Chen Duxiu - Knowledge

1189:. As a professor and dean at Peking University, he wrote "If we wish to construct a new state and organize a new society in order to seek an existence suitable to our modern times, then the fundamental issue is that we must import the foundation of a Western-style society and country, that is to say, the new faith in equality and human rights... Unless is suppressed, will not prevail; unless are stopped, will not be practiced." Chen definition of Western civilization focused on egalitarianism rather than competition. He wrote: "socialism is, therefore, a theory of social revolution succeeding political revolution; its aim is to eliminate all inequality and oppression. We can call it 'contemporary' European civilization, which opposes the (merely) 'modern'." A Marxist study group at the university, led by 1249: 1866:

channel for the general public to express their ideas or discontent towards the existing government. Chen believed that the purpose of mass media was to reveal the truth. At a young age, Chen had already established his first periodical, Guomin Ribao, in which he criticized many social and political problems evident in the late Qing dynasty. With a view to the things mentioned above, his contribution was said to be influential to journalism as a whole. Chen's writing brought the standards of Chinese journalism closer to those of other, more

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revolution of proletariat' really appears, without democracy's disinfection of bureaucracy, only bureaucratic regimes like Stalin's would appear in the world, brutal, corrupted, hypocritical, deceptive, rotten. Socialism is absolutely impossible. There is absolutely no such thing like 'the dictatorship of proletariat'. It is just the dictatorship of the party, finally the dictatorship of the leader. Any kind of dictatorship is bound with brutality, obscurantism, deception and corruption and rotten bureaucratic politics.

44: 5212: 5152: 1209:'s ideas were labelled as being anti-government and the core of the "New Culture Movement". In the fall of 1919, conservative opponents at the university forced Chen to resign. Around that time he was jailed for three months by the Peking authorities for distributing "inflammatory" literature that demanded the resignation of pro-Japanese ministers, and government guarantees for the freedoms of speech and assembly. After his release, Chen moved to the 1408:

Soviet Union. Due to lack of related resources, the public did not have a full understanding of the relationship between Chen Duxiu and Leon Trotsky. Nowadays, this situation has already improved a lot by following reasons. Firstly, more printed Chinese materials about Chen Duxiu are available. Secondly, in 1980, the "Exile papers of Leon Trotsky" which includes letters, personal notes, manuscripts, and many unpublished resource were accessible.

2349: 2160: 2025: 1929: 144: 1632:: to let his countrymen in Anhui keep abreast of the politics of the Qing dynasty; to spread knowledge to the paper's readers through vernacular Chinese; and, to promote revolutionary ideas to the public. Chen believed that most Chinese believed that the importance of the family was greater than that of the state, and that this limited their interest in political events. He also found Chinese people in general to be excessively 3513: 5200: 1658:. Chen once wrote an article entitled "Self Consciousness on Patriotism" (爱国心与自觉/愛國心與自覺) which conveyed a strong sense of patriotism and encouraged people to fight for their freedom. It promoted the idea that those who love their country should spare no pains to protect it, and should fight for the rights of its citizens. This group of people should work together towards the same goal 1342:, convincing Wang's regime to adopt various proto-Communist policies. The Wuhan government's subsequent land reform policies were considered provocative enough to influence various KMT-aligned generals to attack Wang's regime, suppressing it. Chen was forced to resign as General Secretary in 1927, due to his public dissatisfaction with the Comintern order to disarm during the 2146:

self-reflective and backward-looking orientation.” Chen Duxiu said "In many people’s estimation, the differences among Chinese, Indian, and European culture are almost entirely differences in ethnicity, and thus are not limited to those of culture.” This argument is clearly about criticizing Liang's Eastern and Western Cultures and Philosophies.

1396:. Like Chen, Trotsky opposed many of the policies of the Comintern, and publicly criticized the Comintern's effort to collaborate with the Nationalists. Chen eventually became the voice of the Trotskyists in China, attempting to regain support and influence within the party, but failed. Chen continued to oppose measures like " 1041:. He was the youngest of four children born to a wealthy family of officials. In his youth, he was described as volatile, emotional, intuitive, non-intellectual, and a defender of the underdog. His father died when Chen was two years old, and he was raised primarily by his grandfather; and, later, by his older brother. 1865:

Chen set a precedent for future writers via the intentionally controversial nature of his publications. He insisted on telling the truth to the Chinese people and strengthening the Chinese media for later generations. By publishing newspapers and magazines concerning political issues, Chen provided a

1640:. After its sixteenth issue, the newspaper added an extra 16 columns; the most popular were on military events, Chinese philosophy, hygiene, and astronomy. Almost all of these additional topics were written by Chen. His pen-name was San'ai (三爱/三愛). At least 50 articles were published under this name. 1588:

there were forums and citizens' columns. On average, there were 6 letters from the public in each issue. Whether in praise or strong opposition, Chen encouraged all to write. He also thought that teamwork was very important in journalism, and consequently asked for help from many talented authors and

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Chen's contributions to the Party have subsequently been reassessed, however. Hong Kong historian Tang Baolin called Hu's verdict on Chen the greatest miscarriage of justice in the Party's history and although his reassessment of Chen has not been officially endorsed by the Party, it was published in

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Chen was one of the few early leaders of the Communist party to survive the turmoil of the 1930s, but he was never able to regain any influence within the party he had founded. For the last decade of his life, he faded into obscurity. At the time that he was released, both the supporters of Chen and

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Although he recognized the value of Mao's interpretation of Marxism in inciting the Chinese peasants and labourers to revolution, Chen opposed Mao's rejection of the strong role of the bourgeoisie that Chen had hoped to achieve. During the last years of his life, Chen denounced Stalin's dictatorship,

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We should understand the lessons of Soviet Union in the past two decades without prejudices, scientifically rather than religiously reevaluate Bolshevik theory and its leadership. We can not attribute all the crimes to Stalin, such as the problems about democratic institutions under the dictatorship

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Democracy of the proletariat is not a meaningless noun. It shares common content with bourgeoise democracy like the freedom of assembly, association, speech, publication and strike. What is especially important is the freedom of opposition parties. Without those things, parliament would also become

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On 23 August, Chen was released from prison and refused multiple offers of positions from the Kuomintang. He said that despite the importance of the war effort, "Chiang Kai-shek killed many of my comrades. He also killed my two sons. He and I are absolutely irreconcilable." In August 1937, Chen met

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and led to the collapse of the Qing dynasty. Yue Fei branches were added in Wuhu and Anqing, with those in Anqing infiltrating and agitating within the Qing military. In 1912, Chen became secretary general to the new military governor of Anhui, while also serving as the dean of a local high school.

