Chinese garden - Knowledge

2940:"One comes out of a valley, not by a straight wide alley as in Europe, but by zigzags, by roundabout paths, each one ornamented with small pavilions and grottos, and when you exit one valley you find yourself in another, different from the first in the form of the landscape or the style of the buildings. All the mountains and hills are covered with flowering trees, which are very common here. It is a true terrestrial paradise. The canals are not at all like ours- bordered with cut stone- they are rustic, with pieces of rock, some leaning forward, some backwards, placed with such art you would think they were natural. Sometimes a canal is wide, sometimes narrow. Here they twist, there they curve, as if they were really created by the hills and rocks. The edges are planted with flowers in rock gardens, which seem to have been created by nature. Each season has its own flowers. Aside from the canals, everywhere there are paths paved with small stones, which lead from one valley to the other. These paths also twist and turn, sometimes coming close to the canals, sometimes far away." 1838: 1073:"Round this Palace a wall is built, inclosing a compass of 16 miles, and inside the Park there are fountains and rivers and brooks, and beautiful meadows, with all kinds of wild animals (excluding such as are of ferocious nature), which the Emperor has procured and placed there to supply food for his gerfalcons and hawks, which he keeps there in mew. Of these there are more than 200 gerfalcons alone, without reckoning the other hawks. The Khan himself goes every week to see his birds sitting in mew, and sometimes he rides through the park with a leopard behind him on his horse's croup; and then if he sees any animal that takes his fancy, he slips his leopard at it, and the game when taken is made over to feed the hawks in mew. This he does for diversion." 1862: 2574:(1641–1720) wrote that he wanted to "'...create a landscape which was not spoiled by any vulgar banality..." He wanted to create a sense of vertigo in the viewer: "to express a universe inaccessible to man, without any route that led there, like the isles of Bohai, Penglan and Fanghu, where only the immortals can live, and which a man cannot imagine. That is the vertigo that exists in the natural universe. To express it in painting, you must show jagged peaks, precipices, hanging bridges, great chasms. For the effect to be truly marvelous, it must be done purely by the force of the brush." This was the emotion that garden designers wanted to create with their scholar rocks and miniature mountain ranges. 1921: 2480: 2581:, the garden designer Ji Cheng wrote: "The spirit and the charm of mountains and forests must be studied in depth; ...only the knowledge of the real permits the creation of the artificial, so that the work created possesses the spirit of the real, in part because of divine inspiration, but especially because of human effort." He described the effect he wanted to achieve in the design of an autumn garden scene: "The feelings are in harmony with the purity, with the sense of withdrawal. The spirit rejoices at the mountains and ravines. Suddenly the spirit, detached from the world of small things, is animated and seems to penetrate to the interior of a painting, and to promenade there..." 2236: 1216: 2843: 1415: 3681:) which can be translated as 'Ancient Chinese gardens', however what exactly it refers to in Western languages is rather vague and is rarely defined by scholars, with the notable exception of Z. Song, who gives this definition:"'le jardin classique chinois' désigne les jardins chinois créés au temps antérieurs au XIXe siècle au cours duquel connut le commencement de l'industrialisation chinoise et surtout les jardins créés ou réaménagés entre les XVIe et XVIIIe siècles." which translates as 'classical gardens in China were created before the nineteenth century and especially gardens from the sixteenth-eighteenth centuries' p. 1, Song, Z.-S. (2005). 1822: 1451: 1581: 1659:),or “room”, which are designed for providing shelter from the sun or rain, for contemplating a scene, reciting a poem, taking advantage of a breeze, or simply resting. Pavilions might be located where the dawn can best be watched, where the moonlight shines on the water, where autumn foliage is best seen, where the rain can best be heard on the banana leaves, or where the wind whistles through the bamboo stalks. They are sometimes attached to the wall of another building or sometimes stood by themselves at view points of the garden, by a pond or at the top of a hill. They often are open on three sides. 1522: 1937: 2148:, water represents lightness and communication, and carried the food of life on its journey through the valleys and plains. It also is the complement to the mountain, the other central element of the garden, and represents dreams and the infinity of spaces. The shape of the garden pond often hides the edges of the pond from viewers on the other side, giving the illusion that the pond goes on to infinity. The softness of the water contrasts with the solidity of the rocks. The water reflects the sky, and therefore is constantly changing, but even a gentle wind can soften or erase the reflections. 790:(701–761). He bought the ruined villa of a poet, located near the mouth of a river and a lake. He created twenty small landscape scenes within his garden, with names such as the Garden of Magnolias, the Waving Willows, the Kiosk in the Heart of the Bamboos, the Spring of the Golden Powder, and the View-House beside the Lake. He wrote a poem for each scene in the garden and commissioned a famous artist, to paint scenes of the garden on the walls of his villa. After retiring from the government, he passed his time taking boat trips on the lake, playing the cithare and writing and reciting poetry. 2548: 465:(酒池肉林). A large pool, big enough for several small boats, was constructed on the palace grounds, with inner linings of polished oval shaped stones from the seashore. The pool was then filled with wine. A small island was constructed in the middle of the pool, where trees were planted, which had skewers of roasted meat hanging from their branches. King Zhou and his friends and concubines drifted in their boats, drinking the wine with their hands and eating the roasted meat from the trees. Later Chinese philosophers and historians cited this garden as an example of decadence and bad taste. 2674: 1435: 1383: 1367: 2468: 1023: 1850: 1201: 2072: 1556:

structures occupied two-thirds of the hectare, while the garden itself occupied the other third. In a scholar garden the central building was usually a library or study, connected by galleries with other pavilions which served as observation points of the garden features. These structures also helped divide the garden into individual scenes or landscapes. The other essential elements of a scholar garden were plants, trees, and rocks, all carefully composed into small perfect landscapes. Scholar gardens also often used what was called "borrowed" scenery (借景

1232: 6447: 3106: 1589: 2432: 1248: 2453: 934: 2103: 1399: 2516:

locating a pavilion near a temple, so that the chanted prayers could be heard; planting fragrant flowers next to paths and pavilions, so visitors would appreciate their aromas; that bird perches be created to encourage birds to come to sing in the garden, that streams be designed to make pleasant sounds, and that banana trees be planted in courtyards so the rain would patter on their leaves. "A judicious 'borrowing' does not have a reason." Ji Cheng wrote. "It is born simply of feeling created by the beauty of a scene."

2087: 2053: 2407: 1486: 53: 2119: 2197: 1890: 503: 887: 637: 1164:(1506–1521) by Wang Xianchen, a minor government administrator who retired from government service and devoted himself to his garden. The garden has been much altered since it was built, but the central part has survived; a large pond full of lotus blossoms, surrounded by structures and pavilions designed as viewpoints of the lake and gardens. The park has an island, the Fragrant Isle, shaped like a boat. It also makes good use of the principle of the "borrowed view," ( 2999:(published in 1692), a passage in which contrasted European theories of symmetrical gardens with asymmetrical compositions from China. Temple had never visited China, but had heard of Chinese (or Japanese) gardens, perhaps in the Netherlands. He noted that Chinese gardens avoided formal rows of trees and flower beds, and instead placed trees, plants, and other garden features in irregular ways to strike the eye and create beautiful compositions. He gave the term 1909: 2390: 1790:) are narrow covered corridors which connect the buildings, protect the visitors from the rain and sun, and also help divide the garden into different sections. These galleries are rarely straight; they zigzag or are serpentine, following the wall of the garden, the edge of the pond, or climbing the hill of the rock garden. They have small windows, sometimes round or in odd geometric shapes, to give glimpses of the garden or scenery to those passing through. 837: 6459: 2221: 2968: 2209: 559:. On an island in the lake he created a replica of Mount Penglai, symbolizing his search for paradise. After his death, the Qin Empire fell in 206 BC and his capital city and garden were completely destroyed, but the legend continued to inspire Chinese gardens. Some gardens have a single island with an artificial mountain representing the island of the Eight Immortals. Other gardens have gardens featuring three Boshan Mountains - 828:, Grand Minister of the Tang Empire. The garden was vast, with over a hundred pavilions and structures, but it was most famous for its collection of exotically shaped rocks and plants, which its creator collected all over China. Rocks of unusual shapes, known as Chinese Scholars' Rocks, often selected to portray the part of a mountain or mountain range in a garden scene, gradually became an essential feature of the Chinese garden. 5375: 1467: 930:, or about 1.5 hectares. In the center was the Pavilion of Study, his library, with five thousand volumes. To the north was an artificial lake, with a small island, with a picturesque fisherman's hut. To the east was a garden of medicinal herbs, and to the west was an artificial mountain, with a belevedere at the summit to view the surrounding neighborhoods. Any passer-by could visit the garden by paying a small fee. 6483: 1142: 6471: 2255: 2111: 1956: 1569: 1267: 709:, another famous poetry setting at a country retreat called the "Orchid Pavilion". This was a park with a meandering stream. He brought together a group of famous poets, and seated them beside the stream. Then he placed cups of wine in the stream, and let them float. If the cup stopped beside one of the poets, he was obliged to drink it and then compose a poem. The garden of the floating cup ( 2512:) was the most important thing of a garden. This could mean using scenes outside the garden, such as a view of distant mountains or the trees in the neighboring garden, to create the illusion that garden was much bigger than it was. The most famous example was the mist-shrouded view of the North Temple Pagoda in Suzhou, seen in the distance over the pond of the Humble Administrator's Garden. 1874: 2263: 2298:(1199–1264). For scholars, the pine was the emblem of longevity and tenacity, as well as constance in friendship. The bamboo, a hollow straw, represented a wise man, modest and seeking knowledge, and was also noted for being flexible in a storm without breaking. Plum trees were revered as the symbol of rebirth after the winter and the arrival of spring. During the 2313:. This story said that in Xi Wangmu's legendary orchard, peach trees flowered only after three thousand years, did not produce fruit for another three thousand years, and did not ripen for another three thousand years. Those who ate these peaches became immortal. This legendary orchard was pictured in many Chinese paintings, and inspired many garden scenes. 2567:" (literally 'mountains and water' and with the actual meaning of 'landscape'), which began in the 5th century, established the principles of Chinese landscape painting, which were very similar to those of Chinese gardening. These paintings were not meant to be realistic; they were meant to portray what the artist felt, rather than what he saw. 863:, was an artificial lake surrounded by terraces and pavilions. The public was invited into the garden in the spring for boat races and spectacles on the lake. In 1117 he personally supervised the building of a new garden. He had exotic plants and picturesque rocks brought from around China for his garden, particularly the prized rocks from 964:, built in 1044 by the Song dynasty poet Su Shunqing. (1008–1048). In the Song dynasty, it consisted of a hilltop viewing pavilion. Other lakeside pavilions were added, including a reverence hall, a recitation hall, and a special pavilion for watching the fish. Over the centuries it was much modified, but still keeps its essential plan. 2177:, the principal feature of the garden is the large lake with its symbolic islands, symbolizing the isles of the immortals. Streams come into the lake, forming additional scenes. Numerous structures give different views of the water, including a stone boat, a covered bridge, and several pavilions by the side of or over the water. 2366:, a man who possessed integrity and balance. The orchid was the symbol of nobility, and of impossible love, as in the Chinese expression "a faraway orchid in a lonely valley." The lotus was admired for its purity, and its efforts to reach out of the water to flower in the air made it a symbol of the search for knowledge. The 1651:), or “mandarin ducks room”. This building is divided into two sections; one facing north used in summer, facing a lotus pond which provided cool air; and the southern part used in winter, with a courtyard planted with pine trees, which remained evergreen, and plum trees, whose blossoms announced the arrival of spring. 608:, and Yingzhou. The park was later destroyed, but its memory would continue to inspire Chinese garden design for centuries. The Jianzhang Palace in the Han Dynasty is the first known garden built with the complete set of the three remaining Bohai Shenshan mountains. Since then, the Yichi Sanshan (Chinese: 1537:, observed there was a "beautiful disorder, an anti-symmetry" in the Chinese garden. "One admires the art with which this irregularity is carried out. Everything is in good taste, and so well arranged, that there is not a single view from which all the beauty can be seen; you have to see it piece by piece." 2519:

The season and the time of day were also important elements. Garden designers took into account the scenes of the garden that would look best in winter, summer, spring and autumn, and those best viewed at night, in the morning or afternoon. Ji Cheng wrote: "In the heart of the tumult of the city, you

2738:

A more recent view of the philosophy of the garden was expressed by Zhou Ganzhi, the President of the Chinese Society of Landscape Architecture, and Academician at the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Chinese Academy of Engineering, in 2007: "Chinese classical gardens are a perfect integration of

2538:

Another important garden element was concealment and surprise. The garden was not meant to be seen all at once, it was laid out to present a series of scenes. Visitors moved from scene to scene either within enclosed galleries or by winding paths which concealed the scenes until the last moment. The

2529:

that explains borrowing scenery as a holistic understanding of the essence of landscape design in its entirety. The ever-changing moods and appearances of nature in a given landscape in full action are understood by the author as an independent function that becomes an agent for garden making. It is

2515:

But, as Ji Cheng wrote, it could also be "the immaculate ribbon of a stream, animals, birds, fish, or other natural elements (rain, wind, snow), or something less tangible, such as a moonbeam, a reflection in a lake, morning mist, or the red sky of a sunset." It could also be a sound; he recommended

2317:

trees were the symbol of justice and wisdom. The word 'pear' was also a homophone for 'quit' or separate,' and it was considered bad luck to cut a pear, for it would lead to the breakup of a friendship or romance. The pear tree could also symbolize a long friendship or romance, since the tree lived

1090:

When he established his new capital at Dadu, Kublai Khan enlarged the artificial lakes that had been created a century earlier by the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty, and built up the island of Oinghua, creating a striking contrast between curving banks of the lake and garden and the strict geometry of what

267:

and members of the imperial family, built for pleasure and to impress, and the more intimate gardens created by scholars, poets, former government officials, soldiers and merchants, made for reflection and escape from the outside world. They create an idealized miniature landscape, which is meant to

975:, Deputy Civil Service Minister of the Southern Song government. It had his library, the Hall of Ten Thousand Volumes, and an adjacent garden called the Fisherman's Retreat. It was extensively remodeled between 1736 and 1796, but it remains one of the best example of a Song Dynasty Scholars Garden. 2734:

According to the landscape historian and architect Che Bing Chiu, every garden was "a quest for paradise. of a lost world, of a utopian universe. The scholar's garden participated in this quest; on the one hand the quest for the home of the Immortals, on the other hand the search for the world of

1513:

A Chinese garden was not meant to be seen all at once; the plan of a classical Chinese garden presented the visitor with a series of perfectly composed and framed glimpses of scenery; a view of a pond, or of a rock, or a grove of bamboo, a blossoming tree, or a view of a distant mountain peak or a

2584:

In literature, gardens were frequently the subject of the genre of poetry called "Tianyuan", literally 'fields and gardens,' which reached its peak in the Tang dynasty (618–907) with such poets as Wang Wei (701–761). The names of the Surging Waves Garden and the Garden of Meditation in Suzhou are

326:

A typical Chinese garden is enclosed by walls and includes one or more ponds, rock works, trees and flowers, and an assortment of halls and pavilions within the garden, connected by winding paths and zig-zag galleries. By moving from structure to structure, visitors can view a series of carefully

2172:

Small gardens have a single lake, with a rock garden, plants and structures around its edge. Middle-sized gardens will have a single lake with one or more streams coming into the lake, with bridges crossing the streams, or a single long lake divided into two bodies of water by a narrow channel

2697:

The Chinese classical garden had multiple functions. It could be used for banquets, celebrations, reunions, or romance. It could be used to find solitude and for contemplation. It was a calm place for painting, poetry, calligraphy, and music, and for studying classic texts. It was a place for

2382:

The creators of the Chinese garden were careful to preserve the natural appearance of the landscape. Trimming and root pruning, if done at all, tried to preserve the natural form. Dwarf trees that were gnarled and ancient-looking were particularly prized in the miniature landscapes of Chinese

1600:

in Suzhou has forty-eight structures, including a residence, several halls for family gatherings and entertainment, eighteen pavilions for viewing different features of the garden, and an assortment of towers, galleries, and bridges, all designed for seeing different parts of the gardens from

2274:

Flowers and trees, along with water, rocks and architecture, are the fourth essential element of the Chinese garden. They represent nature in its most vivid form, and contrast with the straight lines of the architecture and the permanence, sharp edges and immobility of the rocks. They change

679:

I have a country house at the torrent of the Golden Valley...where there is a spring of pure water, a luxuriant wood, fruit trees, bambo, cypress, and medicinal plants. There are fields, two hundred sheep, chickens, pigs, geese and ducks...There is also a water mill, a fish pond, caves, and

1555:

The classical garden was surrounded by a wall, usually painted white, which served as a pure backdrop for the flowers and trees. A pond of water was usually located in the center. Many structures, large and small, were arranged around the pond. In the garden described by Ji Cheng above, the

2887:. He described ramparts, balustrades and pavilions surrounding a deep lake full of fish and with swans and other aquatic birds; whose central feature was a manmade hill one hundred steps high and a thousand steps around, covered with evergreen trees and decorated with green azurite stones. 867:. Some of the rocks were so large that, in order to move them by water on the grand canal, he had to destroy all the bridges between Hangzhou and Beijing. In the center of his garden he had constructed an artificial mountain a hundred meters high, with cliffs and ravines, which he named 2520:

should choose visions that are serene and refined: from a raised clearing, you look to the distant horizon, surrounded by mountains like a screen; in an open pavilion, a gentle and light breeze invades the room; from the front door, the running water of spring flows toward the marsh."

1808:) or arch over the ponds, suggesting the bridges of rural China, and providing view points of the garden. Bridges are often built from rough timber or stone-slab raised pathways. Some gardens have brightly painted or lacquered bridges, which give a lighthearted feeling to the garden. 2708:(206 BC – 220 AD), gardens were frequently constructed as retreats for government officials who had lost their posts or who wanted to escape the pressures and corruption of court life in the capital. They chose to pursue the Taoist ideals of disengagement from worldly concerns. 813:, was a very cosmopolitan city, filled with diplomats, merchants, pilgrims, monks and students, who carried descriptions of the gardens all over Asia. The economic prosperity of the Tang dynasty led to the increasing construction of classical gardens across all of China. 2539:

scenes would suddenly appear at the turn of a path, through a window, or hidden behind a screen of bamboo. They might be revealed through round "moon doors" or through windows of unusual shapes, or windows with elaborate lattices that broke the view into pieces.

2336:

The fruit of the pomegranate tree was offered to young couples so they would have male children and numerous descendants. The willow tree represented the friendship and the pleasures of life. Guests were offered willow branches as a symbol of friendship.

2635:, or scholar's gardens, called the Valley of the Jante. In this garden, a series of twenty scenes, like the paintings of a scroll or album, unrolled before the viewer, each illustrated by a verse of poetry. For example, one scene illustrated this poem: 1801:) or oval, hexagonal or octagonal, or in the shape of a vase or a piece of fruit. Sometimes they have highly ornamental ceramic frames. The window may carefully frame a branch of a pine tree, or a plum tree in blossom, or another intimate garden scene. 1344:

In addition to the Old Summer Palace and Summer Palace, between 1703 and 1792 the Qing emperors built a new complex of gardens and palaces in the mountains 200 kilometers northeast of Beijing, to escape the summer heat of the capital. It was called the

1321:"That which is a true jewel is a rock or island...which is in the middle of this lake, on which is built a small palace, which contains one hundred rooms or salons...of a beauty and a taste which I am not able to express to you. The view is admirable... 1194:, a famous Ming painter and calligrapher. The garden is built around a pond, with the Longevity Pavilion on the north side, the Fry Pavilion on the east side, a dramatic rock garden on the south, and the creator's study, the Humble House, to the west. 3992:

Jean-Denis Attiret, "Lettre a M. d'Assaut, 1re Novembre 1743. Lettres édifiantes et curieuses écrites des Missions étrangères par quelques missionaires de la Compagne de Jésus," Paris, Fr. Guerin, 1749, volume XXVII, v-1. p. 1–61. Trans, by David

382:

is a small picture of a garden; it is enclosed in a square which can represent a wall, and has symbols which can represent the plan of a structure, a small square which can represent a pond, and a symbol for a plantation or a pomegranate tree.

348:(1600–1046 BC). These gardens were large enclosed parks where the kings and nobles hunted game, or where fruit and vegetables were grown. Early inscriptions from this period, carved on tortoise shells, have three Chinese characters for garden, 1837: 2189:"The canals are not like those in our country bordered with finely cut stone, but very rustic and lined with pieces or rock, some coming forward, some retreating. which are placed so artistically that you would think it was a work of nature." 732:. His garden had a meandering stream for floating glasses of wine and pavilions for writing poetry. He also used the park for theatrical events; he launched small boats on his stream with animated figures illustrating the history of China. 2756:

sent a diplomatic mission to the Chinese court, which began a cultural exchange lasting for centuries. Hundreds of Japanese scholars were sent to study the Chinese language, political system, and culture. The Japanese Ambassador to China,

1414: 2948:"Everything is truly great and beautiful, both as to the design and the execution: and struck me the more, because I had never seen any thing that bore any manner of resemblance to them, in any part of the world that I had been before." 2776:, the Japanese court created large landscape gardens with lakes and pavilions on the Chinese model for aristocrats to promenade and to drift leisurely in small boats, and more intimate gardens for contemplation and religious meditation. 1179:(1573–1620). During the Qing dynasty, twelve tall limestone rocks were added to the garden, symbolizing mountains. The most famous was a picturesque rock called the Auspicious Cloud-Capped Peak, which became a centerpiece of the garden. 488:, was begun. It was located on the side of a mountain, and included a series of terraces connected by galleries, along with a lake where boats in the form of blue dragons navigated. From the highest terrace, a view extended as far as 1759:), usually at the edge of the garden, with a lower story made of stone and a whitewashed upper story, two-thirds the height of the ground floor, which provided a view from above of certain parts of the garden or the distant scenery. 1552:, that was just under one hectare in size, and the tour of the garden was only four hundred steps long from the entrance to the last viewing point, but Wu Youyu said it contained all the marvels of the province in a single place. 591:

built a new imperial garden, which combined the features of botanical and zoological gardens, as well as the traditional hunting grounds. Inspired by another version of Chinese classic about the Isles of the Immortals, called

2906:, the mathematician to the King of France, travelled to China in 1685. He described how the Chinese gardens had grottos, artificial hills and rocks piled to imitate nature, and did not arrange their gardens geometrically. 627:

built an immense landscape garden with artificial mountains, ravines and forests, filled with rare birds and domesticated wild animals. This was one of the first gardens that tried to create an idealized copy of nature.

3074:, London, along with a mosque, a temple of the sun, a ruined arch, and Palladian bridge. Thanks to Chambers Chinese structures began to appear in other English gardens, then in France and elsewhere on the continent. 2130:

A pond or lake is the central element of a Chinese garden. The main buildings are usually placed beside it, and pavilions surround the lake to see it from different points of view. The garden usually has a pond for

1861: 2739:

nature and work by man. They are an imitation of nature, and fully manifest the beauty of nature. They can also be seen as an improvement on nature; one from which the light of human artistic genius shines."

1619:), or “large room”, for the reception of guests, for banquets and for celebrating holidays, such as New Years and the Festival of Lanterns. It often has a veranda around the building to provide cool and shade. 2180:

The streams in the Chinese garden always follow a winding course, and are hidden from time to time by rocks or vegetation. A French Jesuit missionary, Father Attiret, who was a painter in the service of the

1014:), on which were three great boulders from Taihu. The Garden of the South was a water garden, with five large lakes connected to Lake Tai. A terrace gave visitors a view of the lake and the mountains. 3016:

was already well-established in England in the first part of the 18th century, influenced by the travel to Italy by the British upper class and their desire to have a new style of garden to match the

1349:, and it occupied 560 hectares, with seventy-two separate landscape views, recreating landscapes in miniature from many different parts of China. This enormous garden has survived relatively intact. 1102:

in Suzhou. It was built in 1342, and took its name from the collection of fantastic and grotesque assemblies of rocks, taken from Lake Tai. Some of them were said to look like the heads of lions. The

547:, which he ruled until 210 BC. He heard the legend of the islands and sent emissaries to find the islands and bring back the elixir of immortal life, without success. At his palace near his capital, 1366: 536:. On this island were palaces of gold and silver, with jewels on the trees. There was no pain, no winter, wine glasses and rice bowls were always full, and fruits, when eaten, granted eternal life. 2714:

The gardens were intended to evoke the idyllic feeling of wandering through a natural landscape, to feel closer to the ancient way of life, and to appreciate the harmony between man and nature.

1821: 2752:

The Chinese classical garden had a notable influence on the early Japanese garden. The influence of China first reached Japan through Korea before 600 AD. In 607 AD, the Japanese crown prince

680:

everything to beguile the eye and please the heart....With my literary friends, we took walks day and night, feasted, climbed a mountain to view the scenery, and sat by the side of the stream.

663:

During this period, many former government officials left the court and built gardens where they could escape the outside world and concentrate on nature and literature. One example was the

2731:

The winding paths and zig-zag galleries bridges that led visitors from one garden scene to another also had a message. They illustrated a Chinese proverb, "By detours, access to secrets".

2589:. Within the gardens, the individual pavilions and view points were frequently dedicated to verses of poems, inscribed on stones or plaques. The Moon Comes with the Breeze Pavilion at the 957:, where many scholars, government officials and merchants built residences with gardens. Some of these gardens still exist today, though most have been greatly altered over the centuries. 1774:). These generally had three parts; a kiosk with winged gables at the front, a more intimate hall in the center, and a two-story structure with a panoramic view of the pond at the rear. 1231: 675:(249–300 AD), an aristocrat and former court official, ten kilometers northeast of Luoyang. He invited thirty famous poets to a banquet in his garden, and wrote about the event himself: 1811:

Gardens also often include small, austere houses for solitude and meditation, sometimes in the form of rustic fishing huts, and isolated buildings which serve as libraries or studios (

859:(1082–1135) was an accomplished painter of birds and flowers. A scholar himself, he integrated elements of the scholar garden into his grand imperial garden. His first garden, called 775:, gardens with replicas of mountains and small viewing houses, or pavilions. Even ordinary residences had tiny gardens in their courtyards, with terracotta mountains and small ponds. 3009:

in an essay in 1712, who used them to attack the English gardeners who, instead of imitating nature, tried to make their gardens in the French style, as far from nature as possible.

2235: 2698:

drinking tea and for poets to become happily drunk on wine. It was a showcase to display the cultivation and aesthetic taste of the owner. But it also had a philosophical message.

3055:, published in 1757. He urged western garden designers to use Chinese stylistic conventions such as concealment, asymmetry, and naturalism. Later, in 1772, Chambers published his 1529:

Some early Western visitors to the imperial Chinese gardens felt they were chaotic, crowded with buildings in different styles, without any seeming order. But the Jesuit priest

1485: 3094:, near Saint Petersburg, between 1778 and 1786. Many French critics disliked the term "English Garden", so they began to use the term 'Anglo-Chinois" to describe the style. 1450: 1434: 2761:, described the great landscape gardens of the Chinese Emperor to the Japanese court. His reports had a profound influence on the development of Japanese landscape design. 883:. When he returned (as a captive of the Jurchens), he found his garden completely destroyed, all the pavilions burned and the art works looted. Only the mountain remained. 3066:, the leading designer of the English landscape garden, which Chambers considered boring. Chambers believed that gardens should be full of surprises. In 1761 he built the 1050:

in China. By 1279, he annihilated the last resistance of the Song dynasty and unified China under Mongol rule. He established a new capital on the site of present-day

57:

This picture of the Yuyuan Garden in Shanghai (created in 1559) shows all the elements of a classical Chinese garden – water, architecture, vegetation, and rocks.

2563:

The garden plays an important part in Chinese art and literature, and at the same time art and literature have inspired many gardens. The school of painting called "

1215: 1981:. A mountain peak on an island was also a central part of the legend of the Isles of the Immortals, and thus became a central element in many classical gardens. 2711:

For followers of Taoism, enlightenment could be reached by contemplation of the unity of creation, in which order and harmony are inherent to the natural world.

2052: 986:

and at the foot of two mountains, there were thirty four gardens recorded by the Song dynasty historian Zhou Mi (1232–1308). The two most famous gardens, the

5283: 5415: 2294:" (歲寒三友) by the scholars who created classical gardens, prized for remaining green or blooming in winter. They were often painted together by artists like 1778:

Courtyards (yuan). Gardens contain small enclosed court courtyards, offering quiet and solitude for meditation, painting, drinking tea, or playing on the

1596:

Chinese gardens are filled with architecture; halls, pavilions, temples, galleries, bridges, kiosks, and towers, occupying a large part of the space. The

953:). The city of Lin'an soon had more than fifty gardens built on the shore of the Western Lake. The other city in the province famous for its gardens was 447:, which served as an observation platform in the center of a large square park. It was described in one of the early classics of Chinese literature, the 2275:

continually with the seasons, and provide both sounds (the sound of rain on banana leaves or the wind in the bamboo) and aromas to please the visitor.

1920: 6095: 1889: 6487: 5521: 4997: 2479: 5040: 809:. The aesthetic properties of plants were highlighted, while numerous books on plant classification and cultivation were published. The capital, 1098:

Despite the Mongol invasion, the classical Chinese scholar's garden continued to flourish in other parts of China. An excellent example was the

4845: 2452: 972: 2165:

along the banks of the Hao and the Pu River, in the Garden of the Splendid Forest (Hualin yuan). Many gardens, particularly in the gardens of

2071: 2419: 1794: 295:. It is a model of Chinese aesthetics, reflecting the profound philosophical thinking and pursuit of life of the Chinese people. Among them, 1849: 2158: 1971:) or rock garden is an integral element of Chinese classical gardens. The mountain peak was a symbol of virtue, stability and endurance in 2042:

The artificial mountain in Chinese gardens today usually has a small view pavilion at the summit. In smaller classical gardens, a single

1626:), or “flower room”. Located near the residence, this building has a rear courtyard filled with flowers, plants, and a small rock garden. 1003: 1612:), or “room”. A building used for family celebrations or ceremonies, usually with an interior courtyard, not far from the entrance gate. 1560:) ; where unexpected views of scenery outside the garden, such as mountain peaks, seemed to be an extension of the garden itself. 871:, or "The Mountain of Stability." The garden was finished in 1122. In 1127, Emperor Huizong was forced to flee from the Song capital, 2406: 1518:

instructed garden builders to "hide the vulgar and the common as far as the eye can see, and include the excellent and the splendid."

