396:, the head of the first Women’s Section (Zhenotdel) of Soviet Turkmenistan. In 1980, Narliev directed Jamal’s Tree (Aimedova wrote the script) in what Slapke deems as his ode to all Turkmen mothers, it portrayed the sacrifices of a lady in her continued abidance by traditional structures even at times when they were of no particular use and thus being the custodian of life. In '82 he directed Karakum: 45˚ C in the Shade drawing from Mansurov's earlier work. In 1984, Narliev, at the request of the republican leadership, directed a biographical film Fragi, Deprived of Happiness on the event of the 250th birth anniversary of
524:; an international film festival was held at Ashgabat in 2008. Film production was resumed (circa 2010) with state patronage. Kerim Annanov directed a short film Autumn in 2009. In August 2010, Berdimuhamedow urged Turkmentelekinofilm to establish cooperation with major film companies of the world, and create a new movie about Turkmenistan. A 3D theater was opened in 2011 and another two in 2012; a 3D film was produced, as well. Films of other countries are being screened regularly since around 2010, as are old Turkmen classics; state-owned TV channels broadcast them as well.
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153:) subverting gendered stereotypes, after she joins the Communist Party's Youth League. The film was based on a careful study of Turkmen culture and traditions; Karliev won a Stalin prize and has since considered it to be his best role. Slapke deems the film to be his most impressive work. Apart from Nina, all other actors were of Turkmen descent and had no prior experience in cinema.
437:, in depicting a non-traditional Turkman who fails to defend his homeland from invasion by Chinese troops. Afterwards, as he is captured, tortured, and brainwashed into serving the invaders, he is so completely turned that he even fails to recognise his mother (portrayed by Aimedova) and murders her, when she attempts to rescue him. Then First Secretary of the
164:. Ukrainian directors of repute partnered with the Turkmenfilm to make newsreels and other films; Ivanov-Barkov produced The Procurator (1941) during these spans. Slapke argues that there was a noticeable improvement in the professional - and especially technical - competence of Turkmen film-makers during this span.
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and totalitarian reign was at its peak, the country was increasingly isolationist, and all forms of art bearing no relationship to traditional folklore were censored. Filmmakers were forced to engage in government propaganda or stand accused of lacking patriotism and face financial difficulties. Many
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issued a decree titled “On Major
Insufficiencies in the Work of Turkmenfilm” which led to more people joining the cinema industry. Where previously, most of the films produced in the Turkmen studio had involvement from Russian and Ukrainian directors, now, a new generation of Turkmen filmmakers — the
411:
documenting the reality of
Turkmen life characterized by corruption and moral decay. Several other films and documentaries (about five full-length features, several animates shorts and about 50 dubs of foreign films, every year) were produced in these two decades which are since considered to be the
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as a director. Narliev's signature style of film-making — low, barren, mono-toned and deceptively simplistic yet richly poetic, capturing the dignified eternal lives of
Turkmen women in all its intricate tragic grinds yet compelling the audience to reflect and hope for better — won many critics, who
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The first film after the War was Ivanov-Barkov's The
Distant Bride (1948), a musical comedy which was met with widespread popular reception across the Soviet Union with Karliev winning another Stalin prize; it remains his most popular film though Slapke and others have since taken a poor view of the
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In 2016, a law was passed that laid down parameters on deeming films as "national" (or not) and accordingly, promote and conserve them on behalf of the state; creative freedom was however guaranteed in all cases. In 2017, a feature film was produced about
Turkmen's fondness of breeding horses. In
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His next film was When a Woman
Saddles a Horse (1974, Aimedova wrote the script), a historical drama modeled on one of his relative, a pioneer female revolutionary and which portrayed the difficulties of an oriental woman in bringing structural changes within a society. You Must be Able to Say No
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Slapke notes :- "Although some remarkable actors, including
Karliev and Aman Kulmamedov, appeared in the film, it suffered as a whole from being schematic and superficial, concealed beneath a wealth of ethnographic material and oriental colour." Rollberg notes :- "In the post-Stalinist
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In 1999, Baba
Annanov's son Kerim Annanov directed Legend, a 90-minute long parable-cinema, in what was the last film under Niyazov-presidency; Slapke remarked of this to be a fine example of Soviet cinematography. About a father who tries to stop his sons from infighting in order to establish a
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was accordingly founded in
Turkmenistan's capital city the following year, and their output consisted exclusively of documentaries, propaganda films and newsreels. Their exhibitions were often accompanied by educational lectures on the themes and Swetlana Slapke, former cultural historian at the
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Vostokkino, meaning ‘eastern cinema’ or ‘Oriental cinema’, was a film trust launched by Soviet officials and intellectuals from the
