208:
1601:
1613:
20:
107:. In May 1931 AO Komseverput was reorganized into VO Glavkomseverput; the organization employed 35,000 men scattered all over Arctic, as well as a sizable staff in Moscow and in other mainland cities. A new office, Glavsevmorput, was established in December 1932 and absorbed VO Glavkomseverput in May 1933. Overall management was assigned to the Arctic explorer
197:
219:
145:
However, the season of 1937, through a combination of unrealistic plans, bad weather and bad luck, proved a disaster. Twenty-five of 64 ships dispatched on the route (many of them not fit for Arctic conditions) were trapped with crews and cargoes in the Arctic winter; one,
190:
In 1953 the organization, previously enjoying the status of a national ministry, was downgraded to a department of the
Merchant Fleet ministry. In 1964 the department was dissolved and its units divided amongst the
1456:
142:
as was necessary to its principal function. The organization's quick unchecked expansion, especially in its Moscow offices, was initially masked by the successes of the 1934–1936 seasons.
214:
4165:
192:
187:. Papanin's first season, 1939, was a relatively safe and successful one; the Northern Sea Route had become a functioning regular line, rather than a dangerous experiment.
4774:
179:
Otto
Schmidt, previously a high-profile public figure, was spared but demoted to scientific duties; overall management of the organization was reassigned to
4779:
741:
176:(foreign trade). Glavsevmorput was to concentrate exclusively on maintaining the Northern Sea Route, specifically running its coastal shipping line.
4784:
926:
736:
731:
726:
711:
706:
701:
696:
678:
673:
668:
663:
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653:
648:
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589:
584:
579:
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544:
531:
522:
466:
234:
436:
1650:
1237:
2288:
166:
4708:
1923:
1931:
354:
4283:
3289:
1702:
999:
832:
203:
3880:
3478:
3066:
1527:
4672:
979:
2618:
3483:
4566:
4247:
4069:
3959:
3728:
2317:
2266:
1510:
1396:
410:
374:
4759:
4017:
3598:
3537:
1585:
1515:
1215:
459:
394:
4789:
4040:
878:
427:
417:
404:
4794:
4118:
1542:
1532:
1185:
1042:
936:
921:
504:
111:, who had previously managed the Arctic Institute (VAI, later AANII). Glavsevmorput had its own Polar Air service
4349:
4335:
4309:
4146:
2117:
1643:
1505:
891:
363:
345:
161:
operation. The oversized organization was streamlined and stripped of auxiliary functions that were delegated to
3040:
4172:
4142:
2485:
2475:
2059:
1761:
1383:
1062:
1014:
850:
3783:
3945:
3455:
2588:
1522:
1047:
452:
3854:
3740:
3583:
2629:
2090:
1858:
1616:
1355:
1262:
1227:
1100:
171:
4302:
3924:
3758:
3699:
3653:
1882:
1771:
1080:
1022:
825:
4662:
3387:
3361:
3354:
2805:
2706:
2698:
2681:
2299:
1845:
1697:
1636:
1075:
783:
130:
and coordinating supplies and transport. It aimed to contribute to the development of northern coastal
3094:
4485:
4095:
3791:
3590:
3375:
3257:
3060:
2942:
2793:
2642:
2580:
2567:
2440:
2166:
1818:
1406:
911:
271:
4635:
4226:
4220:
4138:
4012:
3797:
3523:
3399:
3249:
3137:
2921:
1222:
863:
757:
1937:
154:
of 1936–1938, led to a string of arrests; at least 673 Glavsevmorput personnel were arrested in a
4702:
4365:
3518:
3392:
3312:
2821:
2648:
1850:
896:
134:; the office was empowered to establish seaports, conduct extensive research, and trade with the
89:
41:
4640:
4206:
2138:
1555:
1210:
818:
385:
3473:
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4075:
3994:
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3686:
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3450:
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3025:
2800:
2636:
2546:
2528:
2445:
2416:
2406:
2294:
2231:
2005:
1190:
1177:
1167:
1120:
906:
476:
2686:
4499:
4491:
4434:
4022:
3886:
3812:
3804:
3604:
3544:
3503:
3116:
3107:
2978:
2973:
2877:
2741:
2498:
2460:
2067:
1837:
1805:
1749:
1729:
1580:
3867:
2272:
2255:
8:
4764:
4620:
4542:
4007:
3930:
3846:
3627:
3619:
3568:
3208:
3166:
2661:
2624:
2513:
2277:
2147:
1950:
1755:
1481:
1391:
1247:
974:
366:
2260:
4769:
4341:
4233:
4214:
3778:
3753:
3295:
3189:
3153:
3129:
3020:
2867:
2842:
2838:
2828:
2734:
2712:
2691:
2572:
2562:
2309:
2197:
2125:
1798:
1789:
1781:
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1672:
1570:
1200:
1140:
944:
868:
858:
790:
526:
348:
184:
68:
4713:
4519:
4513:
4469:
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4110:
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4062:
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3908:
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3746:
3713:
3706:
3659:
3641:
3558:
3307:
3176:
3124:
3030:
2983:
2911:
2900:
2612:
2602:
2594:
2490:
2480:
2391:
2386:
2369:
2335:
2202:
2189:
2010:
1916:
1874:
1869:
1659:
1565:
1560:
1368:
1232:
1052:
1037:
954:
618:
539:
535:
423:
231:(Mikhalkino) was named Glavsevmorput (or GUSMP) Island in honour of the organization
127:
100:
4730:
4462:
4154:
4034:
3860:
3833:
3773:
3648:
3578:
3563:
3302:
3231:
3226:
3200:
3195:
3077:
3000:
2953:
2720:
2540:
2505:
2401:
2396:
2330:
2244:
2026:
2018:
1904:
1824:
1776:
1766:
1739:
1426:
984:
444:
80:
60:
32:
4720:
4667:
4652:
4558:
4553:
4477:
4442:
4378:
4277:
4192:
4159:
3891:
3674:
3666:
3635:
3551:
3511:
3265:
3221:
3161:
3085:
3055:
3050:
3010:
2988:
2936:
2872:
2862:
2813:
2535:
2520:
2373:
2342:
2304:
2054:
1982:
1976:
1899:
1864:
1724:
1604:
1476:
1205:
1115:
1032:
1027:
398:
358:
3243:
4694:
4677:
4630:
4589:
4579:
4548:
4407:
4397:
4289:
4239:
4104:
4054:
4027:
3972:
3768:
3763:
3612:
3465:
3319:
3281:
3238:
3171:
3145:
3099:
3072:
3045:
3015:
2958:
2916:
2906:
2786:
2779:
2676:
2656:
2468:
2428:
2359:
2155:
2130:
2085:
2049:
2043:
2035:
1995:
1990:
1964:
1944:
1712:
1401:
1363:
1152:
959:
886:
794:
500:
4753:
4657:
4599:
4594:
4584:
4534:
4529:
4505:
4449:
4326:
4320:
4315:
3914:
3825:
3818:
3573:
3368:
3347:
3215:
2993:
2963:
2931:
2926:
2763:
2669:
2552:
2347:
2160:
2110:
2103:
2095:
2000:
1909:
1744:
1550:
1466:
1451:
1280:
1242:
1145:
1110:
1070:
949:
916:
778:
721:
716:
614:
517:
508:
249:
236:
155:
135:
116:
391:
4688:
4682:
4294:
4258:
4124:
3951:
3901:
3840:
3694:
3382:
3333:
3183:
3005:
2968:
2948:
2889:
2423:
2411:
2354:
2282:
2183:
2080:
2074:
1971:
1959:
1832:
1810:
1734:
1687:
1421:
1313:
1275:
1252:
964:
769:
513:
496:
492:
484:
228:
180:
123:
108:
4725:
4625:
4573:
4391:
4178:
3966:
3341:
3273:
3035:
2894:
2857:
2757:
2749:
2557:
1893:
1575:
1486:
1461:
1436:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1195:
1135:
774:
151:
112:
4524:
4427:
4411:
4253:
4186:
4087:
3496:
3445:
3405:
2727:
2453:
2381:
2323:
1716:
1684:
1300:
1270:
994:
122:
Glavsevmorput, in addition to running Arctic shipping, also became the
104:
4046:
2883:
2435:
2218:
1416:
1340:
1318:
1090:
989:
969:
1628:
3978:
1305:
1085:
162:
19:
1157:
411:
The discovery and history of exploration of the
Northern Sea Route
224:. The system continued working and reached peak capacity in 1987.
67:), was a Soviet government organization in charge of the maritime
4605:
3985:
2250:
2226:
2214:
1446:
1295:
1285:
1130:
1125:
1105:
1095:
131:
2772:
810:
23:
Depiction of a northern sea route between Europe and the
Pacific
2851:
2176:
1471:
1441:
1411:
1373:
1345:
1290:
1004:
841:
799:
688:
2237:
1431:
1162:
139:
158:
350:
The Drift of Lenin's Convoy in the Laptev Sea, 1937–1938
3442:
94:
79:
The organization traces its roots to AO Komseverput (
71:, established in January 1932 and dissolved in 1964.
46:
474:
413:
at The
Russian State Museum of Arctic and Antarctic
165:(land facilities) and to the State trading company
99:) or KSMP, a shipping company established by the
4775:Polar exploration by Russia and the Soviet Union
4751:
368:The First Soviet Convoy to the Mouth of the Lena
927:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
371:. Arctic, v.35 no.2 (June 1982) p. 317-325
353:. Arctic, v.33 no.1 (March 1980) p. 4-20
150:, sank. The débâcle, which coincided with the
1644:
826:
460:
103:in 1919 and subsequently nationalized by the
438:In Search of a Soviet Klondike in the Tundra
1238:Effects of global warming on marine mammals
902:Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route
766:Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route
382:75 лет Северному морскому пути. Пресс-релиз
126:agency for exploiting resources across the
29:Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route
1651:
1637:
833:
819:
467:
453:
48:Glavnoe upravlenie Severnogo morskogo puti
37:Главное Управление Северного Морского Пути
4780:Political repression in the Soviet Union
4709:Pole of Inaccessibility research station
18:
4284:Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition
204:Hydrometeorological Service of the USSR
4785:Shipping companies of the Soviet Union
4752:
3428:
1670:
1658:
1632:
814:
448:
298:
296:
328:
326:
4070:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
2267:Norse colonization of North America
1612:
1457:Northern indigenous Russian peoples
332:75 years of Northern Sea Route, p.4
320:75 years of Northern Sea Route, p.3
290:75 years of Northern Sea Route, p.1
227:A large island at the mouth of the
13:
3599:United States Exploring Expedition
1516:Arctic Refuge drilling controversy
435:. Reviewed by Eva-Maria Stolberg.