1010:(1131–1162). The Garden of the South was a classic mountain-and-lake (shanshui) garden; it had a lake with an Island of Immortality ( 5276: 2652:

The Valley of the Jante garden disappeared, but its memory, preserved in paintings and poems, inspired many other scholar's gardens.

793:

During the Tang dynasty, plant cultivation was developed to an advanced level, with many plant species being grown by means of plant

1382: 6284: 5408: 3024:

and other painters, but the novelty and exoticism of Chinese art and architecture in Europe led in 1738 to the construction of the

2378:"At the feet of the Eastern fence, I pick a chrysanthemum, In the distance, detached and serene, I see the Mountains of the South." 2358:, the peony, the symbol of opulence and a flower with a delicate fragrance, was the most celebrated flower in the garden. The poet 1133:, captured Dadu from the Mongols and overthrew the Yuan dynasty. Zhu Yuanzhang ordered the Yuan palaces in Dadu to be burned down. 17: 2909:

In the 18th century, as Chinese vases and other decorative objects began to arrive in Europe, there was a surge of popularity for

2467: 1843:

The Flying Rainbow Bridge in the Humble Administrator's Garden. It was designed to create a rainbow-shaped reflection in the pond.

2721:, but they complemented and completed one another. Rocks were solid but water could wear away rock. The deeply eroded rocks from 1544:, was a little over ten hectares in area, with one fifth of the garden occupied by the pond. But they did not have to be large. 648:

After the fall of the Han dynasty, a long period of political instability began in China. Buddhism was introduced into China by

1804:

Bridges are another common feature of the Chinese garden. Like the galleries, they are rarely straight, but zigzag (called the

4872: 4828: 4760: 4732: 4713: 4650: 4605: 4569: 4432: 4347: 4259: 4056: 3961: 3921: 3859: 3774: 3507: 2086: 660:

dynasty, had over 1,300 temples, mostly in the former residences of believers. Each of the temples had its own small garden.

5384: 5344: 5269: 2078: 3707:

For example, Louis Le Comte, who visited China on a scientific expedition for King Louis XIV in 1685. See Michel Baridon,

2960:, who was trained in engineering, to build fountains for his garden similar to those he had heard about in the gardens at 2305:

The peach tree in the Chinese garden symbolized longevity and immortality. Peaches were associated with the classic story

1601:

different points of view. The garden structures are not designed to dominate the landscape, but to be in harmony with it.

902:

While the imperial gardens were the best known, many smaller but equally picturesque gardens were built in cities such as

5401: 5033: 2431: 1908: 2151:

The lakes and waterside pavilions in Chinese gardens were also influenced by another classic of Chinese literature, the

1247: 1200: 3149: 2208: 1398: 713:), with small pavilions and artificial winding streams, became extremely popular in both imperial and private gardens. 5769: 3303: 2834:(1336–1573) the Japanese garden became more austere than the Chinese garden, following its own aesthetic principles. 2196: 2925:

decorated a room in her palace in Chinese style. There was great interest in everything Chinese, including gardens.

2039:, the Ming rock gardens were considered too artificial and the new mountains were composed of both rocks and earth. 1341:

and by punitive expeditions of European armies during the nineteenth century, but are now gradually being restored.

5334: 2459: 2174: 1730: 1709: 1702: 1695: 1681: 1674: 1633:), or “four doors room”. This building has folding or movable walls, for opening up a panoramic view of the garden. 1597: 1541: 1222: 1157: 2627:

Wang Wei (701–761) was a poet, painter and Buddhist monk, who worked first as a court official before retiring to

1984:

The first rock garden appeared in Chinese garden history in Tu Yuan (literally "Rabbit Garden"), built during the

1310:

in Beijing. Both gardens became symbols of luxury and refinement, and were widely described by European visitors.

763:

Painting and poetry reached a level never seen before, and new gardens, large and small, filled the capital city,

2677:

The zig-zag bridge in the Humble Administrator's Garden illustrates the proverb, "By detours, access to secrets."

2302:, the favorite tree was the winter plum tree, appreciated for its early pink and white blossoms and sweet aroma. 2106:

A pond or lake is the central element of a Chinese garden. Here is the pond of the Humble Administrator's Garden.

1428:(1750) is 728 meters long. It was built so the emperor could walk through the garden protected from the elements. 31: 518:

An ancient Chinese legend played an important part in early garden design. In the 4th century BC, a tale in the

5364: 5026: 3037:

On the first view of the coast of China the stranger concludes that the inhabitants are a nation of gardeners.

1828: 1744: 1737: 1357: 449: 159: 63: 1466: 6475: 2957: 2220: 2024: 520: 173: 77: 2866:. The garden of Kublai Khan had a later effect on European culture; In 1797, it inspired the romantic poem, 782:), were inspired by, and in turn inspired, classical Chinese poetry and painting. A notable example was the 5796: 5494: 4665: 3483:

Patrick Carré, Le Jardin de Lettré, Musée Albert Kahn, Besançon, Éditions de l'imprimeur, 2004, pp. 97–109.

3048: 1655:

In addition to these larger halls and pavilions, the garden is filled with smaller pavilions, (also called

1317:

from 1738 to 1768, described the Jade Terrace of the Isle of Immortality in the Lake of the Summer Palace:

3059:, a rather fanciful elaboration of contemporary ideas about the naturalistic style of gardening in China. 1793:

Windows and doors are an important architectural feature of the Chinese garden. Sometimes they are round (

6315: 5292: 5090: 3119: 880: 304: 5806: 5479: 5459: 5359: 4902: 2976: 2609: 2590: 2266:

In the Lingering Garden in Suzhou, flowers provide a contrast with a scholar stone chosen to represent

1723: 1457: 1353: 232: 136: 5018: 2842: 1867:

A pavilion with a fan-shaped viewing window in the pond of the Humble Administrator's Garden in Suzhou

1762:

Some gardens have a picturesque stone pavilion in the form of a boat, located in the pond. (called an

771:, gardens with artificial mountains and ponds, inspired by the legend of the isles of immortals, and 6335: 6289: 6139: 5339: 4865: 3067: 2972: 2956:(1711–1799) was equally interested in what was going on in Europe. He commissioned the Jesuit priest 2803:

from China to Japan, originally to keep monks awake during long meditation, giving the basis for the

1688: 1662:

The names of the pavilions in Chinese gardens express the view or experience they offer the visitor:

968: 938: 706: 4098: 2791:

from China to Japan, which led to the creation of a famous and unique Japanese gardening style, the

2035:, the use of piles of rocks to create artificial mountains and grottos reached its peak. During the 6509: 5729: 5586: 5173: 4364: 3013: 2988: 2657: 1949: 745: 469: 4093:

Wybe Kuitert (2015) Borrowing scenery and the landscape that lends - the final chapter of Yuanye,

3298:. Mu Bo, Bing Lin, I. M. Pei, Gero von Boehm, 波姆, 林兵. (Chu ban ed.). Tai bei shi: Lian jing. 3083: 2389: 6373: 6149: 6051: 6046: 5764: 5641: 5157: 3144: 3129: 3124: 2873: 2291: 1580: 1545: 1515: 1441: 1376:, eight kilometers north of Beijing, was largely destroyed by an Anglo-French expedition in 1860. 1346: 1119: 1084: 1007: 856: 841: 787: 477: 296: 3448:

Chen Congzhou and Jiang Qiting (Editors), Yuanzong, Shanghai, 2004, "You Jingyu yuan xu," p. 39.

1521: 6274: 6211: 6159: 6122: 6117: 5591: 5250: 5168: 3025: 2162: 1936: 1062: 600:, with three artificial islands in the center representing the three isles of the Immortals - 2728:

Borrowing scenery is a most fundamental idea in Ming period garden making theory (see above).

2547: 1168:) carefully framing views of the surrounding mountains and a famous view of a distant pagoda. 6463: 6221: 5938: 5556: 5551: 5444: 5329: 5183: 5178: 5106: 4962: 4957: 3913: 3907: 3647:

Jean-Denis Attiret, "Letter a M. d'Assaut," cited in Che Bing Chiu, Jardins de Chine, p. 122.

3020:

style of architecture they chose for their country houses, and by the romantic landscapes of

2804: 2683:

Even though everything is the work of man, it must appear to have been created by heaven...

2322: 1206: 1183: 1114:

each visited the garden several times, and used it as model for their own summer garden, the

2673: 2016:. These rocks, of limestone sculpted by erosion, became the most highly prized for gardens. 1302:

was the last dynasty of China. The most famous gardens in China during this period were the

263:

style which has evolved over three thousand years. It includes both the vast gardens of the

6325: 6266: 5759: 5710: 5571: 5546: 5526: 4892: 4858: 3851: 3179: 2961: 2898:

received permission to settle in Beijing in 1601. Jesuit priests began sending accounts of

2525: 2500: 2326: 1326: 1287: 276: 2169:

and the imperial gardens of northern China, have features and names taken from this work.

2027:(1100–1125) nearly ruined the economy of the Song Empire by destroying the bridges of the 1873: 8: 6244: 6107: 5663: 5531: 5516: 5464: 5454: 5305: 5200: 4907: 4314: 4208: 3587: 3087: 2922: 2028: 1985: 1960: 1896: 1573: 1333:

and used it to restore the Summer Palace and the marble teahouse in the shape of boat on

1061:

The most famous garden of the Yuan dynasty was Kublai Khan's summer palace and garden at

1022: 910:

in Luoyang was famous for its peonies; the entire city came when they were in bloom. The

717: 649: 620: 312: 280: 2918: 2847: 1588: 945:

After fall of Kaifeng, the capital of the Song dynasty was moved to Lin'an (present-day

6446: 6320: 6234: 6199: 6085: 5978: 5958: 5049: 4992: 4922: 4597:

Britain's Chinese eye: Literature, empire, and aesthetics in nineteenth-century Britain

4561:

Britain's Chinese eye: Literature, empire, and aesthetics in nineteenth-century Britain

4541: 3105: 3086:

between 1775 and 1778, now the only part of the estate to survive. The Russian Empress

2992: 2929: 2854:

The first European to describe a Chinese garden was the Venetian merchant and traveler

2655:

The social and cultural importance of the garden is illustrated in the classical novel

2397: 1530: 1241:

in Suzhou (1593), like many Ming dynasty gardens, is filled with dramatic scholar rocks

961: 891: 794: 440: 288: 6368: 6229: 6194: 6189: 6056: 5898: 5683: 5631: 5354: 5349: 5242: 5206: 5147: 4987: 4977: 4927: 4824: 4756: 4728: 4709: 4646: 4601: 4565: 4428: 4343: 4255: 4052: 3957: 3917: 3855: 3770: 3503: 3309: 3299: 1389: 1373: 1307: 1099: 1069:

is believed to have visited Xanadu in about 1275, and described the garden this way:

1027: 855:, northern and southern, and both were known for the construction of famous gardens. 623:(125–144 AD). Using a fortune amassed during his twenty years in the imperial court, 588: 404: 5722: 4287: 3005:

to this approach. His observations on the Chinese garden were cited by the essayist

2753: 1540:

Chinese classical gardens varied greatly in size. The largest garden in Suzhou, the

571:) system of one pond with three mountains has been a main model of royal gardens. 6451: 6425: 6179: 5943: 5668: 5616: 5469: 5324: 4982: 4952: 4947: 4912: 3844: 3174: 3111: 3063: 2953: 2933: 2831: 2826:

in Japanese, which were an important feature of many Chinese gardens. During the

2505: 2442: 2350: 2267: 2182: 2102: 1805: 1716: 1667: 1534: 1325:

Their construction and improvement consumed a large part of the imperial treasury.

1314: 1283: 1238: 1172: 1107: 933: 735: 612:) system of one pond with three mountains has been a main model of royal gardens. 284: 264: 204: 108: 5866: 744:(618–907 AD) was considered the first golden age of the classical Chinese garden. 6430: 6415: 6410: 6102: 6008: 5988: 5888: 5876: 5861: 5841: 5836: 5700: 5651: 5626: 5606: 5069: 4669: 4640: 4595: 4559: 4533: 4422: 4337: 4249: 4046: 3951: 3764: 3497: 3053:

The Drawings, buildings, furniture, habits, machines and untensils of the Chinese

3021: 2936:. He described in great detail what he saw in the imperial gardens near Beijing: 2899: 2827: 2819: 1338: 1161: 840:

The Lake of the Clarity of Gold, an artificial lake and pleasure garden built by

533: 511: 5893: 4799:

Jardins classiques français et chinois: comparaison de deux modalités paysagères

4531: 3683:

Jardins classiques français et chinois: comparaison de deux modalités paysagères

914:

was famous for its view of the mountains. The most famous garden in Luoyang was

6405: 6395: 6239: 6184: 6174: 5993: 5968: 5948: 5816: 5811: 5801: 5693: 5673: 5601: 5501: 5216: 5152: 5002: 4942: 4502: 4368:, when a family is looking for a motto for a garden pavilion. Michel Baridon, 3091: 3006: 2903: 2891: 2628: 2586: 2486: 1525:

Painted map of the Master of the Nets Garden begun in 1140, renovated 1736–1796

1187: 1145: 1130: 1103: 1092: 876: 269: 52: 6129: 5261: 2118: 6503: 6400: 6378: 6154: 6063: 6013: 5998: 5933: 5928: 5913: 5883: 5846: 5826: 5786: 5781: 5751: 5717: 5656: 5636: 5621: 5581: 5489: 5393: 5229: 5163: 5142: 5074: 3698:, translated by A. Hardie, London and New Haven, Yale University Press, 1988. 3313: 2784: 2437: 2374:, who surrounded his hermit's hut with the flower, and wrote a famous verse: 2367: 2295: 2153: 2132: 2059: 1641: 1425: 1421: 1405: 1330: 1303: 1291: 1275: 1253: 1191: 1176: 802: 798: 601: 560: 540: 525: 507: 345: 300: 3750:, translation by A. Harde, London and New Yaven, Yale University Press, 1988 2325:, or the government official. During the Tang dynasty, those who passed the 1992:, the rock was elevated to the status of an art object, judged by its form ( 767:. The new gardens, were inspired by classical legends and poems. There were 374: 6345: 6164: 6144: 6112: 6041: 6028: 6003: 5983: 5953: 5678: 5646: 5424: 5127: 4937: 3079: 2895: 2788: 2758: 2718: 2371: 2355: 2299: 2278:

Each flower and tree in the garden had its own symbolic meaning. The pine,

2043: 2036: 2032: 2020: 1989: 1972: 1941: 1334: 1299: 1126: 1111: 1047: 852: 741: 701: 657: 502: 481: 395: 341: 211: 115: 3293: 2773: 886: 636: 6256: 6251: 6036: 5923: 5918: 5908: 5903: 5831: 5821: 5596: 5561: 5541: 5506: 5474: 5137: 5132: 5111: 4967: 4881: 3154: 3139: 3082:

in Paris (1772), and the Duc de Choiseul built a pagoda on his estate at

3075: 3071: 3029: 2910: 2859: 2811: 2765: 2705: 2414: 2287: 2031:

so he could carry huge rocks by barge to his imperial garden. During the

2008:), as well as by its softness, transparency, and other factors. The poet 1503:

Province, (1880), a classic private residence garden of the Qing dynasty.

