74:
1562:
1592:, are in cold polar waters or in places where ocean currents bring cold water to the surface, such as around the equator and along the shores of continents. It is not the cold water itself that stimulates the phytoplankton. Instead, the cool temperatures are often a sign that the water has welled up to the surface from deeper in the ocean, carrying nutrients that have built up over time. In polar waters, nutrients accumulate in surface waters during the dark winter months when plants cannot grow. When sunlight returns in the spring and summer, the plants flourish in high concentrations.
60:
92:
106:
311:
1149:
1191:
4585:
498:
1116:
1098:
1134:
1083:
1068:
1588:, are blue. Places where chlorophyll concentrations were high, meaning many phytoplankton were growing, are yellow. The observations come from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA's Aqua satellite. Land is dark gray, and places where MODIS could not collect data because of sea ice, polar darkness, or clouds are light gray. The highest chlorophyll concentrations, where tiny surface-dwelling ocean plants are
436:
The function of the reaction center of chlorophyll is to absorb light energy and transfer it to other parts of the photosystem. The absorbed energy of the photon is transferred to an electron in a process called charge separation. The removal of the electron from the chlorophyll is an oxidation
453:
in Earth's atmosphere. Photosystem I typically works in series with
Photosystem II; thus the P700 of Photosystem I is usually reduced as it accepts the electron, via many intermediates in the thylakoid membrane, by electrons coming, ultimately, from Photosystem II. Electron
480:
Reaction center chlorophyll–protein complexes are capable of directly absorbing light and performing charge separation events without the assistance of other chlorophyll pigments, but the probability of that happening under a given light intensity is small. Thus, the other chlorophylls in the
2593:
Porra RJ, Thompson WA, Kriedemann PE (1989). "Determination of accurate extinction coefficients and simultaneous equations for assaying chlorophylls a and b extracted with four different solvents: verification of the concentration of chlorophyll standards by atomic absorption spectroscopy".
198:
as well as the red portion. Conversely, it is a poor absorber of green and near-green portions of the spectrum. Hence chlorophyll-containing tissues appear green because green light, diffusively reflected by structures like cell walls, is less absorbed. Two types of chlorophyll exist in the
1316:
0.96 compared with chemical testing in the range from 41 mg m up to 675 mg m. Gitelson also developed a formula for direct readout of chlorophyll content in mg m. The formula provided a reliable method of measuring chlorophyll content from 41 mg m up to
1167:
is reserved for a pigment that has been extracted from algae in 1966 but not chemically described. Besides the lettered chlorophylls, a wide variety of sidechain modifications to the chlorophyll structures are known in the wild. For example,
1982:"Das Hauptproduct der alkalischen Hydrolyse bilden tiefgrüne Alkalisalze. In ihnen liegen complexe Magnesiumverbindungen vor, die das Metall in einer gegen Alkali auch bei hoher Temperatur merkwürdig widerstandsfähigen Bindung enthalten."
1984:(Deep green alkali salts form the main product of alkali hydrolysis. In them, complex magnesium compounds are present, which contain the metal in a bond that is extraordinarily resistant to alkali even at high temperature.)
1918:"Nous n'avons aucun droit pour nommer une substance connue depuis long-temps, et à l'histoire de laquelle nous n'avons ajouté que quelques faits ; cependant nous proposerons, sans y mettre aucune importance, le nom de
441:. The charged reaction center of chlorophyll (P680) is then reduced back to its ground state by accepting an electron stripped from water. The electron that reduces P680 ultimately comes from the oxidation of water into O
433:) of their red-peak absorption maximum. The identity, function and spectral properties of the types of chlorophyll in each photosystem are distinct and determined by each other and the protein structure surrounding them.
1612:
gains its green color naturally from the chlorophyll introduced through the large variety of herbs used in its production. Chlorophyll is not soluble in water, and it is first mixed with a small quantity of
1482:(ALA), one of the intermediate compounds in the biosynthesis pathway. Plants that are fed by ALA accumulate high and toxic levels of protochlorophyllide; so do the mutants with a damaged regulatory system.
1328:
is an optical sensor used in plant science and agriculture for the assessment of chlorophyll contents in leaves. This device allows researchers to perform real-time and non-destructive measurements.
1787:"Influence of green, red and blue light emitting diodes on multiprotein complex proteins and photosynthetic activity under different light intensities in lettuce leaves (Lactuca sativa L.)"
1934:(We have no right to name a substance known for a long time, and to whose story we have added only a few facts ; however, we will propose, without giving it any importance, the name
1198:
Chlorophylls can be extracted from the protein into organic solvents. In this way, the concentration of chlorophyll within a leaf can be estimated. Methods also exist to separate
1392:
4415:
404:
This specific pair performs the final function of chlorophylls: Charge separation, which produces the unbound protons (H) and electrons (e) that separately propel biosynthesis.
3041:
Muraki N, Nomata J, Ebata K, Mizoguchi T, Shiba T, Tamiaki H, Kurisu G, Fujita Y (May 2010). "X-ray crystal structure of the light-independent protochlorophyllide reductase".
97:
Plants are perceived as green because chlorophyll absorbs mainly the blue and red wavelengths but green light, reflected by plant structures like cell walls, is less absorbed.
1584:
The chlorophyll maps show milligrams of chlorophyll per cubic meter of seawater each month. Places where chlorophyll amounts were very low, indicating very low numbers of
2762:
Akhtar M (2007). "The
Modification of Acetate and Propionate Side Chains During the Biosynthesis of Haem and Chlorophylls: Mechanistic and Stereochemical Studies".
4420:
1246:
exceeds 10 M cm, which is among the highest for small-molecule organic compounds. In 90% acetone-water, the peak absorption wavelengths of chlorophyll
1478:, which can be toxic to the plant. Hence, plants regulate the amount of this chlorophyll precursor. In angiosperms, this regulation is achieved at the step of
4553:
2384:
Chen M (2019). "Chlorophylls d and f: Synthesis, occurrence, light-harvesting, and pigment organization in chlorophyll-binding protein complexes".
573:
group. This difference causes a considerable difference in the absorption spectrum, allowing plants to absorb a greater portion of visible light.
4713:
1845:
3319:
Zolla L, Rinalducci S (December 2002). "Involvement of active oxygen species in degradation of light-harvesting proteins under light stresses".
2341:
Taniguchi M, Lindsey JS (January 2017). "Synthetic
Chlorins, Possible Surrogates for Chlorophylls, Prepared by Derivatization of Porphyrins".
2498:
2050:
4471:
481:
photosystem and antenna pigment proteins all cooperatively absorb and funnel light energy to the reaction center. Besides chlorophyll
457:
The electron flow produced by the reaction center chlorophyll pigments is used to pump H ions across the thylakoid membrane, setting up a
537:
attached to the Mg center are often omitted for clarity. Appended to the chlorin ring are various side chains, usually including a long
2696:
1561:
4621:
4287:
2248:
2115:
Woodward RB, Ayer WA, Beaton JM, Bickelhaupt F, Bonnett R, Buchschacher P, et al. (1990). "The total synthesis of chlorophyll
2033:
2167:
2308:
Scheer H (2006). "An
Overview of Chlorophylls and Bacteriochlorophylls: Biochemistry, Biophysics, Functions and Applications".
