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allowed to continue living at home. Even in contemporary Hong Kong, it is believed unmarried women are assumed to have psychological problems. Presumably no normal person would remain unmarried voluntarily." For girls who choose to remain unmarried, engaging in a "bride-initiated spirit marriage" (or a ghost marriage initiated by a living bride) is seen as a successful "marriage-resistance practice" as it allowed them to remain single and still be integrated into a lineage. This however, did evoke some negative reactions such as, having the ghost marriage called a "fake spirit-marriage", being referred to as someone "marrying a spirit tablet", or simply being seen as someone attempting to avoid marriage.
1034:, as they allow the family's lineage carry on. The idea is that the spouse of a deceased male could adopt a child who would then carry on the lineage of the man's family. Other reasons for performing ghost marriages for deceased males include the family members of the deceased experiencing dreams or séances from the spirits of the males who have reportedly expressed their desire to be married. Additionally, according to certain Chinese traditions, there exists a saying where a younger brother should not be married before their older brothers, therefore, ghost marriages may be performed to stay in line with this tradition.
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philosophy of life after death. It was believed that if a person had died as a bachelor or bachelorette, his or her spirit would feel lonely in the afterlife, thus, breaking the Yin and Yang rule. As these spirits are unable to find harmony, many believed that they would return to cause harm to living family members and their descendants. Due to this belief, living family members would seek out deceased individuals of the opposite sex to accompany their deceased bachelor or bachelorette during burial, thus completing the Yin and Yang balance.
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family name; to provide descendants to keep up the ancestral worship; and to give a daughter-in-law to his mother to wait on her and be, in general, a daughter to her." The ceremony itself has the characteristics of both a marriage and a funeral, with the spirit of the deceased bride being "led" by a medium or priest, while her body is transferred from her grave to be laid next to her husband. At times, a living woman may be taken as a wife for a deceased, unmarried man, but this is rare.
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through a brother who would assign one of his own sons to the lineage of the deceased. The adoption would be carried out through a written contract which would then be placed under the dead man's tablet. Following this, the adopted son would be expected to make ancestral offerings on his birth and death dates, and is additionally, "entitled to inherit his foster father's share of the family estate."
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the cab, and have her 'arrival' announced at the groom's house. One observable difference in a ghost marriage, is that the ancestral tablet of the deceased would be placed inside the effigy, so that "the bride's dummy animated with the ghost that to be married". At the end of the marriage festivities, the tablet is then placed with the other tablets of the groom's family.
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provided the bride with a house. In another report involving a ghost marriage, the groom's family had sent wedding cakes and NT $ 120 to the bride's family, who then returned it with a dowry of a gold ring, a gold necklace, several pairs of shoes, and six dresses, "all fitted for the use of the groom's living wife."
989:'spirit marriage') refers to a marriage in which one or both parties are deceased. In mainland China, the practice of ghost marriages involves two deceased individuals. Meanwhile, in special administrative regions, Taiwan and South East Asia, it involves one deceased individual and one living individual.
1062:, colored paper, or cloth would be used to represent the deceased person(s) and are typically clothed in Chinese bridal wear and groomswear, which would later be burned. Most of the marriage rites involved in such proceedings are said to be performed the same way regular Chinese marriages are usually performed.
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In both cases, the effigies wore real clothing, similar to what is typically worn in marriage ceremonies. These often include a pair of trousers, a white shirt, a red dress, and an outer lace dress. If a living groom were to marry ghost bride, he would wear black gloves instead of the typical white.
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head. Respective paper servants would stand on either side of them, and the room would contain many other paper effigies of products that would be used in their home, such as a dressing table (complete with a mirror), a table with six stools, a money safe, a refrigerator, and trunks of paper clothes
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Others do not use the aid of priests or diviners, believing that the groom the ghost-bride has chosen " somehow identify himself." Some families may choose to lay a red envelope (typically used for money gifts) as bait in the middle of the road and hide. When the envelope is picked up by a passerby,
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More benignly, a spirit may also appear to a family member in a dream and request a spouse. Marjorie Topley, in "Ghost
Marriages Among the Singapore Chinese: A Further Note," relates the story of a 14-year-old Cantonese boy who had died. A month later he appeared to his mother in a dream saying that
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If a family were "suitably rich to tempt a girl," a ghost marriage might profit them with a daughter-in-law. As a daughter is not considered "a potential contributor to the lineage into which she is born," but rather "is expected give the children she bears and her adult labor to the family of her
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Sometimes, when the fiancé of a woman dies and she is to engage in a ghost marriage, her participation in the man's funeral service would often involve mourning rituals, taking a vow of celibacy, and soon thereafter, taking up residence with the man's family. The opposite rituals involving the ghost
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Most of the marriage ceremony and rites performed during a ghost marriage remains true to
Chinese customs. The deceased bride would always be treated as if she were still living and participating in such proceedings. She would be 'fed' at the wedding feast in the morning, be 'invited' in and out of
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and dowries between the families involved in a ghost marriage varies. Some families may exchange both, while others may simply gift red money packets. While there are no standards in the amount exchanged, several of Janice
Stockard's informants have reported instances whereby the groom's family had
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Ghost marriages are often arranged at the request of the deceased spirits, who upon "finding itself without a spouse in the other world," causes misfortune for its natal family, the family of its betrothed, or the family of the deceased's married sisters. "This usually takes the form of sickness by
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that would worship her or care for her as part of their lineage. Many