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Hu Shih was dissatisfied with this responsibility and their friendship and professional relationship ended. Later, Chen wrote to Hu Shih about his dissatisfaction with Hu's intimacy with many conservative faculty members of Peking University. Especially troubling to Chen was Hu's relationship with

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to allow Chen to return to the Party. In September Mao responded saying that Chen could rejoin the party if he agreed to publicly renounce Trotskyism and express support for the United Front against Japan. Chen responded by letter to the Central Committee of the CCP that he agreed with its line of

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of 1934–1935, during which Mao Zedong emerged as leader. If only for sheer survival, the Communists had to flee the cities where China's fledgling industrial working class was concentrated, seek refuge in remote rural areas, and there mobilize the support of peasants; this was naturally taken as a

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After the communist movement in the late 1920s, Chen Duxiu and Leon Trotsky started to have a complex relationship that was not known in the west. Their relationship reveals the developments of Trotskyism in China and deepen the understanding of the relationship between the Communists of China and

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Democracy in politics and socialism in economy is mutually supportive instead of opposing things. Democracy is not inseparable from capitalism and bourgeoisie. If the political parties of the proletariat also oppose democracy because of their opposition against capitalism, even if so called 'the

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clearly divided cultures into three types: European culture, Chinese culture and Indian culture. European culture is characterized as the “primary, forward-seeking orientation”; Chinese culture is the “secondary, harmony and middle-ground-seeking orientation”; and Indian culture, the “tertiary,

1290: 1662:. The article was threatening to Yuan Shikai's government, as it tried to arouse the self-consciousness of the Chinese people. This preliminary magazine was released for 10 issues in total, before it was prevented from publishing. The magazine was resumed in 1925 in Beijing with the new name 1319:(KMT or Nationalist Party) in 1922. Although Chen was not convinced of the utility of collaborating with the Kuomintang, he reluctantly carried out the Comintern's orders to do so. Pursuing collaboration with the Kuomintang, he was elected into that party's Central Committee in January 1924. 1362:

in 1925 over Mao's essay "An Analysis of Classes in Chinese Society". Mao opposed Chen's analyses of China. While Chen believed that the focus of revolutionary struggle in China should primarily concern the workers, Mao had started to theorize about the primacy of the peasants. According to

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and held that various democratic institutions, including independent judiciaries, opposition parties, a free press, and free elections, were important and valuable. Because of Chen's opposition to Mao's interpretation of Communism, Mao believed that Chen was incapable of providing a robust

1092:, a military preparatory academy. He returned to China in March 1902 and, together with Bo Wenwei and others, formed the "Youth Self-Strengthening Society." It was the first time in China that the slogan "Science and Democracy" was proposed. It was in Japan where Chen became influenced by 261: 1620:, which was simple to understand and easy for the general public to read. While Chen was the chief secretary of the newspaper, its circulation increased from only a thousand copies to more than three times that figure in less than half a year, becoming one of the most popular 1131:

Influenced by his time in Japan, Chen founded the Anhui Patriotic Association in 1903 and the Yue Fei Loyalist Society in 1905. By 1905, the Yue Fei included anti-Qing gentry like Sun Yujing and Bo Wenwei. Chen was an outspoken writer and political leader by the time of the

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education by his grandfather, several private tutors, and his elder brother. A thorough knowledge of Confucian literary and philosophical works was the pre-requisites for civil service in Imperial China. Chen was an exceptional student, but his poor experiences taking the

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focused on different concerns during various phases of its development. From 1915 to 1918 it opposed Chinese conservatism (especially conservatism associated with Confucianism) and promoted the development of democracy. During this phase, it became influential among the

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written in November 1940, Chen Duxiu wrote about his views concerning democracy, socialism and the Soviet Union. He reflected on the Communist movement and provided his thoughts on related issues, fundamentally rejecting some of the core tenets of Communism.

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After the collaboration between the Communist Party and the KMT fell apart in 1927, the Comintern blamed Chen, and systematically removed him from all positions of leadership. In November 1929, he was expelled. Afterwards, Chen became associated with the

1371:, Chen "opposed the opinions expressed , denied that a radical land policy and the vigorous organization of the rural areas under the Communist party was necessary, and refused the publication of the essay in the central executive organs of publicity." 1141:

He used the Yue Fei Loyalist Society to establish an organization of students from Anhui public school, pro-rebel Qing soldiers and secret society members. However, Chen fled to Japan again in 1913 following the short-lived "Second Revolution" against

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newspapers in print at that time. During 1904 and 1905, a total of twenty-three issues were published. Each issue had 40 pages – about 15,000 words. However, due to political pressures, the paper was barred from publishing in 1905.

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and became more interested in Marxism and the promotion of rapid social change; there he pursued his intellectual and scholarly interests free from official persecution. After reading the Bible in prison, he was said to have been a

1145:, but returned to China soon afterwards. He also created the Anhui Patriotic Society associated with the Anhui public school. These organizations won Chen recognition in Anhui, and contact with nationally prominent revolutionaries. 5133: 1777:. From 1919 to 1921, until the formation of the Chinese Communist Party, it focused on promoting socialism, and Marxism. From 1921 to 1926, it published and disseminated the prevailing views of the members of the Communist Party. 3776: 1428:

the pro-Comintern leaders who opposed him had either been killed or had fallen out of favor with the Communist membership. The Chinese Communist Party managed to survive the purges only by fleeing to the northern frontier in the

84:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge. 5916: 5911: 1128:. Government corruption resulted in economic paralysis and widespread impoverishment. During this time, Chen became increasingly influential within the revolutionary movement against both foreign imperialism and the Qing. 4565: 4560: 4026: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 1477:

gave a speech praising Mao's suppression of "Right and 'Left' Opportunist lines of the Party" as one of the late chairman's greatest achievements: Chen was the first person to be named as being correctly suppressed;

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in the aftermath of the June 16 Incident, but this position dissolved when Guangzhou was recaptured by the Kuomintang. At the direction of the Comintern, Chen and the Chinese Communists formed an alliance with

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found itself in a position to provide an alternative intellectual influence for many young people. Under the banners of democracy and science, traditional Confucian ethics became the target of attack from

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Chen felt that his articles should reflect the needs of society. He believed that the progress of society could not be achieved without those who accurately report social weaknesses and sicknesses.

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It advocated superfluous ceremonies and preached the morality of meek compliance, making the Chinese people weak and passive, unfit to struggle and compete in the modern world.

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Gregor Benton compiled and translated into English the last of Chen Duxiu's writings, publishing them under the title "Chen Duxiu's last articles and letters, 1937–1942".

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and guilty of other wrongdoings. He was under constant attack from conservatives in China, and had to flee to Japan four times. In China, he spent much of his life in the

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Chen Duxiu viewed human history as a whole thing, as a single entity. A monistic evolutionary historical model was suggested by Chen Duxiu's argument. On the other hand,

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in 1896 and 1897 respectively. In a sardonic memoir, he recalled the filthy conditions, the dishonesty, and the incompetence during the exams. In 1898, he enrolled at

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Chen called for the destruction of tradition, and his attacks on traditionalism gave new options to the youth of his time. New Youth was a major influence within the

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in 1902, after reportedly making speeches attacking the Qing government, and then back to Japan the same year under a government scholarship to study at the

4952: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4052: 3952: 3771: 2674:"Liberalism, Cultural Particularism, and the Rule of Law in Modern East Asia: The Anti-Confucian Essentialisms of Chen Duxiu and Fukuzawa Yukichi Compared" 1269: 5612: 3975: 3729: 3669: 2110: 1793:" but failed because of pressure from different groups. Chen continued to express his discontent towards the government in his later publications. When 1433:

vindication of Mao's position in his debate with Chen. Mao and this new generation of Communists would lead the party in China for the next fifty years.

