: 6520: 6511: 6503: 6502: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6489: 6487: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6475: 6474: 6473: 6472: 6462: 6461: 6460: 6445: 6444: 6443: 6438: 6431:Color printing 6428: 6423: 6418: 6417: 6416: 6411: 6400: 6398: 6392: 6391: 6389: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6366:Kruithof curve 6363: 6358: 6353: 6347: 6345: 6339: 6338: 6336: 6335: 6328: 6323: 6322: 6321: 6316: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6280: 6279: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6258: 6257: 6252: 6242: 6241: 6240: 6238:Sonochromatism 6229: 6227: 6221: 6220: 6218: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6206: 6205: 6195: 6194: 6193: 6188: 6178: 6173: 6172: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6150: 6148: 6141: 6135: 6134: 6126: 6125: 6118: 6111: 6103: 6094: 6093: 6091: 6090: 6078: 6075: 6074: 6072: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6025: 6023: 6019: 6018: 6016: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5984: 5983: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5937: 5936: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5887: 5882: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5842: 5840: 5832: 5831: 5829: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5787: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5766: 5761: 5755: 5753: 5749: 5748: 5746: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5708:Servants' hall 5705: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5651: 5650: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5616: 5611: 5605: 5603: 5596: 5595: 5593: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5534: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5497: 5495:Equipment room 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5456: 5454: 5439: 5438: 5436: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5411: 5409:Secret passage 5406: 5401: 5400: 5399: 5394: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5338: 5337: 5327: 5318: 5317: 5316: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5275: 5273: 5269: 5268: 5266: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5244: 5243: 5232: 5231: 5230: 5219: 5217: 5213: 5212: 5210: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5193: 5192: 5182: 5181: 5180: 5170: 5169: 5168: 5158: 5153: 5152: 5151: 5146: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5095: 5093: 5087: 5086: 5075: 5074: 5067: 5060: 5052: 5043: 5042: 5040: 5039: 5038: 5037: 5027: 5022: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4996: 4994: 4993:Related topics 4990: 4989: 4987: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4960: 4958: 4956: 4955: 4952: 4948: 4945: 4944: 4942: 4941: 4936: 4935: 4934: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4903: 4901: 4899: 4898: 4895: 4889: 4886: 4885: 4883: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4826: 4824: 4822: 4821: 4816: 4812: 4809: 4808: 4806: 4805: 4804: 4803: 4793: 4788: 4787: 4786: 4784:retroreflector 4776: 4771: 4766: 4765: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4744: 4739: 4733: 4731: 4725: 4724: 4722: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4695: 4694: 4684: 4679: 4678: 4677: 4672: 4662: 4656: 4654: 4650: 4649: 4647: 4646: 4641: 4639:Track lighting 4636: 4631: 4630: 4629: 4619: 4614: 4612:Recessed light 4609: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4582:Gooseneck lamp 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4553: 4552: 4544: 4539: 4528: 4526: 4520: 4519: 4516: 4515: 4513: 4512: 4507: 4506: 4505: 4497: 4489: 4479: 4473: 4471: 4464:High-intensity 4460: 4459: 4457: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4445: 4444: 4434: 4433: 4432: 4422: 4416: 4414: 4408: 4407: 4405: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4388: 4386: 4380: 4379: 4377: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4335: 4334: 4329: 4319: 4318: 4317: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4266: 4264: 4258: 4257: 4255: 4254: 4253: 4252: 4242: 4237: 4236: 4235: 4233:Laser headlamp 4225: 4224: 4223: 4218: 4203: 4202: 4201: 4191: 4186: 4181: 4180: 4179: 4168: 4166: 4160: 4159: 4157: 4156: 4151: 4146: 4140: 4138: 4129: 4123: 4122: 4120: 4119: 4114: 4109: 4108: 4107: 4102: 4092: 4091: 4090: 4085: 4075: 4070: 4065: 4063:Electric light 4060: 4055: 4049: 4047: 4043: 4042: 4035: 4034: 4027: 4020: 4012: 4006: 4005: 3993: 3988: 3983: 3978: 3963: 3957: 3943: 3929: 3928:External links 3926: 3924: 3923: 3905:(3): 183–199. 