20:
368:
266:
183:
416:
353:
251:
281:
213:
383:
398:
1566:
31:
168:
198:
296:
153:
700:
Krall, Madison A.; Parks, Melissa M.; Krebs, Emily; Mann, Benjamin W.; Maison, Kourtney; Jensen, Robin E. (2022). "Chemistry in the mail: Stamps from around the globe and public science communication in the twentieth century".
429:
Stamps depicting a chemical symbol or formula are frequently depicted together with the chemist they are primarily associated with. Examples are shown in the gallery above: a 1964 German stamp illustrating the
226:
Stamps depicting individual chemists are often issued by countries to commemorate the birth or death anniversaries of their significant national chemists, for example stamps issued by Russia celebrating
1730:
212:
265:
367:
19:
1685:
1680:
309:
Stamps depicting a chemical concept or object, sometimes combined with a portrait of the chemist responsible for inventing the concept or object, are generally issued as
1830:
939:
1850:
1884:
1855:
1735:
182:
415:
1785:
1859:
811:
1790:
1705:
1920:
1835:
1740:
1815:
1805:
1725:
1700:
1667:
2044:
1987:
1795:
1760:
1750:
1745:
1720:
1710:
2109:
1845:
1820:
1800:
1780:
1770:
1675:
1925:
1840:
1825:
1775:
1765:
1755:
1695:
1690:
1810:
1715:
231:. Examples are illustrated in the gallery above. Some countries have also issued stamps depicting internationally famous chemists such as
1982:
1894:
1607:
1544:
1330:
Miller, Foil A.; Kauffman, George B. (September 1990). "Nobel
Laureates in Chemistry - A Philatelic Survey. Part III. 1935-1988".
1657:
455:
250:
280:
397:
1295:
Miller, Foil A.; Kauffman, George B. (July 1990). "Nobel
Laureates in Chemistry - A Philatelic Survey. Part II. 1911-1934".
1612:
1260:
Miller, Foil A.; Kauffman, George B. (June 1990). "Nobel
Laureates in Chemistry - A Philatelic Survey. Part I. 1901-1910".
736:
Norkus, Povilas; Norkus, Eugenijus; Vaitaitis, Albert P. (2007). "Chemistry in philately 1. Symbols of chemical elements".
684:
152:
352:
2132:
1225:
Miller, Foil A.; Kauffman, George B. (October 1988). "Alfred Nobel and
Philately: The Man, His Work, and His Prizes".
1652:
1090:
973:
488:
326:
271:
53:. The depiction of chemistry on stamps contributes to chemical education and to the public understanding of science.
89:
It commemorates a chemistry event, such as an international congress, or an international year in the chemical field
1200:
106:
Stamps may depict a specific area of chemistry such as physical, analytical, spectroscopic, organic, or inorganic.
109:
The following types of material are excluded (although they may also be collected by chemical stamp enthusiasts):
2173:
2142:
2127:
1632:
496:
459:
421:
382:
102:
It depicts the process of chemistry education, or a building used primarily for chemistry research or education
45:
began in 1923 with the issue of a set of definitive French stamps commemorating the chemist and microbiologist
1458:
1060:
2178:
2027:
1899:
500:
2104:
1537:
511:
295:
546:
Klickstein, Herbert S.; Leicester, Henry M. (1947). "Philately - A Chapter in the
History of Chemistry".
197:
2049:
507:, and also making presentations on the subject to chemistry departments and at chemistry conferences.
167:
2163:
2079:
322:
97:
671:
529:; they are also available online from October 2010 to date in the Science & Technology section.
1553:
135:
Stamps issued by non-existing/unrecognized countries and/or in excess of actual postal requirements
1647:
2122:
2054:
1530:
203:
495:
Daniel
Rabinovich is the current leading writer in the field having published articles on the
2084:
1966:
1889:
755:
Morgan, Michael A. (2006). "A Postage Stamp
History of the Atom, Part II: The Quantum Era".
