108:
22:
116:
918:
812:
140:
inter-Andean valleys of
Ecuador produced yields up to 2,300 kg/ha (2,100 lb/acre), indicating that favorable growing environment and cultivar interacted to produce such high yields. Genotype has a larger effect on yield than on protein content, oil content, fatty acid composition, or phenolic compounds, whereas high temperature reduces oil content and degree of unsaturation, and raises protein content.
1756:
621:
678:-growing regions. Most of the provinces grew the plant, except for areas of lowland coastal tropics and desert say, and it was given as an annual tribute by the people to the rulers in 21 of the 38 Aztec provincial states. The traditional area of cultivation was in a distinct area that covered parts of north-central Mexico, south to
935:
used to sprout chia. The first figurines were made in 1977, and they were marketed widely after 1982. During the 1980s in the United States, the first substantial wave of chia seed sales was tied to chia pets, clay figures that serve as the base for a sticky paste of chia seeds. After the figures are
872:
May 1997", according to the
Advisory Committee of Novel Foods and Processes. Under this rule, chia seeds may be 5% of total matter in bread products. Prepackaged chia seeds must carry additional labelling to inform the consumer that the daily intake is no more than 15 grams per day and pure chia oil
139:
Seed yield varies depending on cultivars, mode of cultivation, and growing conditions by geographic region. For example, commercial fields in
Argentina and Colombia vary in yield range from 450 to 1,250 kg/ha (400 to 1,120 lb/acre). A small-scale study with three cultivars grown in the
123:
Typically, chia seeds are small flattened ovoids measuring on average 2.1 mm × 1.3 mm × 0.8 mm (0.08 in × 0.05 in × 0.03 in), with an average weight of 1.3 mg per seed. They are mottle-colored with brown, gray, black, and white. The seeds are
1145:
National
Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.).
708:
In the 21st century, chia is grown and consumed commercially in its native Mexico and
Guatemala, as well as Bolivia, Argentina, Ecuador, Nicaragua, Australia, the United Kingdom and the United States. New patented varieties of chia have been developed in
1520:
Costantini, Lara; Lea Lukšič; Romina
Molinari; Ivan Kreft; Giovanni Bonafaccia; Laura Manzi; Nicolò Merendino (2014). "Development of gluten-free bread using tartary buckwheat and chia flour rich in flavonoids and omega-3 fatty acids as ingredients".
1617:"Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2017/2470 of 20 December 2017 establishing the Union list of novel foods in accordance with Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 of the European Parliament and of the Council on Novel Foods"
1144:
1638:
124:
hydrophilic, absorbing up to 12 times their weight in liquid when soaked; they develop a mucilaginous coating that gives them a gel texture. Chia (or chian or chien) has mostly been identified as
856:-like substance or consumed raw. The gel from ground seeds may be used in place of eggs in cakes while providing other nutrients, and it is a common substitute in vegan and allergen-free baking.
876:
Chia seeds sold in the EU are imported mainly from South
American and Central American countries and require inspections for levels of pesticides, contaminants and microbiological criteria.
1413:"Influence of hot-air and infra-red pretreatments on oxidative stability, physicochemical properties, phenolic and fatty acid profile of white and black chia seed (Salvia hispanica L.) oil"
1076:
Ayerza (h), Ricardo; Wayne Coates (2009). "Influence of environment on growing period and yield, protein, oil and α-linolenic content of three chia (Salvia hispanica L.) selections".
959:"Salvia hispanica". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 21 March 2012.
1123:
670:(1560), along with colonial cultivation reports and linguistic studies, detail the geographic location of the tributes and provide some geographic specificity to the main
1790:
99:
cultures. Chia seeds are cultivated on a small scale in their ancestral homeland of central Mexico and
Guatemala and commercially throughout Central and South America.
606:
1694:
de Souza
Ferreira C, et al. (2015). "Effect of chia seed (Salvia hispanica L.) consumption on cardiovascular risk factors in humans: a systematic review".
