481:
407:, selected based on literary merit, were posted to the Study so that the Emperor had easy access to them when he sought counsel or discussion. When posted to the Study, officials were known as " access to the Southern Study" (南書房行走). Because of their proximity to the Emperor, officials posted to the Study became highly influential to the Emperor. After the establishment of the Grand Council, the Southern Study remained an important institution but lost its policy advisory role. Officials regarded secondment to the Southern Study as an honourable recognition of their literary achievements. In Chinese, the term "access to the Southern Study" in modern usage indicates a person who, through channels other than formal government office, has significant influence over leaders of the government.
431:. Trustworthy members of Cabinet staff were then seconded to work in the new Office. After defeating the Dzungars, the Yongzheng Emperor found that the streamlined operations of the Office of Military Secrets avoided problems with bureaucratic inefficiency. As a result, the Junjichu turned from a temporary institution into a "Grand Council" in 1732, quickly outstripping the powers of the Council of Advisor Princes, and the Southern Study, to become the chief policy-making body of the Qing Empire.
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administration, such as drafting edicts, and advising the
Emperor on various policies and problems. Its proximity to the Emperor and inner court, secrecy, and unofficial status allowed it to expand and sustained its central role in state administration, and also freed it from some of the constraints of many of the outer-court agencies.
448:. Shortly before his death, the Yongzheng Emperor established an interim council to assist his son. The Interim Council soon consolidated many of the "Inner Court" agencies of the Yongzheng era, and expanded its power. Three years later, in 1738, the Interim Council disbanded and the Grand Council was reconstituted.
472:, who had served on the Grand Council since 1776, introduced numerous reforms to the Grand Council, including a reduction of the numbers of grand councilors, the introduction of administrative punishments for grand councilors, and the regulation of Grand Council clerk appointments by imperial audiences.
537:
in 1894, copies of memoranda from the Grand
Council were sent both to the Guangxu Emperor and Empress Dowager Cixi, which was practiced until 1898, at which point the Empress Dowager resumed her "tutelage" of the Guangxu Emperor. From that time until the nearly simultaneous deaths of Empress Dowager
342:
In the early Qing dynasty, political power was held by the
Council of Princes and High Officials (議政王大臣會議), which consisted of eight imperial princes who served as imperial advisers at the same time. It also included a few Manchu officials. Established in 1637, the council was responsible for
451:
During the
Qianlong Emperor's reign, the Grand Council had many duties. Some of them included more mundane duties such as keeping track of paperwork and planning events, including entertainments for the imperial court and transportation of the Emperor. Other duties were more tied to state
351:
expanded the council's composition to Han
Chinese officials, with its mandate expanded to all important decisions relating to the Qing Empire. The council's powers gradually waned after the establishment of the Southern Study and the Grand Council, and it was abolished in 1717.
532:
After the
Guangxu Emperor formally took over the reins of power from his regent, Empress Dowager Cixi, both the Grand Council and the Emperor often sought the advice of the Empress Dowager, who was kept informed of state affairs. In fact, in 1894, with the outbreak of the
290:
Despite its important role in the government, the Grand
Council remained an informal policy making body in the inner court and its members held other concurrent posts in the Qing civil service. Originally, most of the officials serving in the Grand Council were
524:
to remark, after an audience in 1869, that "the state of affairs hinged entirely on the Grand
Councilors....whose power surpassed that of the imperial master." This configuration survived the regency for the Tongzhi Emperor and lasted into the regency of the
520:, who oversaw the Grand Council. The Grand Council would then discuss the issue and seek the discretion of the empress dowagers and draft up orders accordingly, with edict drafts having to be approved by the empress dowagers. Such a configuration would lead
511:
in 1861, edicts went out detailing how state papers and affairs were to be dealt with, with many of the policies being decided by the Grand
Council. Papers were to be first sent to the empress dowagers, who would refer them back to the
578:
The number of officials comprising the
Council varied from time to time, from as few as three to as many as ten. Usually, the number of officials serving in the council was five, two Manchus, two Han Chinese, and one
1693:
1757:
480:
2313:
855:
507:, the Grand Council took on many of the decision-making duties, particularly as the two women were novices in affairs of state. Soon after the two women became regents for the
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deciding major policies of the Qing government. Decisions of the council had precedence over decisions of the Grant Secretariat, the imperial cabinet. Under rules set by
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279:. The council was originally in charge of military affairs, but gradually attained a more important role and eventually attained the role of a
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officials were admitted into the ranks of the council. One of the earliest Han Chinese officials to serve in the council was
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271:; "Office for the Handling of Confidential Military Affairs"), was an important policy-making body of China during the
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427:) did not ensure security for military secrets. The Junjichu was then established in the Inner Court of the
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464:. Upon his father's death three years later, in 1799, the Jiaqing Emperor, along with purging his father's
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in 1911. The Qing dynasty, despite this concession to those calling for reform, collapsed not long after.