Chinese parents therefore assume the important duty of marrying their children off, especially their daughters who are only able to acquire membership in descent lines through marriage. Also for these reasons, ghost marriages are
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Chinese ghost marriages are typically arranged by the family members of the deceased and are performed for a number of reasons, such as to marry an engaged couple after one or both party(s) death, to integrate an unmarried daughter into a patrilineage, to ensure the continuation of the family line,
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As daughter-in-laws married through ghost marriages are expected to live a chaste life, their purpose is not to produce offsprings but to become a "social instrument" that would enable the husband's family to adopt. Such families would often prefer to adopt patrilineally related male kins, usually
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If a son dies before he is married, his parents may choose to arrange a ghost marriage in order to allow him his own descendants that would continue on the family's lineage. As put by James Dyer, "A man in China does not marry so much for his own benefit as for that of the family: to continue the
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In
Chinese culture, an unmarried daughter is said to be a source of great embarrassment and concern. In Charlotte Ikels's "Parental Perspectives on the Significance of Marriage", she reports that, "Traditionally, girls who did not marry were regarded as a threat to the entire family and were not
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of paternal ancestors and the images of the gods. The tablet of a married woman is kept at the altar of her husband's family. Should a woman of an eligible age pass away unmarried, her family would be prohibited from placing her tablet on the altar of her natal home. They would instead, obtain a
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The practice of ghost marriages can be traced back to the Han
Dynasty (206 B.C.-220 A.D.), with its participants being among those who were wealthy. Its origins are said to stem from the Chinese Yin and Yang philosophy, where the Yin has to merge with the Yang in order to achieve harmony and the
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Upon the death of her fiancé, a bride could choose to continue on with the wedding. In such cases, the groom would be represented by a white cockerel at the ceremony. Some women, however, are said to be hesitant about such proceedings as these forms of ghost marriages would require them to
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of sorts. In the
Cantonese area of Singapore "there is in fact a ghost marriage broker's sign hung up in a doorway of a Taoist priest's home. The broker announces that he is willing to undertake the search for a family which has a suitable deceased member with a favorable horoscope."
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In a separate ceremony that married a living groom to a ghost bride, her effigy had been constructed with a wooden backbone, arms made from newspaper, and a head of "a smiling young girl clipped from a wall calendar." Similarly, after the marriage festivities, the effigy is burned.
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practiced in ancient times that is kept alive by various
Chinese communities today. Despite its long history and unique practices, the original purposes of ghost marriages remain largely unknown. Even so, ghost marriages are often stigmatized and surrounded with superstitions.
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For women in traditional
Chinese culture, ghost marriages are often performed as it is considered shameful to be parents of an unwed daughter, with unmarried girls often being shunned from society. For men on the other hand, ghost marriages are often performed for the sake of
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As
Chinese customs dictate that a younger brother should not be married before their older brothers, a ghost marriage for an older, deceased brother may be arranged just before a younger brother's wedding to avoid "incurring the disfavor of his brother's ghost."
1203:. As the son had not revealed her name; his mother used a Cantonese spirit medium and "through her, the boy gave the name of the girl together with her place of birth and age, and details of her horoscope which were subsequently found to be compatible with his."
1082:. A female dead body is said to have a price of several hundred thousand RMB for the purposes of a ghost marriage. Furthermore, it is said that corpses of married, elderly women have also become targeted for such illegal trade. In 2019, several graveyards in the
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In some occasions, the family of a deceased person may choose to use a priest as a matchmaker. In other occasions, the family may choose to leave out a red envelope with gifts, believing that the deceased person's spouse would eventually reveal themselves.
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husband," the wife of a deceased son would benefit her husband's family by becoming a caregiver in their home. Upon providing the deceased son with a wife, the family could then also adopt an heir, or a "grandson", who would continue on the family line.
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A groom on the other hand, also has the option of marrying his late fiancée, with no disadvantages posed to himself as he would be free to marry again in the future, but there has been a lack of records surrounding such weddings.
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The practice of ghost marriages have led to reported cases of female corpses being stolen. Between 2017 and 2019, it was reported that a black market of female corpses had surfaced in the provinces of
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Additionally, in the early days of immigration, ghost marriages were said to have been used to "cement a bond of friendship between two families", however, no recent cases of such have been reported.
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In a ghost marriage, many of the typical marriage rites are observed. However, since one or both parties are usually deceased, they are often represented by effigies made of paper, bamboo, or cloth.
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Topley, Marjorie. "Ghost Marriages Among the Singapore Chinese: A Further Note." Man (Published by the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland) Vol. 56 (May, 1956).
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Ghost marriages are relatively similar to weddings and funerals, whereby the participants' families will often exchange gifts such as cakes, clothes, and money, in varying sizes.
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1604:"Multiple female corpses stolen for ghost marriage in Nanyang, Henan; Graveyards install CCTV cameras and adopt cement coffins to prevent thefts 【河南南陽市多具女屍被配冥婚】 【墓地裝監視鏡頭、換水泥棺材防盜"
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Topley, Marjorie. "Ghost Marriages Among the Singapore Chinese." Man (Published by the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland) Vol. 55 (Feb., 1955): 29-30.
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one or more family members. When the sickness is not cured by ordinary means, the family turns to divination and learns of the plight of the ghost through a séance."
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seen as a solution in ensuring that unmarried, deceased daughters could still be connected to a male descent line and be appropriately cared for after death.