1637:
1339:
1304:
1269:
1234:
998:
912:
877:
590:
526:
486:
had published a series of articles on Alfred Nobel, and on Nobel
Laureates in Chemistry in
330:
286:
81:
8:
310:
1343:
1308:
1273:
1238:
1002:
989:
Caswell, Lyman R. (October 1990). "American
Chemists and Physicists on Postage Stamps".
916:
881:
594:
2168:
1945:
1863:
1591:
1475:
1432:
1140:
1086:
969:
850:
718:
680:
563:
471:
318:
256:
113:
868:
Miller, Foil A. (May 1983). "The
History of Spectroscopy as Illustrated on Stamps".
2137:
2023:
2008:
1411:
1378:
1347:
1312:
1277:
1242:
1181:
1152:
1119:
1040:
1006:
943:
920:
885:
842:
787:
710:
652:
625:
598:
555:
482:
in 1998 (reissued in 2004) which was well reviewed. Prior to this, Foil Miller and
314:
228:
188:
119:
50:
34:
643:
Schreck, James O. (April 1986). "Postage Stamps as a Teaching Tool in Chemistry".
435:
2003:
1961:
1157:
522:
483:
344:
334:
301:
2013:
1915:
504:
475:
447:
406:
77:
1517:
1172:
Craig, Peter J. (2005). "Book Review: A philatelic ramble through chemistry".
714:
317:. Examples are shown in the gallery above: a 1951 American stamp illustrating
2157:
2018:
889:
559:
130:
46:
23:
1045:
1028:
776:"The International Year of Crystallography (2014): A Philatelic Celebration"
30:
1586:
1565:
1522:
1383:
1366:
722:
567:
236:
173:
158:
854:
1416:
1399:
1141:"A Philatelic Ramble through Chemistry by E. Heilbronner and F.A. Miller"
792:
775:
232:
218:
903:
Schreck, James O. (August 1989). "Organic Chemistry on Postage Stamps".
846:
629:
1581:
123:
116:, e.g. a postcard depicting a chemist with a non-chemical stamp affixed
1459:"Hydrogen to Copernicium: Postage Stamps as Cultural Icons in the IYC"
1351:
1316:
1281:
1246:
1124:
1107:
1010:
924:
833:
Ullman, Alan H. (June 1982). "Analytical Chemists on Postage Stamps".
656:
602:
521:
Listings of new issues of chemical stamps are included in the monthly
1642:
451:
403:
338:
1185:
70:
61:
A chemical stamp has one or more of the following characteristics:
1108:"Book & Media Reviews: A Philatelic Ramble through Chemistry"
431:
358:
66:
49:. Another early chemical stamp depicted the botanist and chemist
442:
meeting in Moscow, a 2008 Uzbeki stamp illustrating the element
86:
It depicts a chemical element, atom, molecule, symbol or formula
616:
Rappoport, Zvi (1992). "Chemistry on Stamps (Chemophilately)".
510:
The Chemistry and Physics on Stamps Study Unit (CPOSSU) of the
673:
The representation of science and scientists on postage stamps
345:
Chemical elements, symbols, formulae, organisations and events
92:
It celebrates the jubilee of a chemistry institution, such as
439:
373:
93:
443:
388:
581:
Schaeffer, H.F. (May 1934). "Philately serves chemistry".
1499:
968:(4th ed.). Stanley Gibbons Limited. p. 170.
548:
Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences
1201:"Book Reviews: A Philatelic Ramble through Chemistry"
735:
126:, private or personal issues, i.e. unofficial stamps
699:
545:
1433:"Roald Hoffmann: Around the World in Eighty Years"
1080:
2155:
1323:
1288:
1253:
1218:
503:, the International Year of the Periodic Table,
321:and also celebrating the diamond jubilee of the
242:
438:, a 1965 Russian stamp commemorating the 1965
1329:
1294:
1259:
1224:
1022:
1020:
73:who did significant work in the chemical field
1538:
940:"Postal stationery offers collecting variety"
458:, and a 2011 Indonesian stamp issued for the
1552:
1424:
1391:
1358:
1099:
1074:
1017:
76:It depicts a chemical concept, such as the
1564:
1545:
1531:
1456:
1430:
1397:
1364:
1105:
1029:"An IYC Philatelic Tribute to Marie Curie"
1026:
773:
767:
1666:
1600:
1415:
1382:
1156:
1123:
1044:
805:
803:
791:
615:
580:
539:
1518:The world of chemistry on postage stamps
1063:. allaboutstamps.co.uk. 26 November 2018
896:
609:
574:
29:
18:
2110:Fédération Internationale de Philatélie
1476:"PCP Index to Volumes 1-20 (1979-1998)"
1198:
1192:
988:
982:
902:
669:
642:
636:
333:, and a 1979 German stamp illustrating
2156:
1214:(1). American Chemical Society: 51-53.