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583:, who acted as the council's president. The most senior among them was called the Chief Councilor (
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Cixi and the Guangxu Emperor a decade later, they jointly received the Grand Council at audiences.
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in function and importance, which is why it has become known as the "Grand Council" in English.
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391:) was an institution that held the highest policy-making power after its establishment in
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423:. Concerns were raised that the meeting location of the Grand Secretariat (outside the
303:. The chancellery was housed in an insignificant building just west of the gate to the
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550:, Guangxu's nephew, succeeded the throne. Eventually, in May 1911, Puyi's father,
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in Beijing, a relatively inconspicuous building close to the emperor's quarters
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487:(1833-1898), a prominent Grand Councilor during the reign of his brother, the
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658:, a Military Secretary of Grand Council (軍機章京), executed for supporting the
601:), but this was simply a working designation and was not an official title.
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With the deaths of Empress Dowager Cixi and the Guangxu Emperor in 1908,
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Monarchs and Ministers: The Grand Council in Mid-Ch'ing China, 1723–1820
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2044:
1994:
1964:
1807:
812:
A Mosaic of the Hundred Days: Personalities, Politics and Ideas of 1898
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1201:
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In 1735, the Yongzheng Emperor died and was succeeded by his son, the
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1979:
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465:
347:, the Council even had the power to depose the Emperor. In 1643, the
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1984:
1959:
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Ho, Alfred Kuo-liang. "The Grand Council in the Ch'ing Dynasty."
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In 1796, the Qianlong Emperor abdicated in favor of his son, the
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395:. It was abolished in 1898. The Southern Study was built by the
1166:
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558:, abolished the Grand Council, favoring an "Imperial Cabinet".
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Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet
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257:; literally, "Office of Military Secrets"), officially the
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The Interim Council and Reestablishing the Grand Council
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168:
Office for the Handling of Confidential Military Affairs
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194:
119:
105:
2358:
Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory
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1758:Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations
2178:Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China
2149:Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties
1217:
849:
499:During the regencies of the empress dowagers
338:Deliberative Council of Princes and Ministers
332:(r. 1722–1735) established the Grand Council.
156:
142:
75:
61:
476:The Grand Council Under Empress Dowager Cixi
1224:
1210:
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419:launched a military offensive against the
1838:Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty
1687:Imperial Edict of the Abdication of Puyi
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745:
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721:
709:
697:
479:
456:The Grand Council after the Qianlong era
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36:Duty office of the Grand Council in the
31:
2294:Complete Library of the Four Treasuries
1231:
14:
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2592:Timeline of late anti-Qing rebellions
1833:Principles of the Constitution (1908)
1205:
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809:
769:
757:
320:Council of Princes and High Officials
1813:Ministry of Posts and Communications
275:. It was established in 1733 by the
2561:History of Qing (People's Republic)
24:
2278:Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor
1647:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)
1640:1909 Provincial Assembly elections
1520:Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)
1344:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)
820:
795:. University of California Press.