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For instance, to represent the ghost couple at their marriage feast, the bride and groom may be constructed of paper bodies over a bamboo frame with a
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Ikels, Charlotte. "Parental Perspectives on the Significance of Marriage." Journal of Marriage and the Family Vol. 47 No. 2 (May 1985):253-264.
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and cloth. After the marriage ceremony is complete, the paper belongings would be burned to be sent to the spirit world for use by the couple.
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temporary paper tablet for her that would be placed in a corner near the door. Due to this, a deceased and unmarried woman is said to have no
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Another death custom concerning an unmarried daughter prohibits her from dying in her natal home. Instead, temples or "Death Houses" for
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1907:"'The Ghost Bride' directors tell us what it's like working with an all-Malaysian crew and why the Netflix series was shot in Mandarin"
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marriage of a man with a deceased female fiancé however, remains rather unknown due to a lack of records regarding the matter.
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participate in funeral rituals, mourning customs (that entail a strict dress code and standards of conduct), taking a vow of
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Today, many consider the real purpose of ghost marriages to be the appeasement of the minds of the living. It is a form of
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were built. Some families also choose to take their daughters to sheds, empty houses, or outlying buildings to die.
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the family members would then reveal themselves and announce the passerby's status of being the chosen bridegroom.
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1285:'s 2013 novel, "The Ghost Bride", utilized the principles of ghost marriages as its central premise. It became a
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Additionally, the effigies were often adorned with bridal jewelry, though none of which were made of real gold.
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province resorted to installing CCTV cameras and utilizing concrete coffins to prevent such thefts.
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Worldwide, other forms of ghost marriages are also practiced, for example in France since 1959 (see
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Daughters of the Canton Delta: Marriage Patterns and Economic Strategies in South China, 1860-1930.
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1838:"The Concept of Afterlife: Transforming Mythology into Fantasy in Yangsze Choo's The Ghost Bride."
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also features a ghost marriage as its main plot. It was selected as the closing film for the 2022
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which was co-directed by Malaysian directors Quek Shio-chuan and Ho Yu-hang. It starred
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Ikels, Charlotte (May 1985). "Parental Perspectives on the Significance of Marriage".
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1932:"Creepy ghost wedding custom featured in 'The Ghost Bride' on Netflix | The Star"
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Topley, Marjorie. "Ghost Marriages Among the Singapore Chinese: A Further Note."
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and was selected as a Best Book by Oprah.com. It later formed the basis of the
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or to wed unmarried, deceased older brothers before their younger brothers.
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1958:"Director Quek Shio Chuan Tells Deeply Personal Stories Through His Films"
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Ikels, Charlotte. "Parental Perspectives on the Significance of Marriage."
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If a family wishes to arrange a ghost marriage, they may consult with a
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1489:. Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland: 29–30.
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Marriage in Chinese tradition in which one or both parties are deceased
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Gods, Ghosts, and Ancestors: The Folk Religion of a Taiwanese Village.
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Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, 1972.
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Topley, Marjorie. "Ghost Marriages Among the Singapore Chinese"
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2207:"A Day in The Life......Of China: Free to Fly Inside the Cage"
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2010:"許光漢搭林柏宏談人鬼戀！ 男男CP原本找劉冠廷…無緣合體原因曝 | ETtoday星光雲 | ETtoday新聞雲"
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1016:, i.e. marriage to a living relative of the deceased).
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1199:he wished to marry a girl who had recently died in
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2184:"Dead Bachelors in Remote China Still Find Wives"
1983:"雙帥合體！《緝魂》導演推新作「許光漢、林柏宏」演技、顏值都犯規，同志冥婚題材網暴動～｜東森新聞"
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2138:. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1978.
2110:. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1973.
2088:. Stanford, CA: Stanford university Press, 1970.
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2147:Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1980.
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2119:Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1989.
2077:Things Chinese: or Notes Connected with China,
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1737:Things Chinese: or Notes Connected with China
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1479:"Ghost Marriages Among the Singapore Chinese"
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1450:Things Chinese: or Notes Connected with China
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2070:. New York: Columbia University Press, 1979.
1740:pp. 419-420. As quoted by Baker, Hugh D. R.
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2145:Marriage and Adoption in China, 1845-1945.
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2036:"《一家子兒咕咕叫》、《關於我和鬼變成家人的那件事》榮膺2022金馬影展開、閉幕片"
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2108:The Cult of the Dead in a Chinese Village
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1761:Marriage and Adoption in China, 1845-1945
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1685:The Cult of the Dead in a Chinese Village
62:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1389:. 東森新聞网. 6 November 2015. Archived from
1322:Golden Horse International Film Festival
1143:is often prominently displayed with the
3617:Interactions Between Heaven and Mankind
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2143:Wolf, Arthur P., and Chieh-shan Huang.
1759:Wolf, Arthur P. and Huang, Chieh-Shan.
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1841:Ostrava Journal of English Philology
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1549:Stockard, Janice E. (1 March 1992).
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1249:Rites of the ghost marriage ceremony
702:Sex and Repression in Savage Society
18:
2075:As quoted by Baker: Ball, J. Dyer,
1905:Cheema, Sukhbir (22 January 2020).
13:
4049:Practices in Chinese folk religion
2204:Kramer, Michael (2 October 1989).
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1853:Miller, Stuart (7 February 2020).
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1523:. University of California Press.