2429:
Marker AF (1972). "The use of acetone and methanol in the estimation of chlorophyll in the presence of phaeophytin in plant".
454:
transfer reactions in the thylakoid membranes are complex, however, and the source of electrons used to reduce P700 can vary.
2630:
2325:
2008:
513:
by the presence of a fifth, ketone-containing ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. Most chlorophylls are classified as
3303:
2577:
390:
The function of the vast majority of chlorophyll (up to several hundred molecules per photosystem) is to absorb light.
4477:
2779:
2405:
259:
published a total synthesis of the molecule. In 1967, the last remaining stereochemical elucidation was completed by
2840:"Pre-loading of chlorophyll synthase with tetraprenyl diphosphate is an obligatory step in chlorophyll biosynthesis"
4861:
3372:
3811:
4292:
1470:, one of the biosynthetic intermediates, occurs mostly in the free form and, under light conditions, acts as a
1765:
1552:, completing the cycle. In later stages of senescence, chlorophyllides are converted to a group of colourless
3742:
3159:
2697:"New proximal sensors of vegetation: towards a non destructive quantitative estimation of plant constituents"
1873:
437:
reaction. The chlorophyll donates the high energy electron to a series of molecular intermediates called an
4614:
4461:
4048:
3563:
445:
and H through several intermediates. This reaction is how photosynthetic organisms such as plants produce O
17:
4631:
2196:
Chen M, Schliep M, Willows RD, Cai ZL, Neilan BA, Scheer H (September 2010). "A red-shifted chlorophyll".
1903:
1509:
the phytyl sidechain to reverse the reaction in which chlorophylls are biosynthesised from chlorophyllide
4866:
4543:
4297:
2270:
1770:
1377:
3267:
2149:
1959:
1295:
can provide a linear relationship of chlorophyll content when compared with chemical testing. The ratio
221:
4277:
4427:
394:
232:
in chlorophyll was discovered in 1906, and was the first detection of that element in living tissue.
3220:"Colorless tetrapyrrolic chlorophyll catabolites found in ripening fruit are effective antioxidants"
2294:
2024:
Woodward RB, Ayer WA, Beaton JM, Bickelhaupt F, Bonnett R, Buchschacher P, et al. (July 1960).
1999:
Motilva MJ (2008). "Chlorophylls – from functionality in food to health relevance".
1608:. Chefs use chlorophyll to color a variety of foods and beverages green, such as pasta and spirits.
4565:
4410:
3460:
2252:
1675:
1670:
1499:
438:
195:
4607:
2506:
2025:
1681:
1310:
393:
Having done so, these same centers execute their second function: The transfer of that energy by
225:
1275:
Ratio fluorescence emission can be used to measure chlorophyll content. By exciting chlorophyll
4856:
4395:
4319:
1747:
1447:
plants, the later steps in the biosynthetic pathway are light-dependent. Such plants are pale (
462:
4124:
236:
4560:
3293:
3196:
2121:
2067:
1837:
1751:
1685:
260:
256:
191:
79:
Seen through a microscope, chlorophyll is concentrated within organisms in structures called
2703:
1868:
4718:
4282:
4179:
4134:
3806:
3365:
3105:
3050:
2669:
2205:
2081:
1882:
1618:
1359:
1347:
1227:
has approximate maxima of 453 nm and 642 nm. The absorption peaks of chlorophyll
1148:
526:
3782:
2839:
1568:
These compounds have also been identified in ripening fruits and they give characteristic
41:
8:
4452:
3997:
2462:
1658:
1633:, unlike those kept in the dark, which is consistent with studies on the illumination of
1479:
1467:
458:
31:
3109:
3054:
2673:
2256:
2209:
2085:
1886:
1115:
1097:
4825:
4723:
4390:
4255:
4033:
3725:
3511:
3407:
3244:
3219:
3123:
3074:
3018:
2979:
2960:
2917:
2870:
2646:
Gitelson AA, Buschmann C, Lichtenthaler HK (1999). "The
Chlorophyll Fluorescence Ratio
2479:
2442:
2411:
2282:
2229:
2097:
1813:
1786:
1605:
1452:
1239:
3092:
Meskauskiene R, Nater M, Goslings D, Kessler F, op den Camp R, Apel K (October 2001).
2681:
2607:
1279:
fluorescence at a lower wavelength, the ratio of chlorophyll fluorescence emission at
1133:
1082:
1067:
525:). They share a common biosynthetic pathway with porphyrins, including the precursor
4548:
3397:
3392:
3336:
3299:
3249:
3200:
3141:
3136:
3093:
3066:
3023:
2952:
2909:
2862:
2820:
2785:
2775:
2744:
2626:
2573:
2550:
2502:
2415:
2401:
2366:
2358:
2321:
2233:
2221:
2134:
2004:
1818:
1634:
1569:
640:
486:
2964:
2921:
1556:
known as nonfluorescent chlorophyll catabolites (NCC's) with the general structure:
1223:
has approximate absorbance maxima of 430 nm and 662 nm, while chlorophyll
4766:
4334:
4240:
4235:
4189:
4082:
4067:
4028:
3953:
3794:
3718:
3615:
3557:
3328:
3239:
3231:
3192:
3131:
3113:
3078:
3058:
3013:
3003:
2944:
2901:
2874:
2854:
2812:
2767:
2736:
2677:
2603:
2540:
2471:
2458:"Some Spectral Characteristics of Chlorophyll c from Tridacna crocea Zooxanthellae"
2438:
2393:
2350:
2313:
2213:
2130:
2101:
2089:
2072:
2042:
1971:
1890:
1808:
1798:
1726:
1630:
1491:
1436:, both made from corresponding chlorophyllides ultimately made from chlorophyllide
529:. Unlike hemes, which contain iron bound to the N4 center, most chlorophylls bind
73:
4129:
2545:
2528:
1731:
1714:
4810:
4588:
4570:
4432:
4261:
4211:
4199:
4161:
4097:
3924:
3892:
3853:
3826:
3655:
3650:
3541:
3477:
3358:
2457:
1629:
A 2002 study found that "leaves exposed to strong light contained degraded major
1471:
1170:
398:
248:
59:
2354:
4482:
4447:
4400:
4382:
4346:
4102:
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3848:
3831:
3821:
3816:
3698:
3516:
3501:
3455:
3450:
3098:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3094:"FLU: a negative regulator of chlorophyll biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana"
2978:
Tsuzuki Y, Tsukatani Y, Yamakawa H, Itoh S, Fujita Y, Yamamoto H (March 2022).
2803:
Willows RD (June 2003). "Biosynthesis of chlorophylls from protoporphyrin IX".
2397:
1495:
1422:
1403:
1337:
611:
600:
416:
364:
2948:
2905:
2771:
2070:(14 October 1967). "Absolute Configuration and the Structure of Chlorophyll".
1609:
4850:
4820:
4751:
4690:
4685:
4680:
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4670:
4518:
4266:
4184:
4156:
4119:
4087:
4023:
3992:
3943:
3843:
3645:
3628:
3551:
3531:
3472:
3467:
3415:
2764:
Ciba
Foundation Symposium 180 - the Biosynthesis of the Tetrapyrrole Pigments
1975:
1664:
1642:
1614:
1585:
1475:
1216:
1206:
1199:
630:
622:
592:
584:
509:
Several chlorophylls are known. All are defined as derivatives of the parent
410:
275:
271:
264:
207:
200:
152:
136:
2935:
Bollivar DW (November 2006). "Recent advances in chlorophyll biosynthesis".
