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to encourage tourism. Yet Libya was poor and there was relatively little filmmaking in the country. In 1959 the
Ministry of News and Guildance established a cinema division, touring the country with 16mm documentaries and newsreels, and the Ministry of Education and Learning produced some educational
231:
were popular but targeted by
Islamist militants. The International Mediterranean Film Festival for Documentary and Short Films was established in 2012. In 2013 a cinema club was discreetly established in the basement of a Tripoli art gallery. By 2015 only a single movie house remained in Tripoli, a
73:
in 1911. The
Italians established cinemas, mostly but not exclusively for Italian audiences, in Libya's major cities. From the 1940s until the mid-1960s, Libya boasted a large number of cinemas: around 14 or 20 in Tripoli, and around 10 in Benghazi. Cinemas in Tripoli included the outdoor Arena
218:
After the fall of
Gaddafi, there was widespread desire for Libyan film to re-assert itself. However, cinema's resurgence has been obstructed by fighting and Islamist objections. Young Libyan filmmakers started to make short films, with support from the
130:
was promoted as an ideal for fiction films. The
General Council for Cinema continued to operate until 2010. It made documentaries, around 20-25 short films, and helped support the few feature films that were made in the 1970s and 1980s.
68:
Despite the relative lack of cinematic production, film consumption was extremely popular as entertainment. The country's first cinema had been established as early as 1908, though it was reportedly demolished after the
836:
142:. Gaddafi established a production company to make Egyptian films. In the mid-1970s the government took increasingly direct control of all cinemas, blocking the importation of films, and cinemas began to close.
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tried to exercise control over cinema. Though he encouraged some local filmmaking, his obstruction of foreign film consumption resulted in the closing of cinemas. In the
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appeared in 1972. In 1973 the
General Council for Cinema was founded, to take control of filmmaking and cinema building in Libya. Foreign films were dubbed into
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126:, and needed to comply with the government's cultural policy, a mix of religious law and nationalism. Most home-made films were documentaries, and
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56:. After the war, oil companies and international agencies made occasional documentaries. After independence in 1951, the
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Gaddafi exercised direct personal control over film production. For example, he censored the release of a film by
206:(2011). In 2009–2010 foreign companies agreed to refurbish and re-open Libyan cinemas and theatres. However, the
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Gaddafi came to power in 1969. He regarded foreign films with suspicion, regarding them as
American
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On Film and cinema in Libya – Interview with Libyan film critic and festival director
Ramadan Salim
90:. Previously the only feature films shot in Libya had been by foreign filmmakers – films like
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48:. Italy, as a colonial power, made some short documentaries about Libya. Libyan battles during
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173:(1981), funded by Gaddafi's government, was a historical action movie portraying the
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The earliest recorded film to be made in Libya was a 1910 French-made documentary,
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36:, hopes for a resurgence of Libyan cinema combine with a lack of infrastructure.
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resulted in this work coming to a halt, and much of the equipment was stolen.
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159:. However, many Arab countries would not screen the film, and it triggered a
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has had an uneven history. Though there was little local film production in
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426:
Lights, camera, revolution: the birth of Libyan cinema after
Gaddafi's fall
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28:, cinema-going became a popular entertainment activity. From 1973 onwards,
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was financing private-equity production company involved in financing
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Giardino and the opulent Royal Cinema, which
Gaddafi would rename
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Tripoli's 'Cinema Paradise' hold out as other cinemas shut doors
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Images of Colonialism and Decolonisation in the Italian Media
150:
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Alongside Kuwait and Morocco, Gaddafi's government-sponsored
444:
Paolo Bertella Farnetti; Cecilia Dau Novelli (2017-11-06).
380:
Spotlight: Cinemas, theaters in Libya face extinction
149:'s controversial 1976 filmic account of the birth of
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475:Young Libyans find escape in Tripoli's art cinema
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332:, Oxford University Press, online version, 2012.
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450:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 29.
185:. The film was censored in Italy until 2009.
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188:In 2009 it was announced that Gaddafi's son
52:were covered in British, German and Italian
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494:Erato Cinema Festival kicks off in Tripoli
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236:to the militias controlling the city.