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was one of the first publications in China to adopt and use punctuations marks, and popularized their use through its popularity and wide readership.

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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.

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was one of the most influential magazines in early modern Chinese history. Chen introduced many new ideas into popular Chinese culture, including

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in order to criticize the politics of his time in a more direct way and to promote democracy, science, and modern literature. Chen also edited

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and the growing Chinese dissident movement. While studying in Japan, Chen helped to found two radical political parties, but refused to join

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and a Western moral system valuing human rights, democracy and science, which Chen believed Confucianism opposed. The journal also promoted

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After the founding of the PRC in 1949, Chen's example was used to warn Communist Party members not to deviate from party orthodoxy. In the

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In 1956, Mao Zedong said that Chen represented the gravest of all of the deviations to the Right in the party's history up to that time.

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in Shanghai. He remained the undisputed leader of the party until 1927, and was often referred to as "China's Lenin" during this period.

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included a number of mistakes." Fortunately, Cai did not become angry with Chen and the publication was then amended before publishing.

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Revolutionary Alliance, which he regarded as narrowly racist. In 1908, he accepted a teaching position at the Army Elementary School in

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or liberal Protestant before becoming dissatisfied with Christianity. In 1921, he also lived and worked at a Protestant church school.

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Chen Duxiu's Early Years: The Importance of Personal Connections in the Social and Intellectual Transformation of China 1895–1920

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and took a position teaching at a junior high school. In poor health and with few remaining friends, Chen Duxiu later retired to

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analysis of China. This dispute would eventually lead to the end of Chen and Mao's friendship and political association.

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Content in this edit is translated from the existing Chinese Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.

2378: 2189: 2054: 1958: 1080:, studying Japanese at the Tokyo Higher Normal School before attending the Tokyo Special School (the predecessor of 5971: 5946: 5936: 5876: 5598: 5320: 5155: 3920: 3488: 1248: 187: 5276: 5167: 4977: 2005:, Cai criticized Chen for misinterpreting this speech. Chen later admitted that "the publication of my speech in 1235:). It portrayed Chen and Hu as victims of government persecution, and their opponents as allies of the warlords. 1201:

then published in China, and the journal's popularity ensured its wide dissemination. Chen was involved with the

2230:). This article was aimed at removing the old beliefs of Confucianism. "Warning the Youth" promoted six values: 1437:

with the heads of the Chinese Communist Party Office in Nanjing. This led to a concerted attempt by Luo Han and

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resistance but would not renounce Trotskyism. This was the end of the last serious attempt to rejoin the CCP.

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Chen then travelled from place to place until the summer of 1938, when he arrived at the wartime capital of

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on Marxism with Li as the edition's general editor; the edition provided the most detailed analysis of

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resulted in a lifelong tendency to advocate unconventional beliefs and to criticize traditional ideas.

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Chen, with Li's assistance, developed a cooperative – and later troublesome – relationship with the

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It promoted family values and rejected the idea that the individual was the basic unit of society.

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Soon after the founding of the Chinese Communist Party, in 1921, Chen accepted an invitation from

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suffered a series of military defeats against the colonial foreign powers, most recently in the

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2009 by the Chinese Literature and History Press which is run by the National Committee of the

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foreign policy, leading to policy disagreements between CCP leaders and Comintern advisors.

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Chen's articles were always expressive. He criticized the traditional Chinese officials as

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Prophets unarmed: Chinese Trotskyists in revolution, war, jail, and the return from limbo

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Christian Women and Modern China: Recovering a Women's History of Chinese Protestantism

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was published on 31 March 1904, Chen was responsible for all editing and distribution.

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in order to pursue his writing and scholarly activities free from official harassment.

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Using the Past to Serve the Present: historiography and politics in contemporary China

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to be a consultant for the magazine. From 1912 to 1913, Chen, with the assistance of

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The greatest injustice in the history of the CPC: Chen's nine charges all groundless

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to promote science, democracy and modern literature, and to discourage the study of

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government and their anti-new wave ideology, which made Chen greatly dissatisfied.

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It preached orthodoxy of thought, disregarding freedom of thinking and expression.

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In early 1914, Chen went to Japan, where he worked as an editor and writer in the

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Chen's articles strove to attract publicity, and often arouse discussion by using

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and classical Chinese literature. The magazine began to advocate the use of the

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Members of the 4th Central Executive Committee of the Chinese Communist Party

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Members of the 2nd Central Executive Committee of the Chinese Communist Party

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By 1922, the party had only about 200 members, not counting those overseas.

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Chinese politician and co-founder of the Chinese Communist Party (1879–1942)

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in Guangzhou in mid-December 1920, he decided to assign the publication to

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should be politically neutral and the publication should be concerned with

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Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the Chinese Communist Party

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The Shanghai local government banned the sale of a publication called "

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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is

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as a warning never to "forgive" anti-Maoists. After Mao died in 1976,

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Delegates to the 5th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party

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Delegates to the 4th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party

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Delegates to the 3rd National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party

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Delegates to the 2nd National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party

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Secretary General of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection

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Chen's publications emphasized the responses from their audience. In

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in 1921. From 1921 to 1927, he served as the Communist Party's first

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Deputy Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection

2348: 2159: 2024: 1928: 1816:(科学杂志/科學雜誌). Later, he became the Editor-in-Chief of the newspapers 1699:. Chen was the chief editor of this periodical. It was published by 143: 4653: 4647: 3026: 2324:

It stressed filial piety, which made men subservient and dependent.

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was moved to Beijing at this time, and in February 1917, Chen used

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in the January 1917 as the university's dean, at the invitation of

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Kagan, R. C. (1972). "Ch'en Tu-Hsiu's Unfinished Autobiography".

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Weigelin-Schwiedrzik, Susanne (1993). "Party Historiography". In

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In 1921, Chen, Li and other prominent revolutionaries (including

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after passing the entrance exam and studied French, English, and

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General secretaries and Chairmen of the Chinese Communist Party

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In 1915, Chen started an influential monthly periodical in the

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writing instead of traditional Confucian writing conventions.

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Secretary of the Central Bureau of the Chinese Communist Party

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Ch`en Tu-Hsiu (1879–1942) and the Chinese Communist movement

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and Qian Yuan. In order to expand the editorial department,

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Longest-serving members of the Politburo Standing Committee

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to form "discussions", in order to arouse public interest.

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Front cover of Constitution of the Chinese Communist Party

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On 27 November 1918, Chen started another magazine, the

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Declassified documents in the broad historical picture

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It upheld the inequality of the status of individuals.