Scientific Oriental Association in Moscow in 1926. The creation of Vostokkino reflected Bolshevik policy to promote non-Russian nationalities in various spheres of
344:'s score blending Turkmen folk motifs with European symphony was impressive as well. Widely considered to be his magisterial work, it has since gained a cult status. Karliev went on to produce two more biographical films — Magtymguly (1968, starring Khommat Mullyk and Mukhammed Cherkezov) about
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Contemporary cinematic forms failed to develop unlike other Central Asian republics. In 2003 the film studio, having a paper-existence and downgraded to a mere association of film-producers, was merged with Turkmen Television into "Turkmentelekinofilm". In 2006, Kakabaev, a pro-regime director
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about a musician who travels to enemy territory to champion peace, Mansurov tackled the perpetual duel between good and evil and the need of state to wield power over subjects. Aman Khandurdyev and Khodjan Ovezgelenov who played the lead roles were amateurs but pulled off highly convincing and
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noted that she did not receive any film from Turkmenistan and while film-making had recently resumed in Turkmenistan, it was limited to historical themes. In 2013, a feature was produced. In 2015, another feature was produced chronicling a young engineer employed in the construction of
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and already an acclaimed cameraman, his first directorial venture was Man Overboard (1969) about the moral conflict of a fisherman who failed to save his friend from the seas; Slapke found it to be a sincere and impressive debut. He garnered critical acclaim for his next film
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chose to emigrate Moscow-wards (Narliev, Saparaov, Aliev et al) while some (Kakabaev et al) conformed. The Union of Cinematographers was dissolved in 1998; the Turkmenfilm studio was demolished a year or two earlier to construct a highway (or variably, a sports-stadium).
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peaceful life before succumbing to failure, Niyazov sensed parallels with Mankurt and banned distribution. Film production in Turkmenistan virtually ceased thereafter and the very occasional cinematic activity were restricted to consulate-arranged film screenings.
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about the trials of a young laborer. Its release was accompanied by festive screenings, involving a military brass band. Slapke notes that the film left a strong impression upon the audience for "it was the first feature film in their lives and about their lives".
388:(who would feature in each of his film, and be his future-wife) in lead role as a widow who engages in an eternal wait for her (dead) soldier-husband and refuses to remarry in her bid to remain loyal to the idea of love whilst taking care of her father-in-law.
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as a director, whom Slapke describes as the indisputable founder of Turkmen national cinema. Coming from a background of popular theater and having made a name for himself as an actor reflecting national spirits, he co-produced the first colour film
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After Turkmenistan gained independence in 1991, the film movement initially flourished. Seminars and workshops were held for Central Asian cinema artists, the film-studio was set to be expanded in the outskirts of Ashkabad (for reconstructing an
392:(1976) was a pamphlet against the tradition of bride-purchase. Both the films were an antithesis to the atypical traditionalist themes found in his works in that he rejected blind allegiance to traditions; the former was dedicated to
145:, who returned after about a decade and would go on to become a keystone figure in the initial development of Turkmen national cinema. The film had a complex-layered plot centered around a traditional elite man Nury (played by
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covering the emancipation of a girl from slavery; both had Narliev as cameraman. The films generated public interest but were creatively poorer, per Slapke. Peter Rollberg, Professor of Slavic Languages and Film Studies at
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In the 1930s, numerous local director and cameramen - Vladimir Lavrov, Djavanshir Mamedov, Nikolai Mikhailovich Kopysov, Djuma Nepesov and Shadurdy Annaev - joined the studio. The first feature-length sound-film was
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asserted that there were 20 active feature-film makers, but they lacked the possibility of shooting 35-mm films; an Academy of Fine Arts was scheduled to have its first graduates in artistic film making that year.
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The lady's husband returned from a War disabled, only to face rumors about his wife’s infidelity. But the wife, rather than confront and put an end prefers to remain mute and perform her womanly duties.
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heyday of Turkmen cinema, with over 900 functioning projectors in the republic. A monthly news almanac (Soviet Turkmenistan) and a satirical almanac (The Spear) were published by Turkenfilm, as well.
369:. He was to head the film union from 1976 (won unanimously) to 1998, significantly improving the now-renamed Alty Karliev Turkmenfilm Studio and commanded tremendous influence in the film industry.
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Narliev's last film was Mankurt (1990) was a cross-country venture featuring crew from Turkey and Libya and was partially filmed in Syria as well as Turkey. Based on a narrative strand from
476:(dir. Saparaov, 1994), The Soul is Burnt Out (1995), Fragrance of Wishes (dir. Shchugarev, 1996), Repentance (dir. Kakabaev, 1996) and Children of the Earthquake (dir. Aliev, 1997).