1337:. Both the Summer Palace and Old Summer Palace were destroyed during the 1271: 1039: 810: 764: 757: 721: 584: 580: 544: 369: 292: 3032:, alongside Roman temples, Gothic ruins and other architectural styles. 2796: 1352:

Renowned scholar gardens which still exist from this period include the

836: 692:, and launched a long tradition of writing poetry in and about gardens. 340:

The earliest recorded Chinese gardens were created in the valley of the

5973: 5856: 5791: 5776: 5734: 5611: 5511: 5048: 3565:

Feng Chaoxiong, The Classical gardens of Suzhou. New World Press, 2007.

3001: 2868: 2855: 2792: 2769: 2662: 2359: 1079: 1066: 923: 696: 641: 225: 129: 3268: 3243: 3218: 2329:

were rewarded with the banquet in the garden of the apricot trees, or

2142:

The lake or pond has an important symbolic role in the garden. In the

2046:

represents a mountain, or a row of rocks represents a mountain range.

6420: 6383: 6330: 6310: 6305: 5963: 5449: 5436: 5428: 5101: 5095: 3169: 3134: 3051:(1723–1796), who lived in China from 1745 to 1747, and wrote a book, 3017: 2967: 2880: 2800: 2551:"The Spring Evening Banquet in the Peach and Pear Blossom Garden, by 2308: 2135:

flowers, with a special pavilion for viewing them. There are usually

2123: 1798: 1592:

Ornamental window frame for garden-viewing in Yuyuan Garden, Shanghai

1492: 1476: 1055: 672: 529: 320: 3588:

http://en.wikisource.org/The_Travels_of_Marco_Polo/Book_1/Chapter_61

2340:

Of the flowers in the Chinese garden, the most appreciated were the

6279: 6206: 6134: 5871: 5746: 5536: 4774:(3rd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 2815: 2722: 2564: 2552: 2241:

Pond and viewing pavilion in the Humble Administrator's Garden, in

2166: 2136: 1945: 1496: 983: 950: 946: 864: 806: 753: 729: 684:

This visit to the garden resulted in a famous collection of poems,

624: 548: 489: 2493: 2012:(772–846) wrote a catalog of the famous rocks of Lake Tai, called 6388: 6350: 6340: 6216: 5851: 5741: 5374: 5224: 5007: 4972: 4897: 4535:

A particular account of the Emperor of China's gardens near Pekin

3164: 3159: 2987:

Chinese architecture and aesthetics may also have influenced the

2914: 2884: 2863: 2423: 2258:

Blossoming tree by the lake at the Prince Gong Mansion in Beijing

2144: 2009: 1977: 1900: 1779: 1549: 1500: 1313:

Father Attiret, a French Jesuit who became court painter for the

1279: 1051: 1043: 903: 872: 845: 825: 653: 327:

composed scenes, unrolling like a scroll of landscape paintings.

308: 2879:

Marco Polo also described the gardens of the imperial palace in

736:

Tang dynasty (618–907), First Golden Age of the Classical Garden

6080: 6073: 6068: 5484: 5313: 5302: 4917: 2701: 2613: 2594: 2571: 2556: 2341: 2279: 2242: 2063: 1880: 1827:

A three bay hall with full gable roofline and flat eves in the

1533:, who lived in China from 1739 and was a court painter for the 1472: 1141: 1031: 954: 895: 605: 564: 316: 260: 5308:

is inscribed as a single property, but composed of 9 separate

4850: 3343:

Tong Jun, Records of Jiang Gardens, cited in Feng Chanoxiong,

2523:

Actually borrowing scenery is the conclusive, last chapter of

2254: 2110: 1955: 1568: 1329:

famously diverted money intended for the modernization of the

631: 6169: 2823: 2780: 2345: 2139:

in the pond, with pavilions over the water for viewing them.

1266: 1156:

The most famous existing garden from the Ming dynasty is the

593: 399: 378:

became the character for all gardens. The old character for

364:

was a royal garden where birds and animals were kept, while

311:, which belong to private gardens, are also included in the 6090: 5705: 2747: 2593:, used for moon-viewing, has the inscription of a verse by 2314: 2283: 1149: 979: 319:. Many essential elements are used in Chinese gardens, and 2846:

A fanciful view of a Chinese garden by the French painter

2704:

had a strong influence on the classical garden. After the

2262: 2023:, the artificial mountains were made mostly of earth. But 1644:

pond, to see the flowers bloom and appreciate their aroma.

528:

located on one of three islands at the eastern end of the

495: 6018: 4446: 4444: 4362:

This proverb is quoted in the 18th century classic novel

2980: 2725:

used in the classical garden illustrated this principle.

2226: 941:

in Suzhou (1141) was a model for later scholar's gardens.

543:

conquered other rival states and unified China under the

461:, one of the most famous features of this garden was the 4001: 3999: 3975: 3973: 3888: 3886: 3884: 2818:) in Kyoto, which included a recreation of the Isles of 2807:, which became an important ritual in Japanese gardens. 1931: 1514:

pagoda. The 16th-century Chinese writer and philosopher

443:(1075–1046 BC). It was composed of an earth terrace, or 415:

The deer are kneeling on the grass, feeding their fawns,

386:

A famous royal garden of the late Shang dynasty was the

237: 141: 3630: 3628: 3626: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3413: 3411: 3409: 2883:, the Mongol name for the city which eventually became 1604:

Classical gardens traditionally have these structures:

960:

The oldest Suzhou garden that can be seen today is the

778:

These Chinese classical gardens, or scholar's gardens (

583:(206 BC – 220 AD), a new imperial capital was built at 424:

The King makes his promenade to the Pond of the Spirit,

421:

The immaculate cranes have plumes of a brilliant white.

412:

The King makes his promenade in the Park of the Spirit,

4441: 3763:

Stepanova, Jekaterina (2010). Kraushaar, Frank (ed.).

2932:, went to China, where he became court painter to the 1584:

A moon gate from the Couple's Retreat Garden in Suzhou

967:

Another Song dynasty garden still in existence is the

4790:

China and Gardens of Europe of the Eighteenth Century

3996: 3970: 3881: 3676: 2735:

the golden age so dear to the heart of the scholar."

2362:

wrote a famous elegy to the lotus, comparing it to a

2173:

crossed by a bridge. In a very large garden like the

1171:

Another existing garden from the Ming dynasty is the

532:, between China and Korea, which was the home of the 216: 120: 30:"Chinese Garden" redirects here. For other uses, see 4744:

Fruitful sites: garden culture in Ming dynasty China

3623: 3424: 3406: 3101: 3090:

built her own pagoda in the garden of her palace of

2768:(710-794), when the Japanese capital was located at 2620:"The spring breeze is gently stroking the balustrade 1855:

The Main Hall of the Retreat & Reflection Garden

1708:

Watching the Pines and Appreciating Paintings Hall (

702:

Preface to the Poems Composed at the Orchid Pavilion

652:(57–75 AD), and spread rapidly. By 495, the city of 4600:. Stanford: Stanford University Press. p. 28. 4564:. Stanford: Stanford University Press. p. 23. 4424:

Landscape architecture: Planting design illustrated

4342:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 9. 4048:

Landscape architecture: Planting design illustrated

3953:

Landscape architecture: Planting design illustrated

3502:(2nd ed.). Outskirts Press, Inc. p. 120. 3219:"Mountain Resort and its Outlying Temples, Chengde" 1034:(1342), known for its fantastic and grotesque rocks 908:

The Garden of the Monastery of the Celestial Rulers

4772:The Chinese garden: history, art, and architecture 4339:A paradise lost: The imperial garden Yuanming Yuan 4254:. Boston: David R. Godine, Publisher. p. 43. 3843: 3592:Of the City of Chandu, and the Kaan's Palace There 3334:, Editions de La Martiniere, Paris 2010, p. 10–11. 2928:In 1738, the French Jesuit missionary and painter 2921:painted Chinese scenes as they imagined them, and 2270:, one of the founding centers of Chinese Buddhism. 1722:Between the Mountains and the Water Pavilion (The 1444:, the imperial villa in the mountains (1703–1792). 1182:A third renowned Ming era garden in Suzhou is the 1095:of Beijing. This contrast is still visible today. 816:The last great garden of the Tang dynasty was the 4385:, p. 186. Translated from French by D.R. Siefkin. 3850:. New York: Stewart, Tabori & Chang. p. 3491: 3489: 1914:Garden gate of the Prince Gong Mansion in Beijing 1508: 875:, when it came under attack by the armies of the 699:(307–365) wrote in his excellent calligraphy the 615:Another notable garden of the Han period was the 514:, was recreated in many classical Chinese gardens 303:, which belong to royal gardens, and several the 6501: 4507:Nouveaux memoires sur l'etat present de la Chine 4414: 4243: 4241: 4239: 2991:style. In 1685, the English diplomat and writer 2814:(1275–1351) created the celebrated Moss Garden ( 2555:(1677–1742) illustrates a famous garden poem by 2530:nature including the garden maker that creates. 2185:from 1738 to 1768, described one garden he saw: 1175:, also in Suzhou, built during the reign of the 1160:in Suzhou. It was built during the reign of the 484:. In 505 BC, an even more elaborate garden, the 476:, with lavishly decorated palaces, was built by 5291: 4727:(in French). Paris: Éditions de la Martinière. 4202: 4200: 3758: 3756: 2648:the blue of the emptiness dampens our clothes." 2161:(403–444), who described the promenades of the 1895:Long gallery for viewing the lotus pond at the 1077:This brief description later inspired the poem 567:or Fangzhang. The Yichi Sanshan (Chinese: 551:, he created a garden with a large lake called 5423: 4478:Christabel, Kubla Khan, and the Pains of Sleep 4038: 3943: 3766:Eastwards: Western views on East Asian culture 3590:The Travels of Marco Polo, Book 1/Chapter 61, 3486: 3244:"Summer Palace, an Imperial Garden in Beijing" 2665:which unfolds almost exclusively in a garden. 1548:built a garden for Wu Youyu, the Treasurer of 705:introducing a book recording the event of the 574: 268:express the harmony that should exist between 5409: 5277: 5034: 4866: 4622:Les Jardins- Paysagistes, Jarininiers, Poetes 4587: 4551: 4236: 4233:, Editions Robert Lafont, Paris, 1998 pg. 402 4130:Quoted in Michel Baridon, Les Jardins. p. 411 3670: 3047:The style became even more popular thanks to 2214:Lake with water lilies in Liyuan Garden, Wuxi 1751:Gardens also often feature two-story towers ( 926:(1021–1086). His garden had an area of eight 898:(1044), the oldest extant Song Dynasty Garden 756:, and lived there with his famous concubine, 178: 164: 82: 68: 6285:List of organic gardening and farming topics 4755:(in French). Paris: Éditions Robert Lafont. 4753:Les Jardins- Paysagistes, Jardiniers, Poetes 4480:, 2nd edition, William Bulmer, London, 1816. 4427:(3rd ed.). ArchiteG, Inc. p. 150. 4282: 4280: 4197: 4051:(3rd ed.). ArchiteG, Inc. p. 185. 3956:(3rd ed.). ArchiteG, Inc. p. 145. 3753: 3594:. from Wikisource, translated by Henry Yule. 1572:Pavilion for viewing the rock garden at the 4682:Saint-Petersbourg, l'architecture des tsars 3205:Les Jardins - paysagistes, jardiners, poḕts 2894:, arrived in China in 1552, and the priest 2717:In Taoism, rocks and water were opposites, 2533: 2321:The apricot tree symbolized the way of the 1261: 1136: 1017: 818:Hamlet of the Mountain of the Serene Spring 632:Gardens for poets and scholars (221–618 AD) 5416: 5402: 5284: 5270: 5041: 5027: 4873: 4859: 4638: 4294:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art 3078:added a Chinese pavilion to his garden at 2645:On the mountain path, the rain is fleeing, 2498:According to Ji Cheng's 16th century book 2092:Nine Lion Peak, from the Lion Grove Garden 831: 596:, he created a large artificial lake, the 4703: 4680:Alexander Orloff and Dmitri Chvidkovski, 4277: 4209:"The Garden as a Site of Social Activity" 3762: 2830:(1185–1333), and particularly during the 2639:"The white rock emerges from the torrent; 1629:The pavilion facing the four directions ( 748:built a magnificent imperial garden, the 4725:Jardins de Chine, ou la quête du paradis 4645:. London: Frances Lincoln. p. 130. 4522:, London, Oxford University Press, 1977. 3388:Jardins de Chine, ou la quete du paradis 3375:Jardins de Chine, ou la quete du paradis 3362:Jardins de Chine, ou la quete du paradis 3358:Jardins de Chine, ou la quête du paradis 3332:Jardins de Chine, ou la quete du paradis 2966: 2841: 2748:Chinese influence on the Japanese garden 2672: 2642:The cold sky with red leaves scattering: 2546: 2542: 2261: 2253: 2117: 2114:Pond at the Prince Gong Mansion, Beijing 2109: 2101: 1954: 1935: 1587: 1579: 1567: 1520: 1265: 1140: 1021: 932: 885: 835: 824:), built east of the city of Luoyang by 635: 501: 4823:(in French). Paris: Éditions You Feng. 4769: 4750: 4288:"Chinese gardens and collectors' rocks" 4274:Che Bing Chiu, Jardins de Chine, p. 193 2473:Bamboo in a garden in the Summer Palace 2202:Pond of the Lingering Garden, in Suzhou 1743:Lasting Spring and Moon Viewing Tower ( 497:The Legend of the Isle of the Immortals 427:The water is full of fish, who wriggle. 418:The deer are beautiful and resplendent. 14: 6502: 4801:(in French). Paris: Editions You Feng. 4741: 4071:Michel Baridon, Les Jardins. p. 396. 3291: 786:of the poet-painter and civil servant 724:to build his new imperial garden, the 5397: 5265: 5022: 4854: 4787: 4778: 4637:, 1827, Volume II, p. 135. Cited in: 4593: 4557: 4247: 3841: 2494:"Borrowing scenery", time and seasons 1932:Artificial mountains and rock gardens 1926:Moon bridge in Dunedin Chinese Garden 971:in Suzhou. It was created in 1141 by 275:The art of Chinese garden integrates 6470: 5345:Mountain Villa with Embracing Beauty 4796: 4722: 4584:Michel Baridon, Les Jardins. p. 348. 4420: 4335: 4121:Michel Baridon, Les Jardins, p. 425. 4044: 3949: 3769:. Bern: Peter Lang. pp. 162–3. 3495: 3373:Tan, p. 10. See also Che Bing Chiu, 2249: 2079:Mountain Villa with Embracing Beauty 2058:The Auspicious Cloud Capped Peak, a 1640:), or “lotus room”. Built next to a 368:was a garden for plants. During the 6482: 5365:The Retreat & Reflection Garden 4818: 3909:Landscape design in Chinese gardens 3905: 2858:, who visited the summer palace of 2604:And the wind brings the moon here." 1736:Soft Rain Brings Coolness Terrace ( 1666:The Peak-Worshipping Pavilion (The 922:), built by the poet and historian 24: 4670:Dissertation on Oriental Gardening 3266: 3241: 3216: 3150:List of botanical gardens in China 3057:Dissertation on Oriental Gardening 2631:, where he built one of the first 1963:in Beijing, complete with a grotto 1284:an Anglo-French expedition in 1860 1282:(1755). After it was destroyed by 750:Garden of the Majestic Clear Lake, 644:in his garden, the Orchid Pavilion 25: 6521: 4839: 4312: 4251:Oh garden of fresh possibilities! 4206: 4095:Journal of Landscape Architecture 3912:. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 439:, built by the last Shang ruler, 6481: 6469: 6458: 6457: 6445: 5373: 4805: 4746:. Durham: Duke University Press. 3104: 3062:Chambers was a fierce critic of 2795:, exemplified by the garden of 2478: 2466: 2451: 2430: 2405: 2388: 2234: 2229:in the Yuyuan Garden in Shanghai 2219: 2207: 2195: 2085: 2070: 2051: 1919: 1907: 1888: 1872: 1860: 1848: 1836: 1820: 1701:Listening to the Rain Pavilion ( 1673:The Hall of Distant Fragrances ( 1647:The pavilion of mandarin ducks ( 1484: 1465: 1456:"My Loveable Pavilion" from the 1449: 1433: 1413: 1397: 1381: 1365: 1246: 1230: 1214: 1199: 1186:, built during the reign of the 861:The Basin of the Clarity of Gold 402:. The park was described in the 51: 4988:Chinese traditional accessories 4880: 4706:The Classical Gardens of Suzhou 4674: 4659: 4642:Gifts from the gardens of China 4627: 4614: 4578: 4546:Lettres edifiantes et curieuses 4525: 4512: 4496: 4483: 4470: 4457: 4401: 4396:The Classical Gardens of Suzhou 4388: 4375: 4356: 4329: 4306: 4268: 4223: 4184: 4171: 4167:The Classical Gardens of Suzhou 4159: 4154:The Classical Gardens of Suzhou 4146: 4133: 4124: 4115: 4102: 4087: 4074: 4065: 4025: 4012: 3986: 3930: 3899: 3868: 3835: 3822: 3809: 3804:The Classical Gardens of Suzhou 3796: 3791:The Classical Gardens of Suzhou 3783: 3740: 3735:The Classical Gardens of Suzhou 3727: 3714: 3701: 3688: 3669:This term is a translation of ' 3663: 3650: 3641: 3636:The Classical Gardens of Suzhou 3618:The Classical Gardens of Suzhou 3610: 3597: 3581: 3568: 3559: 3546: 3529: 3516: 3477: 3464: 3451: 3442: 3393: 3380: 3345:The Classical Gardens of Suzhou 3328:The Classical Gardens of Suzhou 3267:Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. 3242:Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. 3217:Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. 2872:, by the English romantic poet 2690:Yuanye, or The Craft of Gardens 2623:and the peony is wet with dew." 2601:"The twilight brings the Autumn 1829:Retreat & Reflection Garden 1745:Retreat & Reflection Garden 1738:Retreat & Reflection Garden 1687:Pavilion of the Moon and Wind ( 1563: 1358:Retreat & Reflection Garden 431:Another early royal garden was 238: 142: 32:Chinese Garden (disambiguation) 5050:East Asian traditional gardens 4594:Chang, Elizabeth Hope (2010). 4558:Chang, Elizabeth Hope (2010). 3671: 3367: 3350: 3337: 3320: 3285: 3260: 3235: 3210: 3197: 2311:, the Queen Mother of the West 1729:Pavilion Leaning on the Jade ( 1694:Pavilion in the Lotus Breeze ( 1509:Design of the classical garden 1274:pavilion in the garden of the 1083:by the English romantic poet, 912:Garden of Multiple Springtimes 851:There were two periods of the 450:Records of the Grand Historian 217: 179: 165: 121: 83: 69: 13: 1: 5335:Humble Administrator's Garden 4821:Le Jardin Chinois par l'image 4812:Gazetteer of Jiangnan Gardens 4783:. New York, NY: Ronald Press. 3906:Tsu, Frances Ya-sing (1988). 3269:"Classical Gardens of Suzhou" 3185: 2810:The Japanese garden designer 2668: 2460:Humble Administrator's Garden 2175:Humble Administrator's Garden 1988:(206 BCE – 9 CE). During the 1731:Humble Administrator's Garden 1710:Humble Administrator's Garden 1703:Humble Administrator's Garden 1696:Humble Administrator's Garden 1682:Humble Administrator's Garden 1675:Humble Administrator's Garden 1598:Humble Administrator's Garden 1542:Humble Administrator's Garden 1223:Humble Administrator's Garden 1190:(1621–27) by the grandson of 1158:Humble Administrator's Garden 716:The Orchid Pavilion inspired 521:Classic of Mountains and Seas 472:(722–481 BC), in 535 BC, the 335: 4708:. Beijing: New World Press. 3539:, quoted by Michel Baridon, 3273:UNESCO World Heritage Centre 3248:UNESCO World Heritage Centre 3223:UNESCO World Heritage Centre 3190: 2837: 2742: 1715:Spot of Return for Reading ( 510:, the legendary home of the 190:China Classical Garden-Woods 7: 6316:Index of pesticide articles 5293:Classical Gardens of Suzhou 5091:Classical Gardens of Suzhou 4544:(1743, published in 1749), 3677: 3499:Planting design illustrated 3120:Classical Gardens of Suzhou 3097: 2997:Upon the garden of Epicurus 2612:is dedicated to a verse by 2504:, "The Craft of Gardens," " 2062:in the Lingering Garden in 669:Garden of the Golden Valley 598:Lake of the Supreme Essence 575:Han dynasty (206 BC–220 AD) 541:Ying Zheng, the King of Qin 305:Classical Gardens of Suzhou 10: 6526: 5460:Climate-friendly gardening 4903:Chinese Buddhist sculpture 4691: 4317:. University of Washington 4315:"Origins of Garden Design" 4211:. University of Washington 3360:, cited in Che Bing Chiu, 3330:, preface, and Bing Chiu, 3292:Bei, Yu-ming; 貝聿銘 (2003). 2608:And the Peony Hall in the 1116:Garden of Perfect Splendor 916:The Garden of Solitary Joy 695:The poet and calligrapher 690:Poems of the Golden Valley 617:Garden of General Liang Ji 398:west of his capital city, 330: 29: 6439: 6361: 6336:Plant disease forecasting 6298: 6290:Vegan organic agriculture 6265: 6140:Genetically modified tree 6027: 5570: 5435: 5382: 5371: 5340:Master of the Nets Garden 5320: 5299: 5241: 5215: 5192: 5120: 5083: 5057: 4888: 4639:Kilpatrick, Jane (2007). 4476:Samuel Taylor Coleridge, 4394:cited in Feng Chaioxiong 4313:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley. 4229:Cited in Michel Attiret, 4207:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley. 4177:Che Bing Chiu, cited in J 4080:cited in Michel Baridon, 3720:cited in Michel Baridon, 3537:Record of Hua Yang Palace 3028:in an English garden, at 2890:The first Jesuit priest, 2783:(1141–1215) imported the 1967:The artificial mountain ( 1689:Master of the Nets Garden 1680:The Mountain View Tower ( 1622:The pavilion of flowers ( 969:Master of the Nets Garden 939:Master of the Nets Garden 707:Orchid Pavilion Gathering 609: 568: 463:Wine Pool and Meat Forest 392:Lingtai, Lingzhao Lingyou 249: 231: 224: 210: 203: 198: 194: 186: 172: 158: 153: 135: 128: 114: 107: 102: 98: 90: 76: 62: 50: 46: 39: 5174:Shugakuin Imperial Villa 4846:Suzhou Classical Gardens 4807: 4770:Keswick, Maggie (2003). 4751:Baridon, Michel (1998). 4704:Chaoxiong, Feng (2007). 