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Utilitarian beliefs instead of impractical traditions;

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From 1908 to 1910, two students at Peking University,

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Chen Duxiu was born on 8 October 1879 in the city of

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In 1932, Chen was arrested by the government of the

77: 2589: 2587: 1707:, socialism, and Marxism, and was strongly against 168:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3347:Chen Duxiu, Founder of the Chinese Communist Party 3102: 2585: 2583: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2571: 2569: 2567: 2249:Scientific knowledge instead of visionary insight. 1536:Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference 1326:, he and other high-ranking Communists, including 957:for scientific and democratic developments in the 3339:Chen Duxiu's Last Articles and Letters: 1937–1942 3220:Chen Duxiu's last articles and letters, 1937–1942 5838: 5129:List of campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party 3065:"Chen Biography Author: Mao Zedong's 'Nobility'" 1762:towards the achievement of political, economic, 1148:In the summer of 1915, Chen founded the journal 282:General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party 2599: 2564: 1400:" and the "Block of Four Classes" advocated by 5862:Chinese Communist Party politicians from Anhui 1264:. Chen was elected (in absentia) as the first 1124:, which invaded China in response to the 1901 102:accompanying your translation by providing an 68:Click for important translation instructions. 55:expand this article with text translated from 5183: 3863:Working Committee of Central and State Organs 3496: 2225: 2085:This crisis was about the political stand of 1905: 1628:Chen had three main objectives in publishing 1185:, who also paid for moving Chen's journal to 1107: 1056:Chen passed the county- and provincial-level 834: 820: 734: 559: 545: 2224:with an article called "Warning the youth" ( 2150:Views on Confucianism and traditional values 2136: 1465:, the example of Chen in collaborating with 2377:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2188:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2053:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1957:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1490:Thirty Years of the Chinese Communist Party 1024: 5627:Warlord Rebellion in northeastern Shandong 5190: 5176: 3503: 3489: 3344: 1918: 259: 3988:Institute of Party History and Literature 3883:Office for Safeguarding National Security 3125: 2689: 2397:Learn how and when to remove this message 2220:Chen suggested six guiding principles in 2208:Learn how and when to remove this message 2073:Learn how and when to remove this message 1977:Learn how and when to remove this message 1861:Chen's contribution to Chinese journalism 1239:Career within the Chinese Communist Party 228:Learn how and when to remove this message 5957:Republic of China politicians from Anhui 3201: 2913: 2671: 2243:Cosmopolitanism instead of isolationism; 1643: 1382: 1288: 1247: 945:. Chen was a leading figure in both the 2730: 2467: 2339:Views on democracy and the Soviet Union 1914:Intellectual contributions and disputes 1004: 980:, where he established the influential 5839: 5613:Third Red Spears' uprising in Shandong 5025:Socialism with Chinese characteristics 3690:Political and Legal Affairs Commission 3289: 3240: 3217: 3166: 3108: 3020: 3008: 2996: 2949: 2937: 2925: 2777: 2765: 2726: 2724: 2715: 2656: 2558: 2274:, and he advocated the abandonment of 2237:Progressivism instead of conservatism; 2014: 1298:Subsequent efforts to spread communism 796: 687: 621: 5967:Academic staff of Zhejiang University 5171: 5139:Emblem of the Chinese Communist Party 3484: 3463:Leader of the Chinese Communist Party 3363: 3121: 3119: 3117: 1780: 1685:(青年杂志/青年雜誌), which was later renamed 1669: 1600: 1231:categorized academics into factions ( 378:23 July 1921 – 7 August 1927 336:23 July 1921 – 7 August 1927 3777:Comprehensively Law-Based Governance 3396:(Seton Hall University Press. 1975). 3262: 3249: 3209:(6th ed.). 2001. Archived from 3097:Chinese Literature and History Press 2667: 2665: 2605: 2593: 2504: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2375:adding citations to reliable sources 2342: 2186:adding citations to reliable sources 2153: 2051:adding citations to reliable sources 2018: 1955:adding citations to reliable sources 1922: 1353: 1244:Founding the Chinese Communist Party 166:adding citations to reliable sources 137: 37: 5927:Academic staff of Peking University 3341:(University of Hawaii Press, 1998). 2737:. Berlin & Boston: De Gruyter. 2721: 1898:was written in vernacular Chinese. 1714:In 1917, Chen became a lecturer of 1306:to serve on the education board in 294:23 July 1921 – 1 July 1928 13: 5311:Constitutional Protection Movement 3331: 3114: 2848:. Rowman & Littlefield. 2021. 2796:(in Simplified Chinese). 安徽大学出版社. 2789: 2734:1919 – The Year That Changed China 2234:Independence instead of servility; 1605: 1577:, he wrote various articles using 1496:a bourgeois democracy opportunist; 14: 5983: 5952:20th-century Chinese philosophers 5040:Scientific Outlook on Development 3868:Central Financial Work Commission 3772:Comprehensively Deepening Reforms 3400: 3349:. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton UP. 3046:U.S. Imperialism is a paper tiger 2662: 2489: 1882:published contemporary poetry by 1766:, ethical, and democratic goals. 