1138:
1132:
1081:Heilbronner, E.; Miller, F.A. (2004).
963:
937:
867:
861:
832:
826:
800:
754:
663:
446:, a 2011 Romanian stamp depicting the
1526:
1208:Bulletin for the History of Chemistry
1171:
1165:
1083:A philatelic ramble through chemistry
748:
729:
480:A philatelic ramble through chemistry
1908:
814:. Smithsonian National Postal Museum
693:
325:, a 1971 Russian stamp illustrating
16:Postage stamps with a chemical theme
1400:"IYPT and The Mother of All Tables"
13:
1139:Doumas, B. T. (11 November 2004).
1106:Rabinovich, Daniel (August 1998).
1085:. ZĂĽrich: Wiley-VCH. p. 268.
809:
341:'s 1944 Nobel prize in chemistry.
329:, a 1976 American stamp depicting
14:
2190:
2128:Category — Topical postage stamps
1510:
1502:. Linn's Stamp News. August 2024.
812:"American Chemical Society Issue"
514:has published a members' journal
489:The Journal of Chemical Education
1895:Territories of the United States
1367:"A Philatelic Tribute to the SI"
1174:Applied Organometallic Chemistry
938:Miller, Rick (14 January 2012).
670:Yardley, Christopher B. (2015).
414:
396:
381:
366:
351:
294:
279:
264:
249:
211:
196:
181:
166:
151:
80:, or a chemical object, such as
1492:
1468:
1450:
1053:
957:
931:
703:Public Understanding of Science
497:International Year of Chemistry
465:
460:International Year of Chemistry
422:International Year of Chemistry
1:
1440:Philatelia Chimica et Physica
1332:Journal of Chemical Education
1297:Journal of Chemical Education
1262:Journal of Chemical Education
1227:Journal of Chemical Education
1112:Journal of Chemical Education
991:Journal of Chemical Education
905:Journal of Chemical Education
757:Philatelia Chimica et Physica
645:Journal of Chemical Education
618:Accounts of Chemical Research
583:Journal of Chemical Education
532:
516:Philatelia Chimica et Physica
501:International System of Units
243:Chemical concepts and objects
2105:American Topical Association
1158:10.1373/clinchem.2004.035626
966:Philatelic Terms Illustrated
512:American Topical Association
7:
2133:Commons — Stamps by subject
1516:Rabinovich, Daniel (2020).
1457:Rabinovich, Daniel (2011).
1431:Rabinovich, Daniel (2017).
1398:Rabinovich, Daniel (2019).
1365:Rabinovich, Daniel (2010).
1027:Rabinovich, Daniel (2011).
774:Rabinovich, Daniel (2014).
144:
139:
10:
2195:
1500:"Stamp programs: by topic"
434:structure associated with
2118:
2097:
2067:
2037:
1996:
1975:
1954:
1938:
1877:
1625:
1574:
1560:
1199:Sharkey, John B. (2005).
715:10.1177/09636625211032465
323:American Chemical Society
98:American Chemical Society
1921:Soviet space exploration
1686:Central African Republic
1608:Butterflies of Australia
1554:Topical stamp collecting
890:10.1366/0003702834634488
129:Non-postal stamps, e.g.
56:
1404:Chemistry International
1371:Chemistry International
1061:"Marie Curie on stamps"
1046:10.1515/ci.2011.33.6.44
1033:Chemistry International
780:Chemistry International
679:. Canberra: ANU Press.