1324:
Whole and ground chia seeds are being added to fruit drinks, snack foods and cereals and sold on their own to be baked into cookies and sprinkled on yogurt. ...
787:
Chia oil contains a high percentage of essential fatty acids (approximately 60%) and low content of saturated fatty acids. The fats of chia seed oil are mainly
1236:
Jamboonsri, Watchareewan; Phillips, Timothy D.; Geneve, Robert L.; Cahill, Joseph P.; Hildebrand, David F. (2011). "Extending the range of an ancient crop,
1795:
1805:
1810:
1306:
1152:. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US).
969:
Ixtaina, Vanesa Y.; Nolasco, Susana M.; Tomás, Mabel C. (November 2008). "Physical properties of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) seeds".
1115:
64:. Chia seeds are oval and gray with black and white spots, having a diameter of around 2 millimetres (0.08 in). The seeds are
1800:
1286:
1157:
1337:
1171:
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chroniclers placed chia as the third-most important crop in the Aztec culture, behind only corn and beans, and ahead of
1391:. University of Kentucky, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Center for Crop Diversification Crop Profile
1498:
1213:
888:, most of the studies did not show an effect of chia seed consumption on cardiovascular risk factors in humans.
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in Europe because it does not have "a significant history of consumption within the
European Union before 15
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1111:
107:
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21:
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593:
80:
1412:
1641:. Centre for the Promotion of Imports, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, The Netherlands. 18 January 2021.
1014:
Coates, Wayne; Ayerza, Ricardo (1998). "Commercial production of chia in Northwestern Argentina".
662:
1234:"A second apparently pre-Columbian cultivation area is known in southern Honduras and Nicaragua."
1049:
Coates, Wayne; Ricardo Ayerza (1996). "Production potential of chia in northwestern Argentina".
503:
1385:
733:, and 31% fat (table). In a reference amount of 100 grams (3.5 oz), chia seeds supply 486
464:
1276:
777:
477:
943:, to a total of 15 million as of 2019, with most sales occurring during the holiday season.
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8:
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for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from
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682:. A second and separate area of cultivation, apparently pre-Columbian, was in southern
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Ayerza, Ricardo (1 September 1995). "Oil content and fatty acid composition of chia (
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697:(Aztec) cultures. It may have been as important as maize as a food crop.
154:
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1659:): a systematic review by the natural standard research collaboration".
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About 500,000 chia pets were sold in the U.S. in 2007 as novelties or
917:
826:
687:
679:
422:
409:
328:
43:
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846:
752:(52% and 55% DV, respectively). They are also a moderate source of
710:
702:
683:
341:
1687:
1410:
Sundar, Shyam; Singh, Balwinder; Kaur, Amritpal (1 October 2023).
705:. Offerings to the Aztec priesthood were often paid in chia seed.
1568:
L) gel can be used as egg or oil replacer in cake formulations".
936:
watered, the seeds sprout into a form suggesting a fur covering.
853:
765:
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734:
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308:
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Preliminary research remains sparse and inconclusive. In a 2015
825:
Chia seeds may be added to other foods as a topping or put into
72:
coating that gives chia-based foods and beverages a distinctive
1755:
842:
757:
698:
392:
84:
39:
1235:
128:
L. Other plants referred to as "chia" include "golden chia" (
713:
for cultivation in northern latitudes of the United States.
1214:
10.1663/0013-0001(2003)057[0604:EOCSHL]2.0.CO;2
46:) native to central and southern Mexico, or of the related
1116:"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels"
1138:
204:
73:
931:
Joe Pedott created a set of terracotta figurines called
656:
created between 1540 and 1585. Tribute records from the
1383:
896:
No evidence to date indicates consuming chia seeds has
1075:
760:(12% DV). The seeds contain dense amounts of several
1455:
L.) from five northwestern locations in Argentina".