1564:Shanghai International Settlement 1418:Shanghai International Settlement 5599:Looting of the Eastern Mausoleum 5459:Canton Merchants' Corps Uprising 5210: 5198: 5151: 5150: 3936:Propaganda, Ideology and Culture 3511: 3174: 2347: 2240:Aggression instead of passivity; 2158: 2023: 1927: 1546: 1112:From the late 19th century, the 1076:. In October 1901, Chen went to 142: 42: 5530:Nationalist-Communist Civil War 4978:Communist Youth League of China 4013:Executive Leadership Academies 3713:Office of the General Secretary 3410:, 1990 article at Marxists.org. 3172: 3075: 3058: 3038: 2943: 2888: 2862: 2836: 2810: 2783: 1722:. Having the approval from the 1612:On 31 March 1904, Chen founded 710: 686: 672: 658: 644: 153:needs additional citations for 4391:7th: 1945–1949 & 1954–1956 3787:Financial and Economic Affairs 2822:. 中央研究院近代史研究所. December 2020. 2672:Paramore, Kiri (6 July 2018). 2636: 2619:"留日的中国共产党的创始人陈独秀、李大钊及四位"一大"代表" 2611: 2457: 2448: 2438: 2311:was to be rooted out because: 2301: 2297: 2226: 1293:Chen during his arrest in 1921 998: 993: 887: 873: 835: 821: 795: 779: 765: 735: 620: 604: 590: 560: 546: 112:You may also add the template 1: 5828:Republic of China (1912–1949) 5277:Empire of China (Yuan Shikai) 3981:Chinese Academy of Governance 3144:10.1080/14649373.2016.1244032 2477: 1999:Speech on Freedom of Religion 1541: 1411: 1390:International Left Opposition 1358:Chen came into conflict with 1338:'s Nationalist government in 1051:Confucian civil service exams 1044:Chen was given a traditional 266: 250: 5867:Chinese expatriates in Japan 5361:Occupation of Outer Mongolia 4177:Politburo Standing Committee 3675:United Front Work Department 3325:. New York, NY: M.E. Sharpe. 3218:Benton, Gregor, ed. (1998). 3049:Interview with Chairman Mao 2482: 2431: 1334:, collaborated closely with 1019: 7: 5932:People from Huaining County 5676:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang 5411:Washington Naval Conference 3647:Central Military Commission 3296:The Search for Modern China 3132:Inter-Asia Cultural Studies 2950:Kuhfus, Peter (June 1985). 2731:Forster, Elisabeth (2018). 2678:Modern Intellectual History 1220:Nondenominational Christian 1177:Chen joined the faculty of 1136:of 1911, which started the 10: 5988: 5962:Zhejiang University alumni 5738:National Pacification Army 5603:Northeast Flag Replacement 5509:Zhongshan Warship Incident 5206:and warlordism during the 3824:Institutional Organization 3254:(Thesis). Houston, Texas: 3224:University of Hawaii Press 3194: 1906:Final letters and articles 1851:, published a paper named 1262:Russian Revolution of 1917 1108:Life in the early republic 76:Machine translation, like 18: 5872:Chinese magazine founders 5825: 5701: 5691: 5681: 5667: 5653: 5641: 5618: 5608: 5586: 5576: 5566: 5556: 5546: 5536: 5514: 5504: 5490: 5476: 5454:Second Zhili–Fengtian War 5448: 5438: 5426: 5416: 5406: 5401:1st National CPC Congress 5396: 5391:Spirit Soldier rebellions 5386: 5376: 5366: 5356: 5336: 5326: 5316: 5306: 5296: 5286: 5272: 5262: 5252: 5242: 5219: 5147: 5111: 5053: 5003: 4951: 4848: 4733: 4724: 4699: 4624: 4549: 4479: 4468: 4379: 4274: 4174: 4163: 4156: 4041: 3968: 3892: 3851: 3755: 3698: 3655: 3617: 3536: 3525: 3469: 3460: 3452: 3447: 3378:10.1017/S0305741000050323 3207:The Columbia Encyclopedia 3182:(in Chinese) – via 3052:Marxists Internet Archive 3033:Weigelin-Schwiedrzik 1993 2968:10.1017/S0305741000029933 2691:10.1017/s1479244318000240 2423:as worthless as a soviet. 2137:Crisis with Liang Shuming 1993:Chen prepared to publish 1989:In the second edition of 1873: 1654:, which was published by 1456: 1348:Shanghai massacre of 1927 1122:Alliance of Eight Nations 908: 904: 900: 880: 866: 859: 854: 850: 842: 828: 814: 809: 788: 772: 758: 751: 746: 742: 728: 721: 703: 696: 679: 665: 651: 637: 630: 613: 597: 583: 576: 571: 567: 553: 539: 534: 530: 526: 509: 501: 491: 480: 470: 442: 415: 410: 406: 394: 382: 371: 364: 352: 340: 329: 322: 310: 298: 287: 280: 276: 258: 249: 242: 57:the corresponding article 5942:Political party founders 5581:Muslim conflict in Gansu 5551:Shanghai Commune of 1927 5541:Nanking incident of 1927 5421:First Zhili–Fengtian War 4963:People's Liberation Army 3873:Hong Kong Work Committee 3680:International Department 3448:Party political offices 3263:Chow, Tse-tsung (2009). 3250:Chao, Anne Shen (2009). 3126:Mizoguchi, Yūzō (2016). 2119:Shanghai Communist Party 1726:, the Chancellor of the 1463:Hundred Flowers Campaign 1422:Second Sino-Japanese War 1120:and the war against the 1025:Life in the Qing dynasty 816:Traditional Chinese 541:Traditional Chinese 5972:Chinese language reform 5947:Politicians from Anqing 5937:Philosophers from Anhui 5877:Chinese revolutionaries 5499:Canton–Hong Kong strike 5281:National Protection War 4983:Young Pioneers of China 4552:CCDI Standing Committee 3853:Dispatched institutions 3665:Organization Department 3518:Chinese Communist Party 3270:Encyclopædia Britannica 3241:Benton, Gregor (2017). 2511:Twentieth-Century China 2411:My Fundamental Opinions 1919:Crisis with Cai Yuanpei 1870:societies of his time. 1589:journalists, including 1277:Communist International 1118:First Sino-Japanese War 959:early Republic of China 935:Chinese Communist Party 919:revolutionary socialist 830:Simplified Chinese 555:Simplified Chinese 485:Chinese Communist Party 123:For more guidance, see 5485:May Thirtieth Movement 5341:Paris Peace Conference 3819:Spiritual Civilization 3814:Science and Technology 3747:Policy Research Office 3685:Social Work Department 3619:Decision-making bodies 2505:Chao, Anne S. (2017). 