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Thus, Bulat Mansurov's student-diploma work Contest (1963) became the first Turkmen film to gain international attention, and simultaneously birthed poetic cinema. Deriving from
400:. The two-part film covered the early life of the philosopher (esp. his tragic love for a childhood romantic interest) and met popular success as well as critical acclaim.
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made his name as a children's film director, debuting with The Masculine Upbringing which had a highly successful run, and won him a USSR State Prize. In 1989, he directed
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Q: According to Sergei Shugarev, a film-maker from the younger generation, Turkmenistan is a closed system that persecutes people who think differently and dissidence is
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101:; it was about five Komsomol enthusiasts fertilizing the desert scapes amidst all adversities and bringing in a communist transformation. This film was made for
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324:'s work about a young Turkmen labourer searching for love and justice during the tectonic shifts in historical consciousness happening across the aftermath of
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455:) with grants from Moscow, and a new generation of directors — Shikhmurat Annamuratov, Sergei Shchugarev, Biulbiul Mamedov, Khalmamed Kakabaev,
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184:(since located in other Central Asian nations) produced very small number of newsreels and documentaries on Turkmen themes during these times.
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Restoration of old classics began and unused cinema halls were refurbished back. In 2007, the film-studio was reinstated and renamed after
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The Turkmenfilm studio was rebuilt in the 1950s, and it began producing feature films again. The first post-reconstruction films were by
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changed the cultural scapes in that artistic freedom increased vastly and Union of Cinematographers of Turkmenistan was set up in 1965.
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49:(Proclamation of the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic) in 1925, by Sergei Lebedev and Boris Bashem, two Russian cameramen from the
352:— which were met with popular success but were dramaturgically inferior; his last work was The Border is Behind the River (1971).
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however deems the former to have had introduced a "daring visual style" and notes that critics hold the latter to be his best work
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224:. Slapke notes both of them to be unpersuasive, in nature. He was the artistic director of Turkmenfilm Studio from 1956 to 1960.
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A: In Turkmenistan, we have had political stability for nine years. We have not had a single political conflict with any party.
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57:. On 7 February 1926, The Council of People’s Commissars of the Turkmen SSR issued a decree to establish a "film-factory". The
1839:"The second day of the Week of Culture 2020 is dedicated to the historical and literary heritage of the Turkmen people | TDH"
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A: Shugarev is not a dissident. He was my assistant. He was given the opportunity to practice his trade in Turkmenistan; he
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The Turkmen cinema industry virtually ceased to exist months later, when the Turkmenfilm building was destroyed in the
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Mansurov's last film (in Turkmenistan) was a WWII parable There Is No Death, Pals (1970) before he emigrated to
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deems the productions to have been uniformly characterized by "propaganda and ideological tendentiousness".
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1379:"President instructs "Turkmenfilm" association to produce films about construction sites - Turkmenistan.ru"
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period, the film was blamed for its conflict avoidance and blatant lies about the reality of Turkmenistan."
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Slapke describes of the film as "that was purely national in form but profoundly humanistic in content".
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who was increasingly becoming authoritarian took umbrage with the film, and banned its distribution.
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Gönul Dönmez-Colin's interview of Kakabaev at the Cottbus Film Festival, 2006 is interesting :-
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1790:"A movie "At – myrat", dedicated to the Akhalteke horses, comes out in the country's cinemas | TDH"
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at Berdimuhamedow's request. On the occasion of the eighth Eurasia International Film Festival at
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et al) — emerged, and were subsequently responsible for most of the Turkenfilm productions. Also,
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Saparov’s Little Angel, Make Me Happy (1992) narrated the tale of a boy who was left behind in a
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The 1960s was a significant decade for Turkmen filmmaking. In 1961, the Central Committee of the
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and was originally silent, but had a soundtrack added a few months later for public consumption.
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The first feature-length documentary to be produced from Kinofabrica was Alexander Vladychuk's
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2020, three feature films were produced on the 25th anniversary of Turkmenistan
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Mansurov went on to produce Quenching the Thirst (1966) based on a novel by
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Cinemas of the Other: A Personal Journey with Film-Makers from Central Asia
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public life and temper their quest for the expression of national identity.
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216:(1960) was his next directorial venture covering the complex travails of a
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25:
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1740:Государственное информационное агентство Туркменистана (3 December 2015).
1044:"The Socialist Avant-Garde at the 33rd Moscow International Film Festival"
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in 1957 with Ivanov-Barkov about the exploits of a state-agent during the
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see political films interrogating the recent past or the present changes?
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to go to Moscow. He can come and work in Turkmenistan whenever he wants.
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1742:"Состоялась премьера художественного фильма "Дороги, ведущие к счастью""
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1697:"Arts & Culture: Warriors, Lovers, Immigrants, and Forest Creatures"
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Celebrating the Tenth Anniversary of the October Revolution in Ashkhabad
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which is widely considered as the zenith of Turkmen cinema. Featuring
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848:. In Rouland, Michael; Abikeyeva, Gulnara; Beumers, Birgit (eds.).