4538:. London. pp. 6–10. 4365:Dream of the Red Chamber 4336:Wong, Young-tsu (2001). 3014:English landscape garden 2989:English landscape garden 2658:Dream of the Red Chamber 2534:Concealment and surprise 2097: 1950:Beijing Botanical Garden 1615:The principal pavilion ( 1360:(1885), both in Suzhou. 1290:diverted money from the 1262:Qing dynasty (1644–1912) 1137:Ming dynasty (1368–1644) 1065:. The Venetian traveler 1018:Yuan dynasty (1279–1368) 524:described a peak called 470:Spring and Autumn period 160:Traditional Chinese 154:Chinese classical garden 64:Traditional Chinese 18:Chinese classical garden 5360:Couple's Retreat Garden 5158:Chengde Mountain Resort 4723:Chiu, Che Bing (2010). 4532:Joseph Spence (1752). 4292:Department of Asian Art 3842:Harte, Sunniva (1999). 3678:Zhōngguó gǔdiǎn yuánlín 3145:List of Chinese gardens 3125:Chengde Mountain Resort 2902:and gardens to Europe. 2874:Samuel Taylor Coleridge 2610:Couple's Retreat Garden 2591:Couple's Retreat Garden 2292:Three Friends of Winter 2290:) were considered the " 1724:Couple's Retreat Garden 1458:Couple's Retreat Garden 1442:Chengde Mountain Resort 1354:Couple's Retreat Garden 1347:Chengde Mountain Resort 1125:In 1368, forces of the 1120:Chengde Mountain Resort 1085:Samuel Taylor Coleridge 842:Emperor Huizong of Song 832:Song Dynasty (960–1279) 506:A miniature version of 297:Chengde Mountain Resort 218:Zhōngguó gǔdiǎn yuánlín 174:Simplified Chinese 78:Simplified Chinese 6275:Biodynamic agriculture 6212:Postharvest physiology 6160:Landscape architecture 5857:Indonesian home garden 5251:Du Fu Thatched Cottage 5169:Katsura Imperial Villa 5003:Chinese willow pattern 4943:Chinese Folding screen 4788:Sirén, Osvald (1950). 4779:Sirén, Osvald (1949). 4742:Clunas, Craig (1996). 3685:. Paris: Ed. You Feng. 3295:Yu Bei yu ming dui hua 3039: 2984: 2942: 2851: 2779:A Japanese monk named 2685: 2678: 2570:The landscape painter 2560: 2380: 2370:was elegized the poet 2271: 2259: 2191: 2163:Emperor Jianwen of Jin 2127: 2115: 2107: 1964: 1952: 1593: 1585: 1577: 1526: 1323: 1295: 1153: 1075: 1035: 942: 899: 848: 682: 645: 515: 388:Terrace, Pond and Park 239:Tson koh ku di yoe lin 5522:Historic conservation 5330:Garden of Cultivation 5184:Suzaki Imperial Villa 5179:Hayama Imperial Villa 4963:Chinese paper folding 4958:Chinese paper cutting 3035: 2977:Royal Botanic Gardens 2970: 2938: 2845: 2805:Japanese tea ceremony 2681: 2676: 2550: 2543:In art and literature 2376: 2265: 2257: 2187: 2121: 2113: 2105: 1958: 1939: 1591: 1583: 1571: 1524: 1319: 1269: 1225:in Suzhou (1506–1521) 1207:Garden of Cultivation 1184:Garden of Cultivation 1144: 1071: 1058:, the Great Capital. 1025: 936: 889: 839: 677: 639: 505: 6452:Gardening portal 6351:Aquamog weed remover 6326:List of insecticides 5052:and landscape design 4893:Chinese architecture 4797:Song, Z.-S. (2005). 3748:The Craft of Gardens 3696:The Craft of Gardens 3180:Chinese architecture 2585:taken from lines of 2327:imperial examination 1973:Confucian philosophy 1636:The lotus pavilion ( 1608:The ceremony hall ( 1356:(1723–1736) and the 1327:Empress Dowager Cixi 1288:Empress Dowager Cixi 1006:, Grand Minister to 1002:), both belonged to 457:). According to the 5306:World Heritage Site 5201:Prince Gong Mansion 5100:Gardens around the 4908:Chinese calligraphy 4814:] (in Chinese). 4635:Gardener's Magazine 4548:, vol. XII, p. 403. 4421:Chen, Gang (2011). 4248:Smith, Kim (2009). 4045:Chen, Gang (2011). 3950:Chen, Gang (2011). 3496:Chen, Gang (2010). 3088:Catherine the Great 3026:first Chinese house 2923:Catherine the Great 2077:Rock garden of the 1986:Western Han dynasty 1961:Prince Gong Mansion 1959:Rock garden at the 1897:Prince Gong Mansion 1574:Prince Gong Mansion 1294:to have it rebuilt. 996:Garden of the South 988:Garden of the North 822:Pingquan Shanzhuang 784:Jante Valley Garden 557:Lake of the Orchids 474:Terrace of Shanghua 313:World Heritage List 6321:List of fungicides 6086:Companion planting 4923:Chinese embroidery 4819:Tan, Rémi (2009). 4542:Jean Denis Attiret 3042:– James Main, 1827 2993:Sir William Temple 2985: 2958:Father Castiglione 2930:Jean Denis Attiret 2852: 2799:. He also brought 2679: 2561: 2458:The lotus pond in 2398:Paeonia lactiflora 2272: 2260: 2128: 2116: 2108: 1965: 1953: 1594: 1586: 1578: 1531:Jean Denis Attiret 1527: 1296: 1256:in Shanghai (1559) 1154: 1036: 962:Blue Wave Pavilion 943: 900: 892:Blue Wave Pavilion 849: 726:Garden of the West 671:, built in 296 by 646: 516: 492:, the Great Lake. 94:China Garden-Woods 6497: 6496: 6369:Community orchard 6195:drought tolerance 5391: 5390: 5355:Lion Grove Garden 5350:Canglang Pavilion 5314:Suzhou Prefecture 5259: 5258: 5207:Peking University 5193:North China style 5148:Old Summer Palace 5016: 5015: 4978:Chinese sculpture 4928:Chinese furniture 4830:978-2-84279-142-1 4762:978-2-221-06707-9 4734:978-2-7324-4038-5 4715:978-7-80228-508-8 4666:Chambers, William 4652:978-0-7112-2630-2 4607:978-0-8047-5945-8 4571:978-0-8047-5945-8 4540:Translated from: 4509:, vol. I, p. 336. 4434:978-0-9843741-9-9 4407:Michel Barridon, 4349:978-0-8248-2328-3 4261:978-1-56792-330-8 4110:Jardins de Chine, 4058:978-0-9843741-9-9 3963:978-0-9843741-9-9 3923:978-0-07-065339-9 3861:978-1-55670-929-6 3776:978-3-0343-0040-7 3509:978-1-4327-4197-6 3437:Jardins de Chine, 2250:Flowers and trees 1806:Nine-turn bridges 1747:) in Suzhou China 1740:) in Suzhou China 1733:) in Suzhou China 1726:) in Suzhou China 1719:) in Suzhou China 1712:) in Suzhou China 1705:) in Suzhou China 1698:) in Suzhou China 1691:) in Suzhou China 1684:) in Suzhou China 1677:) in Suzhou China 1670:) in Suzhou China 1576:in Beijing (1777) 1390:Old Summer Palace 1374:Old Summer Palace 1308:Old Summer Palace 1100:Lion Grove Garden 1091:later became the 1028:Lion Grove Garden 982:, on the edge of 720:(604–617) of the 656:, capital of the 640:The calligrapher 405:Classic of Poetry 253: 252: 245: 244: 205:Standard Mandarin 149: 148: 109:Standard Mandarin 16:(Redirected from 6517: 6485: 6484: 6473: 6472: 6461: 6460: 6450: 6449: 6426:Plant collecting 6362:Related articles 6299:Plant protection 5480:French intensive 5418: 5411: 5404: 5395: 5394: 5377: 5325:Lingering Garden 5286: 5279: 5272: 5263: 5262: 5243:Sichuanese style 5234:Yu Yin Shan Fang 5043: 5036: 5029: 5020: 5019: 4993:Chinese umbrella 4953:Chinese painting 4948:Chinese knotting 4913:Chinese ceramics 4875: 4868: 4861: 4852: 4851: 4834: 4815: 4802: 4793: 4784: 4781:Gardens of China 4775: 4766: 4747: 4738: 4719: 4685: 4678: 4672: 4663: 4657: 4656: 4631: 4625: 4620:Michel Baridon, 4618: 4612: 4611: 4591: 4585: 4582: 4576: 4575: 4555: 4549: 4539: 4529: 4523: 4516: 4510: 4500: 4494: 4489:Michel Baridon, 4487: 4481: 4474: 4468: 4463:Michel Baridon, 4461: 4455: 4450:Michel Baridon, 4448: 4439: 4438: 4418: 4412: 4405: 4399: 4392: 4386: 4383:Jardins de Chine 4379: 4373: 4360: 4354: 4353: 4333: 4327: 4326: 4324: 4322: 4310: 4304: 4303: 4301: 4299: 4284: 4275: 4272: 4266: 4265: 4245: 4234: 4227: 4221: 4220: 4218: 4216: 4204: 4195: 4192:Jardins de Chine 4188: 4182: 4175: 4169: 4165:Feng Chaoxiong, 4163: 4157: 4152:Feng Chaoxiong, 4150: 4144: 4139:Michel Baridon, 4137: 4131: 4128: 4122: 4119: 4113: 4106: 4100: 4097:, 10:2, 32-43, 4091: 4085: 4078: 4072: 4069: 4063: 4062: 4042: 4036: 4033:Jardins de Chine 4029: 4023: 4020:Jardins de Chine 4016: 4010: 4007:Jardins de Chine 4003: 3994: 3990: 3984: 3981:Jardins de Chine 3977: 3968: 3967: 3947: 3941: 3938:Jardins de Chine 3934: 3928: 3927: 3903: 3897: 3894:Jardins de Chine 3890: 3879: 3876:Jardins de Chine 3872: 3866: 3865: 3849: 3839: 3833: 3830:Jardins de Chine 3826: 3820: 3817:Jardins de Chine 3813: 3807: 3802:Feng Chaoxiong, 3800: 3794: 3789:Feng Chaoxiong, 3787: 3781: 3780: 3760: 3751: 3744: 3738: 3733:Feng Chaoxiong, 3731: 3725: 3718: 3712: 3705: 3699: 3692: 3686: 3680: 3674: 3673: 3667: 3661: 3656:Michel Baridon, 3654: 3648: 3645: 3639: 3634:Feng Chaoxiong, 3632: 3621: 3616:Feng Chaoxiong, 3614: 3608: 3603:Michel Baridon, 3601: 3595: 3585: 3579: 3576:Jardins de Chine 3572: 3566: 3563: 3557: 3554:Jardins de Chine 3550: 3544: 3533: 3527: 3524:Jardins de Chine 3520: 3514: 3513: 3493: 3484: 3481: 3475: 3470:Michel Baridon, 3468: 3462: 3457:Michel Baridon, 3455: 3449: 3446: 3440: 3433: 3422: 3419:Jardins de Chine 3415: 3404: 3401:Jardins de Chine 3397: 3391: 3384: 3378: 3371: 3365: 3354: 3348: 3341: 3335: 3326:Feng Chaoxiong, 3324: 3318: 3317: 3289: 3283: 3282: 3280: 3279: 3264: 3258: 3257: 3255: 3254: 3239: 3233: 3232: 3230: 3229: 3214: 3208: 3203:Michel Baridon, 3201: 3175:Borrowed scenery 3114: 3112:Gardening portal 3109: 3108: 3064:Capability Brown 3049:William Chambers 3043: 2954:Qianlong Emperor 2934:Qianlong Emperor 2919:François Boucher 2848:François Boucher 2832:Muromachi period 2693: 2579:Craft of Gardens 2506:borrowed scenery 2485:Plum blossom in 2482: 2470: 2455: 2443:Nelumbo nucifera 2434: 2409: 2392: 2351:Nelumbo nucifera 2238: 2223: 2211: 2199: 2183:Qianlong Emperor 2089: 2074: 2055: 2004:), and texture ( 1923: 1911: 1892: 1876: 1864: 1852: 1840: 1824: 1717:Lingering Garden 1668:Lingering Garden 1535:Qianlong Emperor 1488: 1479:Province, (1850) 1469: 1453: 1437: 1417: 1408:in Beijing today 1401: 1385: 1369: 1315:Qianlong Emperor 1250: 1239:Lingering Garden 1234: 1218: 1203: 1173:Lingering Garden 1110:emperors of the 1042:established the 844:at his capital, 746:Emperor Xuanzong 611: 570: 563:, Yingzhou, and 323:is one of them. 309:Jiangsu Province 291:, gardening and 265:Chinese emperors 241: 240: 220: 219: 196: 195: 182: 181: 168: 167: 145: 144: 143:Tson koh yoe lin 124: 123: 122:Zhōngguó yuánlín 100: 99: 86: 85: 72: 71: 55: 37: 36: 21: 6525: 6524: 6520: 6519: 6518: 6516: 6515: 6514: 6510:Chinese gardens 6500: 6499: 6498: 6493: 6444: 6435: 6431:Turf management 6416:Lists of plants 6411:List of gardens 6357: 6294: 6261: 6023: 5573: 5566: 5431: 5422: 5392: 5387: 5378: 5369: 5316: 5295: 5290: 5260: 5255: 5237: 5211: 5188: 5162:Rear Garden of 5116: 5079: 5070:Japanese garden 5053: 5047: 5017: 5012: 4998:Chinese symbols 4884: 4879: 4842: 4837: 4831: 4809: 4763: 4735: 4716: 4694: 4689: 4688: 4679: 4675: 4664: 4660: 4653: 4632: 4628: 4619: 4615: 4608: 4592: 4588: 4583: 4579: 4572: 4556: 4552: 4530: 4526: 4517: 4513: 4501: 4497: 4488: 4484: 4475: 4471: 4462: 4458: 4449: 4442: 4435: 4419: 4415: 4406: 4402: 4393: 4389: 4381:Che Bing Chiu, 4380: 4376: 4361: 4357: 4350: 4334: 4330: 4320: 4318: 4311: 4307: 4297: 4295: 4286: 4285: 4278: 4273: 4269: 4262: 4246: 4237: 4228: 4224: 4214: 4212: 4205: 4198: 4190:Che Bing Chiu, 4189: 4185: 4179:ardins de Chine 4176: 4172: 4164: 4160: 4151: 4147: 4138: 4134: 4129: 4125: 4120: 4116: 4108:Che Bing Chiu, 4107: 4103: 4092: 4088: 4079: 4075: 4070: 4066: 4059: 4043: 4039: 4031:Che Bing Chiu, 4030: 4026: 4018:Che Bing Chiu, 4017: 4013: 4005:Che Bing Chiu, 4004: 3997: 3991: 3987: 3979:Che Bing Chiu, 3978: 3971: 3964: 3948: 3944: 3936:Che Bing Chiu, 3935: 3931: 3924: 3904: 3900: 3892:Che Bing Chiu, 3891: 3882: 3874:Che Bing Chiu, 3873: 3869: 3862: 3840: 3836: 3828:Che Bing Chiu, 3827: 3823: 3815:Che Bing Chiu, 3814: 3810: 3801: 3797: 3788: 3784: 3777: 3761: 3754: 3745: 3741: 3732: 3728: 3719: 3715: 3706: 3702: 3693: 3689: 3668: 3664: 3655: 3651: 3646: 3642: 3633: 3624: 3615: 3611: 3602: 3598: 3586: 3582: 3574:Che Bing Chiu, 3573: 3569: 3564: 3560: 3552:Che Bing Chiu, 3551: 3547: 3534: 3530: 3522:Che Bing Chiu, 3521: 3517: 3510: 3494: 3487: 3482: 3478: 3469: 3465: 3456: 3452: 3447: 3443: 3434: 3425: 3417:Che Bing Chiu, 3416: 3407: 3399:Che Bing Chiu, 3398: 3394: 3386:Che Bing Chiu, 3385: 3381: 3372: 3368: 3356:Translation in 3355: 3351: 3342: 3338: 3325: 3321: 3306: 3290: 3286: 3277: 3275: 3265: 3261: 3252: 3250: 3240: 3236: 3227: 3225: 3215: 3211: 3202: 3198: 3193: 3188: 3110: 3103: 3100: 3045: 3041: 3022:Claude Lorraine 2995:wrote an essay 2983:, London, 1761. 