2117:, who belonged to the 1839:magazine and invited 1517:counter-revolutionary; 1502:Right capitulationist; 1377:historical materialist 1294: 1253: 5381:Guangdong–Guangxi War 5331:Siberian intervention 4993:People's organization 4968:People's Armed Police 4851:Discipline Inspection 3700:Directly administered 3419:Revolutionary History 3415:"Trotskyism in China" 3301:W.W. Norton & Co. 2743:10.1515/9783110560718 2523:10.1353/tcc.2017.0015 2270:, and the use of the 2129:, a supporter of the 1810:Tokyo Jiayin Magazine 1652:Tokyo Jiayin Magazine 1645:Tokyo Jiayin Magazine 1383:Expelled by the party 1292: 1251: 1058:imperial examinations 1008:) which emerged from 933:, who co-founded the 125:Knowledge:Translation 114:{{Translated|zh|陈独秀}} 96:copyright attribution 5907:Educators from Anhui 5857:Burials in Chongqing 5636:Sino-Soviet conflict 5291:Death of Yuan Shikai 5030:Deng Xiaoping Theory 4988:United front (China) 3976:Central Party School 3878:Macau Work Committee 3718:Central Guard Bureau 3670:Publicity Department 3128:"Another May Fourth" 3087:24 July 2013 at the 2371:improve this section 2285:Seen in this light, 2182:improve this section 2047:improve this section 1951:improve this section 1775:New Culture Movement 1270:first party congress 389:Position established 347:Position established 305:Position established 162:improve this article 5882:Chinese Trotskyists 5595:Huanggutun incident 5525:Nanjing–Wuhan Split 5520:Northern Expedition 5350:May Fourth Movement 5124:Neoauthoritarianism 4382:Military Commission 4157:Leadership sittings 3953:Hong Kong and Macau 3735:Cryptography Office 3366:The China Quarterly 3345:Lee Feigon (1983). 3291:Spence, Jonathan D. 3213:on 12 October 2004. 2956:The China Quarterly 2940:, pp. 338–339. 2659:, pp. 303–304. 2333:May Fourth Movement 2015:Crisis with Hu Shih 1705:vernacular language 1697:May Fourth Movement 1664:Tokyo Jiayin Weekly 1322:In 1927, after the 1203:May Fourth Movement 1066:Zhejiang University 955:May Fourth Movement 949:that overthrew the 667:Canton Romanization 520:Zhejiang University 5647:Central Plains War 5481:Yunnan–Guangxi War 5432:First United Front 5301:Manchu Restoration 5267:Twenty-One Demands 5247:Bai Lang Rebellion 5083:Crown Prince Party 5045:Xi Jinping Thought 5020:Mao Zedong Thought 4954:Wider organisation 3797:Cyberspace Affairs 3723:Central Guard Unit 3636:Standing Committee 3245:. Haymarket Books. 3095:Ye Kuangzheng ed. 2103:Chinese philosophy 1892:vernacular Chinese 1781:Minor publications 1716:Chinese Literature 1683:The Youth Magazine 1622:vernacular Chinese 1618:vernacular Chinese 1601:Journalistic works 1499:Right opportunist; 1295: 1254: 1090:Tokyo Shimbu Gakko 1074:naval architecture 982:vernacular Chinese 401:Position abolished 359:Position abolished 270: early 1940s 104:interlanguage link 5834: 5833: 5820: 5819: 5711: 5710: 5662:Qinghai–Tibet War 5561:Shanghai massacre 5495:Anti-Fengtian War 5468: 5467: 5257:Second Revolution 5165: 5164: 5093:New Zhijiang Army 4947: 4946: 4943: 4942: 4736:Central Committee 4727:National Congress 4720: 4719: 4472:Central Committee 4464: 4463: 4167:Central Committee 4044:National Congress 4037: 4036: 3904:Cryptography Work 3855:for co-ordination 3809:National Security 3759:for co-ordination 3627:General Secretary 3528:Central Committee 3479: 3478: 3470:Succeeded by 2999:, pp. 97–98. 2803:978-7-81110-298-7 2752:978-3-11-056071-8 2407: 2406: 2399: 2278:for the adoption 2272:scientific method 2218: 2217: 2210: 2111:Education officer 2083: 2082: 2075: 1987: 1986: 1979: 1804:(每周评论/每週評論) with 1760:Logical arguments 1756:scientific method 1728:Peking University 1720:Peking University 1679:French Concession 1560:French Concession 1354:Conflict with Mao 1344:April 12 Incident 1324:Shanghai massacre 1266:General Secretary 1211:French Concession 1179:Peking University 1138:Xinhai Revolution 1082:Waseda University 947:Xinhai Revolution 943:general secretary 912: 911: 896: 895: 861:Standard Mandarin 805: 804: 753:Standard Mandarin 717: 716: 639:Yale Romanization 578:Standard Mandarin 495:Gao Xiaolan (高晓岚) 465:Republic of China 238: 237: 230: 212: 136: 135: 69: 65: 5979: 5812: 5809:Communist Party 5804: 5658:Sino-Tibetan War 5571:July 15 Incident 5474: 5473: 5443:Lincheng Outrage 5345:Shandong Problem 5321:Golok rebellions 5240: 5239: 5222: 5221: 5214: 5202: 5192: 5185: 5178: 5169: 5168: 5158: 5154: 5153: 5112:Related articles 5056: 5035:Three Represents 5015:Marxism–Leninism 5007: 4955: 4852: 4737: 4731: 4730: 4628: 4553: 4483: 4477: 4476: 4473: 4383: 4278: 4178: 4172: 4171: 4168: 4161: 4160: 4045: 3896: 3856: 3760: 3740:Central Archives 3701: 3658: 3620: 3540: 3534: 3533: 3529: 3519: 3515: 3505: 3498: 3491: 3482: 3481: 3453:Preceded by 3445: 3444: 3441: 3433: 3425:Articles on the 3389: 3360: 3326: 3313: 3286: 3284: 3282: 3273:. Archived from 3259: 3246: 3237: 3214: 3188: 3187: 3181: 3170: 3164: 3163: 3123: 3112: 3106: 3100: 3079: 3073: 3072:15 November 2013 3062: 3056: 3042: 3036: 3030: 3024: 3018: 3012: 3006: 3000: 2994: 2988: 2987: 2947: 2941: 2935: 2929: 2923: 2917: 2911: 2902: 2901: 2900:. 湖北人民出版社. 1981. 