337:and also commemorating
2174:Topical postage stamps
1926:U.S. space exploration
1384:10.1515/ci.2010.32.6.4
964:Mackay, James (2003).
560:10.1093/jhmas/ii.3.337
525:Stamp magazine and in
38:
27:
327:Rutherford Scattering
272:Rutherford Scattering
33:
22:
2179:History of chemistry
2050:Ice hockey in Canada
1417:10.1515/ci-2019-0433
870:Applied Spectroscopy
835:Analytical Chemistry
793:10.1515/ci-2014-0636
331:Laboratory glassware
311:commemorative stamps
287:Laboratory glassware
82:laboratory glassware
1344:1990JChEd..67..774K
1309:1990JChEd..67..569K
1274:1990JChEd..67..451K
1239:1988JChEd..65..843M
1003:1990JChEd..67..842C
917:1989JChEd..66..624S
882:1983ApSpe..37..219M
847:10.1021/ac00244a001
810:Lovell, Jeffrie H.
630:10.1021/ar00013a004
595:1934JChEd..11..259S
478:published the book
43:chemistry on stamps
37:, Netherlands, 1928
2055:Olympics in Canada
2045:Commonwealth Games
1885:American Civil War
1681:Canadian provinces
1633:Queen Elizabeth II
1613:Flora of Australia
1145:Clinical Chemistry
448:electron structure
391:, Uzbekistan, 2008
39:
28:
2151:
2150:
2123:Category — Stamps
2093:
2092:
2063:
2062:
1934:
1933:
1873:
1872:
1621:
1620:
1352:10.1021/ed067p774
1317:10.1021/ed067p569
1282:10.1021/ed067p451
1247:10.1021/ed065p843
1125:10.1021/ed075p958
1011:10.1021/ed067p842
925:10.1021/ed066p624
657:10.1021/ed060p128
603:10.1021/ed011p259
527:Linn's Stamp News
472:Edgar Heilbronner
424:, Indonesia, 2011
319:chemical industry
315:definitive stamps
257:Chemical industry
114:Postal stationery
41:The depiction of
2186:
2164:Stamp collecting
1973:
1972:
1906:
1905:
1664:
1663:
1648:Salvador Allende
1598:
1597:
1572:
1571:
1568:
1547:
1540:
1533:
1524:
1523:
1504:
1503:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1486:
1480:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1463:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1437:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1419:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1205:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1068:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1048:
1024:
1015:
1014:
986:
980:
979:
961:
955:
954:
952:
950:
944:Linns Stamp News
935:
929:
928:
900:
894:
893:
865:
859:
858:
841:(7): 780A–785A.
830:
824:
823:
821:
819:
807:
798:
797:
795:
771:
765:
764:
752:
746:
745:
733:
727:
726:
697:
691:
690:
686:978-19250-2178-3
678:
667:
661:
660:
640:
634:
633:
613:
607:
606:
578:
572:
571:
543:
454:and the chemist
418:
400:
385:
370:
355:
298:
283:
268:
253:
229:Dmitri Mendeleev
215:
200:
189:Dmitri Mendeleev
185:
170:
155:
51:Herman Boerhaave
35:Herman Boerhaave
2194:
2193:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2147:
2114:
2089:
2080:Crystallography
2059:
2033:
1992:
1971:
1950:
1930:
1904:
1869:
1831:Solomon Islands
1662:
1617:
1596:
1563:
1562:
1556:
1551:
1513:
1508:
1507:
1498:
1497:
1493:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1461:
1455:
1451:
1435:
1429:
1425:
1396:
1392:
1363:
1359:
1328:
1324:
1293:
1289:
1258:
1254:
1233:(10): 843-846.
1223:
1219:
1203:
1197:
1193:
1186:10.1002/aoc.769
1170:
1166:
1137:
1133:
1104:
1100:
1093:
1079:
1075:
1066:
1064:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1025:
1018:
997:(10): 842-847.