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378:Mahmoud Darwesh and Nawas Darraji,
163:siege of three office buildings in
13:
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110:. The first Libyan feature film,
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837:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
607:Democratic Republic of the Congo
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227:. Film festivals in Tripoli and
46:Les habitants du desert de Lybie
140:Searching for Layla al-‘Amiriya
486:
437:
225:Scottish Documentary Institute
34:post-2011 instability in Libya
1:
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183:Italian colonization of Libya
330:A Dictionary of Film Studies
60:made some short films about
7:
364:African Film Festival, Inc.
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10:
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354:Hans-Christian Mahnke and
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1171:Central African Republic
592:Central African Republic
232:men-only venue serving
181:resistance against the
1881:Bosnia and Herzegovina
247:films was launched in
243:, a film festival for
1191:São Tomé and Príncipe
752:São Tomé and Príncipe
612:Republic of the Congo
1658:United Arab Emirates
500:, December 11, 2017.
328:& Guy Westwell,
88:cultural imperialism
82:Cinema under Gaddafi
2207:& transnational
827:States with limited
412:, 4 September 2015.
253:Almohannad Kalthoum
114:'s black-and-white
2059:Dominican Republic
498:The Libya Observer
492:Abdulkader Assad,
170:Lion of the Desert
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2015:
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854:other territories
627:Equatorial Guinea
538:Cinema of Africa
457:978-1-5275-0414-1
251:. It opened with
239:In December 2017
214:Cinema since 2011
116:When Fate Hardens
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434:, 1 October 2012
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161:Nation of Islam
120:Destiny is Hard
97:A Yank in Libya
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40:Pre-1967 cinema
30:Muammar Gaddafi
18:cinema of Libya
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483:, 16 May 2013.
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128:social realism
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356:Ramadan Salim
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322:Film in Libya
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255:'s docudrama
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147:Mustafa Akkad
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112:Abdella Zarok
109:
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35:
31:
27:
23:
22:Italian Libya
19:
2265:
2251:
2239:Soviet Union
1991:German Turks
1765:Soviet Union
1689:Soviet Union
1643:Saudi Arabia
1543:Turkmenistan
1457:Southeastern
1217:South Africa
1110:Burkina Faso
1002:
957:World cinema
902:Saint Helena
873:
777:South Africa
767:Sierra Leone
691:
572:Burkina Faso
497:
488:
478:
446:
439:
431:The Guardian
429:
424:Steve Rose,
407:
383:
329:
326:Annette Kuhn
277:Libya portal
256:
245:human rights
238:
217:
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187:
179:Omar Mukhtar
168:
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67:
62:Leptis Magna
50:World War II
45:
43:
17:
15:
2224:Middle East
2191:New Zealand
2084:Puerto Rico
2008:Switzerland
2003:Netherlands
1523:Afghanistan
1490:Philippines
1064:South Sudan
829:recognition
782:South Sudan
672:Ivory Coast
402:Rim Taher,
285:Arab cinema
202:(2010) and
196:films like
156:The Message