1048:
968:
16:
Edible seeds of Salvia hispanica and S. columbariae
1791:Crops originating from Pre-Columbian North America
1411:
1149:Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium
1693:
1563:
1307:"30 Years After Chia Pets, Seeds Hit Food Aisles"
454:
318:
1767:
1196:Cahill, Joseph P. (2003). "Ethnobotany of Chia,
1069:
1042:
1722:
1409:
1301:
1513:
879:
149:Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
1639:"Entering the European market for chia seeds"
1457:Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society
1104:
1016:Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society
1728:
1564:Borneo R, Aguirre A, León AE (2010). "Chia (
1013:
1796:Crops originating from indigenous Americans
1384:Cheryl Kaiser; Matt Ernst (February 2016).
693:Chia seeds served as a staple food for the
79:There is evidence that the crop was widely
1112:United States Food and Drug Administration
737:and are a rich source (20% or more of the
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1806:Crops originating from the United States
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1418:Journal of Food Composition and Analysis
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1189:
916:
810:
619:
114:
106:
20:
1655:Ulbricht C, et al. (2009). "Chia (
721:Dried chia seeds contain 6% water, 42%
25:Color and detail of chia seeds close-up
1811:Plants used in Native American cuisine
1768:
1450:
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1242:Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution
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13:
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1499:"Chewing Chia Packs A Super Punch"
1126:from the original on 27 March 2024
14:
1822:
1749:
641:is described and pictured in the
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1557:
1444:
1403:
1377:
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1329:
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1174:from the original on 9 May 2024
784:(all more than 20% DV; table).
1729:Owen Edwards (December 2007).
1535:10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.05.095
1275:Kintzios, Spiridon E. (2000).
962:
953:
102:
1:
1801:Crops originating from Mexico
1090:10.1016/j.indcrop.2009.03.009
1078:Industrial Crops and Products
1051:Industrial Crops and Products
983:10.1016/j.indcrop.2008.03.009
971:Industrial Crops and Products
946:
852:They also may be made into a
725:(including a high content of
159:486 kcal (2,030 kJ)
1063:10.1016/0926-6690(96)89454-4
859:
716:
601:Percentages estimated using
7:
1619:. Eur-Lex. 20 December 2017
1340:. The Sydney Morning Herald
912:
880:Preliminary health research
594:Link to USDA Database entry
38:, a flowering plant in the
10:
1827:
1673:10.2174/157488709789957709
1582:10.1016/j.jada.2010.03.011
1430:10.1016/j.jfca.2023.105556
1338:"Is chia the next quinoa?"
924:
806:
795:(17–26% of total fat) and
615:
1708:10.3305/nh.2015.32.5.9394
1281:. CRC Press. p. 17.
1254:10.1007/s10722-011-9673-x
1028:10.1007/s11746-998-0192-7
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136:are also used for food.
111:Chia seed measuring 2 mm
32:are the edible seeds of
900:on, or interacts with,
603:US recommendations
1733:. Smithsonian Magazine
1661:Rev Recent Clin Trials
1336:Dunn C (25 May 2015).
1278:Sage: The Genus Salvia
922:
873:only 2 grams per day.
822:
799:(50–57%) as the major
635:
607:the National Academies
144:Chia seeds, dried, raw
120:
112:
26:
1776:Edible nuts and seeds
1763:at Wikimedia Commons
1240:L.—a new ω3 source".
920:
864:Chia is considered a
814:
663:Matrícula de Tributos
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293:Vitamins and minerals
118:
110:
24:
1360:"First British Chia"
1305:(23 November 2012).
1761:Category:Chia seeds
145:
89:pre-Columbian times
1469:10.1007/BF02660727
1312:The New York Times
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921:Chia pet alligator
908:In popular culture
902:prescription drugs
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568:Other constituents
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134:Salvia columbariae
130:Salvia columbariae
121:
113:
55:Salvia polystachia
49:Salvia columbariae
27:
1759:Media related to
1288:978-90-5823-005-8
1200:L. (Lamiaceae)".