1477:Topley, Marjorie (February 1955).
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711:Social Bonding and Nurture Kinship
34:tone or style may not reflect the
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2334:Three Obediences and Four Virtues
1207:Other instances of ghost marriage
202:Parallel / cross cousins
3772:Confucian royal ancestral shrine
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44:guide to writing better articles
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2182:Yardley, Jim (5 October 2006).
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2008:ETtoday新聞雲 (28 December 2021).
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865:
3443:Marriage in pre-Islamic Arabia
1956:Chin, Koyyi (10 August 2020).
1596:
1567:
1440:
1414:Journal of Marriage and Family
1405:
1375:
1050:
1037:
977:
841:
827:
789:
1:
3052:Ghost marriage in South Sudan
2316:In ancient and imperial times
2058:
1582:. Stanford University Press.
1574:Wolf, Arthur P., ed. (1966).
1553:. Stanford University Press.
1551:Daughters of the Canton Delta
1370:Daughters of the Canton Delta
1014:ghost marriage in South Sudan
344:Household forms and residence
3891:Four Books and Five Classics
3627:Ancestor veneration in China
3612:Unity of Heaven and humanity
2430:Traditional Chinese marriage
2286:All-China Women's Federation
1793:Gods, Ghosts, and Ancestors.
1190:Requests from the afterworld
409:Classificatory terminologies
7:
4054:Marriage in Chinese culture
1164:Living, unmarried daughters
1019:
10:
4080:
2471:LGBTQ culture in Hong Kong
2136:Studies in Chinese Society
2068:Chinese Family and Kinship
1742:Chinese Family and Kinship
1720:Studies in Chinese Society
1578:Studies in Chinese Society
1521:Gods, Ghosts and Ancestors
1287:New York Times best-seller
1173:Continuing the family line
1124:
1024:
4000:
3904:
3883:
3847:
3759:
3723:
3655:
3602:Confucian ritual religion
3579:
3516:
3456:
3425:
3405:
3342:
3289:
3237:
3214:
3162:
3122:
3076:
3017:
3008:
2965:
2903:
2877:
2669:
2560:
2476:LGBTQ culture in Shanghai
2438:
2378:Chinese-foreign marriages
2367:
2276:
2269:
2161:"Wet goods and dry goods"
1519:Jordan, David K. (1972).
1116:Women and ghost marriages
968:
949:
931:
924:
910:
903:
886:
872:
858:
851:
834:
820:
813:
808:
804:
796:
782:
778:
773:
2466:LGBTQ culture in Chengdu
2461:LGBTQ culture in Beijing
2410:Marriage in modern China
2383:Family planning policies
2016:(in Traditional Chinese)
1989:(in Traditional Chinese)
1608:Hong Kong: Cable TV news
1327:
1089:
3546:Ritual and music system
2311:Ideals of female beauty
2306:Globalization and women
1291:Netflix-original series
1236:Dowries and bridewealth
1066:Theft of female corpses
3510:Religious Confucianism
3040:Chinese ghost marriage
2327:Good Wife, Wise Mother
2291:Female migrant workers
2040:www.goldenhorse.org.tw
1447:Ball, J. Dyer (1904).
1131:Veneration of the dead
800:"netherworld marriage"
774:Chinese ghost marriage
719:"The Traffic in Women"
552:Coming of Age in Samoa
3837:Temple of Agriculture
3782:Religious goods store
3668:Holy Confucian Church
3622:Chinese folk religion
3571:Worship of the living
2042:(in Chinese (Taiwan))
1683:Martin, Emily Ahern.
1135:Chinese folk religion
735:Cultural anthropology
695:Feminist anthropology
487:Australian Aboriginal
3870:Confucian coin charm
2115:Stockard, Janice E.
1836:Vinczeová, Barbora.
1368:Stockard, Janice E.
626:Bronisław Malinowski
4059:Posthumous marriage
3767:Temple of Confucius
3529:Sacrifice to Heaven
3281:Royal intermarriage
2983:Mystery of Crowning
1663:Freedman, Maurice.
1006:posthumous marriage
998:bereavement therapy
731:Social anthropology
621:Claude Lévi-Strauss
404:Kinship terminology
227:Joking relationship
222:Posthumous marriage
3147:Marriage allowance
2777:Widow conservation
2554:Types of marriages
2425:Polyandry in Tibet
2398:Three-child policy
2357:Female infanticide
2189:The New York Times
2084:Freedman, Maurice.
2066:Baker, Hugh D. R.
1936:www.thestar.com.my
1317:Marry My Dead Body
1312:, and Kuang Tian.
1099:Previously engaged
661:David M. Schneider
507:Polyandry in Tibet
4031:
4030:
3961:Bluegreen Emperor
3896:Thirteen Classics
3688:Confucian Academy
3673:Xuanyuan teaching
3597:Mandate of Heaven
3476:
3475:
3210:
3209:
3197:Mixed-orientation
3047:Widow inheritance
2726:Marriage in Islam
2716:Clerical marriage
2520:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2098:Jordan, David K.
1791:Jordan, David K.