3894: 3888: 3875: 3869: 3855: 3852: 3851: 3833: 3790: 3764: 3735:(1): A20–A27. 3715: 3650: 3631:(4): 191–198. 3615: 3606: 3597: 3573: 3544: 3521: 3495: 3469: 3443: 3434: 3383: 3342: 3335: 3317: 3311:978-1482206739 3310: 3286: 3267:(1): 122–135. 3247: 3235: 3226: 3213: 3170: 3149: 3114: 3105: 3102:on 8 May 2009. 3083: 3073:on 7 July 2011 3048: 3023: 2993: 2982: 2956: 2905: 2879: 2853: 2840: 2815:(4): 338–358. 2795: 2783: 2764: 2740: 2722: 2713:Machine Design 2703: 2694: 2691:: 21–22. 2004. 2675: 2654: 2642: 2630: 2623: 2603: 2587: 2580: 2560: 2526: 2515:on May 9, 2010 2490: 2455: 2428: 2422:978-0312353889 2421: 2395: 2357: 2319: 2300:(2): 558–567. 2294:Applied Energy 2279: 2246: 2228: 2221: 2203: 2196: 2172: 2165: 2145: 2134: 2112: 2083: 2056: 2037:. 1940-01-06. 2021: 2020: 2018: 2015: 2014: 2013: 2008: 2003: 1996: 1993: 1992: 1991: 1985: 1979: 1973: 1965: 1962: 1960: 1959: 1953: 1948: 1943: 1938: 1932: 1927: 1922: 1917: 1911: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1891: 1885: 1880: 1875: 1870: 1865: 1860: 1854: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1842: 1841: 1835: 1828: 1819: 1817:United Kingdom 1813: 1810: 1801: 1792: 1789: 1778: 1775: 1710: 1707: 1705: 1702: 1677:Main article: 1673: 1672: 1655:September 2024 1623: 1621: 1614: 1608: 1605: 1593:Main article: 1590: 1587: 1577: 1574: 1553: 1550: 1548: 1545: 1499:blood pressure 1463: 1462:Health effects 1460: 1440:Main article: 1437: 1434: 1425:Main article: 1422: 1419: 1367:Main article: 1364: 1361: 1343: 1342: 1336: 1335: 1334: 1327: 1321: 1318: 1315: 1305: 1302: 1299: 1296:color spectrum 1292: 1284: 1281: 1264: 1263:Light exposure 1261: 1218: 1215: 1112:Main article: 1109: 1106: 1066: 1065: 1016: 1014: 1007: 1000:Stage lighting 998:Main article: 995: 992: 954:Main article: 951: 948: 946: 943: 942: 941: 935: 925: 919: 913: 899: 837:Main article: 834: 831: 817:technology to 786:Main article: 783: 780: 758:The decks and 688: 685: 655:, lit at night 604:cable lighting 589:, invented by 587:Track lighting 505: 502: 500: 497: 488: 487: 481: 470: 463: 450: 447: 446: 445: 422: 400: 355: 352: 288:Main article: 285: 282: 265:, followed by 213:Abraham Gesner 135: 132: 120:light fixtures 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7182: 7181: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7156: 7154: 7139: 7131: 7129: 7121: 7120: 7117: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7097: 7095: 7093: 7089: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7010: 7008: 7006: 7002: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6979: 6976: 6975: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6935: 6933: 6931: 6927: 6924: 6920: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6879: 6877: 6875:organizations 6871: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6825: 6824: 6821: 6817: 6816:Pastel colors 6814: 6813: 6812: 6809: 6805: 6802: 6801: 6800: 6797: 6796: 6794: 6790: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6763: 6761: 6757: 6754: 6753: 6752: 6749: 6748: 6746: 6744: 6740: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6680: 6678: 6676: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6663: 6652: 6651: 6647: 6644: 6643: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6598:Primary color 6596: 6595: 6594: 6591: 6590: 6588: 6586: 6582: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6565:Light-on-dark 6563: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6537: 6534: 6533: 6532: 6529: 6528: 6527: 6524: 6523: 6521: 6519: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6504: 6499: 6485: 6484:Color mapping 6482: 6480: 6477: 6471: 6468: 6467: 6466: 6463: 6459: 6456: 6455: 6454: 6451: 6450: 6449: 6446: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6433: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6409:Color balance 6407: 6406: 6405: 6402: 6401: 6399: 6397: 6393: 