435:The Qing Grand Council (1738-1911)
411:Establishment of the Grand Council
399:in the southwestern corner of the
25:
2649:
2567:Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty
2408:Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881)
2283:Shamanism during the Qing dynasty
1435:Dogra–Tibetan war (Sino-Sikh war)
355:
2378:Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking
1694:Articles of Favourable Treatment
1450:Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856)
383:
249:
2638:1911 disestablishments in China
1425:Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813
1311:Revolt of the Three Feudatories
566:at the time, founded the first
27:Qing dynasty policy-making body
2623:Government of the Qing dynasty
2079:Guest House of Imperial Envoys
1369:Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas
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241:
209:
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1:
2513:Banknotes of the Da Qing Bank
2288:Islam during the Qing dynasty
2144:Zhao Mausoleum (Qing dynasty)
1828:Provincial military commander
1818:Nine Gates Infantry Commander
1803:Imperial Household Department
1630:Preparative Constitutionalism
1334:Sino-Russian border conflicts
671:
605:Notable Grand Council members
2633:1733 establishments in China
2628:Government of Imperial China
2272:Researches on Manchu Origins
1677:Mongolian Revolution of 1911
1287:Transition from Ming to Qing
1277:Later Jin invasion of Joseon
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541:
315:Origins of the Grand Council
210:Pan-li Chün-chi Shih-wu Ch'u
7:
2172:Changzhou School of Thought
1682:1911 Revolution in Xinjiang
1657:Railway Protection Movement
1635:1909 Parliamentary election
1620:British expedition to Tibet
1530:Qing reconquest of Xinjiang
1490:Self-Strengthening Movement
1465:Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)
814:. Harvard University Press.
10:
2654:
2572:Legacy of the Qing dynasty
1460:Miao Rebellion (1854–1873)
1399:Miao Rebellion (1795–1806)
1389:Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa
1359:Miao Rebellion (1735–1736)
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2582:Names of the Qing dynasty
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2230:Manchu Han Imperial Feast
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2010:
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1711:
1602:
1560:Dungan Revolt (1895–1896)
1555:Gongche Shangshu movement
1500:Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)
1412:
1349:Chinese Rites controversy
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830:11, no. 2 (1952): 167–82.
828:The Far Eastern Quarterly
810:Kwong, Luke S.K. (1984).
588:
401:Palace of Heavenly Purity
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305:Palace of Heavenly Purity
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2503:Great Qing Treasure Note
2323:Treaty of Kyakhta (1727)
2033:Administrative divisions
1850:Administrative divisions
1778:Flag of the Qing dynasty
748:, pp. 242–244, 247.
736:, pp. 170, 191–195.
581:Prince of the First Rank
138:Traditional Chinese
57:Traditional Chinese
2099:Chengde Mountain Resort
1900:Three Eastern Provinces
1550:First Sino-Japanese War
1525:Northern Chinese Famine
1384:Lin Shuangwen rebellion
1282:Qing invasion of Joseon
535:First Sino-Japanese War
425:Gate of Supreme Harmony
152:Simplified Chinese
71:Simplified Chinese
2480:Great Qing Copper Coin
2368:Convention of Tientsin
2301:Annotated Bibliography
2249:Qing official headwear
1292:Battle of Shanhai Pass
496:
491:, and in the court of
333:
41:
2554:Draft History of Qing
2413:Treaty of Shimonoseki
2194:performance criticism
1798:Imperial Commissioner
1788:Great Qing Legal Code
1587:Eight-Nation Alliance
1570:Third plague pandemic
1480:Punti–Hakka Clan Wars
1404:White Lotus Rebellion
760:, pp. 21, 36–37.