1383:"一個人的婚禮…女友過世男辦冥婚"
1058:Effigies made of
1010:levirate marriage
987:
957:Chinese tradition
953:
952:
945:
944:
860:Yale Romanization
815:Standard Mandarin
769:
768:
666:Marilyn Strathern
646:Stephen O. Murray
560:
559:
467:
466:
385:
384:
339:
338:
72:
71:
64:
38:used on Knowledge
36:encyclopedic tone
4071:
4001:Tutelary deities
3832:Beijing Shejitan
3827:Temple of Heaven
3823:Beijing Temples
3777:Ancestral shrine
3693:Confucian Shinto
3663:Confucian church
3592:Chinese theology
3503:
3496:
3489:
3480:
3479:
3464:
3463:
3438:Mail-order bride
3015:
3014:
2885:Marriageable age
2699:Eastern Orthodox
2547:
2540:
2533:
2524:
2523:
2420:New Marriage Law
2393:Two-child policy
2388:One-child policy
2274:
2273:
2252:
2245:
2238:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2209:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2148:
2139:
2134:Wolf, Arthur P.
2130:
2125:
2120:
2111:
2103:
2094:
2089:
2080:
2071:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2014:star.ettoday.net
2005:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1859:Harvard Magazine
1850:
1844:
1834:
1828:
1823:
1796:
1788:
1765:
1756:
1745:
1732:
1723:
1718:Wolf, Arthur P.
1715:
1704:
1699:
1688:
1680:
1669:
1660:
1654:
1649:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1610:. 14 August 2019
1600:
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1593:
1581:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1546:
1535:
1534:
1516:
1507:
1506:
1474:
1455:
1454:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1393:on 16 March 2020
1379:
1373:
1365:
1240:The exchange of
988:
985:
981:
970:
941:
940:
920:
919:
899:
898:
897:
882:
881:
868:
867:
847:
846:
845:
830:
829:
806:
805:
792:
791:
771:
770:
761:
754:
747:
679:Related articles
651:Michelle Rosaldo
480:
479:
398:
397:
266:
265:
253:
111:
110:
100:
88:Anthropology of
76:
75:
67:
60:
56:
53:
47:
46:for suggestions.
42:See Knowledge's
27:
26:
19:
4079:
4078:
4074:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4069:
4068:
4034:
4033:
4032:
4027:
3996:
3900:
3879:
3860:Tiangong censer
3843:
3755:
3719:
3651:
3642:Yan Huang Zisun
3587:Shendao shejiao
3575:
3512:
3507:
3477:
3472:
3452:
3421:
3401:
3338:
3285:
3233:
3206:
3158:
3118:
3072:
3010:
3004:
2961:
2913:Sister exchange
2899:
2873:
2665:
2605:Serial monogamy
2561:Legal scenarios
2556:
2551:
2521:
2512:
2486:same-sex unions
2434:
2363:
2265:
2256:
2218:
2216:
2194:
2192:
2172:
2170:
2159:
2156:
2154:Further reading
2151:
2061:
2056:
2055:
2045:
2043:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2019:
2017:
2006:
2002:
1992:
1990:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1966:
1964:
1962:Tatler Malaysia
1954:
1950:
1940:
1938:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1915:
1913:
1903:
1899:
1889:
1887:
1877:
1873:
1863:
1861:
1855:""Wild Dreams""
1851:
1847:
1835:
1831:
1824:
1799:
1789:
1768:
1757:
1748:
1735:Ball, J. Dyer.
1733:
1726:
1716:
1707:
1700:
1691:
1681:
1672:
1661:
1657:
1650:
1623:
1613:
1611:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1590:
1572:
1568:
1561:
1547:
1538:
1531:
1517:
1510:
1495:10.2307/2794516
1475:
1458:
1445:
1441:
1410:
1406:
1396:
1394:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1366:
1335:
1330:
1296:The Ghost Bride
1279:
1277:Popular culture
1251:
1238:
1221:
1209:
1192:
1175:
1166:
1137:
1123:
1118:
1101:
1092:
1068:
1053:
1040:
1027:
1022:
797:Literal meaning
765:
733:
725:
724:
721:
714:
705:
685:Alliance theory
680:
672:
671:
670:
641:Lewis H. Morgan
636:Henrietta Moore
616:Eleanor Leacock
611:Louise Lamphere
606:Roger Lancaster
581:Tom Boellstorff
570:
569:Major theorists
562:
561:
538:
515:
477:
469:
468:
463:
456:Dravidian
395:
387:
386:
366:
251:Nurture kinship
241:
207:Cousin marriage
108:
68:
57:
51:
48:
41:
32:This article's
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4077:
4067:
4066:
4064:Chinese ghosts
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4029:
4028:
4026:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4008:Landlord deity
4004:
4002:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3994:
3993:
3992:
3991:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3970:
3969:
3968:
3958:
3957:
3956:
3951:
3941:
3940:
3939:
3929:
3927:Yellow Emperor
3922:Wufang Shangdi
3919:
3914:
3908:
3906:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3898:
3893:
3887:
3885:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3851:
3849:
3845:
3844:
3842:
3841:
3840:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3805:
3804:
3799:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3763:
3761:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3753:
3751:Yamazaki Ansai
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3731:Yellow Emperor
3727:
3725:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3717:
3716:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3659:
3657:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3649:
3647:Soil and grain
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3583:
3581:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3573:
3568:
3566:Ghost marriage
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3537:
3536:
3526:
3520:
3518:
3514:
3513:
3506:
3505:
3498:
3491:
3483:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3470:
3457:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3429:
3427:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3419:
3411:
3409:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3399:
3398:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3372:
3367:
3366:
3365:
3355:
3349:
3347:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3295:
3293:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3264:
3262:Middle Eastern
3254:
3243:
3241:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3226:
3220:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3178:
3177:
3166:
3164:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3156:
3155:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3134:
3128:
3126:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3080:
3078:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3066:
3054:
3044:
3043:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3021:
3019:
3012:
3009:Circumstantial
3006:
3005:
3003:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2995:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2969:
2967:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2938:
2937:
2930:
2920:
2915:
2909:
2907:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2864:
2863:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2846:
2845:
2838:
2831:
2824:
2817:
2810:
2803:
2796:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2718:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2679:
2673:
2671:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2656:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2597:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2585:
2575:
2570:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2557:
2550:
2549:
2542:
2535:
2527:
2518:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2442:
2440:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2415:Naked marriage
2412:
2407:
2405:Ghost marriage
2402:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2380:
2374:
2372:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2352:Son preference
2349:
2344:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2330:
2323:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2282:
2280:
2271:
2267:
2266:
2261:and gender in
2255:
2254:
2247:
2240:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2201:
2179:
2169:. 26 July 2007
2155:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2140:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2112:
2104:
2095:
2090:
2081:
2072:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2027:
2000:
1974:
1948:
1923:
1897:
1881:"Yangsze Choo"
1879:Asia, Tatler.