2892: 2886: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2872:. Archived from 2866: 2860: 2859: 2840: 2834: 2833: 2814: 2808: 2807: 2787: 2781: 2775: 2769: 2763: 2757: 2756: 2728: 2719: 2713: 2704: 2703: 2693: 2669: 2660: 2654: 2648: 2647: 2640: 2634: 2633: 2631: 2629: 2615: 2609: 2603: 2597: 2591: 2562: 2556: 2543: 2542: 2502: 2471: 2469: 2459: 2450: 2442: 2402: 2395: 2391: 2388: 2382: 2351: 2343: 2303: 2299: 2229: 2228: 2213: 2206: 2202: 2199: 2193: 2162: 2154: 2078: 2071: 2067: 2064: 2058: 2027: 2019: 1997:'s speech, the " 1982: 1975: 1971: 1968: 1962: 1931: 1923: 1814:Science Magazine 1812:(甲寅杂志/甲寅雜誌) and 1718:, and a Dean of 1691:(新青年, literally 1521:traitor to China 1205:, where his and 1134:Wuchang Uprising 1037:province of the 1006: 1000: 995: 892: 891: 890: 876: 875: 852: 851: 838: 837: 824: 823: 801: 800: 799: 784: 783: 782: 768: 767: 744: 743: 738: 737: 713: 712: 692: 691: 690: 675: 674: 661: 660: 647: 646: 626: 625: 624: 609: 608: 607: 593: 592: 569: 568: 563: 562: 549: 548: 497:Gao Junman (高君曼) 449: 425: 423: 411:Personal details 397: 385: 376: 355: 343: 334: 313: 301: 292: 271: 268: 263: 253: 240: 239: 233: 226: 222: 219: 213: 211: 170: 146: 138: 115: 109: 82:Google Translate 67: 63: 46: 45: 38: 5987: 5986: 5982: 5981: 5980: 5978: 5977: 5976: 5837: 5836: 5835: 5830: 5821: 5816: 5810: 5802: 5712: 5672:Kumul Rebellion 5634: 5625: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5527: 5523: 5497: 5483: 5469: 5461: 5457: 5371:Zhili–Anhui War 5347: 5343: 5279: 5215: 5196: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5143: 5107: 5073:Tsinghua clique 5063:Shanghai clique 5054: 5049: 5005: 4999: 4973:Militia (China) 4953: 4939: 4935:20th: 2022–2027 4930:19th: 2017–2022 4925:18th: 2012–2017 4920:17th: 2007–2012 4915:16th: 2002–2007 4910:15th: 1997–2022 4905:14th: 1992–1997 4900:13th: 1987–1992 4895:12th: 1982–1987 4890:11th: 1978–1982 4850: 4844: 4840:20th: 2022–2027 4835:19th: 2017–2022 4830:18th: 2012–2017 4825:17th: 2007–2012 4820:16th: 2002–2007 4815:15th: 1997–2002 4810:14th: 1992–1997 4805:13th: 1987–1992 4800:12th: 1982–1987 4795:11th: 1977–1982 4790:10th: 1973–1977 4735: 4726: 4716: 4695: 4626: 4620: 4616:20th: 2022–2027 4611:19th: 2017–2022 4606:18th: 2012–2017 4601:17th: 2007–2012 4596:16th: 2002–2007 4591:15th: 1997–2002 4586:14th: 1992–1997 4581:13th: 1987–1992 4576:12th: 1982–1987 4571:11th: 1978–1982 4551: 4545: 4541:20th: 2022–2027 4536:19th: 2017–2022 4531:18th: 2012–2017 4526:17th: 2007–2012 4521:16th: 2002–2007 4516:15th: 1997–2002 4511:14th: 1992–1997 4506:13th: 1987–1992 4501:12th: 1982–1987 4496:11th: 1980–1982 4481: 4471: 4470:Approved by the 4469: 4460: 4456:20th: 2022–2027 4451:19th: 2017–2022 4446:18th: 2012–2017 4441:17th: 2007–2012 4436:16th: 2002–2007 4431:15th: 1997–2002 4426:14th: 1992–1997 4421:13th: 1987–1992 4416:12th: 1982–1987 4411:11th: 1977–1982 4406:10th: 1973–1977 4381: 4375: 4371:20th: 2022–2027 4366:19th: 2017–2022 4361:18th: 2012–2017 4356:17th: 2007–2012 4351:16th: 2002–2007 4346:15th: 1997–2002 4341:14th: 1992–1997 4336:13th: 1987–1992 4331:12th: 1982–1987 4326:11th: 1977–1982 4321:10th: 1973–1977 4276: 4270: 4266:20th: 2022–2027 4261:19th: 2017–2022 4256:18th: 2012–2017 4251:17th: 2007–2012 4246:16th: 2002–2007 4241:15th: 1997–2002 4236:14th: 1992–1997 4231:13th: 1987–1992 4226:12th: 1982–1987 4221:11th: 1977–1982 4216:10th: 1973–1977 4176: 4166: 4164: 4152: 4043: 4033: 4008:Guangming Daily 3964: 3931:Military Reform 3926:Inspection Work 3894: 3888: 3854: 3852: 3847: 3792:Foreign Affairs 3758: 3756: 3751: 3699: 3694: 3656: 3651: 3618: 3613: 3538: 3527: 3521: 3517: 3509: 3475: 3466: 3458: 3439: 3431: 3427:Anhui Suhua Bao 3413:Zheng Chaolin, 3406:Broué, Pierre. 3403: 3357: 3334: 3332:Further reading 3329: 3319:Unger, Jonathan 3310: 3280: 3278: 3277:on 8 March 2010 3256:Rice University 3234: 3197: 3192: 3191: 3171: 3167: 3124: 3115: 3107: 3103: 3089:Wayback Machine 3080: 3076: 3063: 3059: 3043: 3039: 3031: 3027: 3019: 3015: 3007: 3003: 2995: 2991: 2948: 2944: 2936: 2932: 2924: 2920: 2912: 2905: 2894: 2893: 2889: 2879: 2877: 2876:on 27 June 2022 2870:"Protestantism" 2868: 2867: 2863: 2856: 2842: 2841: 2837: 2830: 2819:五四運動與中國宗教的調適與發展 2816: 2815: 2811: 2804: 2788: 2784: 2776: 2772: 2764: 2760: 2753: 2729: 2722: 2714: 2707: 2670: 2663: 2655: 2651: 2642: 2641: 2637: 2627: 2625: 2617: 2616: 2612: 2604: 2600: 2592: 2565: 2557: 2546: 2503: 2490: 2485: 2480: 2475: 2474: 2443: 2439: 2434: 2419:of proletariat. 2403: 2392: 2386: 2383: 2368: 2352: 2341: 2214: 2203: 2197: 2194: 2179: 2163: 2152: 2139: 2079: 2068: 2062: 2059: 2044: 2028: 2017: 1983: 1972: 1966: 1963: 1948: 1932: 1921: 1916: 1908: 1876: 1863: 1795:Anhui Suhua Bao 1783: 1675: 1648: 1638:Anhui Suhua Bao 1630:Anhui Suhua Bao 1614:Anhui Suhua Bao 1610: 1607:Anhui Suhua Bao 1603: 1549: 1544: 1511:anti-Comintern; 1459: 1414: 1385: 1356: 1332:Mikhail Borodin 1300: 1246: 1241: 1166:; it supported 1126:Boxer Rebellion 1110: 1084:). He moved to 1027: 1022: 888: 843:Literal meaning 780: 605: 496: 481:Political party 451: 447: 427: 421: 419: 395: 383: 377: 372: 353: 341: 335: 330: 311: 299: 293: 288: 272: 269: 254: 251: 245: 234: 223: 217: 214: 171: 169: 159: 147: 132: 131: 130: 113: 107: 70: 47: 43: 34: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5985: 5975: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5832: 5831: 5826: 5823: 5822: 5818: 5817: 5815: 5814: 5806: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5747: 5746: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5715: 5713: 5709: 5708: 5706:War in Ningxia 5703: 5699: 5698: 5693: 5689: 5688: 5683: 5679: 5678: 5669: 5665: 5664: 5655: 5651: 5650: 5643: 5639: 5638: 5631:Beijing Revolt 5623:Chiang-Gui War 5620: 5616: 5615: 5610: 5606: 5605: 5591:Jinan incident 5588: 5584: 5583: 5578: 5574: 5573: 5568: 5564: 5563: 5558: 5554: 5553: 5548: 5544: 5543: 5538: 5534: 5533: 5516: 5512: 5511: 5506: 5502: 5501: 5492: 5488: 5487: 5478: 5472: 5470: 5466: 5465: 5450: 5446: 5445: 5440: 5436: 5435: 5428: 5424: 5423: 5418: 5414: 5413: 5408: 5404: 5403: 5398: 5394: 5393: 5388: 5384: 5383: 5378: 5374: 5373: 5368: 5364: 5363: 5358: 5354: 5353: 5338: 5334: 5333: 5328: 5324: 5323: 5318: 5314: 5313: 5308: 5304: 5303: 5298: 5294: 5293: 5288: 5284: 5283: 5274: 5270: 5269: 5264: 5260: 5259: 5254: 5250: 5249: 5244: 5238: 5235: 5234: 5229: 5226: 5220: 5217: 5216: 5208:Nanjing decade 5195: 5194: 5187: 