433:(who suggested the screenplay), it drew from the Turkic legends of
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196:— The Shepherd's Son (1954) and The Cunning of Old Ashir (1955).
1283:"From evolution to growth: Central Asian video art, 1995–2015 *"
45:
The first documentary to be produced in Turkmenistan itself was
2414:
998:
Companion Encyclopedia of Middle Eastern and North African Film
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314:
1937:
470:. Other films of the 90s include Legend of My Youth (1992),
1815:"Премьеры "Туркменфильма" − посвящение Нейтралитету страны"
1353:"В столице Туркмении сгорело здание киностудии - ИА REGNUM"
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Its premiere was finally held at the East-West Festival in
332:. The film had an accurate representation of Turkmen life,
285:(though, of Soviet descent) made his name as a cameraman.
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551:; another was made on a book written by Berdimuhamedow.
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has had the most limited film production industry of any
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dates back to the 1920s, when the country was within the
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The Central State Archive of Cinema and Photo Documents
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covering the friendship between workers who built the
1150:"In Lieu of a Gap: The Absent Cinema of Turkmenistan"
320:
In 1965, Karliev directed The Decisive Step based on
850:
Cinema in Central Asia: Rewriting Cultural Histories
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Primary sources and film-reels can be obtained from
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and The Slave Girl (1968) based on a short story by
1239:"David MacFadyen on "Little Angel, Make Me Happy""
1148:Abikeeva, Gul'nara; Beumers, Birgit (2010-01-01).
935:Historical Dictionary of Russian and Soviet Cinema
149:) coming to terms with his wife Dursun (played by
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317:where he continued to direct and produce films.
1329:"Turkmen Leader Marks Revival Of Film Industry"
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281:'s tragic score has since become a classic and
938:. Scarecrow Press. pp. xxvi, xxx, xxxii.
846:"Fragments From the History of Turkmen Cinema"
549:maintain neutrality in all political conflicts
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852:. Translated by Taylor, Richard. I.B.Tauris.
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160:was evacuated to Ashgabat as a result of the
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113:'s I'll Be Back (1935), which was based on
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137:The first film shot at the new studio was
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1813:КАСЬЯНОВА, Анастасия (16 December 2020).
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1695:Abikeyeva, Gulnara (18 September 2012).
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1197:"Central Asian Films – Senses of Cinema"
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517:upon Niyazov's death in December, 2006.
134:was reorganized as Turkmenfilm Studio.
540:Kazakhstan-Turkmenistan-Iran railway.
468:43rd Berlin International Film Festival
427:The Day Lasts More than a Hundred Years
97:(The Earth is Thirsty) was produced by
79:in the cotton industry. The same year,
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1072:"Interview with Khodzhakuli Narliyev"
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1287:Studies in Russian and Soviet Cinema
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1154:Studies in Russian and Soviet Cinema
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731:
729:
727:
725:
723:
721:
719:
717:
715:
713:
1281:Sorokina, Yuliya (September 2016).
696:Why create an artificial situation?
464:post-WWII purge of German villagers
365:often deemed of him as the Turkmen
13:
3804:
1868:Turkmenistan International Journal
1685:
1228:
1116:
1082:
1058:
992:Dönmez-Colin, Gönul (2003-12-16).
571:
14:
4203:
1030:
976:
874:
710:
4165:
4156:
4155:
3756:
3742:
2444:
527:In 2012, a film was produced on
415:
355:
91:In 1930, the first feature film
1855:
1831:
1806:
1782:
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1733:
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1445:
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1396:
1371:
1345:
1321:
1274:
1255:
1209:
1188:
684:He should not be spreading lies
664:
651:
642:
237:first Turkmen graduates of the
47:Provozglashenie Turkmenskoi SSR
4123:British Indian Ocean Territory
1218:"Interview with Usman Saparov"
1078:. Special Issue: Central Asia.
952:
932:Rollberg, Peter (2008-11-07).
633:
623:
613:
596:
24:. Since independence in 1991,
1:
1299:10.1080/17503132.2016.1221236
1000:. Routledge. pp. 15–17.
704:
1333:RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty
1264:"Review of Rovayat (Legend)"
1096:Dönmez-Colin, Gönül (2012).
604:For Elections to the Soviets
420:
303:George Washington University
83:made a successful film Judas
7:
996:. In Leaman, Oliver (ed.).
554:
509:Restrictions relaxed after
41:Early years - 1920s and 30s
10:
4208:
1862:Kadzharova, Maral (2019).