1871:
1845:
1829:
1797:
1766:
1746:
1724:
1705:
1689:
1670:
1655:
1621:
1595:
1588:
1566:
1559:
1536:
1529:
1508:
1456:
1453:. John Murray.
1439:
1426:10.2307/352126
1420:(2): 253–264.
1404:
1374:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1278:
1275:
1250:
1247:
1237:
1234:
1220:
1217:
1208:
1205:
1191:
1188:
1174:
1171:
1165:
1162:
1145:spirit tablets
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1100:
1097:
1091:
1088:
1067:
1064:
1052:
1049:
1039:
1036:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
961:Ghost Marriage
951:
950:
947:
946:
943:
942:
935:
933:Middle Chinese
929:
928:
926:Middle Chinese
922:
921:
914:
908:
907:
901:
900:
890:
884:
883:
876:
870:
869:
862:
856:
855:
853:Yue: Cantonese
849:
848:
838:
832:
831:
824:
818:
817:
811:
810:
809:Transcriptions
802:
801:
798:
794:
793:
786:
780:
779:
776:
775:
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766:
764:
763:
756:
749:
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738:
737:
727:
726:
723:
722:
717:
715:
708:
706:
699:
697:
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687:
681:
678:
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674:
673:
669:
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663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
591:W. D. Hamilton
588:
583:
578:
572:
571:
568:
567:
564:
563:
558:
557:
556:
555:
545:
544:
540:
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531:
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521:
517:
516:
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513:
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499:
494:
489:
483:
478:
475:
474:
471:
470:
465:
464:
462:
461:
453:
448:
443:
441:Eskimo (Inuit)
438:
433:
428:
422:
419:
418:
414:
413:
412:
411:
406:
396:
393:
392:
389:
388:
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382:
381:
380:
375:
370:
364:
359:
354:
346:
345:
341:
340:
337:
336:
335:
334:
332:Patrilineality
329:
327:Matrilineality
324:
319:
311:
310:
306:
305:
304:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
262:
261:
257:
256:
255:
254:
239:
234:
229:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
149:
144:
139:
134:
129:
124:
119:
109:
107:Basic concepts
106:
105:
102:
101:
93:
92:
85:
84:
70:
69:
52:September 2023
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4076:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4044:Death customs
4042:
4041:
4039:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4005:
4003:
3999:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3983:Flame Emperor
3981:
3979:
3976:
3975:
3974:
3971:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3962:
3959:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3945:
3944:Black Emperor
3942:
3938:
3935:
3934:
3933:
3932:White Emperor
3930:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3903:
3897:
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3889:
3888:
3886:
3882:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3855:Spirit tablet
3853:
3852:
3850:
3846:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3817:
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3807:
3803:
3800:
3798:
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3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3656:Organizations
3654:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3632:Son of Heaven
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
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3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3424:
3418:
3417:
3416:Mariage blanc
3413:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3404:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
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3327:
3325:
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3320:
3319:International
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
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3294:
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3288:
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3279:
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3259:
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3255:
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3250:
3249:
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3227:
3225:
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3219:
3217:
3213:
3203:
3200:
3198:
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3193:
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3183:
3180:
3176:
3173:
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3145:
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3133:
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3121:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
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3100:
3097:
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3090:
3087:
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3079:
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3028:
3027:
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3023:
3022:
3020:
3016:
3013:
3007:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2989:
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2804:
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2801:
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2700:
2697:
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2647:
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2613:
2610:
2606:
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2601:
2598:
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2593:
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2584:
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2574:
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2569:
2566:
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2559:
2555:
2548:
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2541:
2536:
2534:
2529:
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2525:
2509:
2506:
2502:
2499:
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2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2451:Homosexuality
2449:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
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2384:
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2379:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2366:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2342:Missing women
2340:
2335:
2331:
2328:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
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2284:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2253:
2248:
2246:
2241:
2239:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2215:
2214:
2208:
2202:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2168:
2167:
2166:The Economist
2162:
2158:
2157:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2118:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2087:
2082:
2079:London, 1904.
