36:
462:, published by Daeha Publication Company in 1965. In 1972, Choi went into exile in Canada after the South Korean government objected to his introduction of the sport into North Korea, and the South Korea government formed the World Taekwondo Federation (WTF) in 1973 (renamed to WT in 2018). In 1979 he traveled and defected to North Korea where he was welcomed by the government and supported in his project of spreading Taekwondo to the world.
385:. Just before he had left Korea, Choi apparently had a disagreement with a wrestler named Hu, and the possibility of a future confrontation inspired him to train; in his own words, "I would imagine that these were the techniques I would use to defend myself against the wrestler, Mr. Hu, if he did attempt to carry out his promise to tear me limb from limb when I eventually returned to Korea". Choi attained the rank of 1st
448:* – 跆 means stomp or trample, not foot; 拳 means fist if used as a noun but punch if used as a verb; 道 means road, way, path, method, or doctrine. Therefore the combination of these elements is NOT "foot/fist art" nor "way of hand & foot" but logic would dictate that "the way of kicking & punching" is the only feasible way to translate them correctly.
407:
during World War II, but was implicated in a rebellion and imprisoned, during which time he continued practicing martial arts. Following the war, in
January 1946, Choi was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Korean army. From 1946 to 1951, Choi received promotions to first lieutenant, captain,
590:
The spelling of "taekwondo" varies widely in
English usage. The WT and affiliated organizations typically use "taekwondo," while the ITF and affiliated organizations typically use "taekwon-do" (as Choi used this spelling). In Knowledge, the default spelling is "taekwondo." This article follows this
457:
internationally by stationing Korean taekwondo instructors around the world, and have consistently claimed that ITF-style taekwondo is the only authentic style of taekwondo, most notably in early sections of its textbooks. He was also the author of the first
English taekwondo syllabus book,
555:
Choi is listed in the
Taekwondo Hall of Fame with various titles: "Father of Taekwon-Do," "Founder and First President of the International Taekwon-Do Federation," and "Founder of Oh Do Kwan." Choi is survived by his wife, Choi Joon-hee; his son,
373:, the ancient Korean art of foot fighting". He later recanted this story and said that he never studied taekkyeon and that it had nothing to contribute to taekwondo. Choi travelled to Japan, where he studied English, mathematics, and karate. In
427:"; his organization spelt it Taekwon-Do, (태권도; 跆拳道)*, which means "foot, fist, art" or "the way of hand and foot" and it was so named on 11 April 1955. Choi founded the Oh Do Kwan, and held an honorary 4th
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The
Difficult Dialogue: Communism, Nationalism, and Political Propaganda in North Korean Sport, Jung Woo Lee and Alan Bairner, Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 2009, 33: 390
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369:, North Korea). Choi originally claimed that his father sent him to study calligraphy under Han Il-dong, who was also "a master of
435:. Due to accusations of dishonesty, Choi was stripped of his rank and position in the Chung Do Kwan. During the 1960s, Choi and
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in promoting their martial art around the world, though these would be only the first of many such endeavors.
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major, lieutenant colonel, colonel, and then brigadier general. Choi was promoted to major general in 1954.
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standard, but uses "taekwon-do" when referring specifically to the ITF or affiliated organizations' names.
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in karate is followed by a note about the outbreak of World War II, which would suggest that Choi's 2nd
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instructor and taught Choi this martial art. Choi also claimed to have learned
Shotokan karate under
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337:, portray Choi as either an unimportant or a dishonorable figure in taekwondo history because of his
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Choi is regarded by many as the "Founder of
Taekwon-Do"—most often by organizations belonging to the
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at the
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A Killing Art: The Untold
History of Tae Kwon Do, Updated and Revised
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promotion occurred no later than the early stages of that conflict (
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ITF taekwondo organizations credit Choi with starting the spread of
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and Tang Soo Do to develop a style of the martial art known as "
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In Park's (1993) article, the note on Choi's promotion to 2nd
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Franks, A. (1993): Taekwon-Do and imitators. In H. H. Choi:
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Moenig, Udo; Choi, Hyun Min; Kim, Minho (22 November 2021).
777:"Choi Hong Hi, 83, Korean General Who Created Tae Kwon Do"
377:, he met a fellow Korean with the surname Kim, who was a
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775:Goldman, Ari L. (29 June 2002).
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957:Gillis, Alex (2016).
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1023:Choi, H. H. (1993).
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