2890:"Recent advances in chlorophyll biosynthesis and breakdown in higher plants"
2317:
2217:
310:
4756:
4652:
4513:
4503:
4405:
4114:
3623:
3590:
3340:
3253:
3235:
3204:
3145:
3118:
3070:
3027:
3008:
2956:
2913:
2866:
2824:
2748:
2554:
2370:
2312:. Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration. Vol. 25. pp. 1–26.
2225:
1962:[Contribution to the knowledge of the composition of chlorophyll].
1822:
1715:"Chlorophyll does not reflect green light – how to correct a misconception"
1553:
1235:
764:
337:) in a solvent. The spectra of chlorophyll molecules are slightly modified
244:
4599:
2789:
1946:, leaf : this name would indicate the role that it plays in nature.)
105:
4815:
4794:
4746:
4705:
4329:
4314:
4309:
4245:
3887:
3858:
3757:
3752:
3600:
3440:
3435:
3420:
1932:, feuille : ce nom indiquerait le rôle qu'elle joue dans la nature."
1803:
1600:
Synthetic chlorophyll is registered as a food additive colorant, and its
1190:
884:
804:
553:). The most widely distributed form in terrestrial plants is chlorophyll
383:
375:
140:
80:
3062:
2858:
2046:
1916:
On p. 490, the authors propose a new name for chlorophyll. From p. 490:
1502:
65:
Chlorophyll is responsible for the green color of many plants and algae.
4835:
4776:
4358:
4351:
4341:
4324:
4007:
4002:
3938:
3730:
3577:
3536:
3430:
3127:
2483:
1638:
1506:
1448:
1444:
522:
518:
497:
314:
91:
3332:
2838:
Schmid HC, Rassadina V, Oster U, Schoch S, Rüdiger W (November 2002).
2362:
1894:
263:, and in 1990 Woodward and co-authors published an updated synthesis.
36:
4738:
4466:
4363:
4092:
3897:
3878:
3789:
3713:
3633:
3585:
3526:
3506:
3445:
3183:
Hörtensteiner S (2006). "Chlorophyll degradation during senescence".
2816:
2740:
2727:
Battersby AR (December 2000). "Tetrapyrroles: the pigments of life".
2093:
1689:
1573:
1410:
1343:
530:
430:
379:
229:
178:
164:
115:
2475:
4789:
4784:
4728:
4647:
4639:
4508:
4498:
4442:
4437:
4204:
4077:
4053:
3970:
3640:
3425:
1601:
1589:
1463:
1355:
969:
4830:
4695:
3693:
3688:
3605:
3595:
2889:
2766:. Novartis Foundation Symposia. Vol. 180. pp. 131–155.
1646:
514:
510:
429:, respectively. These centres are named after the wavelength (in
239:
spanning from 1905 to 1915, the general structure of chlorophyll
132:
112:
3091:
2529:"Chlorophyll content monitoring in sugar maple (Acer saccharum)"
1712:
1494:
involves the degradation of chlorophyll: for example the enzyme
4761:
4146:
4038:
3958:
3912:
3902:
3863:
3801:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3381:
1456:
1414:
1402:
This conversion forms an ester of the carboxylic acid group in
1325:
830:
570:
566:
538:
534:
295:
184:
118:
2645:
4370:
4304:
4226:
4194:
4151:
4043:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3963:
3948:
3917:
3838:
3496:
3487:
2114:
2023:
1362:
is the enzyme that completes the biosynthesis of chlorophyll
470:
466:
368:
170:
156:
148:
2977:
4221:
4216:
3868:
3708:
3683:
3678:
3662:
3521:
3217:
1351:
1194:
Chlorophyll forms deep green solutions in organic solvents.
426:
422:
144:
3295:
Hideous absinthe : a history of the devil in a bottle
3040:
2887:
2837:
2660:
as an
Accurate Measure of Chlorophyll Content in Plants".
1871:(September 1951). "Joseph Pelletier and Joseph Caventou".
489:, which occur in these pigment–protein antenna complexes.
461:
a chemiosmotic potential used mainly in the production of
386:. In these complexes, chlorophyll serves three functions:
111:
There are several types of chlorophyll, but all share the
4141:
3703:
3350:
2499:"Methods for analysis of benthic photosynthetic pigment"
2888:
Eckhardt U, Grimm B, Hörtensteiner S (September 2004).
2592:
1485:
1268:
are 444 nm and 630 nm; peaks for chlorophyll
1261:
are 442 nm and 630 nm; peaks for chlorophyll
1254:
are 460 nm and 647 nm; peaks for chlorophyll
1250:
are 430 nm and 664 nm; peaks for chlorophyll
421:
which have their own distinct reaction centres, named
2195:
2001:
5th
Pigments in Food congress- for quality and health
1529:, these processes allow cycling between chlorophylls
1455:
and green algae have an additional light-independent
1380:
1185:
477:
into sugars as well as other biosynthetic reactions.
302:
were deduced based on NMR, optical and mass spectra.
2570:
Pigments in vegetables: chlorophylls and carotenoids
1960:"Zur Kenntniss der Zusammensetzung des Chlorophylls"
576:
The structures of chlorophylls are summarized below:
341:
depending on specific pigment-protein interactions.
30:"Leaf green" redirects here. For the RAL color, see
3218:Müller T, Ulrich M, Ongania KH, Kräutler B (2007).
2596:
Biochimica et
Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics
1713:Virtanen O, Constantinidou E, Tyystjärvi E (2020).
1637:". This appeared to the authors as support for the
1525:and the latter can be re-esterified to chlorophyll
1238:at 673 nm (maximum) and 726 nm. The peak
2620:
1906:[Notice on the green material in leaves].
1386:
27:Green pigments found in plants, algae and bacteria
1901:
408:The two currently accepted photosystem units are
374:Chlorophyll molecules are arranged in and around
4848:
3298:. United Kingdom: I.B.Tauris, 2004. p. 22.
2340:
1785:Muneer S, Kim EJ, Park JS, Lee JH (March 2014).
1784:
1231:are at 465 nm and 665 nm. Chlorophyll
449:gas, and is the source for practically all the O
4714:1,7-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,4,6-heptatrien-3-one
3318:
3178:
3176:
1846:University of California Museum of Paleontology
190:Chlorophylls absorb light most strongly in the
2455:
2168:"Infrared chlorophyll could boost solar cells"
1272:are 401 nm, 455 nm and 696 nm.
465:(stored chemical energy) or to reduce NADP to
183:("leaf"). Chlorophyll allows plants to absorb
83:– shown here grouped inside plant cells.
4615:
3366:
3182:
2621:Larkum AW, Douglas S, Raven JA, eds. (2003).
1692:of red-blue spectral affinity of chlorophyll.
4472:International Association for Plant Taxonomy
3173:
2980:"Effects of Light and Oxygen on Chlorophyll
1667:, a semi-synthetic derivative of chlorophyll
1661:, related compounds in phototrophic bacteria
1342:In some plants, chlorophyll is derived from
501:Space-filling model of the chlorophyll
367:, which allows plants to absorb energy from
274:and other oxygenic microorganisms that form
220:Chlorophyll was first isolated and named by
4629:
2526:
2449:
1957:
1791:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
1758:
121:which forms the right side of this diagram.