2078:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2063:
2041:
2037:
2031:
2015:
2011:
2004:
1988:
1984:
1978:
1963:
1959:
1952:
1937:
1933:
1927:
1912:
1908:
1901:
1886:
1882:
1875:
1860:
1856:
1849:
1842:
1839:
1833:
1827:
1822:
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1806:
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1795:
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1763:
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1755:
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1738:
1731:
1729:
1722:
1721:
1714:
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1710:
1703:
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1659:
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1642:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1609:
1605:
1599:
1591:
1589:9780804710077
1585:
1580:
1579:
1570:
1562:
1560:9780804720144
1556:
1552:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1532:
1530:9780520019621
1526:
1522:
1515:
1513:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
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1473:
1471:
1469:
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1427:
1423:
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1372:
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1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1333:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1318:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1302:Huang Pei-jia
1299:
1297:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1259:
1254:
1246:
1243:
1233:
1229:
1226:
1216:
1213:
1204:
1202:
1196:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1170:
1161:
1159:
1154:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1127:Spirit tablet
1113:
1109:
1107:
1096:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1063:
1061:
1056:
1048:
1044:
1035:
1033:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1002:
999:
994:
990:
982:
980:
974:
966:
962:
958:
948:
936:
934:
930:
927:
923:
915:
913:
909:
906:
902:
896:
891:
889:
885:
877:
875:
871:
863:
861:
857:
854:
850:
844:
839:
837:
833:
825:
823:
819:
816:
812:
807:
803:
799:
795:
787:
785:
781:
777:
772:
762:
757:
755:
750:
748:
743:
742:
740:
739:
736:
732:
729:
728:
720:
716:
713:
712:
707:
704:
703:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
682:
676:
675:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
631:Margaret Mead
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
596:Gilbert Herdt
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
573:
566:
565:
554:
553:
549:
548:
547:
546:
542:
541:
535:
532:
530:
527:
526:
524:
523:
519:
518:
512:
508:
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490:
488:
485:
484:
482:
481:
473:
472:
460:
459:
454:
452:
449:
447:
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439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
423:
421:
420:
416:
415:
410:
407:
405:
402:
401:
400:
399:
391:
390:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
349:
348:
347:
343:
342:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
317:Ambilineality
315:
314:
313:
312:
308:
307:
302:
299:
297:
296:House society
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
273:
270:
269:
268:
267:
264:
263:
259:
258:
252:
248:
244:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
192:Bride service
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
133:
132:Consanguinity
130:
128:
125:
123:
120:
118:
115:
114:
113:
112:
104:
103:
99:
95:
94:
91:
87:
86:
82:
78:
77:
74:
66:
63:
55:
45:
39:
37:
30:
21:
20:
4023:Mountain God
3708:Suika Shinto
3678:Taigu school
3607:Filial piety
3565:
3534:Festival Huế
3465:
3433:Dishu system
3414:
3299:Human–animal
3271:Same-surname
3061:
3039:
2932:
2866:
2840:
2833:
2826:
2819:
2812:
2805:
2798:
2791:
2772:Self-uniting
2752:
2736:Nikah mut'ah
2637:Nikah mut'ah
2404:
2347:Prostitution
2321:Foot binding
2217:. Retrieved
2211:
2193:. Retrieved
2187:
2171:. Retrieved
2164:
2144:
2135:
2116:
2107:
2099:
2085:
2076:
2067:
2044:. Retrieved
2039:
2030:
2018:. Retrieved
2013:
2003:
1991:. Retrieved
1986:
1977:
1965:. Retrieved
1961:
1951:
1939:. Retrieved
1935:
1926:
1914:. Retrieved
1911:Mashable SEA
1910:
1900:
1888:. Retrieved
1884:
1874:
1862:. Retrieved
1858:
1848:
1843:11.1 (2019).
1840:
1832:
1792:
1760:
1741:
1736:
1719:
1684:
1664:
1658:
1612:. Retrieved
1607:
1598:
1577:
1569:
1550:
1520:
1486:
1482:
1449:
1442:
1417:
1413:
1407:
1395:. Retrieved
1391:the original
1386:
1377:
1369:
1315:
1314:
1294:
1283:Yangsze Choo
1280:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1258:papier-mâché
1255:
1252:
1239:
1230:
1222:
1214:
1210:
1197:
1193:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1167:
1155:
1138:
1110:
1102:
1093:
1069:
1057:
1054:
1045:
1041:
1028:
1003:
995:
991:
978:
976:
960:
954:
905:Southern Min
822:Hanyu Pinyin
709:
700:
550:
509: /
476:Case studies
457:
322:Unilineality
281:Matrilateral
274: /
249: /
245: /
237:Cohabitation
142:Incest taboo
73:
58:
49:
33:
3973:Red Emperor
3814:Miao shrine
3787:Hero shrine
3746:Kang Youwei
3353:Concubinage
3324:Interracial
3314:Interethnic
3309:Inter-caste
3247:Consanguine
3175:Watta satta
3124:Convenience
2978:Handfasting
2767:Scientology
2741:Nikah 'urfi
2583:Nikah 'urfi
2508:Transgender
2020:20 December
1993:20 December
1885:Tatler Asia
1397:14 February
1306:Wu Kang-jen
1242:bridewealth
1219:Arrangement
1201:Ipoh, Perak
1150:descendants
1051:Performance
1038:Arrangement
656:Gayle Rubin
394:Terminology
309:Linealities
187:Bride price
177:Concubinage
4038:Categories
3875:Joss paper
3865:Hell money
3792:Myo shrine
3345:monogamous
3334:Morganatic
3329:Interfaith
3252:Avunculate
3224:Common-law
3142:Green card
3109:Tongyangxi
3025:Posthumous
2966:Ceremonial
2957:Tongyangxi
2814:Prajapatya
2617:Remarriage
2371:and family
2301:Healthcare
2059:References
1744:pp. 42-43.