305:
293:
14:
4806:
4673:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
4041:Australasian Antarctic Expedition
840:
323:
215:Soviet Ministry of Civil Aviation
4567:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
3960:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
1611:
1600:
1599:
1186:Arctic Climate Impact Assessment
1043:Queen Elizabeth Islands Subplate
922:Territorial claims in the Arctic
380:75 years of Northern Sea Route (
892:Arctic cooperation and politics
96:Komitet Severnogo morskogo puti
85:Комитет Северного морского пути
1000:Populated places in the Arctic
407:at SHIP & OCEAN FOUNDATION
386:Arctic and Antarctic Institute
314:
284:
193:Ministry of the Merchant Fleet
16:Soviet government organization
1:
3946:Japanese Antarctic Expedition
3881:Scottish Antarctic Expedition
3429:
1523:Pollution in the Arctic Ocean
1048:Southeast Bathurst Fault Zone
339:
4303:Soviet Antarctic Expeditions
4119:Shackleton–Rowett Expedition
3925:French Antarctic Expeditions
3855:Swedish Antarctic Expedition
3741:Belgian Antarctic Expedition
1859:Lady Franklin Bay Expedition
1228:Climate change in the Arctic
980:Impact craters of the Arctic
7:
3388:Nuclear-powered icebreakers
3067:Austro-Hungarian Expedition
1932:Andrée's balloon expedition
1081:Canadian Arctic Archipelago
1023:Canadian Arctic Rift System
265:
95:
47:
10:
4811:
2589:Franklin's lost expedition
2289:Christian IV's expeditions
1671:
1076:British Arctic Territories
74:
4760:Exploration of the Arctic
4406:
4137:
3724:
3464:
3441:
3437:
3424:
2943:Great Northern Expedition
2837:
2619:Rae–Richardson expedition
2368:
2213:
1819:British Arctic Expedition
1711:
1683:
1679:
1666:
1594:
1541:
1498:
1382:
1354:
1261:
1176:
1061:
1013:
935:
912:Inuit Circumpolar Council
877:
849:
750:
687:
483:
392:Biography of G.A. Ushakov
272:Great Northern Expedition
84:
64:
36:
4790:Government of the Arctic
4227:British Antarctic Survey
4221:Captain Arturo Prat Base
3466:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
1223:Arctic methane emissions
377:at www.polarmuseum.sp.ru
375:On Russian explorations:
277:
4795:Transport in the Arctic
4703:Pole of inaccessibility
4366:Antarctic Treaty System
2707:2nd Grinnell expedition
897:Arctic Ocean Conference
1556:Arctic shipping routes
405:The Northern Sea Route
24:
4373:Transglobe Expedition
4272:Operation Deep Freeze
3681:Challenger expedition
2547:Coppermine expedition
2068:Drifting ice stations
1511:Petroleum exploration
1191:Arctic dipole anomaly
1168:North American Arctic
1121:Northwest Territories
907:Ilulissat Declaration
477:drifting ice stations
384:. ААНИИ, 21.02.2008.