561:List of Turkmenistan films
505:Berdimuhamedow and present
87:but left the industry soon
35:
4151:
4110:
4070:
3812:
3736:
3693:
3660:
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2128:
2119:
2042:
2033:
1918:
1042:Draskoczy, Julie (2011).
844:Slapke, Swetlana (2013).
511:Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow
484:However by the late 90s,
277:impressive performances;
3872:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
2660:Central African Republic
1410:(in Russian). 2012-09-27
1270:. Special: Central Asia.
1224:. Special: Central Asia.
589:
480:Late 90s and early 2000s
360:The 70s saw the rise of
227:
199:The 50s saw the rise of
187:
174:1948 Ashgabat earthquake
125:
4133:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
439:Turkmen Communist Party
234:Turkmen Communist Party
4192:Cinema of Turkmenistan
3370:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1243:international.ucla.edu
994:"Central Asian cinema"
566:Cinema of Central Asia
218:young female communist
117:’s epic theater-drama
18:cinema of Turkmenistan
2680:São Tomé and Príncipe
1408:Хроника Туркменистана
1404:"Пустующий "Ашхабад""
1006:10.4324/9780203426494
858:10.5040/9780755697359
546:vouching at the UN to
270:Nurmurat Sarykhanov's
206:Extraordinary Mission
143:Yevgeni Ivanov-Barkov
81:Yevgeni Ivanov-Barkov
4047:United Arab Emirates
3147:United Arab Emirates
2107:World Heritage Sites
2067:Environmental issues
1166:10.1386/srsc.4.2.240
535:, artistic director
488:'s (now, President)
259:Mukhamed Soiunkhanov
220:during the times of
141:(1940), directed by
111:Alexander Ledashchev
60:Ashgabat Kinofabrica
4074:limited recognition
3696:& transnational
2133:Central Asian Union
2025:Neutrality Monument
1819:turkmenistan.gov.tm
1770:turkmenistan.gov.tm
1746:turkmenistan.gov.tm
1721:turkmenistan.gov.tm
1673:turkmenistan.gov.tm
1649:turkmenistan.gov.tm
1625:turkmenistan.gov.tm
1601:turkmenistan.gov.tm
1577:turkmenistan.gov.tm
1553:turkmenistan.gov.tm
1529:turkmenistan.gov.tm
1505:turkmenistan.gov.tm
1481:turkmenistan.gov.tm
1457:turkmenistan.gov.tm
1433:turkmenistan.gov.tm
1383:www.turkmenistan.ru
1262:Abikeeva, Gulnara.
1216:Abikeeva, Gulnara.
1102:. Intellect Books.
1070:Abikeeva, Gulnara.
964:turkmenistan.gov.tm
386:Maya-Gozel Aimedova
362:Khodzhakuli Narliev
283:Khodzhakuli Narliev
255:Khodzhakuli Narliev
251:Murad Kurbanklychev
66:Humboldt University
3548:Dominican Republic
2231:Telecommunications
2015:Saparmurat Niyazov
1702:Transitions Online
1359:on 9 November 2013
661:in September 2007.
486:Saparmurat Niyazov
443:Saparmurat Niyazov
326:October Revolution
194:Rafail Perelshtein
4179:
4178:
4116:other territories
3772:
3771:
3656:
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3505:
3504:
3188:
3187:
2714:
2713:
2412:
2411:
2372:
2371:
2244:
2243:
2200:
2199:
2153:Foreign relations
2115:
2114:
1195:Rapfogel, Jared.