1225:matchmaker
1125:See also:
1008:; compare
601:Don Kulick
586:Jack Goody
576:Diane Bell
502:Philippine
378:Patrilocal
362:Matrilocal
357:Matrifocal
301:Avunculate
291:Collateral
3809:Ci shrine
3760:Buildings
3736:Confucius
3698:Taiseikyo
3541:Feng Shan
3390:Polyandry
3304:Hypergamy
3152:Predatory
3094:Hypergamy
3077:Financial
2993:Las Vegas
2973:Betrothal
2928:Abduction
2850:Ayyavazhi
2842:Paishacha
2821:Gandharva
2692:Josephite
2682:Christian
2670:Religious
2632:Hollywood
2627:Temporary
2578:Customary
2496:Hong Kong
2259:Sexuality
2046:11 August
1967:21 August
1941:21 August
1916:21 August
1614:14 August
1158:spinsters
939:meng xwon
866:mìhng-fān
543:Sexuality
458:(debated)
276:Bilateral
182:Polyandry
4018:City God
4013:Tudigong
3978:Shennong
3819:Yin miao
3683:Shengdao
3580:Concepts
3561:Marriage
3467:Category
3395:Polygyny
3385:Polygamy
3276:Homogamy
3239:Endogamy
3216:De facto
3202:Sororate
3192:Sologamy
3170:Exchange
3132:Lavender
3057:Levirate
2905:Arranged
2835:Rakshasa
2748:Levirate
2687:Catholic
2654:Putative
2649:Voidable
2642:Wedlease
2622:Same-sex
2612:Marriage
2600:Monogamy
2573:Covenant
2456:Intersex
2369:Marriage
2296:Feminism
2219:18 April
2195:18 April
2173:18 April
1890:19 April
1864:19 April
1310:Ludi Lin
1106:celibacy
1072:Shandong
1020:Overview
918:bîng-hun
880:ming-fan
874:Jyutping
520:Feminist
511:in India
451:Sudanese
446:Hawaiian
426:Iroquois
417:By group
368:Neolocal
352:Extended
272:Cognatic
217:Sororate
212:Levirate
172:Polygamy
167:Polygyny
162:Monogamy
147:Endogamy
137:Marriage
127:Affinity
81:a series
79:Part of
3988:Zhurong
3949:Zhuanxu
3937:Shaohao
3917:Shangdi
3905:Deities
3848:Objects
3797:Jongmyo
3713:Onmyōdō
3637:Tianxia
3551:Guan Li
3517:Rituals
3448:Walking
3407:Sexless
3291:Exogamy
3229:Plaçage
3035:Germany
2988:Wedding
2952:Shotgun
2787:Vivaaha
2762:Natural
2721:Islamic
2588:Plaçage
2446:History
1764:p. 112.
1668:p. 165.
1503:2794516
1281:Writer
1080:Shaanxi
1032:progeny
1025:Reasons
979:mínghūn
965:Chinese
828:mínghūn
784:Chinese
529:Chambri
497:Chinese
492:Burmese
373:Nuclear
260:Descent
243:Fictive
152:Exogamy
122:Lineage
90:kinship
3954:Xuanwu
3802:Munmyo
3724:People
3703:Shusei
3380:Bigamy
3375:Plural
3257:Cousin
3084:Boston
3063:Yibbum
3030:France
2934:Raptio
2923:Forced
2793:Brahma
2754:Yibbum
2731:Misyar
2709:Quaker
2704:Mormon
2677:Jewish
2481:Rights
2270:Topics
1586:
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1133:, and
1076:Shanxi
1060:bamboo
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967::
912:Tâi-lô
286:Lineal
157:Moiety
117:Family
83:on the
3966:Fu Xi
3884:Books
3741:Xunzi
3556:Ji Li
3426:Other
3358:Group
3182:Heqin
3163:Other
3114:Trial
3099:Naked
3089:Flash
3018:Death
3011:basis
2998:Proxy
2942:Heqin
2918:Flash
2890:Child
2868:Manus
2860:Yogic
2855:Vedic
2828:Asura
2807:Arsha
2800:Daiva
2782:Hindu
2595:Fleet
2568:Civil
2501:Macau
2491:Tibet
2278:Women
2263:China
1499:JSTOR
1430:JSTOR
1328:Notes
1141:altar
1090:Types
1084:Henan
534:Mosuo
436:Omaha
197:Dowry
3912:Tian
3524:Jesa
3370:Open
3363:Line
3343:Non-
3187:Love
3137:Sham
3104:Peer
2947:Miai
2895:Teen
2659:Void
2439:LGBT
2221:2018
2213:Time
2197:2018
2175:2018
2048:2023
2022:2022
1995:2022
1987:東森新聞
1969:2020
1943:2020
1918:2020
1892:2022
1866:2022
1616:2019
1584:ISBN
1555:ISBN
1525:ISBN
1399:2016
1387:東森新聞
1078:and
1012:and
986:lit.
959:, a
431:Crow
247:Milk
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1483:Man
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