483:
327:
260:Banli Junji Shiwu Chu
196:Bànlǐ Jūnjī Shìwù Chù
132:Banli Junji Shiwu Chu
35:
18:Chief grand councilor
2485:Great Qing Gold Coin
2418:Treaty of Tarbagatai
2363:Convention of Peking
2243:Pentaglot Dictionary
2225:Literary inquisition
1935:Ever Victorious Army
1768:Deliberative Council
1672:Xinhai Lhasa turmoil
1625:1905 Batang uprising
1565:Hundred Days' Reform
1455:Small Swords Society
598:lǐngbān jūnjī dàchén
493:Empress Dowager Cixi
360:The Southern Study (
2538:Anti-Qing sentiment
2388:Treaty of the Bogue
2328:Treaty of Nerchinsk
2260:Complete Tang Poems
1940:Green Standard Army
1823:Provincial governor
1793:Imperial Clan Court
1773:Diplomatic missions
1748:Consultative Bureau
1495:Tongzhi Restoration
1374:Afaqi Khoja revolts
1354:Ten Great Campaigns
1262:Jurchen unification
867:of the Qing dynasty
724:, pp. 166–167.
660:Hundred Days Reform
2423:Treaty of Tientsin
2134:Western Qing tombs
2129:Eastern Qing tombs
1955:Peking Field Force
1699:Manchu Restoration
1592:Declaration of war
1545:Jindandao incident
1364:Lhasa riot of 1750
787:Bartlett, Beatrice
497:
389:Julergi bithei boo
334:
255:coohai nashūn i ba
42:
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2433:Treaty of Whampoa
2428:Treaty of Wanghia
2403:Treaty of Nanking
2373:Li–Lobanov Treaty
2348:Chefoo Convention
2343:Burlingame Treaty
2214:Kangxi Dictionary
2119:Old Summer Palace
1950:Firearm Battalion
1753:Cup of Solid Gold
1707:
1706:
1652:Manchurian plague
1615:Late Qing reforms
1606:(1901–1912)
1540:Sikkim expedition
1470:Panthay Rebellion
1440:Taiping Rebellion
1416:(1801–1900)
1394:Sino-Nepalese War
1339:Dzungar–Qing Wars
1325:(1683–1799)
1253:(1616–1683)
1199:
1198:
865:Chief Councillors
772:, pp. 27–28.
417:Yongzheng Emperor
403:. Members of the
330:Yongzheng Emperor
295:, but gradually,
285:Grand Secretariat
277:Yongzheng Emperor
224:
223:
216:
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183:Standard Mandarin
127:
126:
94:Standard Mandarin
16:(Redirected from
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2587:New Qing History
2470:Qianlong Tongbao
2448:
2447:
2393:Treaty of Canton
2333:Unequal treaties
2139:Fuling Mausoleum
1738:Advisory Council
1667:Wuchang Uprising
1607:
1510:Tianjin Massacre
1475:Second Opium War
1417:
1379:Sino-Burmese War
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1304:Battle of Penghu
1272:Seven Grievances
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568:Imperial Cabinet
489:Xianfeng Emperor
446:Qianlong Emperor
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2383:Treaty of Aigun
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2207:History of Ming
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2011:Special regions
2006:
1945:Imperial Guards
1911:
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1662:1911 Revolution
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1575:Boxer Rebellion
1535:Sino-French War
1485:Amur Annexation
1430:First Opium War
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2104:Forbidden City
2101:
2095:
2093:
2087:
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2084:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2067:General of Ili
2064:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2050:List of ambans
2047:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2025:
2020:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2004:
1999:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
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1952:
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1937:
1932:
1927:
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1557:
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1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1515:Margary Affair
1512:
1507:
1505:Mudan incident
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1445:Nian Rebellion
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1421:
1419:
1414:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1406:
1401:
1396:
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1187:
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1177:
1175:
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1169:
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1115:
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1111:
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1061:
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1052:
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1037:
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1027:
1021:
1019:
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1009:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
972:
970:
963:
962:
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949:
944:
939:
934:
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905:
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861:
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832:
831:
822:
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782:
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762:
750:
738:
726:
714:
712:, p. 142.
702:
700:, p. 139.