2944:Attiret wrote: 2913:. The painters 2900:Chinese culture 2840: 2828:Kamakura period 2820:Eight Immortals 2772:, and later at 2750: 2745: 2695: 2687: 2671: 2545: 2536: 2496: 2489: 2483: 2474: 2471: 2462: 2456: 2447: 2435: 2426: 2412:Plum blossoms ( 2410: 2401: 2393: 2307:The Orchard of 2252: 2245: 2239: 2230: 2224: 2215: 2212: 2203: 2200: 2100: 2093: 2090: 2081: 2075: 2066: 2056: 2025:Emperor Huizong 1996:), substance ( 1934: 1927: 1924: 1915: 1912: 1903: 1893: 1884: 1877: 1868: 1865: 1856: 1853: 1844: 1841: 1832: 1825: 1566: 1511: 1504: 1489: 1480: 1470: 1461: 1454: 1445: 1440:Gardens of the 1438: 1429: 1418: 1409: 1402: 1393: 1388:Remains of the 1386: 1377: 1370: 1339:Boxer Rebellion 1264: 1257: 1251: 1242: 1235: 1226: 1219: 1210: 1204: 1162:Zhengde Emperor 1139: 1020: 1008:Emperor Gaozong 978:In the city of 857:Emperor Huizong 834: 803:transplantation 738: 634: 577: 534:Eight Immortals 512:Eight Immortals 500: 486:Terrace of Gusu 390:of the Spirit ( 338: 333: 259:is a landscape 187:Literal meaning 91:Literal meaning 58: 35: 28: 27:Style of garden 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6523: 6513: 6512: 6495: 6494: 6492: 6491: 6479: 6467: 6455: 6440: 6437: 6436: 6434: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6406:Garden tourism 6403: 6398: 6396:Groundskeeping 6393: 6392: 6391: 6386: 6376: 6371: 6365: 6363: 6359: 6358: 6356: 6355: 6354: 6353: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6302: 6300: 6296: 6295: 6293: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6271: 6269: 6263: 6262: 6260: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6248: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6203: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6185:free-flowering 6182: 6177: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6126: 6125: 6120: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6099: 6098: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6077: 6076: 6066: 6061: 6060: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6033: 6031: 6025: 6024: 6022: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5880: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5773: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5738: 5737: 5727: 5726: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5714: 5713: 5708: 5698: 5697: 5696: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5660: 5659: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5578: 5576: 5568: 5567: 5565: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5502:Groundskeeping 5499: 5498: 5497: 5495:computer-aided 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5441: 5439: 5433: 5432: 5421: 5420: 5413: 5406: 5398: 5389: 5388: 5383: 5380: 5379: 5372: 5370: 5368: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5321: 5318: 5317: 5300: 5297: 5296: 5289: 5288: 5281: 5274: 5266: 5257: 5256: 5254: 5253: 5247: 5245: 5239: 5238: 5236: 5235: 5232: 5227: 5221: 5219: 5213: 5212: 5210: 5209: 5203: 5199:Garden of the 5196: 5194: 5190: 5189: 5187: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5160: 5155: 5153:Fragrant Hills 5150: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5124: 5122: 5118: 5117: 5115: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5098: 5093: 5087: 5085: 5084:Jiangnan style 5081: 5080: 5078: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5065:Chinese garden 5061: 5059: 5055: 5054: 5046: 5045: 5038: 5031: 5023: 5014: 5013: 5011: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4933:Chinese garden 4930: 4925: 4920: 4918:Chinese comics 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4898:Chinese column 4895: 4889: 4886: 4885: 4878: 4877: 4870: 4863: 4855: 4849: 4848: 4841: 4840:External links 4838: 4836: 4835: 4829: 4816: 4803: 4794: 4785: 4776: 4767: 4761: 4748: 4739: 4733: 4720: 4714: 4700: 4699: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4687: 4686: 4673: 4658: 4651: 4626: 4624:. pp. 839–40. 4613: 4606: 4586: 4577: 4570: 4550: 4524: 4511: 4503:Louis le Comte 4495: 4482: 4469: 4456: 4440: 4433: 4413: 4400: 4387: 4374: 4355: 4348: 4328: 4305: 4276: 4267: 4260: 4235: 4222: 4196: 4183: 4170: 4158: 4145: 4132: 4123: 4114: 4101: 4086: 4073: 4064: 4057: 4037: 4024: 4011: 3995: 3985: 3969: 3962: 3942: 3929: 3922: 3898: 3880: 3867: 3860: 3834: 3821: 3808: 3795: 3782: 3775: 3752: 3739: 3726: 3713: 3700: 3687: 3662: 3649: 3640: 3622: 3609: 3596: 3580: 3567: 3558: 3545: 3528: 3515: 3508: 3485: 3476: 3463: 3450: 3441: 3435:Che Bing Chiu 3423: 3405: 3392: 3379: 3366: 3349: 3336: 3319: 3304: 3284: 3259: 3234: 3209: 3195: 3194: 3192: 3189: 3187: 3184: 3183: 3182: 3177: 3172: 3167: 3162: 3157: 3152: 3147: 3142: 3137: 3132: 3127: 3122: 3116: 3115: 3099: 3096: 3092:Tsarskoye Selo 3034: 3007:Joseph Addison 2950: 2949: 2904:Louis Le Comte 2892:Francis Xavier 2839: 2836: 2749: 2746: 2744: 2741: 2680: 2670: 2667: 2650: 2649: 2646: 2643: 2640: 2625: 2624: 2621: 2606: 2605: 2602: 2587:Chinese poetry 2544: 2541: 2535: 2532: 2495: 2492: 2491: 2490: 2487:Linyang Temple 2484: 2477: 2475: 2472: 2465: 2463: 2457: 2450: 2448: 2436: 2429: 2427: 2411: 2404: 2402: 2394: 2387: 2354:). During the 2251: 2248: 2247: 2246: 2240: 2233: 2231: 2225: 2218: 2216: 2213: 2206: 2204: 2201: 2194: 2122:Water view at 2099: 2096: 2095: 2094: 2091: 2084: 2082: 2076: 2069: 2067: 2057: 2050: 1933: 1930: 1929: 1928: 1925: 1918: 1916: 1913: 1906: 1904: 1894: 1887: 1885: 1879:A pavilion in 1878: 1871: 1869: 1866: 1859: 1857: 1854: 1847: 1845: 1842: 1835: 1833: 1826: 1819: 1784: 1783: 1749: 1748: 1741: 1734: 1727: 1720: 1713: 1706: 1699: 1692: 1685: 1678: 1671: 1653: 1652: 1649:yuan yang ting 1645: 1634: 1627: 1620: 1613: 1565: 1562: 1510: 1507: 1506: 1505: 1490: 1483: 1481: 1471: 1464: 1462: 1455: 1448: 1446: 1439: 1432: 1430: 1419: 1412: 1410: 1403: 1396: 1394: 1387: 1380: 1378: 1371: 1364: 1263: 1260: 1259: 1258: 1252: 1245: 1243: 1236: 1229: 1227: 1220: 1213: 1211: 1205: 1198: 1188:Tianqi Emperor 1146:Jichang Garden 1138: 1135: 1093:Forbidden City 1019: 1016: 833: 830: 737: 734: 633: 630: 576: 573: 499: 494: 429: 428: 425: 422: 419: 416: 413: 372:(221–206 BC), 337: 334: 332: 329: 270:man and nature 257:Chinese garden 251: 250: 247: 246: 243: 242: 235: 229: 228: 222: 221: 214: 208: 207: 201: 200: 199:Transcriptions 192: 191: 188: 184: 183: 176: 170: 169: 162: 156: 155: 151: 150: 147: 146: 139: 133: 132: 126: 125: 118: 112: 111: 105: 104: 103:Transcriptions 96: 95: 92: 88: 87: 80: 74: 73: 66: 60: 59: 56: 48: 47: 44: 43: 41:Chinese garden 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6522: 6511: 6508: 6507: 6505: 6490: 6489: 6480: 6478: 6477: 6468: 6466: 6465: 6456: 6454: 6453: 6448: 6442: 6441: 6438: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6401:Garden centre 6399: 6397: 6394: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6381: 6380: 6379:Floral design 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6366: 6364: 6360: 6352: 6349: 6348: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6303: 6301: 6297: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6272: 6270: 6268: 6264: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6246: 6245:reforestation 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6227: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6172: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6155:Intercropping 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6115: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6097: 6096:most valuable 6094: 6093: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6075: 6072: 6071: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6064:Arboriculture 6062: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6039: 6038: 6035: 6034: 6032: 6030: 6026: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5864: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5757: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5736: 5733: 5732: 5731: 5728: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5703: 5702: 5699: 5695: 5692: 5691: 5690: 5687: 5686: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5658: 5657:Garden square 5655: 5654: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5587:Ancient Egypt 5585: 5583: 5580: 5579: 5577: 5575: 5569: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5496: 5493: 5492: 5491: 5490:Garden design 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5442: 5440: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5419: 5414: 5412: 5407: 5405: 5400: 5399: 5396: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5322: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5304: 5298: 5294: 5287: 5282: 5280: 5275: 5273: 5268: 5267: 5264: 5252: 5249: 5248: 5246: 5244: 5240: 5233: 5231: 5230:Qing Hui Yuan 5228: 5226: 5223: 5222: 5220: 5218: 5217:Lingnan style 5214: 5208: 5204: 5202: 5198: 5197: 5195: 5191: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5164:Changdeokgung 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5143:Summer Palace 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5125: 5123: 5119: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5088: 5086: 5082: 5076: 5075:Korean garden 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5062: 5060: 5056: 5051: 5044: 5039: 5037: 5032: 5030: 5025: 5024: 5021: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4890: 4887: 4883: 4876: 4871: 4869: 4864: 4862: 4857: 4856: 4853: 4847: 4844: 4843: 4832: 4826: 4822: 4817: 4813: 4804: 4800: 4795: 4791: 4786: 4782: 4777: 4773: 4768: 4764: 4758: 4754: 4749: 4745: 4740: 4736: 4730: 4726: 4721: 4717: 4711: 4707: 4702: 4701: 4697: 4696: 4684:, Paris, 1995 4683: 4677: 4671: 4667: 4662: 4654: 4648: 4644: 4643: 4636: 4633:Main, James. 4630: 4623: 4617: 4609: 4603: 4599: 4598: 4590: 4581: 4573: 4567: 4563: 4562: 4554: 4547: 4543: 4537: 4536: 4528: 4521: 4515: 4508: 4504: 4499: 4492: 4486: 4479: 4473: 4466: 4460: 4453: 4447: 4445: 4436: 4430: 4426: 4425: 4417: 4410: 4404: 4397: 4391: 4384: 4378: 4371: 4367: 4366: 4359: 4351: 4345: 4341: 4340: 4332: 4316: 4309: 4293: 4289: 4283: 4281: 4271: 4263: 4257: 4253: 4252: 4244: 4242: 4240: 4232: 4226: 4210: 4203: 4201: 4193: 4187: 4180: 4174: 4168: 4162: 4155: 4149: 4142: 4136: 4127: 4118: 4111: 4105: 4099: 4096: 4090: 4083: 4077: 4068: 4060: 4054: 4050: 4049: 4041: 4034: 4028: 4021: 4015: 4008: 4002: 4000: 3989: 3982: 3976: 3974: 3965: 3959: 3955: 3954: 3946: 3939: 3933: 3925: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3910: 3902: 3895: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3877: 3871: 3863: 3857: 3853: 3848: 3847: 3846:Zen gardening 3838: 3831: 3825: 3818: 3812: 3805: 3799: 3792: 3786: 3778: 3772: 3768: 3767: 3759: 3757: 3749: 3743: 3736: 3730: 3723: 3717: 3710: 3704: 3697: 3691: 3684: 3679: 3666: 3659: 3653: 3644: 3637: 3631: 3629: 3627: 3619: 3613: 3607:, pp. 352–53. 3606: 3600: 3593: 3589: 3584: 3577: 3571: 3562: 3555: 3549: 3542: 3538: 3532: 3525: 3519: 3511: 3505: 3501: 3500: 3492: 3490: 3480: 3473: 3467: 3460: 3454: 3445: 3438: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3420: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3402: 3396: 3389: 3383: 3376: 3370: 3363: 3359: 3353: 3346: 3340: 3333: 3329: 3323: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3305:957-08-2657-6 3301: 3297: 3296: 3288: 3274: 3270: 3263: 3249: 3245: 3238: 3224: 3220: 3213: 3206: 3200: 3196: 3181: 3178: 3176: 3173: 3171: 3168: 3166: 3163: 3161: 3158: 3156: 3153: 3151: 3148: 3146: 3143: 3141: 3138: 3136: 3133: 3131: 3128: 3126: 3123: 3121: 3118: 3117: 3113: 3107: 3102: 3095: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3060: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3044: 3038: 3033: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3010: 3008: 3004: 3003: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2969: 2965: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2947: 2946: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2935: 2931: 2926: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2907: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2888: 2886: 2882: 2877: 2875: 2871: 2870: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2849: 2844: 2835: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2808: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2785:Rinzai school 2782: 2777: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2762: 2760: 2755: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2729: 2726: 2724: 2720: 2715: 2712: 2709: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2694: 2691: 2684: 2675: 2666: 2664: 2660: 2659: 2653: 2647: 2644: 2641: 2638: 2637: 2636: 2634: 2630: 2622: 2619: 2618: 2617: 2615: 2611: 2603: 2600: 2599: 2598: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2582: 2580: 2577:In his book, 2575: 2573: 2568: 2566: 2558: 2554: 2549: 2540: 2531: 2528: 2527: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2502: 2488: 2481: 2476: 2469: 2464: 2461: 2454: 2449: 2445: 2444: 2439: 2433: 2428: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2416: 2408: 2403: 2400: 2399: 2391: 2386: 2385: 2384: 2379: 2375: 2373: 2369: 2368:chrysanthemum 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2352: 2348:, and lotus ( 2347: 2343: 2338: 2334: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2319: 2318:a long time. 2316: 2312: 2310: 2303: 2301: 2297: 2296:Zhao Mengjian 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2276: 2269: 2268:Mount Tiantai 2264: 2256: 2244: 2237: 2232: 2228: 2222: 2217: 2210: 2205: 2198: 2193: 2192: 2190: 2186: 2184: 2178: 2176: 2170: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2155: 2154:Shishuo Xinyu 2149: 2147: 2146: 2140: 2138: 2134: 2125: 2120: 2112: 2104: 2088: 2083: 2080: 2073: 2068: 2065: 2061: 2060:scholar stone 2054: 2049: 2048: 2047: 2045: 2040: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2017: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1982: 1980: 1979: 1974: 1970: 1962: 1957: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1938: 1922: 1917: 1910: 1905: 1902: 1898: 1891: 1886: 1882: 1875: 1870: 1863: 1858: 1851: 1846: 1839: 1834: 1830: 1823: 1818: 1817: 1816: 1814: 1809: 1807: 1802: 1800: 1796: 1791: 1789: 1781: 1777: 1776: 1775: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1760: 1758: 1754: 1746: 1742: 1739: 1735: 1732: 1728: 1725: 1721: 1718: 1714: 1711: 1707: 1704: 1700: 1697: 1693: 1690: 1686: 1683: 1679: 1676: 1672: 1669: 1665: 1664: 1663: 1660: 1658: 1650: 1646: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1632: 1628: 1625: 1621: 1618: 1614: 1611: 1607: 1606: 1605: 1602: 1599: 1590: 1582: 1575: 1570: 1561: 1559: 1553: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1538: 1536: 1532: 1523: 1519: 1517: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1487: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1468: 1463: 1459: 1452: 1447: 1443: 1436: 1431: 1427: 1426:Summer Palace 1423: 1422:Long Corridor 1416: 1411: 1407: 1406:Summer Palace 1400: 1395: 1391: 1384: 1379: 1375: 1368: 1363: 1362: 1361: 1359: 1355: 1350: 1348: 1342: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1331:Beiyang Fleet 1328: 1322: 1318: 1316: 1311: 1309: 1305: 1304:Summer Palace 1301: 1293: 1292:Beiyang Fleet 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1276:Summer Palace 1273: 