4622:
4608:
3373:
3359:
2422:
1904:"Notice sur la matière verte des feuilles"
557:. The only difference between chlorophyll
235:After initial work done by German chemist
3285:
3243:
3135:
3117:
3017:
3007:
2726:
2544:
1994:
1992:
1812:
1802:
1730:
1649:" in the short-term behaviour of plants.
4416:International Code of Nomenclature (ICN)
3197:10.1146/annurev.arplant.57.032905.105212
2984:Biosynthesis in a Marine Cyanobacterium
2934:
2755:
2034:Journal of the American Chemical Society
1867:
1189:
496:
309:
3312:
2971:
2802:
2694:
2191:
2189:
2066:
1998:
14:
4849:
2796:
2761:
2496:
2428:
2377:
2307:
2246:
1989:
1317:675 mg m with a correlation
397:to a specific chlorophyll pair in the
4603:
3354:
3291:
2567:
2456:Jeffrey SW, Shibata (February 1969).
2310:Chlorophylls and Bacteriochlorophylls
2271:"Unit 1.3. Photosynthetic cells"
1835:
1708:
1706:
1421:is made by the same enzyme acting on
1174:, a cyanobacterium, uses 8-vinyl Chl
492:
2527:Cate TM, Perkins TD (October 2003).
2383:
2186:
2147:
2026:"The total synthesis of chlorophyll"
1486:Senescence and the chlorophyll cycle
1428:. The same is known for chlorophyll
1346:and is synthesised along a branched
1521:can be converted to chlorophyllide
1387:{\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons }
485:, there are other pigments, called
247:in 1940. By 1960, when most of the
24:
2695:Cerovic, Zoran G. (October 2012).
2443:10.1111/j.1365-2427.1972.tb00377.x
1902:Pelletier PJ, Caventou JB (1817).
1703:
1186:Measurement of chlorophyll content
25:
4878:
4421:ICN for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)
2003:(Print). University of Helsinki.
1624:
1459:and grow green even in darkness.
517:, which are reduced relatives of
317:spectra of free chlorophyll
305:
278:in 2010; a molecular formula of C
4584:
4583:
3268:"Chlorophyll : Global Maps"
2056:from the original on 2011-04-10.
1560:
1147:
1132:
1114:
1096:
1081:
1066:
131:is any of several related green
104:
90:
72:
58:
3260:
3211:
3152:
3085:
3034:
2928:
2881:
2831:
2720:
2688:
2639:
2614:
2586:
2561:
2520:
2490:
2334:
2301:
2263:
2240:
2160:
2141:
2108:
2060:
1745:
1719:Journal of Biological Education
1595:
1579:
1331:
270:was announced to be present in
151:. Its name is derived from the
52:Chlorophyll at different scales
3185:Annual Review of Plant Biology
2386:Advances in Botanical Research
2017:
1951:
1858:
1829:
1778:
1739:
1381:
199:photosystems of green plants:
13:
1:
2682:10.1016/S0034-4257(99)00023-1
2608:10.1016/S0005-2728(89)80347-0
1874:Journal of Chemical Education
1732:10.1080/00219266.2020.1858930
1696:
1541:can be directly reduced (via
569:group where the latter has a
4462:History of plant systematics
4049:Thorns, spines, and prickles
2150:"A New Form of Chlorophyll?"
2135:10.1016/0040-4020(90)80003-Z
1240:molar absorption coefficient
179:
165:
7:
2702:. Ebernburg. Archived from
2546:10.1093/treephys/23.15.1077
2501:. School of Life Sciences,
2355:10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00696
1771:Online Etymology Dictionary
1652:
10:
4883:
4278:Alternation of generations
3380:
2497:Gilpin L (21 March 2001).
2398:10.1016/bs.abr.2019.03.006
2275:Essentials of Cell Biology
1335:
1062:Structures of chlorophylls
215:
171:
157:
29:
4803:
4775:
4737:
4704:
4661:
4638:
4579:
4527:
4491:
4428:Cultivated plant taxonomy
4391:Biological classification
4381:
4254:
4170:
4066:
4016:
3741:
3671:
3614:
3576:
3550:
3486:
3406:
3388:
3272:Earthobservatory.nasa.gov
2949:10.1007/s11120-006-9076-6
2906:10.1007/s11103-004-2331-3
2772:10.1002/9780470514535.ch8
2572:. Van Nostrand Reinhold.
1838:"Photosynthetic Pigments"
1678:, to measure plant stress
565:is that the former has a
395:resonance energy transfer
378:that are embedded in the
363:Chlorophyll is vital for
294:Mg and a structure of (2-
228:in 1817. The presence of
4288:Evolutionary development
2253:University of Cincinnati
1976:10.1002/jlac.19063500103
1676:Chlorophyll fluorescence
1671:Deep chlorophyll maximum
1537:. Moreover, chlorophyll
1462:Chlorophyll is bound to
1451:) if grown in darkness.
439:electron transport chain
222:Joseph Bienaimé Caventou
196:electromagnetic spectrum
4862:Photosynthetic pigments
3939:Hypanthium (Floral cup)
2937:Photosynthesis Research
2894:Plant Molecular Biology
2805:Natural Product Reports
2729:Natural Product Reports
2623:Photosynthesis in algae
2318:10.1007/1-4020-4516-6_1
2277:. Nature. July 5, 2013.
2218:10.1126/science.1191127
1682:Purple Earth hypothesis
1517:. Since chlorophyllide
469:. NADPH is a universal
355: Chlorophyll
346: Chlorophyll
226:Pierre Joseph Pelletier
4554:by author abbreviation
4478:Plant taxonomy systems
4396:Botanical nomenclature
3236:10.1002/anie.200703587
3119:10.1073/pnas.221252798
3009:10.3390/plants11070915
2148:Jabr F (August 2010).
1958:Willstätter R (1906).
1842:UCMP Glossary (online)
1617:to obtain the desired
1548:) back to chlorophyll
1388:
1195:
506:
360:
4561:Botanical expeditions
1752:University of Bristol
1686:scientific hypothesis
1543:7-hydroxychlorophyll
1389:
1374:+ phytyl diphosphate
1311:correlation value of
1193:
500:
313:
257:Robert Burns Woodward
4719:Bisdemethoxycurcumin
4293:Evolutionary history
4283:Double fertilization
4135:Cellular respiration
2847:Biological Chemistry
2662:Remote Sens. Environ
1908:Journal de Pharmacie
1804:10.3390/ijms15034657
1645:species play a role
1378:
1360:Chlorophyll synthase
1350:that is shared with
1348:biosynthetic pathway
527:uroporphyrinogen III
401:of the photosystems.