690:
680:
678:
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670:
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662:
653:
648:
643:
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628:
623:
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606:
603:
575:
572:
564:Prime Minister
543:
540:
477:
474:
457:
454:
441:
438:
436:
433:
429:Forbidden City
412:
409:
405:Hanlin Academy
397:Kangxi Emperor
357:
356:Southern Study
354:
336:Main article:
321:
318:
316:
313:
309:Forbidden City
222:
221:
218:
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206:
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186:
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178:
177:Transcriptions
170:
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88:Transcriptions
81:
80:
73:
67:
66:
59:
53:
52:
49:
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38:Forbidden City
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2650:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2577:Manchu people
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2558:
2556:
2555:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2543:Canton System
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2524:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2508:Hubu Guanpiao
2506:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
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2468:
2466:
2463:
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2240:
2238:
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2228:
2226:
2223:
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2218:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2209:
2208:
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2202:
2199:
2195:
2192:
2191:
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2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2158:Society &
2156:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2124:Summer Palace
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2114:Mukden Palace
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2090:Palaces &
2088:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2075:
2072:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2055:
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2034:
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2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2003:
2000:
1996:
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1991:
1988:
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1983:
1982:
1981:
1978:
1976:
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1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1930:Eight Banners
1928:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1905:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
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1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1783:Grand Council
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
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1736:
1732:
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1632:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
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1618:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1603:20th century
1601:
1593:
1590:
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1585:
1581:
1578:
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1576:
1573:
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1518:
1516:
1513:
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1508:
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1501:
1498:
1496:
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1476:
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1471:
1468:
1466:
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1458:
1456:
1453:
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1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1413:19th century
1411:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
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1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
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1337:
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1332:
1331:
1329:
1322:
1318:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1288:
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1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1227:
1222:
1220:
1215:
1213:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1179:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1116:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1099:Peng Yunzhang
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1013:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
973:
971:
968:
964:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
924:
922:
919:
915:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
880:
878:
875:
871:
866:
859:
854:
852:
847:
845:
840:
839:
836:
829:
825:
824:
813:
808:
804:
802:9780520065918
798:
794:
793:
788:
784:
783:
771:
766:
759:
754:
747:
746:Bartlett 1991
742:
735:
734:Bartlett 1991
730:
723:
722:Bartlett 1991
718:
711:
710:Bartlett 1991
706:
699:
698:Bartlett 1991
694:
685:
681:
666:
663:
661:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
608:
602:
600:
594:
586:
582:
571:
569:
565:
561:
557:
556:Prince-Regent
553:
549:
539:
536:
530:
528:
523:
519:
515:
514:Prince-Regent
510:
506:
502:
494:
490:
486:
482:
473:
471:
467:
463:
453:
449:
447:
432:
430:
426:
422:
418:
415:In 1729, the
408:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
381:
377:
371:
363:
353:
350:
346:
339:
331:
326:
312:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
288:
286:
282:
281:privy council
278:
274:
266:
262:
261:
256:
252:
247:
239:
235:
234:
229:
228:Grand Council
219:
207:
205:
201:
193:
191:
187:
184:
180:
175:
171:
167:
163:
155:
153:
149:
141:
139:
135:
130:
121:Chün-chi Ch'u
118:
116:
112:
104:
102:
98:
95:
91:
86:
82:
74:
72:
68:
60:
58:
54:
50:
47:Grand Council
45:
39:
34:
30:
19:
2597:Treaty ports
2559:
2552:
2526:Other topics
2299:
2292:
2270:
2258:
2241:
2236:Peiwen Yunfu
2234:
2212:
2205:
2176:
1925:Beiyang Army
1907:Zongli Yamen
1782:
1763:Da-Qing Bank
1580:Red Lanterns
1233:Qing dynasty
1035:Cao Zhenyong
1025:Cao Zhenyong
1006:Cao Zhenyong
893:Zhang Tingyu
864:
827:
811:
791:
765:
753:
741:
729:
717:
705:
693:
688:梁章鉅《枢垣纪略》卷廿七
684:
611:Zhang Tingyu
596:
577:
545:
531:
498:
459:
450:
443:
414:
388:
373:
359:
341:
301:Zhang Tingyu
289:
273:Qing dynasty
259:
258:
254:
232:
231:
227:
225:
190:Hanyu Pinyin
101:Hanyu Pinyin
29:
2533:Aisin Gioro
2495:Paper money
2254:Qing poetry
1975:Wuwei Corps
1970:Shuishiying
1731:Family tree
952:Yu Minzhong
947:Liu Tongxun
665:Yu Minzhong
646:Prince Qing
636:Weng Tonghe
631:Prince Chun
626:Prince Gong
574:Composition
552:Prince Chun
522:Zeng Guofan
518:Prince Gong
485:Prince Gong
297:Han Chinese
2617:Categories
2201:Four Wangs
2092:mausoleums
2045:Golden Urn
2018:Inner Asia
1995:Xiang Army
1965:Hushenying
1890:Liangguang
1870:Liangjiang
1808:Lifan Yuan
1713:Government
1045:Pan Shi'en
770:Kwong 1984
758:Kwong 1984
672:References
656:Tan Sitong
554:, who was
375:Nánshūfáng
204:Wade–Giles
115:Wade–Giles
2023:Manchuria
1990:Huai Army
1980:Yong Ying
1865:Shaan-Gan
1321:High Qing
1267:Later Jin
1084:Qi Junzao
1079:Saišangga
1074:Qi Junzao
1055:Qi Junzao
874:Yongzheng
677:Citations
651:Qu Hongji
542:Abolition
233:Junji Chu
107:Jūnjī Chù
2475:Hongqian
2444:Currency
2314:Treaties
2220:Kaozheng
2167:Booi Aha
2109:Hetu Ala
2062:Timeline
2057:Xinjiang
2028:Mongolia
1985:Chu Army
1960:New Army
1917:Military
1855:Viceroys
1182:Xuantong
1065:Xianfeng
1050:Mujangga
1030:Cangling
1016:Daoguang
996:Dong Gao
986:Yongxing
942:Yengišan
918:Qianlong
883:Yunxiang
789:(1991).
466:favorite
2460:Zhiqian
2452:Coinage
2189:Economy
2160:culture
1895:Yun-Gui
1885:Min-Zhe
1880:Sichuan
1875:Huguang
1721:Emperor
1242:History
1191:Yikuang
1172:Yikuang
1138:Guangxu
1119:Tongzhi
1094:Wenqing
991:Qinggui
967:Jiaqing
779:Sources
667:(Chief)
585:Chinese
560:Yikuang
362:Chinese
345:Nurhaci
307:in the
293:Manchus
269:辦理軍機事務處
265:Chinese
238:Chinese
158:办理军机事务处
144:辦理軍機事務處
2074:Taiwan
1250:Early
1235:topics
1167:Ronglu
1162:Shiduo
1152:Shiduo
981:Heshen
937:Fuheng
903:Fupeng
888:Marsai
799:
641:Ronglu
621:Sushun
616:Heshen
595::
593:pinyin
589:領班軍機大臣
587::
562:, the
470:Heshen
380:Manchu
372::
370:pinyin
364::
267::
246:Manchu
240::
2266:Queue
2184:Dibao
2040:Tibet
1860:Zhili
1743:Amban
1157:Yixin
1147:Yixin
1128:Yixin
1109:Yixin
1104:Muyin
1089:Yixin
1040:Wenfu
1001:Tojin
932:Necin
927:Ortai
908:Ortai
898:Ortai
501:Ci'an
2002:Navy
1843:Ejen
1726:List
976:Agui
957:Agui
797:ISBN
548:Puyi
505:Cixi
503:and
393:1677
328:The
226:The
1184:era
1140:era
1121:era
1067:era
1018:era
969:era
920:era
876:era
366:南書房
242:軍機處
230:or
77:军机处
63:軍機處
2619::
591:;
529:.
516:,
468:,
382::
378:;
368:;
311:.
248::
244:;
1225:e
1218:t
1211:v
857:e
850:t
843:v
805:.
495:.
263:(
236:(
20:)
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