107:Sea of Sand
2214:Arab World
2049:Costa Rica
1998:Luxembourg
1931:Yugoslavia
1911:Montenegro
1571:Azerbaijan
1548:Uzbekistan
1538:Tajikistan
1533:Kyrgyzstan
1528:Kazakhstan
1403:Rajasthani
1303:Bangladesh
1115:Cape Verde
1049:Madagascar
884:(Portugal)
842:Somaliland
762:Seychelles
727:Mozambique
712:Mauritania
697:Madagascar
652:The Gambia
587:Cape Verde
296:References
136:Kasem Hwel
2181:Australia
2159:Venezuela
2104:Argentina
1948:Catalonia
1828:Lithuania
1633:Palestine
1495:Singapore
1475:Indonesia
1447:Sri Lanka
1440:Lollywood
1378:Malayalam
1253:Hong Kong
1054:Mauritius
717:Mauritius
204:Isolation
194:Hollywood
102:Guy Green
54:newsreels
2290:Category
2149:Suriname
2134:Paraguay
2124:Colombia
2021:Americas
1938:Slovenia
1921:Portugal
1869:Southern
1853:Scotland
1786:Northern
1772:Slovakia
1725:Bulgaria
1672:Northern
1500:Thailand
1485:Malaysia
1470:Cambodia
1435:Pakistan
1408:Sanskrit
1368:Kashmiri
1353:Haryanvi
1348:Gujarati
1328:Bhojpuri
1318:Assamese
1295:Southern
1280:Mongolia
1207:Botswana
1200:Southern
1181:Congo DR
1166:Cameroon
1089:Zimbabwe
1074:Tanzania
1039:Ethiopia
1029:Djibouti
986:Northern
908: /
904: /
897:(France)
891: /
869: /
865: /
817:Zimbabwe
792:Tanzania
642:Ethiopia
637:Eswatini
617:Djibouti
582:Cameroon
567:Botswana
263:See also
229:Benghazi
223:and the
167:Akkad's
104:'s 1958
94:'s 1942
76:Al-Shaab
24:and the
2173:Oceania
2154:Uruguay
2143:Iquitos
2129:Ecuador
2109:Bolivia
2069:Jamaica
1986:Germany
1976:Belgium
1971:Austria
1964:Western
1953:Galicia
1886:Croatia
1876:Albania
1818:Ireland
1813:Iceland
1808:Finland
1798:Estonia
1793:Denmark
1777:Ukraine
1750:Romania
1740:Moldova
1735:Hungary
1720:Belarus
1713:Eastern
1623:Lebanon
1586:Georgia
1576:Bahrain
1566:Armenia
1558:Western
1515:Central
1505:Vietnam
1398:Punjabi
1388:Marathi
1373:Konkani
1363:Kannada
1338:Deccani
1323:Bengali
1240:Eastern
1212:Namibia
1154:Central
1140:Senegal
1135:Nigeria
1125:Liberia
1098:Western
1059:Somalia
1034:Eritrea
1022:Eastern
1013:Tunisia
1008:Morocco
993:Algeria
893:Réunion
889:Mayotte
880:Madeira
875:(Spain)
871:Melilla
802:Tunisia
772:Somalia
757:Senegal
742:Nigeria
732:Namibia
722:Morocco
687:Liberia
682:Lesotho
632:Eritrea
602:Comoros
577:Burundi
552:Algeria
480:Reuters
366:, 2014.
257:Jasmine
249:Tripoli
177:leader
175:Bedouin
65:films.
2114:Brazil
2074:Mexico
2042:Quebec
2037:Canada
1981:France
1926:Serbia
1901:Kosovo
1891:Greece
1838:Sweden
1833:Norway
1823:Latvia
1755:Russia
1745:Poland
1705:Europe
1679:Russia
1653:Turkey
1618:Kuwait
1613:Jordan
1606:Jewish
1601:Israel
1581:Cyprus
1418:Telugu
1383:Meitei
1308:Bhutan
1285:Taiwan
1161:Angola
1084:Zambia
1079:Uganda
978:Africa
912:
895:
882:
812:Zambia
807:Uganda
747:Rwanda
702:Malawi
662:Guinea
557:Angola
454:
385:Xinhua
124:Arabic
2196:Samoa
2119:Chile
2096:South
2064:Haiti
2029:North
1943:Spain
1906:Malta
1896:Italy
1858:Wales
1663:Yemen
1648:Syria
1638:Qatar
1465:Burma
1430:Nepal
1413:Tamil
1393:Oriya
1358:Hindi
1343:Dogri
1313:India
1273:South
1268:North
1263:Korea
1258:Japan
1248:China
1186:Gabon
1130:Niger
1120:Ghana
1105:Benin
1069:Sudan
1044:Kenya
1003:Libya
998:Egypt
867:Ceuta
787:Sudan
737:Niger
692:Libya
677:Kenya
657:Ghana
647:Gabon
622:Egypt
562:Benin
324:, in
151:Islam
2186:Fiji
2139:Peru
2054:Cuba
1628:Oman
1596:Iraq
1591:Iran
1480:Laos
1423:Tulu
1231:Asia
1176:Chad
1145:Togo
797:Togo
707:Mali
597:Chad
452:ISBN
16:The
100:or
2292::
496:,
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466:^
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304:^
259:.
153:,
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118:/
2145:)
2141:(
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