3512:Non-vascular plants
3160:"Chlorophyll Cycle"
3110:2001PNAS...9812826M
3063:10.1038/nature08950
3055:2010Natur.465..110M
2859:10.1515/BC.2002.198
2674:1999RSEnv..69..296G
2463:Biological Bulletin
2210:2010Sci...329.1318C
2154:Scientific American
2086:1967Natur.216..151F
2047:10.1021/ja01499a093
1887:1951JChEd..28..454D
1659:Bacteriochlorophyll
1480:aminolevulinic acid
1468:Protochlorophyllide
1453:Non-vascular plants
1409:with the 20-carbon
459:proton-motive force
237:Richard Willstätter
169:("pale green") and
32:RAL 6002 Leaf green
4867:E-number additives
4826:Phycoerythrocyanin
4724:Desmethoxycurcumin
4017:Surface structures
3812:Flower development
2625:. London: Kluwer.
2431:Freshwater Biology
2247:Carter JS (1996).
1964:Annalen der Chemie
1688:that explains the
1384:
1196:
507:
493:Chemical structure
487:accessory pigments
361:
243:was elucidated by
4844:
4843:
4767:Condensed tannins
4597:
4596:
4236:Herbaceous plants
4062:
4061:
3333:10.1021/bi0265776
3327:(48): 14391–402.
3224:Angewandte Chemie
2632:978-0-7923-6333-0
2509:on April 14, 2008
2503:Napier University
2327:978-1-4020-4515-8
2129:(22): 7599–7659.
2080:(5111): 151–152.
2041:(14): 3800–3802.
2010:978-952-10-4846-3
1895:10.1021/ed028p454
1836:Speer BR (1997).
1635:isolated proteins
1058:
1057:
641:Molecular formula
473:used to reduce CO
43:Pokémon LeafGreen
16:(Redirected from
4874:
4624:
4617:
4610:
4601:
4600:
4587:
4586:
4566:Individual trees
4241:Secondary growth
4212:Succulent plants
4200:Prostrate shrubs
4083:Apical dominance
4068:Plant physiology
4029:Epicuticular wax
3574:
3573:
3567:
3558:Plant morphology
3375:
3368:
3361:
3352:
3351:
3345:
3344:
3316:
3310:
3309:
3292:Adams J (2004).
3289:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3247:
3230:(45): 8699–702.
3215:
3209:
3208:
3180:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3156:
3150:
3149:
3139:
3121:
3104:(22): 12826–31.
3089:
3083:
3082:
3038:
3032:
3031:
3021:
3011:
2975:
2969:
2968:
2932:
2926:
2925:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2844:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2817:10.1039/B110549N
2800:
2794:
2793:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2741:10.1039/B002635M
2724:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2708:
2701:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2618:
2612:
2611:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2568:Gross J (1991).
2565:
2559:
2558:
2548:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2514:
2505:. Archived from
2494:
2488:
2487:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2343:Chemical Reviews
2338:
2332:
2331:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2292:
2288:
2286:
2278:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2255:. Archived from
2249:"Photosynthesis"
2244:
2238:
2237:
2204:(5997): 1318–9.
2193:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2174:. 19 August 2010
2164:
2158:
2157:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2094:10.1038/216151a0
2064:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2030:
2021:
2015:
2014:
1996:
1987:
1986:
1955:
1949:
1945:
1930:
1915:
1898:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1852:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1816:
1806:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1710:
1631:antenna proteins
1564:
1547:
1492:plant senescence
1393:
1391:
1390:
1385:
1294:
1292:
1286:
1284:
1151:
1136:
1118:
1100:
1085:
1070:
579:
578:
561:and chlorophyll
552:
420:
413:
354:
345:
335:
325:
182:
176:
175:
174:
168:
162:
161:
160:
108:
94:
76:
62:
40:video game, see
21:
4882:
4881:
4877:
4876:
4875:
4873:
4872:
4871:
4847:
4846:
4845:
4840:
4811:Allophycocyanin
4799:
4771:
4733:
4700:
4657:
4634:
4628:
4598:
4593:
4575:
4544:Botanical terms
4537:
4523:
4487:
4433:Citrus taxonomy
4411:Author citation
4377:
4271:
4250:
4172:
4166:
4162:Turgor pressure
4070:
4058:
4012:
3827:Floral symmetry
3745:
3737:
3667:
3656:Vascular bundle
3651:Vascular tissue
3610:
3570:
3561:
3560:
3546:
3517:Vascular plants
3482:
3478:Plant pathology
3402:
3384:
3379:
3349:
3348:
3317:
3313:
3306:
3290:
3286:
3276:
3274:
3266:
3265:
3261:
3216:
3212:
3181:
3174:
3165:
3163:
3158:
3157:
3153:
3090:
3086:
3049:(7294): 110–4.
3039:
3035:
2976:
2972:
2933:
2929:
2886:
2882:
2853:(11): 1769–78.
2842:
2836:
2832:
2801:
2797:
2782:
2760:
2756:
2725:
2721:
2712:
2710:
2706:
2699:
2693:
2689:
2659:
2652:
2644:
2640:
2633:
2619:
2615:
2591:
2587:
2580:
2566:
2562:
2533:Tree Physiology
2525:
2521:
2512:
2510:
2495:
2491:
2476:10.2307/1539668
2454:
2450:
2427:
2423:
2408:
2382:
2378:
2339:
2335:
2328:
2306:
2302:
2290:
2289:
2280:
2279:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2245:
2241:
2194:
2187:
2177:
2175:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2146:
2142:
2113:
2109:
2065:
2061:
2053:
2028:
2022:
2018:
2011:
1997:
1990:
1956:
1952:
1943:
1928:
1863:
1859:
1850:
1848:
1834:
1830:
1783:
1779:
1764:
1763:
1759:
1744:
1740:
1711:
1704:
1699:
1655:
1627:
1598:
1582:
1542:
1490:The process of
1488:
1472:photosensitizer
1423:chlorophyllide
1404:chlorophyllide
1379:
1376:
1375:
1370:chlorophyllide
1340:
1334:
1321:value of 0.95.