1109:978-1-84150-549-7
1023:978-0-203-42649-4
945:978-0-8108-6268-5
867:978-1-84511-900-3
537:Gulnara Abikeyeva
431:Chinghiz Aitmatov
398:Magtymguly Pyragy
382:(Daughter-in-Law)
346:Magtymguly Pyragy
210:Russian Civil War
4199:
4169:
4159:
4158:
4128:Christmas Island
3814:Sovereign states
3799:
3792:
3785:
3776:
3775:
3763:World portal
3761:
3760:
3747:
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3694:Intercontinental
3514:
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3337:Northern Ireland
3199:
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2211:
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2143:Democratic Party
2126:
2125:
2040:
2039:
1995:
1994:
1984:
1983:
1968:Greater Khorasan
1933:Bactria–Margiana
1901:
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1355:. Archived from
1349:
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649:
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621:
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611:
602:Example include
600:
513:ascended to the
342:Nury Halmammedov
322:Berdi Kerbabayev
279:Nury Halmammedov
222:collectivization
162:Second World War
158:Kiev Film Studio
115:Oraz Tachnazarov
77:collectivization
4207:
4206:
4202:
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4200:
4198:
4197:
4196:
4182:
4181:
4180:
4175:
4147:
4115:
4106:
4087:Northern Cyprus
4073:
4066:
3808:
3806:Cinema of Asia
3803:
3773:
3768:
3755:
3749:Film portal
3743:
3741:
3732:
3695:
3689:
3652:
3579:
3501:
3448:
3405:North Macedonia
3353:
3270:
3184:
3156:
3041:
2998:
2940:
2778:
2710:
2684:
2638:
2582:
2506:
2461:
2457:National cinema
2448:
2443:
2413:
2408:
2395:
2388:
2381:
2368:
2298:
2294:Public holidays
2240:
2224:
2196:
2170:Law enforcement
2111:
2087:Protected areas
2029:
1992:
1990:
1981:
1979:
1973:Parthian Empire
1914:
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574:
572:Further reading
557:
529:Golden Age Lake
507:
482:
423:
418:
358:
298:Andrei Platonov
263:Khrushchev Thaw
247:Kurban Yazhanov
243:Yazgeldy Seidov
230:
190:
128:
94:Zemlya Zhazhdet
53:film studio in
43:
38:
12:
11:
5:
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3737:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3718:Kurdish cinema
3715:
3710:
3708:Balochi cinema
3705:
3699:
3697:
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3332:United Kingdom
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3258:
3257:
3256:
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3249:Russian Empire
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3219:Czech Republic
3216:
3211:
3205:
3203:
3196:
3190:
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3183:
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3181:
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3173:Russian Empire
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2272:Turkmen people
2269:
2258:
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2245:
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2239:
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2110:
2109:
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2084:
2079:
2074:
2072:Extreme points
2069:
2064:
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2037:
2031:
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2028:
2027:
2022:
2012:
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1965:
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1955:
1950:
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1940:
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1930:
1924:
1922:
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1903:
1896:
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1881:
1874:
1873:
1864:"Time Keepers"
1854:
1830:
1805:
1794:www.tdh.gov.tm
1781:
1757:
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1564:
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1395:
1370:
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1320:
1293:(3): 238–260.
1273:
1254:
1227:
1208:
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1160:(2): 240–243.
1115:
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357:
354:
338:Artyk Djallyev
274:Shukur-Bakhshi
229:
226:
189:
186:
127:
124:
42:
39:
37:
34:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4204:
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4189:
4187:
4172:
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4150:
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4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4120:
4118:
4113:
4109:
4103:
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2267:Ethnic groups
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2020:
2016:
2013:
2011:
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1767:
1766:"Золотой век"
1761:
1747:
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1736:
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1717:"Золотой век"
1712:
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1703:
1698:
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1674:
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1669:"Золотой век"
1664:
1650:
1646:
1645:"Золотой век"
1640:
1626:
1622:
1621:"Золотой век"
1616:
1602:
1598:
1597:"Золотой век"
1592:
1578:
1574:
1573:"Золотой век"
1568:
1554:
1550:
1549:"Золотой век"
1544:
1530:
1526:
1525:"Золотой век"
1520:
1506:
1502:
1501:"Золотой век"
1496:
1482:
1478:
1477:"Золотой век"
1472:
1458:
1454:
1453:"Золотой век"
1448:
1434:
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1429:"Золотой век"
1424:
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988:
986:
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965:
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960:"Золотой век"
955:
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709:
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691:
688:Q: Why do we
685:
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609:
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491:
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477:
475:
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469:
465:
460:
458:
457:Kerim Annanov
454:
453:
446:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
416:1990s-present
413:
410:
406:
405:Usman Saparov
401:
399:
395:
389:
387:
383:
381:
375:
374:Boris Volchek
372:A student of
370:
368:
363:
356:1970s and 80s
353:
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347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
318:
316:
312:
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294:Karakum Canal
291:
290:Yuri Trifonov
286:
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156:In 1941, the
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135:
133:
130:In 1939, the
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90:
86:
82:
78:
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69:
67:
62:
61:
56:
52:
48:
33:
31:
30:Central Asian
27:
23:
19:
4112:Dependencies
4042:Turkmenistan
4041:
4007:Saudi Arabia
3754:
3740:
3728:Soviet Union
3480:German Turks
3254:Soviet Union
3178:Soviet Union
3132:Saudi Arabia
3032:Turkmenistan
3031:
2946:Southeastern
2706:South Africa
2599:Burkina Faso
2446:World cinema
2316:
2312:Architecture
2262:Demographics
2189:
2158:Human rights
2138:Constitution
2052:Central Asia
1989:Khwarazmian
1908:Turkmenistan
1867:
1857:
1846:. Retrieved
1842:
1833:
1822:. Retrieved
1818:
1808:
1797:. Retrieved
1793:
1784:
1773:. Retrieved
1769:
1760:
1749:. Retrieved
1745:
1735:
1724:. Retrieved
1720:
1711:
1700:
1676:. Retrieved
1672:
1663:
1652:. Retrieved
1648:
1639:
1628:. Retrieved
1624:
1615:
1604:. Retrieved
1600:
1591:
1580:. Retrieved
1576:
1567:
1556:. Retrieved
1552:
1543:
1532:. Retrieved
1528:
1519:
1508:. Retrieved
1504:
1495:
1484:. Retrieved
1480:
1471:
1460:. Retrieved
1456:
1447:
1436:. Retrieved
1432:
1423:
1412:. Retrieved
1407:
1398:
1386:. Retrieved
1382:
1373:
1361:. Retrieved
1357:the original
1347:
1336:. Retrieved
1332:
1323:
1290:
1286:
1276:
1267:
1257:
1246:. Retrieved
1242:
1221:
1211:
1200:. Retrieved
1190:
1157:
1153:
1098:
1075:
1051:
1047:
997:
967:. Retrieved
963:
954:
934:
849:
695:
689:
683:
679:
673:
666:
653:
644:
635:
625:
615:
607:
603:
598:
583:film studies
578:
542:
526:
522:Oghuz Khagan
519:
508:
499:
495:
483:
472:
461:
450:
447:
424:
408:
402:
394:Ene Kuliyeva
390:
379:
371:
359:
334:Baba Annanov
319:
306:
287:
273:
267:
231:
213:
205:
201:Alty Karliev
198:
191:
169:
166:
155:
151:Nina Alisova
147:Alty Karliev
138:
136:
131:
129:
118:
107:
102:
99:Yuli Raizman
92:
88:
84:
73:Beloe Zeloto
72:
70:
58:
46:
44:
26:Turkmenistan
22:Soviet Union
17:
15:
4171:Asia portal
4072:States with
3992:Philippines
3932:South Korea
3927:North Korea
3822:Afghanistan
3713:Middle East
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3497:Switzerland
3492:Netherlands
3012:Afghanistan
2979:Philippines
2553:South Sudan
2218:Agriculture
2019:Türkmenbaşy
1993:(1077–1231)
1982:(1037–1194)
1928:Yaz culture
1870:. Ashgabat.
1388:27 November
1363:27 November
1268:KinoKultara
1222:SinoKultura
1076:KinoKultura
1048:KinoKultura
1014:11693/51231
132:Kinofabrica
4052:Uzbekistan
4027:Tajikistan
3942:Kyrgyzstan
3922:Kazakhstan
3842:Bangladesh
3832:Azerbaijan
3703:Arab World
3538:Costa Rica
3487:Luxembourg
3420:Yugoslavia
3400:Montenegro
3060:Azerbaijan
3037:Uzbekistan
3027:Tajikistan
3022:Kyrgyzstan
3017:Kazakhstan
2892:Rajasthani
2792:Bangladesh
2604:Cape Verde
2538:Madagascar
2225:(currency)
2180:Parliament
2010:Soviet era
2005:Magtymguly
1943:Massagetae
1848:2020-12-17
1843:tdh.gov.tm
1824:2020-12-17
1799:2020-12-17
1775:2020-12-17
1751:2020-12-17
1726:2020-12-17
1678:2020-12-17
1654:2020-12-17
1630:2020-12-17
1606:2020-12-17
1582:2020-12-17
1558:2020-12-17
1534:2020-12-17
1510:2020-12-17
1486:2020-12-17
1462:2020-12-17
1438:2020-12-17
1414:2020-12-13
1338:2020-12-13
1248:2020-12-15
1202:2021-04-19
969:2020-12-17
705:References
515:presidency
429:(1980) by
313:and then,
311:Kazakshtan
103:Vostokkino
51:Sevzapkino
4138:Hong Kong
4092:Palestine
4017:Sri Lanka
4012:Singapore
3892:Indonesia
3670:Australia
3648:Venezuela
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3437:Catalonia
3317:Lithuania
3122:Palestine
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2936:Sri Lanka
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2236:Transport
2185:President
2148:Elections
2082:Mountains
2062:Districts
2035:Geography
2000:Silk Road
1315:152183680
1307:1750-3132
1182:192024312
1174:1750-3132
490:atavistic
421:Early 90s
403:In 1982,
330:Civil War
55:Leningrad
4186:Category
4161:Category
4082:Abkhazia
4032:Thailand
3987:Pakistan
3967:Mongolia
3962:Maldives
3957:Malaysia
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3638:Suriname
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3510:Americas
3427:Slovenia
3410:Portugal
3358:Southern
3342:Scotland
3275:Northern
3261:Slovakia
3214:Bulgaria
3161:Northern
2989:Thailand
2974:Malaysia
2959:Cambodia
2924:Pakistan
2897:Sanskrit
2857:Kashmiri
2842:Haryanvi
2837:Gujarati
2817:Bhojpuri
2807:Assamese
2784:Southern
2769:Mongolia
2696:Botswana
2689:Southern
2670:Congo DR
2655:Cameroon
2578:Zimbabwe
2563:Tanzania
2528:Ethiopia
2518:Djibouti
2475:Northern
2399:Category
2342:Religion
2289:Language
2175:Military
2121:Politics
2102:Wildlife
1991:dynasty
1958:Hyrcania
1953:Khwarezm
1948:Margiana
1912:articles
676:allowed.