5180: 5172: 5163: 5162: 5148: 5145: 5144: 5142: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5115: 5113: 5109: 5108: 5106: 5105: 5100: 5098:Xishan Society 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5059: 5057: 5051: 5050: 5048: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5017: 5011: 5009: 5001: 5000: 4998: 4997: 4996: 4995: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4959: 4957: 4949: 4948: 4945: 4944: 4941: 4940: 4938: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4885:8th: 1956–1969 4882: 4872: 4862: 4860:5th: 1927–1928 4856: 4854: 4846: 4845: 4843: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4785:9th: 1969–1973 4782: 4780:8th: 1956–1969 4777: 4775:7th: 1945–1956 4772: 4770:6th: 1928–1945 4767: 4765:5th: 1927–1928 4762: 4760:4th: 1925–1927 4757: 4755:3rd: 1923–1925 4752: 4750:2nd: 1922–1923 4747: 4745:1st: 1921–1922 4741: 4739: 4728: 4722: 4721: 4718: 4717: 4715: 4714: 4709: 4703: 4701: 4697: 4696: 4694: 4693: 4687: 4681: 4675: 4669: 4663: 4657: 4651: 4645: 4639: 4632: 4630: 4627:CCDI Secretary 4622: 4621: 4619: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4566:8th: 1956–1969 4563: 4557: 4555: 4547: 4546: 4544: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4491:8th: 1956–1969 4487: 4485: 4474: 4466: 4465: 4462: 4461: 4459: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4418: 4413: 4408: 4403: 4401:9th: 1969–1973 4398: 4396:8th: 1956–1969 4393: 4387: 4385: 4377: 4376: 4374: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4316:9th: 1969–1973 4313: 4311:8th: 1956–1969 4308: 4306:7th: 1945–1956 4303: 4301:6th: 1928–1945 4298: 4296:5th: 1927–1928 4293: 4291:4th: 1925–1927 4288: 4286:3rd: 1923–1925 4282: 4280: 4272: 4271: 4269: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4211:9th: 1969–1973 4208: 4206:8th: 1956–1969 4203: 4201:7th: 1945–1956 4198: 4196:6th: 1928–1945 4193: 4191:5th: 1927–1928 4188: 4182: 4180: 4169: 4165:Elected by the 4158: 4154: 4153: 4151: 4150: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4080: 4075: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4055: 4049: 4047: 4039: 4038: 4035: 4034: 4032: 4031: 4030: 4029: 4024: 4019: 4011: 4004: 3997: 3994:People's Daily 3990: 3985: 3984: 3983: 3972: 3970: 3966: 3965: 3963: 3962: 3961: 3960: 3950: 3949: 3948: 3938: 3933: 3928: 3923: 3918: 3913: 3912: 3911: 3900: 3898: 3895:Leading groups 3890: 3889: 3887: 3886: 3880: 3875: 3870: 3865: 3859: 3857: 3849: 3848: 3846: 3845: 3844: 3843: 3833: 3832: 3831: 3821: 3816: 3811: 3806: 3805: 3804: 3794: 3789: 3784: 3779: 3774: 3769: 3763: 3761: 3753: 3752: 3750: 3749: 3744: 3743: 3742: 3737: 3732: 3730:Secrecy Office 3727: 3726: 3725: 3715: 3708:General Office 3704: 3702: 3696: 3695: 3693: 3692: 3687: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3661: 3659: 3653: 3652: 3650: 3649: 3644: 3639: 3629: 3623: 3621: 3615: 3614: 3612: 3611: 3610:(2012–present) 3605: 3599: 3593: 3587: 3581: 3575: 3569: 3563: 3557: 3551: 3544: 3542: 3531: 3523: 3522: 3508: 3507: 3500: 3493: 3485: 3477: 3476: 3471: 3468: 3459: 3454: 3450: 3449: 3443: 3442: 3437:Chenduxiu page 3434: 3422: 3411: 3402: 3401:External links 3399: 3398: 3397: 3390: 3361: 3355: 3342: 3333: 3330: 3328: 3327: 3314: 3308: 3287: 3260: 3247: 3238: 3232: 3215: 3198: 3196: 3193: 3190: 3189: 3165: 3138:(4): 606–631. 3113: 3101: 3074: 3069:Shenzhen Daily 3057: 3037: 3035:, p. 154. 3025: 3023:, p. 615. 3013: 3011:, p. 543. 3001: 2989: 2942: 2930: 2928:, p. 312. 2918: 2903: 2887: 2861: 2855:978-1793631572 2854: 2835: 2829:978-9865432522 2828: 2809: 2802: 2782: 2780:, p. 304. 2770: 2768:, p. 309. 2758: 2751: 2720: 2718:, p. 296. 2705: 2684:(2): 527–542. 2661: 2649: 2635: 2610: 2598: 2563: 2561:, p. 303. 2544: 2517:(2): 113–137. 2487: 2486: 2484: 2481: 2479: 2476: 2473: 2472: 2436: 2435: 2433: 2430: 2429: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2405: 2404: 2355: 2353: 2346: 2340: 2337: 2329: 2328: 2325: 2322: 2319: 2316: 2251: 2250: 2247: 2244: 2241: 2238: 2235: 2216: 2215: 2166: 2164: 2157: 2151: 2148: 2138: 2135: 2107:Chen Jiongming 2095:insisted that 2081: 2080: 2031: 2029: 2022: 2016: 2013: 1985: 1984: 1935: 1933: 1926: 1920: 1917: 1915: 1912: 1907: 1904: 1875: 1872: 1862: 1859: 1835:, founded the 1822:Shenzhou Daily 1820:(民立报/民立報) and 1782: 1779: 1674: 1668: 1647: 1642: 1609: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1548: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1528: 1527: 1524: 1518: 1515: 1512: 1509: 1506: 1503: 1500: 1497: 1482:was the last. 1458: 1455: 1413: 1410: 1384: 1381: 1355: 1352: 1304:Chen Jiongming 1299: 1296: 1245: 1242: 1240: 1237: 1225:The newspaper 1109: 1106: 1078:Imperial Japan 1062:Qiushi Academy 1026: 1023: 1021: 1018: 970:ancestral home 910: 909: 906: 905: 902: 901: 898: 897: 894: 893: 884: 878: 877: 870: 864: 863: 857: 856: 855:Transcriptions 848: 847: 844: 840: 839: 832: 826: 825: 818: 812: 811: 807: 806: 803: 802: 792: 786: 785: 776: 770: 769: 762: 756: 755: 749: 748: 747:Transcriptions 740: 739: 732: 726: 725: 719: 718: 715: 714: 707: 701: 700: 694: 693: 683: 677: 676: 669: 663: 662: 659:Can⁴ Duk6 sau³ 655: 649: 648: 645:Chàhn Duhk-sau 641: 635: 634: 632:Yue: Cantonese 628: 627: 617: 611: 610: 601: 595: 594: 587: 581: 580: 574: 573: 572:Transcriptions 565: 564: 557: 551: 550: 543: 537: 536: 532: 531: 528: 527: 524: 523: 516:Qiushi Academy 513: 507: 506: 503: 499: 498: 493: 489: 488: 482: 478: 477: 472: 468: 467: 450:(aged 62) 444: 440: 439: 426:8 October 1879 417: 413: 412: 408: 407: 404: 403: 398: 392: 391: 386: 380: 379: 369: 368: 362: 361: 356: 350: 349: 344: 338: 337: 327: 326: 320: 319: 314: 308: 307: 302: 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