1308:
1301:
1290:
1288:
1282:
1280:
1266:
1259:
1242:of chlorophyll
1188:
1171:Prochlorococcus
1161:
1158:
1152:
1143:
1137:
1128:
1126:
1119:
1110:
1108:
1101:
1092:
1086:
1077:
1071:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
995:
991:
984:
980:
965:
961:
954:
950:
939:
935:
929:
925:
919:
913:
909:
903:
899:
892:
888:
876:
870:
864:
858:
849:
838:
827:
821:
815:
808:
793:
787:
781:
775:
768:
755:
751:
747:
743:
736:
732:
728:
724:
717:
713:
709:
705:
698:
694:
690:
686:
679:
675:
671:
667:
660:
656:
652:
648:
617:
606:
550:
546:
542:
495:
476:
452:
448:
444:
415:
409:
399:reaction center
359:
352:
350:
343:
333:
323:
308:
293:
289:
285:
281:
251:of chlorophyll
249:stereochemistry
218:
172:
158:
126:
125:
124:
123:
122:
109:
100:
99:
98:
95:
86:
85:
84:
77:
68:
67:
66:
63:
54:
53:
47:
34:. For the 2004
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4880:
4870:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4842:
4841:
4839:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4807:
4805:
4801:
4800:
4798:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4781:
4779:
4773:
4772:
4770:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4752:Anthocyanidins
4749:
4743:
4741:
4735:
4734:
4732:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4710:
4708:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4667:
4665:
4659:
4658:
4656:
4655:
4650:
4644:
4642:
4636:
4635:
4632:plant pigments
4627:
4626:
4619:
4612:
4604:
4595:
4594:
4592:
4591:
4580:
4577:
4576:
4574:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4557:
4556:
4546:
4540:
4538:
4536:
4535:
4534:Related topics
4532:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4522:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4495:
4493:
4489:
4488:
4486:
4485:
4483:Taxonomic rank
4480:
4475:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4458:
4457:
4456:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4435:
4425:
4424:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4401:Botanical name
4393:
4387:
4385:
4383:Plant taxonomy
4379:
4378:
4376:
4375:
4374:
4373:
4368:
4367:
4366:
4359:Megasporangium
4356:
4355:
4354:
4347:Microsporangia
4339:
4338:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4301:
4300:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4274:
4272:
4270:
4269:
4264:
4258:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4232:
4231:
4230:
4229:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4208:
4207:
4202:
4192:
4187:
4185:Cushion plants
4176:
4174:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4138:
4137:
4132:
4122:
4120:Plant hormones
4117:
4112:
4111:
4110:
4103:Photosynthesis
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4074:
4072:
4064:
4063:
4060:
4059:
4057:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4020:
4018:
4014:
4013:
4011:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3989:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3968:
3967:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3941:
3936:
3935:
3934:
3933:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3921:
3920:
3915:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3884:
3883:
3882:
3881:
3876:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3836:
3835:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3822:Floral formula
3819:
3817:Floral diagram
3814:
3809:
3799:
3798:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3786:
3785:
3780:
3770:
3760:
3755:
3749:
3747:
3746:(incl. Flower)
3739:
3738:
3736:
3735:
3734:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3722:
3721:
3716:
3706:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3675:
3673:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3665:
3660:
3659:
3658:
3648:
3646:Storage organs
3643:
3638:
3637:
3636:
3626:
3620:
3618:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3582:
3580:
3571:
3569:
3568:
3554:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3532:Spermatophytes
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3502:Archaeplastida
3499:
3493:
3491:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3464:
3463:
3456:Phytogeography
3453:
3451:Phytochemistry
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3412:
3410:
3408:Subdisciplines
3404:
3403:
3401:
3400:
3395:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3378:
3377:
3370:
3363:
3355:
3347:
3346:
3311:
3305:978-1860649202
3304:
3284:
3259:
3210:
3172:
3151:
3084:
3033:
2970:
2927:
2880:
2830:
2795:
2780:
2754:
2719:
2687:
2668:(3): 296–302.
2657:
2650:
2638:
2631:
2613:
2602:(3): 384–394.
2585:
2579:978-0442006570
2578:
2560:
2539:(15): 1077–9.
2519:
2489:
2448:
2437:(4): 361–385.
2421:
2406:
2376:
2349:(2): 344–535.
2333:
2326:
2300:
2291:|website=
2262:
2259:on 2013-06-29.
2239:
2185:
2159:
2140:
2107:
2059:
2016:
2009:
1988:
1970:(1–2): 48–82.
1950:
1948:
1947:
1926:, couleur, et
1899:
1857:
1828:
1797:(3): 4657–70.
1777:
1757:
1738:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1693:
1679:
1673:
1668:
1662:
1654:
1651:
1626:
1625:Biological use
1623:
1597:
1594:
1581:
1578:
1570:autumn colours
1566:
1565:
1496:chlorophyllase
1487:
1484:
1417:. Chlorophyll
1400:
1399:
1383:
1338:Chlorophyllide
1336:Main article:
1333:
1330:
1306:
1299:
1264:
1257:
1219:, chlorophyll
1187:
1184:
1160:
1159:
1153:
1146:
1144:
1138:
1131:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1113:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1095:
1093:
1087:
1080:
1078:
1072:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1054:Cyanobacteria
1052:
1051:Cyanobacteria
1049:
1048:Various algae
1046:
1045:Various algae
1043:
1042:Mostly plants
1040:
1037:
1033:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
998:
997:
993:
989:
986:
982:
978:
975:
972:
967:
963:
959:
956:
952:
948:
945:
941:
940:
937:
933:
930:
927:
923:
920:
917:
914:
911:
907:
904:
901:
897:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
877:
874:
871:
868:
865:
862:
859:
856:
853:
850:
847:
844:
840:
839:
836:
833:
828:
825:
822:
819:
816:
813:
810:
806:
802:
798:
797:
794:
791:
788:
785:
782:
779:
776:
773:
770:
766:
762:
758:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
643:
637:
636:
628:
620:
615:
609:
604:
598:
590:
582:
548:
544:
494:
491:
474:
450:
446:
442:
417:photosystem II
406:
405:
402:
391:
365:photosynthesis
351:
342:
307:
306:Photosynthesis
304:
298:)-chlorophyll
291:
287:
283:
279:
217:
214:
110:
103:
102:
101:
96:
89:
88:
87:
78:
71:
70:
69:
64:
57:
56:
55:
51:
50:
49:
48:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4879:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4857:Tetrapyrroles
4855:
4854:
4852:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4821:Phycoerythrin
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4808:
4806:
4802:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4782:
4780:
4778:
4774:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4757:Anthoxanthins
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4744:
4742:
4740:
4736:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4711:
4709:
4707:
4703:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4691:Chlorophyll f
4689:
4687:
4686:Chlorophyll d
4684:
4682:
4681:Chlorophyll c
4679:
4677:
4676:Chlorophyll b
4674:
4672:
4671:Chlorophyll a
4669:
4668:
4666:
4664:
4660:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4645:
4643:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4625:
4620:
4618:
4613:
4611:
4606:
4605:
4602:
4590:
4582:
4581:
4578:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4555:
4552:
4551:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4541:
4539:
4533:
4530:
4529:
4526:
4520:
4519:Phytochemical
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4496:
4494:
4490:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4440:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4429:
4426:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4398:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4388:
4386:
4384:
4380:
4372:
4369:
4365:
4362:
4361:
4360:
4357:
4353:
4350:
4349:
4348:
4345:
4344:
4343:
4340:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4317:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4299:
4296:
4295:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4275:
4273:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4253:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4228:
4225:
4224:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4197:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4182:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4169:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4157:Transpiration
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4127:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4109:
4106:
4105:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4015:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3973:
3972:
3969:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3945:
3944:Inflorescence
3942:
3940:
3937:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3910:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3871:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3840:
3837:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3803:
3800:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3775:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3765:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3711:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3701:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3670:
3664:
3661:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3630:
3629:Ground tissue
3627:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3617:
3613:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3579:
3575:
3572:
3565:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3552:Plant anatomy
3549:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3485:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3473:Plant ecology
3471:
3469:
3468:Plant anatomy
3466:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3416:Archaeobotany
3414:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3390:
3387:
3383:
3376:
3371:
3369:
3364:
3362:
3357:
3356:
3353:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3315:
3307:
3301:
3297:
3296:
3288:
3273:
3269:
3263:
3255:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3214:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3179:
3177:
3162:. IUBMB. 2011
3161:
3155:
3147:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3088:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3037:
3029:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2991:
2987:
2986:Acaryochloris
2983:
2974:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2943:(2): 173–94.
2942:
2938:
2931:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2884:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2841:
2834:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2811:(3): 327–41.
2810:
2806:
2799:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2781:9780470514535
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2758:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2735:(6): 507–26.