1159:978-0-309-48834-1
1022:(10): 1417–1420.
892:Drug interactions
886:systematic review
831:breakfast cereals
624:Drawing from the
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849:, and bread.
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
820:
819:
813:
804:
803:(see table).
802:
798:
794:
793:linoleic acid
790:
785:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
756:(13% DV) and
755:
751:
747:
744:
741:, DV) of the
740:
736:
732:
728:
727:dietary fiber
724:
723:carbohydrates
714:
712:
706:
704:
700:
696:
691:
689:
685:
681:
677:
669:
665:
664:
659:
658:Mendoza Codex
655:
654:Aztec codices
651:
647:
645:
644:Codex Mendoza
640:
633:
629:
628:
622:
608:
604:
599:
595:
589:
585:
581:
577:
574:
571:
569:
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553:
546:
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531:
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457:
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437:
433:
426:
424:
420:
413:
411:
407:
400:
398:
390:
383:
381:
373:
366:
364:
359:Riboflavin (B
356:
349:
347:
339:
332:
330:
326:
321:
316:
313:
311:
310:
305:
301:
297:
290:
286:
280:
277:
276:
270:
266:
262:
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236:
232:
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226:
222:
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216:
210:
207:
206:
200:
196:
192:
188:
186:
185:Dietary fiber
182:
176:
173:
172:
171:Carbohydrates
166:
162:
158:
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152:
147:
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137:
135:
131:
127:
117:
109:
100:
98:
94:
90:
86:
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63:
62:
57:
56:
51:
50:
45:
41:
37:
36:
31:
23:
19:
1753:
1735:. Retrieved
1724:
1699:
1695:
1689:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1633:
1621:. Retrieved
1591:11336/189116
1576:(6): 946–9.
1573:
1569:
1565:
1559:
1526:
1522:
1515:
1503:. Retrieved
1493:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1446:
1421:
1417:
1405:
1393:. Retrieved
1379:
1367:. Retrieved
1363:
1354:
1342:. Retrieved
1331:
1323:
1316:. Retrieved
1310:
1297:
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1270:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1230:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1176:. Retrieved
1148:
1140:
1128:. Retrieved
1119:
1106:
1081:
1077:
1071:
1054:
1050:
1044:
1019:
1015:
1009:
992:11336/152366
974:
970:
964:
955:
941:house plants
938:
930:
895:
883:
875:
863:
851:
839:granola bars
824:
817:
786:
764:, including
720:
707:
692:
671:
667:
661:
657:
649:
642:
639:S. hispanica
638:
637:
632:S. hispanica
631:
625:
572:
567:
455:
450:
443:
319:
314:
307:
273:
203:
169:
138:
133:
129:
125:
122:
97:Mesoamerican
78:
70:mucilaginous
59:
53:
47:
33:
29:
28:
18:
1529:: 232–240.
1395:13 February
1344:13 February
1318:26 November
835:energy bars
818:agua fresca
801:fatty acids
789:unsaturated
739:Daily Value
342:Thiamine (B
103:Description
93:staple food
66:hygroscopic
1770:Categories
1731:"Chia pet"
1505:18 October
1424:: 105556.
947:References
866:novel food
778:phosphorus
754:riboflavin
743:B vitamins
666:, and the
630:showing a
517:Phosphorus
119:Chia seeds
91:and was a
81:cultivated
30:Chia seeds
1696:Nutr Hosp
1623:16 August
1543:0308-8146
1477:0003-021X
1438:0889-1575
1369:2 October
1364:Hodmedods
1098:0926-6690
1001:0926-6690
860:In Europe
847:tortillas
827:smoothies
774:manganese
770:magnesium
717:Nutrition
688:Nicaragua
680:Guatemala
676:hispanica
530:Potassium
504:Manganese
491:Magnesium
423:Vitamin E
410:Vitamin C
393:Folate (B
376:Niacin (B
219:Saturated
76:texture.