1268: 1255: 1254:Yuyuan Garden 1249: 1244: 1240: 1233: 1228: 1224: 1217: 1212: 1208: 1202: 1197: 1196: 1195: 1193: 1192:Wen Zhengming 1189: 1185: 1180: 1178: 1177:Wanli Emperor 1174: 1169: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1134: 1132: 1131:Zhu Yuanzhang 1128: 1123: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1096: 1094: 1088: 1086: 1082: 1081: 1074: 1070: 1068: 1064: 1059: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1033: 1029: 1024: 1015: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 976: 974: 970: 965: 963: 958: 956: 952: 948: 940: 935: 931: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 897: 893: 888: 884: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 847: 843: 838: 829: 827: 823: 819: 814: 812: 808: 804: 800: 799:domestication 796: 791: 789: 785: 781: 776: 774: 773:shanting yuan 770: 766: 761: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 733: 731: 727: 723: 719: 714: 712: 708: 704: 703: 698: 693: 691: 687: 681: 676: 674: 670: 666: 661: 659: 655: 651: 643: 638: 629: 626: 622: 618: 613: 607: 603: 599: 595: 590: 586: 582: 572: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 537: 535: 531: 527: 526:Mount Penglai 523: 522: 513: 509: 508:Mount Penglai 504: 498: 493: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 466: 464: 460: 456: 452: 451: 446: 442: 438: 437:Dunes of Sand 434: 426: 423: 420: 417: 414: 411: 410: 409: 407: 406: 401: 397: 393: 389: 384: 381: 377: 376: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 346:Shang dynasty 344:, during the 343: 328: 324: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 301:Summer Palace 298: 294: 290: 287:, sculpture, 286: 282: 278: 273: 271: 266: 262: 258: 248: 236: 234: 230: 227: 223: 215: 213: 209: 206: 202: 197: 193: 189: 185: 177: 175: 171: 163: 161: 157: 152: 140: 138: 134: 131: 127: 119: 117: 113: 110: 106: 101: 97: 93: 89: 81: 79: 75: 67: 65: 61: 54: 49: 45: 42: 38: 33: 19: 6486: 6474: 6462: 6443: 6346:Weed control 6235:horticulture 6165:Olericulture 6145:Hydroculture 6135:Fruticulture 6113:Floriculture 6042:Permaculture 6029:Horticulture 5688: 5425:Horticulture 5309: 5128:Huaqing Pool 5064: 4983:Chinese seal 4938:Chinese jade 4932: 4820: 4811: 4806:Tong, Jun. 4798: 4789: 4780: 4771: 4752: 4743: 4724: 4705: 4681: 4676: 4661: 4641: 4634: 4629: 4621: 4616: 4596: 4589: 4580: 4560: 4553: 4545: 4534: 4527: 4520:Chinoiseries 4519: 4514: 4506: 4498: 4490: 4485: 4477: 4472: 4465:Les Jardins, 4464: 4459: 4451: 4423: 4416: 4408: 4403: 4395: 4390: 4382: 4377: 4369: 4363: 4358: 4338: 4331: 4319:. Retrieved 4308: 4296:. Retrieved 4291: 4270: 4250: 4230: 4225: 4213:. Retrieved 4191: 4186: 4178: 4173: 4166: 4161: 4153: 4148: 4140: 4135: 4126: 4117: 4109: 4104: 4094: 4089: 4081: 4076: 4067: 4047: 4040: 4032: 4027: 4019: 4014: 4006: 3988: 3980: 3952: 3945: 3937: 3932: 3908: 3901: 3893: 3875: 3870: 3845: 3837: 3829: 3824: 3816: 3811: 3803: 3798: 3790: 3785: 3765: 3747: 3742: 3734: 3729: 3721: 3716: 3708: 3703: 3695: 3690: 3682: 3665: 3657: 3652: 3643: 3635: 3617: 3612: 3604: 3599: 3591: 3583: 3575: 3570: 3561: 3553: 3548: 3540: 3536: 3531: 3523: 3518: 3498: 3479: 3471: 3466: 3458: 3453: 3444: 3436: 3418: 3400: 3395: 3387: 3382: 3374: 3369: 3361: 3357: 3352: 3344: 3339: 3331: 3327: 3322: 3294: 3287: 3276:. Retrieved 3272: 3262: 3251:. Retrieved 3247: 3237: 3226:. Retrieved 3222: 3212: 3204: 3199: 3080:Parc Monceau 3068:Great Pagoda 3061: 3056: 3052: 3046: 3040: 3036: 3011: 3000: 2996: 2986: 2973:Great Pagoda 2951: 2943: 2939: 2927: 2908: 2896:Matteo Ricci 2889: 2878: 2867: 2853: 2809: 2789:Zen Buddhism 2778: 2763: 2759:Ono no Imoko 2751: 2737: 2733: 2730: 2727: 2719:yin and yang 2716: 2713: 2710: 2700: 2696: 2689: 2688:– Ji Cheng, 2686: 2682: 2656: 2654: 2651: 2632: 2626: 2607: 2583: 2578: 2576: 2569: 2562: 2537: 2524: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2509: 2499: 2497: 2441: 2413: 2396: 2381: 2377: 2372:Tao Yuanming 2363: 2356:Tang dynasty 2349: 2339: 2335: 2330: 2320: 2306: 2304: 2300:Song dynasty 2282:and Chinese 2277: 2273: 2188: 2179: 2171: 2152: 2150: 2143: 2141: 2129: 2044:scholar rock 2041: 2037:Qing dynasty 2033:Ming dynasty 2021:Song dynasty 2018: 2013: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1990:Tang dynasty 1983: 1976: 1968: 1966: 1942:scholar rock 1812: 1810: 1803: 1795:moon windows 1792: 1787: 1785: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1761: 1756: 1752: 1750: 1661: 1656: 1654: 1648: 1637: 1631:si mian ting 1630: 1623: 1616: 1609: 1603: 1595: 1564:Architecture 1557: 1554: 1539: 1528: 1512: 1351: 1343: 1335:Lake Kunming 1324: 1320: 1312: 1300:Qing dynasty 1297: 1181: 1170: 1165: 1155: 1127:Ming dynasty 1124: 1115: 1112:Qing dynasty 1097: 1089: 1078: 1076: 1072: 1060: 1048:Yuan dynasty 1037: 1011: 999: 995: 991: 987: 977: 973:Shi Zhengzhi 966: 959: 944: 927: 919: 915: 911: 907: 901: 868: 860: 853:Song dynasty 850: 821: 817: 815: 795:introduction 792: 783: 779: 777: 772: 769:shanchi yuan 768: 762: 758:Consort Yang 749: 742:Tang dynasty 739: 725: 718:Emperor Yang 715: 710: 700: 694: 689: 685: 683: 678: 668: 664: 662: 658:Northern Wei 650:Emperor Ming 647: 621:Emperor Shun 619:built under 616: 614: 597: 578: 556: 552: 538: 519: 517: 496: 485: 482:Zhou dynasty 473: 467: 462: 458: 454: 448: 444: 436: 432: 430: 403: 396:King Wenwang 391: 387: 385: 379: 373: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 342:Yellow River 339: 325: 277:architecture 274: 256: 254: 233:Romanization 212:Hanyu Pinyin 137:Romanization 116:Hanyu Pinyin 40: 6488:WikiProject 6257:Monoculture 6252:Viticulture 6230:agriculture 6190:propagation 6130:Hügelkultur 6052:sustainable 6037:Agriculture 5979:Therapeutic 5959:Shakespeare 5770:Renaissance 5562:Xeriscaping 5557:Sustainable 5552:Square foot 5542:Proplifting 5507:Garden tool 5475:Foodscaping 5205:Gardens in 5138:Zhongnanhai 5133:Beihai Park 5121:Royal style 5112:Mochou Lake 5107:Zhan Garden 4968:Chinoiserie 4882:Chinese art 4491:Les Jardins 4452:Les Jardins 4409:Les Jardins 4370:Les Jardins 4298:6 September 4231:Les Jardins 4141:Les Jardins 4082:Les Jardins 3722:Les Jardins 3709:Les Jardins 3658:Les Jardins 3605:Les Jardins 3541:Les Jardins 3472:Les Jardins 3459:Les Jardins 3155:Pear Garden 3140:Moon Bridge 3076:Carmontelle 3072:Kew Gardens 3030:Stowe House 2911:Chinoiserie 2860:Kublai Khan 2812:Muso Soseki 2766:Nara period 2764:During the 2706:Han dynasty 2633:wenren yuan 2420:Plum Garden 2415:Prunus mume 2288:Prunus mume 2126:, Zhongshan 2029:Grand Canal 2019:During the 2014:Taihu Shiji 1975:and in the 1786:Galleries ( 1638:he hua ting 1460:(1723–1736) 1272:Marble Boat 1152:(1506–1521) 1040:Kublai Khan 1012:Penglai dao 881:Jin dynasty 780:wenren yuan 722:Sui dynasty 711:liubei tang 581:Han dynasty 553:Lanchi gong 539:In 221 BC, 468:During the 394:) built by 370:Qin dynasty 281:calligraphy 6150:Indigenous 6047:stock-free 6019:Zoological 5899:Pollinator 5792:Greenhouse 5735:Sharawadgi 5723:Vietnamese 5684:East Asian 5592:Australian 5547:Raised bed 5512:Green wall 4518:O. Impey, 4398:, Preface. 3746:Ji Cheng, 3694:Ji Cheng, 3535:Tzu-Hsui, 3278:2023-02-26 3253:2023-02-26 3228:2023-02-26 3186:References 3084:Chanteloup 3002:Sharawadgi 2962:Versailles 2869:Kubla Khan 2856:Marco Polo 2793:Zen garden 2669:Philosophy 2663:Cao Xueqin 2360:Zhou Dunyi 2159:Liu Yiqing 2000:), color ( 1475:garden in 1080:Kubla Khan 1067:Marco Polo 994:) and the 924:Sima Guang 697:Wang Xizhi 665:Jingu Yuan 642:Wang Xizhi 589:Emperor Wu 579:Under the 545:Qin Empire 408:this way: 336:Beginnings 293:other arts 289:literature 6421:Perennial 6384:Floristry 6331:Pesticide 6311:Herbicide 6306:Fungicide 6200:hardiness 5964:Shrubbery 5944:Sculpture 5765:landscape 5694:Cantonese 5669:Container 5664:Community 5632:Byzantine 5627:Butterfly 5617:Botanical 5517:Guerrilla 5465:Community 5455:Butterfly 5450:Arboretum 5445:Allotment 5437:Gardening 5429:gardening 5102:West Lake 5096:Yu Garden 4493:, p. 387. 4372:, p. 443. 4321:5 October 4215:5 October 4194:. Pg. 19. 4143:, p. 389. 3983:, p. 118. 3940:, p. 116. 3896:, p. 114. 3878:, p. 128. 3819:, p. 124. 3711:, p. 426. 3620:, pg. 12. 3474:, p. 352. 3314:271635555 3207:. p. 348 3191:Citations 3170:West Lake 3135:Moon gate 3018:Palladian 2881:Khanbaliq 2838:In Europe 2822:, called 2801:green tea 2743:Influence 2440:blossom ( 2418:) in the 2383:gardens. 2309:Xi Wangmu 2124:Zhan Yuan 1799:moon gate 1493:He Garden 1477:Guangdong 1129:, led by 1118:, at the 1054:, called 1038:In 1271, 1004:Shen Dehe 920:Dule Yuan 686:Jingu Shi 673:Shi Chong 530:Bohai Sea 478:King Jing 441:King Zhou 435:, or the 321:Moon Gate 6504:Category 6464:Category 6374:Features 6280:Grafting 6240:forestry 6222:Tropical 6207:Pomology 6180:cuttings 6175:breeding 6009:Wildlife 5989:Tropical 5939:Scottish 5889:Pleasure 5877:Paradise 5872:Charbagh 5842:Monastic 5837:Medieval 5747:Floating 5701:Japanese 5652:Communal 5642:Colonial 5607:Biblical 5572:Types of 5537:Parterre 5385:Category 4668:(1772). 4454:, p. 470 4411:, p. 464 4084:, p. 411 4035:, p. 142 4022:, p. 141 4009:, p. 137 3993:Siefkin. 3832:, p. 135 3793:, p. 24. 3724:, p. 431 3660:, p. 353 3578:, p. 41. 3556:, p. 36. 3543:, p. 352 3461:, p. 352 3421:, p. 12. 3390:, p. 11. 3377:, p. 11. 3364:, p. 11. 3130:Ji Cheng 3098:See also 2816:Kokedera 2797:Ryōan-ji 2723:Lake Tai 2565:Shanshui 2553:Leng Mei 2331:Xingyuan 2323:mandarin 2167:Jiangnan 2137:goldfish 1946:Lake Tai 1624:hua ting 1546:Ji Cheng 1516:Ji Cheng 1497:Yangzhou 1306:and the 1108:Qianlong 984:Lake Tai 951:Zhejiang 947:Hangzhou 865:Lake Tai 811:Chang'an 807:grafting 788:Wang Wei 765:Chang'an 730:Hangzhou 625:Liang Ji 585:Chang'an 549:Xianyang 490:Lake Tai 299:and the 285:painting 6476:Commons 6389:Ikebana 6341:Pruning 6267:Organic 6217:Roguing 6103:Cutting 5994:Victory 5969:Spanish 5949:Sensory 5894:Prairie 5862:Persian 5852:Orchard 5817:Kitchen 5812:Keyhole 5807:Italian 5802:Islamic 5797:Hanging 5756:French 5742:Fernery 5730:English 5689:Chinese 5674:Cottage 5602:Baroque 5574:gardens 5527:History 5310:gardens 5225:Ke Yuan 5008:Gongshi 4973:Penjing 4692:Sources 4181:, p. 19 4156:, p. 14 4112:pg. 205 3806:, p. 30 3526:, p. 22 3403:, p. 12 3165:Gongshi 3160:Penjing 2975:in the 2915:Watteau 2885:Beijing 2754:Shotoku 2629:Lantian 2510:jiejing 2424:Jiangsu 2145:I Ching 2010:Bo Juyi 1978:I Ching 1969:jiashan 1948:in the 1901:Beijing 1813:shufang 1780:cithare 1772:shifang 1617:da ting 1558:jiejing 1550:Jinling 1501:Jiangsu 1424:at the 1280:Beijing 1166:jiejing 1052:Beijing 1000:Nanyuan 992:Beiyuan 904:Luoyang 877:Jurchen 873:Kaifeng 846:Kaifeng 826:Li Deyu 728:, near 654:Luoyang 602:Penglai 561:Penglai 555:or the 480:of the 331:History 6226:Urban 6123:Taiwan 6118:Canada 6081:Botany 6074:Saikei 6069:Bonsai 6014:Winter 5999:Walled 5934:School 5929:Sacred 5884:Physic 5847:Mughal 5827:Market 5782:German 5760:formal 5752:Flower 5718:Korean 5637:Cactus 5622:Bottle 5582:Alpine 5532:Native 5485:Garden 5470:Forest 5303:UNESCO 5058:Styles 4827: 4759: 4731: 4712: 4649: 4604: 4568: 4467:p. 469 4431: 4346: 4258: 4055: 3960: 3920: 3858: 3773: 3672:中国古典园林 3638:, p. 6 3506: 3439:p. 16. 3312: 3302: 2864:Xanadu 2850:(1742) 2702:Taoism 2692:(1633) 2614:Li Bai 2595:Han Yu 2572:Shitao 2557:Li Bai 2526:Yuanye 2501:Yuanye 2342:orchid 2280:bamboo 2243:Suzhou 2064:Suzhou 1883:Garden 1881:Keyuan 1831:(1885) 1473:Keyuan 1392:garden 1286:, the 1209:(1541) 1104:Kangxi 1063:Xanadu 1044:Mongol 1032:Suzhou 955:Suzhou 896:Suzhou 869:Genyue 805:, and 606:Fanghu 587:, and 565:Fanghu 433:Shaqui 317:UNESCO 261:garden 180:中国古典园林 166:中國古典園林 6170:Plant 6108:Flora 6057:urban 6004:Water 5984:Trial 5954:Shade 5914:Roman 5787:Greek 5777:Front 5679:Dutch 5647:Color 5301:This 4810:[ 4808:江南园林志 4698:Books 2824:Horai 2781:Eisai 2774:Heian 2438:Lotus 2364:junzi 2346:peony 2133:lotus 2098:Water 1944:from 1797:or a 1770:, or 1642:lotus 1046:-led 879:-led 754:Xi′an 752:near 688:, or 667:, or 594:Liezi 459:Shiji 455:Shiji 6091:Crop 5924:Rose 5919:Roof 5909:Rock 5904:Rain 5867:Bāgh 5832:Mary 5822:Knot 5706:Roji 5597:Back 5427:and 4825:ISBN 4757:ISBN 4729:ISBN 4710:ISBN 4647:ISBN 4602:ISBN 4566:ISBN 4429:ISBN 4344:ISBN 4323:2011 4300:2011 4256:ISBN 4217:2011 4053:ISBN 3958:ISBN 3918:ISBN 3856:ISBN 3771:ISBN 3504:ISBN 3310:OCLC 3300:ISBN 3012:The 2971:The 2952:The 2917:and 2770:Nara 2395:The 2315:Pear 2284:plum 1994:xing 1788:lang 1768:fang 1657:ting 1610:ting 1491:The 1420:The 1404:The 1372:The 1298:The 1270:The 1237:The 1221:The 1150:Wuxi 1106:and 1056:Dadu 1026:The 980:Wuxi 937:The 890:The 740:The 610:一池三山 569:一池三山 380:yuan 375:yuan 358:yuan 356:and 283:and 255:The 84:中国园林 70:中國園林 5974:Tea 5711:Zen 5612:Bog 5312:in 3675:' ( 3070:in 2981:Kew 2979:at 2862:at 2787:of 2661:by 2508:" ( 2227:Koi 2157:by 2006:wen 1998:zhi 1899:in 1815:). 1764:xie 1755:or 1753:lou 1495:in 1278:in 1148:in 1030:in 894:in 445:tai 400:Yin 362:You 350:you 315:by 307:in 6506:: 4505:, 4443:^ 4290:. 4279:^ 4238:^ 4199:^ 3998:^ 3972:^ 3916:. 3914:28 3883:^ 3854:. 3852:45 3755:^ 3625:^ 3488:^ 3426:^ 3408:^ 3308:. 3271:. 3246:. 3221:. 2964:. 2876:. 2616:: 2597:: 2422:, 2344:, 2333:. 2002:se 1940:A 1766:, 1757:ge 1499:, 1122:. 1087:. 949:, 928:mu 906:. 801:, 797:, 760:. 366:pu 360:. 354:pu 352:, 279:, 272:. 226:Wu 130:Wu 5417:e 5410:t 5403:v 5285:e 5278:t 5271:v 5042:e 5035:t 5028:v 4874:e 4867:t 4860:v 4833:. 4792:. 4765:. 4737:. 4718:. 4655:. 4610:. 4574:. 4437:. 4352:. 4325:. 4302:. 4264:. 4219:. 4061:. 3966:. 3926:. 3864:. 3779:. 3737:. 3512:. 3347:. 3316:. 3281:. 3256:. 3231:. 2559:. 2446:) 2286:( 1782:. 998:( 990:( 918:( 820:( 604:, 453:( 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.