2734:
2730:
2723:
2709:on 2014-08-22
2705:
2698:
2691:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2656:
2649:
2642:
2634:
2628:
2624:
2617:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2589:
2581:
2575:
2571:
2564:
2556:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2523:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2493:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2464:
2459:
2452:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2425:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2407:9780081027523
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2380:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2337:
2329:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2304:
2296:
2284:
2276:
2272:
2266:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2243:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2192:
2190:
2173:
2172:New Scientist
2169:
2163:
2155:
2151:
2144:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2123:
2118:
2111:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2074:
2069:
2063:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2035:
2027:
2020:
2012:
2006:
2002:
1995:
1993:
1985:
1983:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1966:(in German).
1965:
1961:
1954:
1942:, color, and
1941:
1937:
1933:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1913:
1910:(in French).
1909:
1905:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1875:
1870:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1832:
1824:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1781:
1773:
1772:
1767:
1766:"chlorophyll"
1761:
1753:
1749:
1748:"Chlorophyll"
1742:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1709:
1707:
1702:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1665:Chlorophyllin
1663:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1643:active oxygen
1640:
1636:
1632:
1622:
1620:
1616:
1615:vegetable oil
1611:
1607:
1603:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1586:phytoplankton
1577:
1575:
1571:
1563:
1559:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1554:tetrapyrroles
1551:
1546:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1476:free radicals
1473:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1426:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1407:
1398:+ diphosphate
1397:
1373:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1339:
1329:
1327:
1322:
1320:
1315:
1314:
1305:
1298:
1278:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1260:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1217:diethyl ether
1213:
1211:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1192:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1172:
1166:
1157:
1150:
1145:
1142:
1135:
1130:
1127:
1117:
1112:
1109:
1099:
1094:
1091:
1084:
1079:
1076:
1069:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
1001:C17−C18 bond
1000:
999:
987:
976:
973:
971:
968:
957:
946:
943:
942:
931:
921:
915:
905:
895:
893:
883:
880:
879:
872:
866:
860:
854:
851:
845:
842:
841:
834:
832:
829:
823:
817:
811:
809:
803:
800:
799:
795:
789:
783:
777:
771:
769:
763:
760:
759:
739:
720:
701:
682:
663:
644:
642:
639:
638:
635:
634:
629:
627:
626:
621:
619:
618:
610:
608:
607:
599:
597:
596:
591:
589:
588:
583:
581:
580:
577:
574:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
504:
499:
490:
488:
484:
478:
472:
468:
464:
460:
455:
440:
434:
432:
428:
424:
418:
412:
411:photosystem I
403:
400:
396:
392:
389:
388:
387:
385:
382:membranes of
381:
377:
372:
370:
366:
358:
349:
340:
336:
330:
326:
320:
316:
312:
303:
301:
297:
277:
276:stromatolites
273:
272:cyanobacteria
269:
268:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
233:
231:
227:
223:
213:
211:
210:
205:
204:
197:
193:
188:
186:
181:
167:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
137:cyanobacteria
134:
130:
120:
117:
114:
107:
93:
82:
75:
61:
45:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
4795:Xanthophylls
4747:Anthocyanins
4706:Curcuminoids
4662:
4653:Betaxanthins
4514:Horticulture
4504:Floriculture
4406:Correct name
4256:Reproduction
4246:Woody plants
4171:Plant growth
4130:Gas Exchange
4115:Phytomelanin
4107:
3993:Plant embryo
3743:Reproductive
3591:Phragmoplast
3324:
3321:Biochemistry
3320:
3314:
3294:
3287:
3275:. Retrieved
3271:
3262:
3227:
3223:
3213:
3188:
3184:
3164:. Retrieved
3154:
3101:
3097:
3087:
3046:
3042:
3036:
2999:
2995:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2973:
2940:
2936:
2930:
2897:
2893:
2883:
2850:
2846:
2833:
2808:
2804:
2798:
2763:
2757:
2732:
2728:
2722:
2711:. Retrieved
2704:the original
2690:
2665:
2661:
2654:
2647:
2641:
2622:
2616:
2599:
2595:
2588:
2569:
2563:
2536:
2532:
2522:
2511:. Retrieved
2507:the original
2492:
2470:(1): 54–62.
2467:
2461:
2451:
2434:
2430:
2424:
2389:
2385:
2379:
2346:
2342:
2336:
2309:
2303:
2274:
2265:
2257:the original
2242:
2201:
2197:
2176:. Retrieved
2171:
2162:
2153:
2143:
2126:
2120:
2116:
2110:
2077:
2071:
2062:
2038:
2032:
2019:
2000:
1981:
1980:From p. 49:
1979:
1967:
1963:
1953:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1911:
1907:
1878:
1872:
1860:
1849:. Retrieved
1841:
1831:
1794:
1790:
1780:
1769:
1760:
1741:
1722:
1718:
1628:
1599:
1596:Culinary use
1583:
1580:Distribution
1567:
1549:
1544:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1489:
1461:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1418:
1405:
1401:
1395:
1394:chlorophyll
1371:
1363:
1341:
1332:Biosynthesis
1323:
1318:
1312:
1303:
1296:
1276:
1274:
1269:
1262:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1214:
1208:
1207:chlorophyll
1201:
1200:chlorophyll
1197:
1179:
1175:
1169:
1164:
1163:Chlorophyll
1162:
1155:
1154:chlorophyll
1140:
1139:chlorophyll
1122:
1121:chlorophyll
1104:
1103:chlorophyll
1089:
1088:chlorophyll
1074:
1073:chlorophyll
1021:(porphyrin)
1016:(porphyrin)
632:
631:Chlorophyll
624:
623:Chlorophyll
613:
612:Chlorophyll
602:
601:Chlorophyll
594:
593:Chlorophyll
586:
585:Chlorophyll
575:
562:
558:
554:
533:. The axial
508:
502:
482:
479:
456:
435:
407:
384:chloroplasts
376:photosystems
373:
362:
356:
347:
338:
332:
328:
322:
318:
299:
266:
265:Chlorophyll
252:
245:Hans Fischer
240:
234:
219:
208:
202:
201:chlorophyll
192:blue portion
189:
187:from light.
141:chloroplasts
128:
127:
81:chloroplasts
42:
35:
18:Chlorophylls
4836:Xanthonoids
4816:Phycocyanin
4777:Carotenoids
4663:Chlorophyll
4648:Betacyanins
4330:Pollen tube
4325:Pollinators
4315:Pollination
4310:Germination
4125:Respiration
4108:Chlorophyll
3954:Pedicellate
3888:Gametophyte
3807:Aestivation
3758:Antheridium
3753:Archegonium
3601:Plasmodesma
3578:Plant cells
3441:Paleobotany
3436:Ethnobotany
3421:Astrobotany
2900:(1): 1–14.
2392:: 121–139.
2122:Tetrahedron
1936:chlorophyll
1920:chlorophyle
1309:provided a
1036:Occurrence
996:COO−Phytyl
985:COO−Phytyl
974:−CH=CHCOOH
966:COO−Phytyl
955:COO−Phytyl
261:Ian Fleming
255:was known,
139:and in the
129:Chlorophyll
4851:Categories
4739:Flavonoids
4352:Microspore
4342:Sporangium
4320:Artificial
4008:Sporophyte
4003:Sporophyll
3998:Receptacle
3893:Gynandrium
3763:Androecium
3672:Vegetative
3542:Angiosperm
3537:Gymnosperm
3431:Dendrology
3277:2 February
3166:2020-06-04
3002:(7): 915.