6387: 6386:Chromotherapy 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6348: 6346: 6344: 6340: 6334: 6333: 6329: 6327: 6326:Tetrachromacy 6324: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6311: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6278: 6275: 6274: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6250:Achromatopsia 6248: 6247: 6246: 6243: 6239: 6236: 6235: 6234: 6233:Chromesthesia 6231: 6230: 6228: 6226: 6222: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6204: 6201: 6200: 6199: 6196: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6183: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6156: 6155: 6152: 6151: 6149: 6147:Color physics 6145: 6142: 6140: 6139:Color science 6136: 6131: 6124: 6119: 6117: 6112: 6110: 6105: 6104: 6101: 6089: 6080: 6079: 6076: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6026: 6024: 6020: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5982: 5979: 5978: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5935: 5932: 5931: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5843: 5841: 5837: 5836:Architectural 5833: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5816:Semi-detached 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5771: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5756: 5754: 5750: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5733:Swimming pool 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5673:Great chamber 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5655: 5652: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5619: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5597: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5585:Wiring closet 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5556:Semi-basement 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5457: 5455: 5453: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5389: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5336: 5333: 5332: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5322: 5319: 5315: 5312: 5311: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5276: 5274: 5270: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5242: 5239: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5229: 5226: 5225: 5224: 5221: 5220: 5218: 5216:Private rooms 5214: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5191: 5190:billiard room 5188: 5187: 5186: 5183: 5179: 5176: 5175: 5174: 5171: 5167: 5164: 5163: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5144:dirty kitchen 5142: 5141: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5096: 5094: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5073: 5068: 5066: 5061: 5059: 5054: 5053: 5050: 5036: 5033: 5032: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4997: 4995: 4991: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4974:Infrared lamp 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4961: 4959: 4953: 4950: 4949: 4946: 4940: 4937: 4933: 4930: 4929: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4904: 4902: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4890: 4887: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4827: 4825: 4820: 4817: 4814: 4813: 4810: 4802: 4799: 4798: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4785: 4782: 4781: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4749: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4734: 4732: 4730: 4726: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4704:Laser pointer 4702: 4700: 4697: 4693: 4690: 4689: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4667: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4657: 4655: 4651: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4628: 4625: 4624: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4607:Pendant light 4605: 4603: 4602:Neon lighting 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4551: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4534: 4533: 4530: 4529: 4527: 4525: 4521: 4511: 4508: 4504: 4498: 4496: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4484: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4477:Mercury-vapor 4475: 4474: 4472: 4470: 4461: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4443: 