44:Lamiaceae
1716:26545644
1681:20028328
1600:20497788
1551:25038671
1485:84621038
1262:14751137
1222:35611803
1172:Archived
1168:30844154
1130:28 March
1124:Archived
1114:(2024).
1036:95974159
933:Chia Pet
927:Chia Pet
913:Chia pet
815:Mexican
768:, iron,
735:calories
711:Kentucky
703:amaranth
684:Honduras
648:and the
573:Quantity
451:Quantity
445:Minerals
315:Quantity
309:Vitamins
42:family (
1737:30 July
1178:21 June
854:gelatin
807:As food
791:, with
766:calcium
746:thiamin
731:protein
729:), 16%
695:Nahuatl
616:History
511:2.72 mg
465:Calcium
387:8.83 mg
370:0.17 mg
353:0.62 mg
275:Protein
248:omega−6
243:omega−3
83:by the
1781:Salvia
1714:
1679:
1598:
1549:
1541:
1483:
1475:
1436:
1386:"Chia"
1285:
1260:
1220:
1166:
1156:
1096:
1034:
999:
870:
843:yogurt
780:, and
758:folate
750:niacin
699:Jesuit
674:
550:4.6 mg
537:407 mg
524:860 mg
498:335 mg
485:7.7 mg
472:631 mg
430:0.5 mg
417:1.6 mg
282:16.5 g
255:17.8 g
253:23.7 g
212:30.7 g
189:34.4 g
178:42.1 g
155:Energy
85:Aztecs
1786:Seeds
1501:. NPR
1481:S2CID
1389:(PDF)
1258:S2CID
1218:S2CID
1032:S2CID
634:plant
582:5.8 g
579:Water
404:49 μg
336:54 μg
258:5.8 g
233:2.3 g
223:3.3 g
58:, or
1739:2018
1712:PMID
1677:PMID
1625:2021
1596:PMID
1547:PMID
1539:ISSN
1507:2012
1473:ISSN
1434:ISSN
1397:2016
1371:2023
1346:2016
1320:2012
1283:ISBN
1180:2024
1164:PMID
1154:ISBN
1132:2024
1094:ISSN
997:ISSN
782:zinc
748:and
686:and
543:Zinc
509:118%
478:Iron
95:for
40:mint
1704:doi
1669:doi
1586:hdl
1578:doi
1574:110
1531:doi
1527:165
1465:doi
1426:doi
1422:123
1250:doi
1210:doi
1120:FDA
1086:doi
1059:doi
1024:doi
987:hdl
979:doi
652:,
548:42%
535:14%
522:69%
496:80%
483:43%
470:49%
456:%DV
402:12%
385:55%
368:13%
351:52%
320:%DV
205:Fat
87:in
74:gel
1772::
1710:.
1700:32
1698:.
1675:.
1663:.
1647:^
1608:^
1594:.
1584:.
1572:.
1545:.
1537:.
1525:.
1479:.
1471:.
1461:72
1459:.
1432:.
1420:.
1416:.
1362:.
1322:.
1309:.
1256:.
1246:59
1244:.
1216:.
1206:57
1204:.
1188:^
1170:.
1162:.
1122:.
1118:.
1092:.
1082:30
1080:.
1053:.
1030:.
1020:75
1018:.
995:.
985:.
975:28
973:.
904:.
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841:,
837:,
833:,
829:,
776:,
772:,
690:.
672:S.
660:,
428:3%
415:2%
334:6%
52:,
1741:.
1718:.
1706::
1683:.
1671::
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1580::
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1440:.
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1264:.
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1224:.
1212::
1182:.
1134:.
1100:.
1088::
1065:.
1061::
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609:.
397:)
395:9
380:)
378:3
363:)
361:2
346:)
344:1
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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