2713:2024-07-12
2513:2010-07-17
1914:: 486–491.
1881:(9): 454.
1869:Delépine M
1851:2010-07-17
1725:(5): 1–8.
1697:References
1639:hypothesis
1507:hydrolyses
1474:, forming
1445:Angiosperm
1293:10 nm
1285:10 nm
1236:fluoresces
1039:Universal
1031:(chlorin)
1026:(chlorin)
1011:(chlorin)
1006:(chlorin)
970:−CH=CHCOOH
944:C17 group
523:hemoglobin
521:(found in
519:porphyrins
431:nanometers
315:Absorbance
4790:Retinoids
4785:Carotenes
4640:Betalains
4630:Types of
4549:Botanists
4467:Herbarium
4364:Megaspore
4262:Evolution
4205:Subshrubs
4173:and habit
4098:Nutrition
4093:Cellulose
4088:Bulk flow
4071:Materials
4034:Epidermis
3898:Gynoecium
3879:Endosperm
3874:Dispersal
3790:Staminode
3726:Sessility
3714:Cataphyll
3634:Mesophyll
3586:Cell wall
3527:Lycophyte
3507:Bryophyte
3461:Geobotany
3446:Phycology
3191:: 55–77.
2416:149632511
2293:ignored (
2283:cite book
2234:206527174
2068:Fleming I
1690:evolution
1574:deciduous
1449:etiolated
1411:diterpene
1382:⇌
1344:glutamate
881:C8 group
843:C7 group
801:C3 group
761:C2 group
531:magnesium
380:thylakoid
230:magnesium
135:found in
116:magnesium
4831:Quinones
4729:Curcumin
4589:Category
4509:Forestry
4499:Agronomy
4492:Practice
4443:Cultivar
4438:Cultigen
4298:timeline
4190:Rosettes
4078:Aleurone
4054:Trichome
3971:Perianth
3783:Filament
3641:Meristem
3564:glossary
3426:Bryology
3341:12450406
3254:17943948
3205:16669755
3146:11606728
3071:20400946
3028:35406896
2965:23808539
2957:17370354
2922:21174896
2914:15604725
2867:12530542
2825:12828371
2749:11152419
2555:12975132
2371:27498781
2226:20724585
2178:15 April
2051:Archived
1823:24642884
1653:See also
1619:solution
1610:Absinthe
1602:E number
1590:thriving
1576:plants.
1503:3.1.1.14
1464:proteins
1413:alcohol
1356:siroheme
515:chlorins
505:molecule
133:pigments
4762:Flavans
4696:Chlorin
4267:Ecology
4024:Cuticle
3854:Capsule
3844:Anatomy
3795:Tapetum
3719:Petiole
3694:Rhizome
3689:Rhizoid
3616:Tissues
3606:Vacuole
3596:Plastid
3398:Outline
3393:History
3245:2912502
3128:3056990
3106:Bibcode
3079:4427639
3051:Bibcode
3019:9003380
2875:3099209
2790:7842850
2670:Bibcode
2484:1539668
2363:1534468
2206:Bibcode
2198:Science
2102:4262313
2082:Bibcode
1940:chloros
1938:, from
1924:chloros
1883:Bibcode
1814:3975419
1746:May P.
1647:in vivo
541:chain (
535:ligands
511:chlorin
339:in vivo
216:History
194:of the
180:phyllon
166:khloros
113:chlorin
37:Pokémon
4571:Plants
4474:(IAPT)
4227:Lianas
4195:Shrubs
4147:Starch
4039:Nectar
3959:Raceme
3925:Stigma
3913:Locule
3903:Carpel
3864:Pyrena
3802:Flower
3778:Anther
3773:Stamen
3768:Pollen
3490:groups
3382:Botany
3339:
3302:
3252:
3242:
3203:
3144:
3134:
3126:
3077:
3069:
3043:Nature
3026:
3016:
2996:Plants
2990:marina
2988:
2963:
2955:
2920:
2912:
2873:
2865:
2823:
2788:
2778:
2747:
2629:
2576:
2553:
2482:
2414:
2404:
2369:
2361:
2324:
2232:
2224:
2100:
2073:Nature
2007:
1944:φύλλον
1929:φύλλον
1821:
1811:
1641:that "
1457:enzyme
1415:phytol
1326:Dualex
1029:Single
1024:Single
1019:Double
1014:Double
1009:Single
1004:Single
916:−CH=CH
835:−CH=CH
824:−CH=CH
818:−CH=CH
812:−CH=CH
805:−CH=CH
571:formyl
567:methyl
539:phytyl
353:
344:
327:) and
296:formyl
185:energy
173:φύλλον
159:χλωρός
155:words
149:plants
119:ligand
4804:Other
4531:Lists
4448:Group
4371:Spore
4305:Flora
4222:Vines
4217:Trees
4180:Habit
4152:Sugar
4044:Stoma
3986:Sepal
3981:Petal
3976:Tepal
3964:Umbel
3949:Bract
3930:Style
3918:Ovule
3908:Ovary
3849:Berry
3839:Fruit
3832:Whorl
3699:Shoot
3497:Algae
3488:Plant
3137:60138
3124:JSTOR
3075:S2CID
2961:S2CID
2918:S2CID
2871:S2CID
2843:(PDF)
2707:(PDF)
2700:(PDF)
2480:JSTOR
2412:S2CID
2230:S2CID
2098:S2CID
2054:(PDF)
2029:(PDF)
1922:, de
1864:See:
852:−CHO
796:−CHO
471:agent
467:NADPH
369:light
153:Greek
145:algae
4453:Grex
4335:Self
3869:Seed
3731:Stem
3709:Leaf
3684:Root
3679:Bulb
3663:Wood
3624:Cork
3522:Fern
3337:PMID
3300:ISBN
3279:2014
3250:PMID
3201:PMID
3142:PMID
3067:PMID
3024:PMID
2953:PMID
2910:PMID
2863:PMID
2821:PMID
2786:PMID
2776:ISBN
2745:PMID
2627:ISBN
2574:ISBN
2551:PMID
2402:ISBN
2367:PMID
2359:OSTI
2322:ISBN
2295:help
2222:PMID
2180:2012
2005:ISBN
1819:PMID
1684:, a
1606:E140
1533:and
1432:and
1354:and
1352:heme
1324:The
1287:and
1205:and
1178:and
831:−CHO
427:P680
425:and
423:P700
414:and
324:blue
224:and
206:and
147:and
4142:Sap
3859:Nut
3704:Bud
3329:doi
3240:PMC
3232:doi
3193:doi
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3014:PMC
3004:doi
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2902:doi
2855:doi
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2202:329
2131:doi
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2090:doi
2078:216
2043:doi
1972:doi
1968:350
1891:doi
1809:PMC
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1727:doi
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1572:to
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1443:In
1307:700
1300:735
1289:735
1281:705
1215:In
988:−CH
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784:−CH
778:−CH
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718:Mg
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661:Mg
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