4440: 4439: 4438: 4435: 4431: 4428: 4427: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4420:Deuterium arc 4418: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4412:Gas discharge 4409: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4389: 4387: 4385: 4381: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4324: 4323: 4320: 4316: 4313: 4312: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4267: 4265: 4263: 4259: 4251: 4248: 4247: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4234: 4231: 4230: 4229: 4226: 4222: 4219: 4216: 4212: 4209: 4208: 4207: 4204: 4200: 4197: 4196: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4178: 4175: 4174: 4173: 4170: 4169: 4167: 4165: 4161: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4141: 4139: 4137: 4133: 4130: 4124: 4118: 4117:Task lighting 4115: 4113: 4110: 4106: 4103: 4101: 4098: 4097: 4096: 4093: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4080: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4073:Light fixture 4071: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4061: 4059: 4056: 4054: 4051: 4050: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4033: 4028: 4026: 4021: 4019: 4014: 4013: 4010: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3992: 3989: 3987: 3984: 3982: 3979: 3975: 3968: 3964: 3961: 3958: 3956:at Wiktionary 3955: 3954: 3948: 3944: 3941: 3936: 3932: 3931: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3895: 3891: 3885: 3882:. CRC Press. 3881: 3876: 3872: 3866: 3862: 3857: 3856: 3847: 3843: 3837: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3794: 3779: 3775: 3768: 3760: 3756: 3751: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3719: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3654: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3619: 3610: 3601: 3587: 3583: 3577: 3562: 3558: 3551: 3549: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3525: 3510: 3506: 3499: 3484: 3480: 3473: 3458: 3457:Medical Daily 3454: 3447: 3438: 3430: 3426: 3421: 3416: 3411: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3387: 3379: 3375: 3370: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3346: 3338: 3332: 3328: 3321: 3313: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3298: 3290: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3251: 3242: 3240: 3230: 3223: 3217: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3174: 3166: 3159: 3153: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3118: 3109: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3087: 3069: 3065: 3058: 3052: 3038:on 2013-06-15 3037: 3033: 3027: 3013:on 2007-04-15 3012: 3008: 3004: 2997: 2991: 2986: 2972:on 2010-06-09 2971: 2967: 2960: 2952: 2948: 2943: 2938: 2933: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2909: 2895:on 2011-07-18 2894: 2890: 2883: 2869:on 2011-07-18 2868: 2864: 2857: 2851:2004; 38, pp. 2850: 2844: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2799: 2792: 2787: 2779: 2775: 2768: 2754: 2750: 2744: 2738: 2734: 2731: 2726: 2718: 2714: 2707: 2698: 2690: 2686: 2685:Cabinet Maker 2679: 2672: 2671:1-84542-660-6 2668: 2664: 2658: 2652: 2646: 2640: 2634: 2626: 2624:9781933599427 2620: 2616: 2615: 2607: 2599: 2598: 2591: 2583: 2581:9781579809294 2577: 2573: 2572: 2564: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2530: 2511: 2507: 2500: 2494: 2480:on 2010-12-04 2476: 2472: 2465: 2459: 2443: 2440:. Lamps USA. 2439: 2432: 2424: 2418: 2414: 2409: 2408: 2399: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2376:(2): 95–103. 2375: 2371: 2364: 2362: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2326: 2324: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2288: 2286: 2284: 2274: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2250: 2243: 2238: 2232: 2224: 2222:9781483342658 2218: 2214: 2207: 2199: 2197:9780763766658 2193: 2189: 2185: 2184: 2176: 2168: 2162: 2158: 2157: 2149: 2143: 2138: 2130: 2123: 2121: 2119: 2117: 2100: 2096: 2090: 2088: 2071: 2067: 2060: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2026: 2022: 2012: 2009: 2007: 2004: 2002: 1999: 1998: 1989: 1986: 1983: 1982:Thomas Edison 1980: 1977: 1974: 1971: 1968: 1967: 1957: 1954: 1952: 1949: 1947: 1944: 