22:
1581:Transpolar Sea Route
4543:South magnetic pole
3209:Brusilov expedition
2318:Danish colonization
1756:North magnetic pole
1482:Arctic Winter Games
1248:Polar amplification
1216:ecology and history
975:Greenland ice sheet
246: /
4234:Operation Windmill
4215:Operation Highjump
3190:Rusanov expedition
3095:A. E. Nordenskiöld
2839:North East Passage
2643:McClure expedition
1571:Northern Sea Route
1201:Arctic oscillation
945:Arctic Archipelago
869:History of whaling
859:Arctic exploration
791:Konstantin Badygin
527:Alexey Tryoshnikov
397:2011-07-25 at the
357:2011-05-24 at the
250:69.500°N 161.500°E
101:Kolchak government
69:Northern Sea Route
25:
4747:
4746:
4743:
4742:
4739:
4738:
4201:Operation Tabarin
4063:Far Eastern Party
3909:Nimrod Expedition
3420:
3419:
3416:
3415:
2979:M. Pronchishcheva
2901:Siberian Cossacks
2370:Northwest Passage
1703:Research stations
1660:Polar exploration
1626:
1625:
1586:Search and rescue
1566:Northwest Passage
1561:Northeast Passage
1506:Natural resources
1397:Subarctic peoples
1369:Arctic vegetation
1233:Climate of Alaska
1053:Ungava Fault Zone
1038:Innuitian orogeny
955:Arctic Cordillera
808:
807:
619:Artur Chilingarov
540:Aleksandr Dralkin
536:Yevgeny Tolstikov
93:
51:), also known as
45:
4802:
4248:Ronne Expedition
3733:
3727:
3591:Dumont d'Urville
3439:
3438:
3426:
3425:
2974:V. Pronchishchev
1681:
1680:
1668:
1667:
1653:
1646:
1639:
1630:
1629:
1615:
1614:
1603:
1602:
1490:
1489:(New Year's Day)
985:Innuitian Region
835:
828:
821:
812:
811:
505:Yevgeny Fyodorov
469:
462:
455:
446:
445:
333:
330:
321:
318:
312:
309:
303:
300:
291:
288:
261:
260:
258:
257:
256:
251:
247:
244:
243:
242:
239:
223:
212:
201:
175:
98:
88:
86:
66:
50:
40:
38:
4810:
4809:
4805:
4804:
4803:
4801:
4800:
4799:
4750:
4749:
4748:
4735:
4410:
4402:
4278:McMurdo Station
4147:Modern research
4145:
4133:
3868:O. Nordenskjöld
3731:
3725:
3720:
3636:Ross expedition
3460:
3433:
3412:
2841:
2833:
2374:Northern Canada
2372:
2364:
2217:
2209:
1715:
1707:
1675:
1662:
1657:
1627:
1622:
1590:
1576:Polar air route
1537:
1528:Protected areas
1494:
1488:
1378:
1350:
1257:
1172:
1116:Northern Canada
1057:
1033:Greenland Plate
1028:Eurekan orogeny
1009:
931:
873:
864:Arctic research
845:
839:
809:
804:
746:
683:
479:
473:
416:John McCannon,
401:at Polar World.
399:Wayback Machine
359:Wayback Machine
342:
337:
336:
331:
324:
319:
315:
311:Barr 1980, p.17
310:
306:
301:
294:
289:
285:
280:
268:
255:69.500; 161.500
254:
252:
248:
245:
240:
237:
235:
233:
232:
217:
206:
195:
169:
77:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4808:
4798:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4745:
4744:
4741:
4740:
4737:
4736:
4734:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4717:
4716:
4711:
4699:
4698:
4697:
4695:Vostok Station
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4649:
4648:
4646:Cherry-Garrard
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4611:
4610:
4609:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4563:
4562:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4539:
4538:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4510:
4509:
4508:
4496:
4495:
4494:
4486:Southern Cross
4482:
4481:
4480:
4467:
4466:
4465:
4452:
4447:
4446:
4445:
4432:
4431:
4430:
4416:
4414:
4408:Farthest South
4404:
4403:
4401:
4400:
4395:
4388:
4387:
4386:
4381:
4369:
4362:
4361:
4360:
4359:
4358:
4346:
4345:
4344:
4332:
4331:
4330:
4323:
4318:
4299:
4298:
4297:
4292:
4280:
4275:
4268:
4267:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4244:
4243:
4242:
4230:
4223:
4218:
4211:
4210:
4209:
4197:
4196:
4195:
4183:
4182:
4181:
4169:
4162:
4157:
4151:
4149:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4131:
4130:
4129:
4115:
4114:
4113:
4105:Ross Sea party
4101:
4092:
4091:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4066:
4059:
4058:
4057:
4052:
4037:
4032:
4031:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
3991:
3990:
3989:
3982:
3975:
3970:
3956:
3955:
3954:
3942:
3941:
3940:
3935:
3921:
3920:
3919:
3905:
3898:
3897:
3896:
3889:
3877:
3876:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3851:
3850:
3849:
3844:
3830:
3829:
3828:
3823:
3809:
3808:
3807:
3802:
3799:Southern Cross
3792:Southern Cross
3788:
3787:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3736:
3734:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3716:
3704:
3703:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3677:
3672:
3671:
3670:
3657:
3651:
3632:
3631:
3630:
3617:
3616:
3615:
3610:
3595:
3594:
3593:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3555:
3554:
3542:
3541:
3540:
3538:Bellingshausen
3528:
3521:
3516:
3515:
3514:
3501:
3500:
3499:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3470:
3468:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3435:
3434:
3422:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3410:
3409:
3408:
3397:
3385:
3380:
3373:
3366:
3365:
3364:
3352:
3351:
3350:
3338:
3337:
3336:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3286:
3285:
3284:
3270:
3269:
3268:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3205:
3204:
3203:
3198:
3186:
3181:
3180:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3150:
3149:
3148:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3097:
3082:
3081:
3080:
3075:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2997:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2847:
2845:
2843:Russian Arctic
2835:
2834:
2832:
2831:
2826:
2825:
2824:
2810:
2809:
2808:
2803:
2789:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2754:
2753:
2752:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2725:
2724:
2723:
2718:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2667:
2659:
2654:
2639:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2615:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2600:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2532:
2531:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2503:
2502:
2501:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2472:
2471:
2458:
2457:
2456:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2426:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2378:
2376:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2333:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2314:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2285:
2280:
2278:Snæbjörn galti
2275:
2270:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2241:
2234:
2229:
2223:
2221:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2180:
2173:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2145:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2114:
2107:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2071:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2024:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1947:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1879:
1878:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1835:
1830:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1786:
1785:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1721:
1719:
1713:Farthest North
1709:
1708:
1706:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1677:
1676:
1664:
1663:
1656:
1655:
1648:
1641:
1633:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1620:
1608:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1547:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1535:
1533:Transportation
1530:
1525:
1520:
1519:
1518:
1508:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1392:Arctic peoples
1388:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1364:Arctic ecology
1360:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1337:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1267:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1219:
1218:
1213:
1206:Arctic sea ice
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1182:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1141:Russian Arctic
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1067:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1019:
1017:
1011:
1010:
1008:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
970:Arctic Cyclone
967:
962:
960:Arctic ecology
957:
952:
947:
941:
939:
933:
932:
930:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
887:Arctic Council
883:
881:
875:
874:
872:
871:
866:
861:
855:
853:
847:
846:
838:
837:
830:
823:
815:
806:
805:
803:
802:
797:
795:Vladimir Wiese
781:
772:
763:
754:
752:
748:
747:
745:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
693:
691:
685:
684:
682:
681:
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
529:
520:
511:
501:Pyotr Shirshov
489:
487:
481:
480:
472:
471:
464:
457:
449:
443:
442:
430:
414:
408:
402:
389:
378:
372:
361:
341:
338:
335:
334:
322:
313:
304:
302:Barr 1980, p.4
292:
282:
281:
279:
276:
275:
274:
267:
264:
185:polar explorer
76:
73:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4807:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4757:
4755:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4706:
4705:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4693:
4692:
4691:
4690:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4618:
4617:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4607:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4575:
4571:
4570:
4569:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4546:
4545:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4517:
4516:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4504:
4503:
4502:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4490:
4489:
4488:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4476:
4475:
4474:
4473:
4468:
4464:
4461:
4460:
4459:
4458:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4444:
4441:
4440:
4439:
4438:
4433:
4429:
4426:
4425:
4424:
4423:
4418:
4417:
4415:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4376:
4375:
4374:
4370:
4368:
4367:
4363:
4357:
4354:
4353:
4352:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4340:
4339:
4338:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4328:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4313:
4312:
4311:
4307:
4306:
4305:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4287:
4286:
4285:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4251:
4250:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4238:
4237:
4236:
4235:
4231:
4229:
4228:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4205:
4204:
4203:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4191:
4190:
4189:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4177:
4176:
4175:
4174:
4170:
4168:
4167:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4128:
4127:
4123:
4122:
4121:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4109:
4108:
4107:
4106:
4102:
4100:
4099:
4098:
4093:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4078:
4074:
4073:
4072:
4071:
4067:
4065:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4050:
4045:
4044:
4043:
4042:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4003:
3999:
3998:
3997:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3987:
3983:
3981:
3980:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3968:
3964:
3963:
3962:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3950:
3949:
3948:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3933:
3929:
3928:
3927:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3917:
3913:
3912:
3911:
3910:
3906:
3904:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3894:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3884:
3883:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3863:
3859:
3858:
3857:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3842:
3838:
3837:
3836:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3826:Discovery Hut
3824:
3822:
3821:
3817:
3816:
3815:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3800:
3796:
3795:
3794:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3749:
3745:
3744:
3743:
3742:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3730:
3723:
3715:
3712:
3711:
3710:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3690:
3685:
3684:
3683:
3682:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3668:
3664:
3663:
3658:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3646:
3645:
3640:
3639:
3638:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3626:
3625:
3624:
3623:
3618:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3608:
3603:
3602:
3601:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3589:
3588:
3587:
3586:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3548:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3534:
3533:
3529:
3527:
3526:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3508:
3507:
3502:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3493:
3492:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3463:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3427:
3423:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3391:
3390:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3378:
3374:
3372:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3358:
3357:
3356:A. Sibiryakov
3353:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3329:
3328:Glavsevmorput
3325:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3315:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3292:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3278:
3277:
3276:
3271:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3260:
3254:
3253:
3252:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3217:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3191:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3156:
3151:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3135:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3120:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3105:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3083:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2853:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2830:
2827:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2818:
2817:
2816:
2811:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2797:
2796:
2795:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2774:
2769:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2716:
2711:
2710:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2631:
2630:J. Richardson
2628:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2607:
2606:
2601:
2599:
2598:
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2016:
2012:
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2006:Riiser-Larsen
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1281:Bowhead whale
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
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1243:Polar climate
1241:
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1234:
1231:
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1071:Arctic Alaska
1069:
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950:Arctic Circle
948:
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923:
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917:Saami Council
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824:
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788:
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782:
780:
779:Mark Shevelev
776:
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541:
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518:Mikhail Somov
515:
512:
510:
509:Ernst Krenkel
506:
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458:
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451:
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447:
440:
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434:
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428:0-19-511436-1
425:
422:, 1932–1939,
421:
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177:
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164:
160:
157:
156:domino-effect
153:
149:
143:
141:
137:
136:United States
133:
129:
125:
120:
118:
117:Mark Shevelev
114:
110:
106:
102:
97:
91:
82:
72:
70:
62:
58:
54:
53:Glavsevmorput
49:
43:
34:
30:
21:
4701:
4689:Pole of Cold
4687:
4613:
4604:
4572:
4565:
4541:
4512:
4498:
4492:Borchgrevink
4484:
4471:
4456:
4436:
4421:
4390:
4371:
4364:
4348:
4334:
4325:
4308:
4301:
4282:
4270:
4246:
4232:
4225:
4213:
4199:
4185:
4171:
4164:
4125:
4117:
4103:
4096:
4094:
4076:
4068:
4061:
4048:
4039:
4001:
3993:
3984:
3977:
3965:
3958:
3944:
3932:Pourquoi-Pas
3931:
3923:
3915:
3907:
3902:Orcadas Base
3900:
3892:
3879:
3873:C. A. Larsen
3861:
3853:
3839:
3832:
3819:
3811:
3805:Borchgrevink
3798:
3790:
3747:
3739:
3714:C. A. Larsen
3707:
3688:
3679:
3661:
3643:
3634:
3621:
3606:
3597:
3584:
3545:
3531:
3524:
3505:
3490:
3400:
3393:
3376:
3369:
3355:
3340:
3327:
3326:
3313:
3288:
3274:
3272:
3258:
3256:
3250:
3248:
3214:
3207:
3188:
3154:
3152:
3138:
3136:
3118:
3108:
3106:
3086:
3084:
3065:
2941:
2899:
2882:
2850:
2814:
2812:
2792:
2791:
2771:
2770:
2756:
2743:
2728:
2714:
2705:
2692:
2663:
2651:Investigator
2650:
2641:
2617:
2604:
2596:
2587:
2574:
2545:
2522:
2507:
2492:
2462:
2447:
2417:
2336:
2316:
2287:
2283:Erik the Red
2265:
2243:
2236:
2193:submersibles
2190:
2184:Arktika 2007
2182:
2175:
2168:
2165:
2149:
2140:
2137:
2118:
2116:
2109:
2102:
2073:
2066:
2042:
2028:
2027:
2019:
2017:
1983:
1981:
1952:
1949:
1938:S. A. Andrée
1930:
1917:
1892:
1884:
1881:
1857:
1839:
1826:
1817:
1799:
1790:
1788:
1754:
1610:
1598:
1487:Quviasukvik
1276:Beluga whale
1253:Polar vortex
965:Arctic Ocean
901:
785:
770:Otto Schmidt
765:
759:
497:Ivan Papanin
485:Soviet Union
437:
432:
418:
381:
367:
349:
316:
307:
286:
229:Kolyma River
226:
189:
181:Ivan Papanin
178:
147:
144:
121:
115:, headed by
109:Otto Schmidt
78:
56:
52:
28:
26:
4392:Lake Vostok
4342:Tryoshnikov
4264:Schlossbach
4155:Christensen
4097:James Caird
4018:E. R. Evans
3784:Dobrowolski
3754:de Gerlache
3456:Expeditions
3342:Aviaarktika
3296:Samoylovich
3167:Kolomeitsev
3061:Middendorff
3021:Gedenshtrom
2441:I. Fyodorov
2203:Chilingarov
2091:E. Fyodorov
1698:Expeditions
1617:WikiProject
1196:Arctic haze
1136:Nunatsiavut
784:Icebreaker
775:Aviaarktika
758:Icebreaker
475:North Pole
253: /
218: [
207: [
196: [
183:, a famous
170: [
152:Great Purge
113:Aviaarktika
4765:Navigation
4754:Categories
4615:Terra Nova
4520:Shackleton
4463:J. C. Ross
4422:Resolution
4412:South Pole
4187:New Swabia
4111:Mackintosh
4083:Shackleton
4002:Terra Nova
3995:Terra Nova
3729:Heroic Age
3689:Challenger
3649:J. C. Ross
3559:Bransfield
3491:Resolution
3406:icebreaker
3370:Chelyuskin
3111:expedition
3089:Expedition
3031:Matyushkin
2989:Kh. Laptev
2984:Chelyuskin
2878:Heemskerck
2868:Chancellor
2863:Willoughby
2858:Koch boats
2801:Stefansson
2735:McClintock
2699:Inglefield
2541:J. C. Ross
2448:Resolution
2300:Cunningham
2198:Sagalevich
1887:expedition
1846:Stephenson
1806:C. F. Hall
1793:expedition
1767:J. C. Ross
1730:Heemskerck
1717:North Pole
1301:Polar bear
1271:Arctic fox
1101:Inuvialuit
995:North Pole
879:Government
433:Red Arctic
419:Red Arctic
340:References
105:Bolsheviks
4770:Sea lanes
4714:Tolstikov
4500:Discovery
4470:HMS
4455:HMS
4437:Adventure
4435:HMS
4420:HMS
4356:Tolstikov
4077:Endurance
3862:Antarctic
3847:Drygalski
3820:Discovery
3813:Discovery
3774:Arctowski
3687:HMS
3660:HMS
3654:Abernethy
3642:HMS
3620:USS
3607:Vincennes
3605:USS
3585:Astrolabe
3525:San Telmo
3506:Adventure
3504:HMS
3489:HMS
3484:Kerguelen
3446:Continent
3431:Antarctic
3308:Urvantsev
3266:Vilkitsky
3119:Jeannette
3117:USS
3109:Jeannette
3073:Weyprecht
3051:Pakhtusov
3001:Chichagov
2994:D. Laptev
2937:Permyakov
2912:Stadukhin
2907:Perfilyev
2884:Mangazeya
2822:H. Larsen
2787:Rasmussen
2742:HMS
2713:USS
2662:HMS
2649:HMS
2613:Collinson
2603:HMS
2595:HMS
2573:HMS
2521:HMS
2506:HMS
2491:HMS
2476:Mackenzie
2463:Discovery
2461:HMS
2446:HMS
2418:Discovery
2397:Frobisher
2360:Rasmussen
2273:Gunnbjörn
2219:Greenland
2148:USS
2139:USS
2011:Ellsworth
1953:Roosevelt
1883:Nansen's
1840:Discovery
1838:HMS
1825:HMS
1772:Abernethy
1740:Marmaduke
1543:Transport
1427:Icelandic
1417:Karelians
1341:Snowy owl
1091:Greenland
990:Nordicity
937:Geography
128:far north
90:romanized
42:romanized
4726:A. Fuchs
4683:V. Fuchs
4663:McKinley
4626:E. Evans
4585:Bjaaland
4580:Amundsen
4530:Marshall
4443:Furneaux