555:See also
380:Nevestka
182:Tashkent
4057:Vietnam
3972:Myanmar
3952:Lebanon
3882:Georgia
3837:Bahrain
3827:Armenia
3662:Oceania
3643:Uruguay
3632:Iquitos
3618:Ecuador
3598:Bolivia
3558:Jamaica
3475:Germany
3465:Belgium
3460:Austria
3453:Western
3442:Galicia
3375:Croatia
3365:Albania
3307:Ireland
3302:Iceland
3297:Finland
3287:Estonia
3282:Denmark
3266:Ukraine
3239:Romania
3229:Moldova
3224:Hungary
3209:Belarus
3202:Eastern
3112:Lebanon
3075:Georgia
3065:Bahrain
3055:Armenia
3047:Western
3004:Central
2994:Vietnam
2887:Punjabi
2877:Marathi
2862:Konkani
2852:Kannada
2827:Deccani
2812:Bengali
2729:Eastern
2701:Namibia
2643:Central
2629:Senegal
2624:Nigeria
2614:Liberia
2587:Western
2548:Somalia
2523:Eritrea
2511:Eastern
2502:Tunisia
2497:Morocco
2482:Algeria
2383:Outline
2347:Symbols
2322:Cuisine
2304:Culture
2250:Society
2206:Economy
2191:Ruhnama
2092:Regions
2047:Borders
1980:Empire
1978:Seljuk
1963:Parthia
1920:History
473:Karakum
435:Mankurt
367:Fellini
350:Karkara
36:History
32:state.
4102:Taiwan
4037:Turkey
4002:Russia
3937:Kuwait
3917:Jordan
3907:Israel
3867:Cyprus
3852:Brunei
3847:Bhutan
3603:Brazil
3563:Mexico
3531:Quebec
3526:Canada
3470:France
3415:Serbia
3390:Kosovo
3380:Greece
3327:Sweden
3322:Norway
3312:Latvia
3244:Russia
3234:Poland
3194:Europe
3168:Russia
3142:Turkey
3107:Kuwait
3102:Jordan
3095:Jewish
3090:Israel
3070:Cyprus
2907:Telugu
2872:Meitei
2797:Bhutan
2774:Taiwan
2650:Angola
2573:Zambia
2568:Uganda
2467:Africa
2404:Portal
2357:emblem
2352:anthem
2337:Sports
2317:Cinema
2284:Health
2223:Manat
2097:Rivers
2057:Cities
1910:
1313:
1305:
1180:
1172:
1106:
1020:
942:
864:
533:Almaty
409:Halima
315:Moscow
272:novel
139:Dursun
119:Batrak
4143:Macau
4062:Yemen
4022:Syria
3997:Qatar
3977:Nepal
3912:Japan
3887:India
3877:Egypt
3862:China
3685:Samoa
3608:Chile
3585:South
3553:Haiti
3518:North
3432:Spain
3395:Malta
3385:Italy
3347:Wales
3152:Yemen
3137:Syria
3127:Qatar
2954:Burma
2919:Nepal
2902:Tamil
2882:Oriya
2847:Hindi
2832:Dogri
2802:India
2762:South
2757:North
2752:Korea
2747:Japan
2737:China
2675:Gabon
2619:Niger
2609:Ghana
2594:Benin
2558:Sudan
2533:Kenya
2492:Libya
2487:Egypt
2390:Index
2332:Music
2327:Media
2077:Lakes
1938:Dahae
1311:S2CID
1178:S2CID
680:chose
590:Notes
228:1960s
188:1950s
126:1940s
3982:Oman
3947:Laos
3902:Iraq
3897:Iran
3675:Fiji
3628:Peru
3543:Cuba
3117:Oman
3085:Iraq
3080:Iran
2969:Laos
2912:Tulu
2720:Asia
2665:Chad
2634:Togo
2362:flag
2163:LGBT
1390:2017
1365:2017
1303:ISSN
1170:ISSN
1104:ISBN
1018:ISBN
940:ISBN
862:ISBN
659:Baku
336:and
328:and
214:Ayna
180:and
178:Baku
168:work
16:The
4114:and
1295:doi
1162:doi
1010:hdl
1002:doi
854:doi
690:not
674:not
606:or
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