1942: 1939: 1937:(for signage) 1936: 1935:Neon lighting 1933: 1931: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1921: 1918: 1915: 1912: 1910: 1907: 1905: 1902: 1900: 1899:Light fixture 1897: 1895: 1892: 1889: 1886: 1884: 1881: 1879: 1876: 1874: 1871: 1869: 1866: 1864: 1861: 1858: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1849: 1839: 1836: 1833: 1829: 1827: 1823: 1820: 1818: 1814: 1811: 1809: 1805: 1802: 1800: 1796: 1793: 1790: 1788: 1784: 1781: 1780: 1774: 1772: 1768: 1763: 1759: 1757: 1752: 1750: 1745: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1730: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1709:International 1701: 1697: 1693: 1685: 1680: 1669: 1666: 1658: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1634: 1633: 1629: 1624:This section 1622: 1618: 1613: 1612: 1604: 1601: 1596: 1586: 1582: 1573: 1571: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1544: 1541: 1537: 1532: 1528: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1502: 1500: 1496: 1491: 1489: 1483: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1459: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1443: 1433: 1428: 1418: 1414: 1411: 1407: 1402: 1400: 1396: 1395:wireless mesh 1391: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1370: 1360: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1340: 1339:Load shedding 1337: 1332: 1328: 1325: 1324: 1322: 1319: 1316: 1314: 1310: 1307:Selection of 1306: 1303: 1300: 1297: 1293: 1290: 1289: 1288: 1280: 1278: 1272: 1268: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1250: 1246: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1229: 1223: 1214: 1212: 1207: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1168: 1166: 1162: 1161:luminous flux 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1121: 1115: 1105: 1101: 1098: 1088: 1080: 1072: 1062: 1059: 1051: 1048:February 2012 1041: 1037: 1033: 1027: 1026: 1022: 1017:This section 1015: 1011: 1006: 1005: 1001: 991: 987: 985: 980: 971: 967: 962: 957: 939: 936: 933: 932:semiconductor 929: 926: 923: 920: 917: 914: 911: 907: 903: 900: 897: 893: 889: 885: 882: 881: 880: 876: 874: 870: 869:visible light 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 840: 830: 828: 824: 820: 816: 811: 806: 802: 798: 794: 789: 779: 777: 773: 767: 766: 761: 756: 752: 749: 747: 742: 737: 735: 734:Beacon lights 731: 729: 722: 718: 714: 712: 711:Street Lights 705: 701: 697: 693: 684: 682: 681:movie theater 677: 675: 670: 666: 662: 654: 650: 645: 641: 639: 635: 630: 627: 623: 618: 616: 612: 609: 605: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 582: 578: 574: 570: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 531: 527: 526:neon lighting 523: 519: 515: 511: 492: 485: 482: 479: 475: 471: 467: 464: 461: 456: 453: 452: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 401: 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 377:Task lighting 375: 374: 373: 366: 361: 351: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 331: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 302: 300: 296: 291: 290:Light fixture 281: 279: 278:street lights 275: 270: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 248: 242: 238: 233: 229: 227: 223: 218: 214: 210: 205: 203: 202:light fixture 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 141: 131: 129: 125: 121: 116: 113: 109: 105: 101: 100:light sources 97: 93: 89: 81: 74: 73:Gare de l'Est 69: 62: 57: 50: 46: 40: 33: 19: 7109: 6848:Fluorescence 6811:Colorfulness 6804:Dichromatism 6648: 6640: 6610:Chromaticity 6593:Color mixing 6585:Color theory 6518:Color scheme 6381:Chromophobia 6330: 5966:Roof lantern 5940: 5718:Smoking room 5688:Long gallery 5668:Drawing room 5654:Conservatory 5561:Storm cellar 5532:Storage room 5528:Utility room 5524:Laundry room 5500:Furnace room 5091:Shared rooms 4880:Strobe light 4875:Plasma globe 4850:Crackle tube 4840:Bubble light 4801:trafficators 4796:Turn signals 4622:Street light 4577:Gas lighting 4510:Sodium vapor 4482:Metal-halide 4384:Electric arc 4136:Incandescent 4105:Edison screw 4038: 4000: 3973: 3952: 3902: 3898: 3879: 3860: 3845: 3836: 3806:(1): 65–81. 3803: 3799: 3793: 3781:. 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