4295:V. Fuchs
4259:E. Ronne
4254:F. Ronne
4193:Ritscher
4047:SY
4035:Filchner
3979:Framheim
3973:Amundsen
3779:Racoviță
3764:Amundsen
3759:Lecointe
3628:Ringgold
3622:Porpoise
3512:Furneaux
3348:Shevelev
3303:Begichev
3282:Amundsen
3244:Nagórski
3222:Brusilov
3216:Sv. Anna
3130:Melville
3100:Palander
3056:Tsivolko
3016:Sannikov
3011:Billings
2954:Chirikov
2873:Barentsz
2815:St. Roch
2806:Bartlett
2780:Amundsen
2764:Sverdrup
2664:Resolute
2553:Franklin
2481:Kotzebue
2348:Sverdrup
2331:Scoresby
2305:Lindenov
2156:Plaisted
2141:Nautilus
2086:Shirshov
2060:Belyakov
2055:Baydukov
2029:Nautilus
1991:Amundsen
1951:SS
1910:Sverdrup
1905:Johansen
1875:Brainard
1870:Lockwood
1725:Barentsz
1605:Category
1477:Yukaghir
1437:Gwich'in
1407:Chukotka
1306:Reindeer
1086:Finnmark
751:See also
395:Archived
364:Barr, W.
355:Archived
346:Barr, W.
266:See also
241:161°30′E
213:and the
163:Dalstroy
148:Rabochiy
4731:Messner
4678:Hillary
4658:Balchen
4606:Polheim
4600:Wisting
4478:Crozier
4450:Weddell
4428:J. Cook
4398:Kapitsa
4379:Fiennes
4321:Klenova
4290:Hillary
4240:Ketchum
4166:BANZARE
4141:·
3986:Polheim
3952:Shirase
3938:Charcot
3748:Belgica
3667:Crozier
3579:Morrell
3574:Weddell
3552:Lazarev
3497:J. Cook
3451:History
3401:Arktika
3377:Krassin
3362:Voronin
3334:Schmidt
3320:Ushakov
3259:Vaygach
3227:Albanov
3196:Rusanov
3177:Kolchak
3172:Matisen
3146:Makarov
3125:De Long
3026:Wrangel
3006:Lyakhov
2959:Malygin
2917:Dezhnev
2744:Pandora
2715:Advance
2682:Kennedy
2677:Belcher
2670:Kellett
2657:McClure
2581:Beechey
2575:Blossom
2568:Simpson
2536:Crozier
2529:Hoppner
2486:J. Ross
2454:J. Cook
2402:Gilbert
2295:J. Hall
2261:Ingólfr
2251:Naddodd
2245:Vikings
2232:Brendan
2227:Pytheas
2215:Iceland
2169:Arktika
2161:Herbert
2126:Badygin
2096:Krenkel
2081:Papanin
2050:Chkalov
2036:Wilkins
2001:Wisting
1945:F. Cook
1851:Markham
1811:Bessels
1800:Polaris
1791:Polaris
1762:J. Ross
1745:Carolus
1693:History
1499:Economy
1447:Koryaks
1402:Chukchi
1384:Culture
1314:bearded
1296:Narwhal
1286:Lemming
1211:decline
1178:Climate
1131:Nunavut
1126:Nunavik
1106:Karelia
1096:Iceland
1063:Regions
1015:Geology
851:History
742:NP-2015
238:69°30′N
167:Gostorg
132:Siberia
92::
81:Russian
75:History
61:Russian
44::
33:Russian
4641:Bowers
4636:Wilson
4595:Hassel
4590:Helmer
4559:Mackay
4549:Mawson
4514:Nimrod
4472:Terror
4457:Erebus
4384:Burton
4179:Rymill
4055:Mawson
4049:Aurora
4028:Lashly
4013:Wilson
3916:Nimrod
3893:Scotia
3700:Murray
3675:Cooper
3662:Terror
3644:Erebus
3613:Wilkes
3564:Palmer
3532:Vostok
3479:Bouvet
3403:-class
3383:Gakkel
3251:Taymyr
3232:Konrad
3201:Kuchin
3139:Yermak
3046:Lavrov
2964:Ovtsyn
2949:Bering
2927:Ivanov
2890:Hudson
2852:Pomors
2829:Cowper
2794:Karluk
2693:Isabel
2687:Bellot
2637:Austin
2605:Terror
2597:Erebus
2493:Griper
2469:Clerke
2429:Baffin
2412:Hudson
2343:Nansen
2256:Garðar
2177:Barneo
2044:ANT-25
2020:Italia
1996:Nobile
1965:Henson
1924:Amedeo
1900:Nansen
1865:Greely
1735:Hudson
1673:Arctic
1472:Yakuts
1467:Selkup
1452:Nenets
1442:Khanty
1412:Evenks
1374:Tundra
1346:Walrus
1334:ringed
1329:ribbon
1324:hooded
1291:Muskox
1005:Tundra
844:topics
842:Arctic
800:Barneo
760:Yermak
689:Russia
426:
202:, the
124:Soviet
4721:Crary
4668:Dufek
4631:Oates
4621:Scott
4554:David
4535:Adams
4506:Barne
4327:Mirny
4316:Somov
4126:Quest
4023:Crean
4008:Scott
3887:Bruce
3841:Gauss
3834:Gauss
3708:Jason
3695:Nares
3569:Davis
3546:Mirny
3519:Smith
3474:Roché
3394:Lenin
3314:Sadko
3239:Wiese
3184:Sedov
3155:Zarya
3078:Payer
3041:Litke
3036:Anjou
2969:Minin
2932:Vagin
2922:Popov
2895:Poole
2750:Young
2563:Dease
2508:Hecla
2499:Parry
2424:Bylot
2407:Davis
2382:Cabot
2355:Peary
2337:Jason
2324:Egede
2238:Papar
2150:Skate
2131:Wiese
2111:NP-37
2104:NP-36
1984:Norge
1972:Sedov
1960:Peary
1918:Jason
1833:Nares
1827:Alert
1782:Hayes
1750:Parry
1688:Ocean
1432:Inuit
1356:Flora
1310:Seal
1263:Fauna
1163:Yukon
1158:Sápmi
1153:Sakha
1146:North
786:Sedov
737:NP-40
732:NP-39
727:NP-38
722:NP-37
717:NP-36
712:NP-35
707:NP-34
702:NP-33
697:NP-32
679:NP-31
674:NP-30
669:NP-29
664:NP-28
659:NP-27
654:NP-26
649:NP-25
644:NP-24
639:NP-23
634:NP-22
629:NP-21
624:NP-20
615:NP-19
610:NP-18
605:NP-17
600:NP-16
595:NP-15
590:NP-14
585:NP-13
580:NP-12
575:NP-11
570:NP-10
278:Notes
222:]
211:]
200:]
174:]
140:Japan
65:ГУСМП
57:GUSMP
4653:Byrd
4574:Fram
4525:Wild
4207:Marr
4173:BGLE
4160:Byrd
4088:Wild
3967:Fram
3769:Cook
3290:AARI
3275:Maud
3162:Toll
3087:Vega
2773:Gjøa
2758:Fram
2721:Kane
2558:Back
2523:Fury
2514:Lyon
2436:Munk
2075:NP-1
1977:Byrd
1894:Fram
1885:Fram
1777:Kane
1462:Sami
1422:Komi
1319:harp
1111:Komi
565:NP-9
560:NP-8
555:NP-7
550:NP-6
545:NP-5
532:NP-4
523:NP-3
514:NP-2
493:NP-1
424:ISBN
159:NKVD
138:and
27:The
4350:3rd
4336:2nd
4310:1st
4143:IGY
4139:IPY
2729:Fox
2625:Rae
2191:Mir
2167:NS
55:or
4756::
3255:/
793:,
789::
777::
768::
617::
538:,
534::
525::
516::
507:,
503:,
499:,
495::
325:^
295:^
262:.
220:ru
209:ru
198:ru
172:ru
119:.
87:,
83::
63::
39:,
35::
3732:"
3726:"
3669:)
3665:(
3656:)
3647:(
1652:e
1645:t
1638:v
834:e
827:t
820:v
468:e
461:t
454:v
441:.
388:)
59:(
31:(
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