987:
983:
976:
962:
958:
948:
946:
936:
932:
901:
897:
866:
862:
831:
827:
817:
815:
808:
801:
772:
768:
753:
749:
734:
730:
698:
694:
687:
676:
668:
664:
641:
637:
614:
610:
579:
575:
544:
540:
535:
484:George Kauffman
468:
425:
419:
410:
409:, Romania, 2011
401:
392:
386:
377:
371:
362:
361:, Germany, 1964
356:
347:
335:nuclear fission
305:
304:, Germany, 1979
302:Nuclear fission
299:
290:
284:
275:
269:
260:
254:
245:
222:
221:, Albania, 1989
216:
207:
206:, Finland, 1980
201:
192:
186:
177:
171:
162:
156:
147:
142:
59:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2192:
2182:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1979:
1977:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1948:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1916:Astrophilately
1912:
1910:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1867:
1853:
1851:United Kingdom
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1672:
1670:
1661:
1660:
1655:
1653:Queen Victoria
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1615:
1610:
1604:
1602:
1595:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1578:
1576:
1569:
1558:
1557:
1550:
1549:
1542:
1535:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1512:
1511:External links
1509:
1506:
1505:
1491:
1467:
1449:
1423:
1390:
1357:
1338:(9): 774-781.
1322:
1303:(7): 569-574.
1287:
1268:(6): 451-456.
1252:
1217:
1191:
1164:
1151:(1): 279–280.
1131:
1098:
1091:
1073:
1052:
1016:
981:
974:
956:
930:
911:(8): 624-630.
895:
876:(3): 219-225.
860:
825:
799:
766:
747:
728:
709:(2): 136–151.
692:
685:
662:
651:(4): 283-287.
635:
608:
589:(5): 259-266.
573:
554:(3): 337–378.
537:
536:
534:
531:
505:Roald Hoffmann
467:
464:
427:
426:
420:
413:
411:
407:electron shell
402:
395:
393:
387:
380:
378:
372:
365:
363:
357:
350:
346:
343:
307:
306:
300:
293:
291:
285:
278:
276:
270:
263:
261:
255:
248:
244:
241:
224:
223:
217:
210:
208:
202:
195:
193:
187:
180:
178:
172:
165:
163:
161:, Sweden, 1946
157:
150:
146:
143:
141:
138:
137:
136:
133:
131:revenue stamps
127:
117:
104:
103:
100:
90:
87:
84:
78:periodic table
74:
58:
55:
26:, France, 1923
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2191:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2098:Organizations
2096:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2029:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1989:
1988:United States
1986:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1856:United States
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1736:Faroe Islands
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1659:
1658:Psychologists
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1638:King George V
1636:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1559:
1555:
1548:
1543:
1541:
1536:
1534:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1519:
1515:
1514:
1501:
1495:
1477:
1471:
1460:
1453:
1446:(4): 144-148.
1445:
1441:
1434:
1427:
1418:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1394:
1385:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1361:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1326:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1291:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1256:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1221:
1213:
1209:
1202:
1195:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1168:
1159:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1135:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1102:
1094:
1092:3-906390-31-4
1088:
1084:
1077:
1062:
1056:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1023:
1021:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
985:
977:
975:9780852595572
971:
967:
960:
945:
941:
934:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
899:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
864:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
829:
813:
806:
804:
794:
789:
785:
781:
777:
770:
762:
758:
751:
743:
739:
732:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
696:
688:
682:
675:
674:
666:
658:
654:
650:
646:
639:
631:
627:
623:
619:
612:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
577:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
542:
538:
530:
528:
524:
519:
517:
513:
508:
506:
502:
498:
493:
491:
490:
485:
481:
477:
473:
470:The chemists
463:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
436:August Kekulé
433:
423:
417:
412:
408:
405:
399:
394:
390:
384:
379:
375:
369:
364:
360:
354:
349:
348:
342:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
303:
297:
292:
288:
282:
277:
273:
267:
262:
258:
252:
247:
246:
240:
238:
234:
230:
220:
214:
209:
205:
204:A.I. Virtanen
199:
194:
190:
184:
179:
175:
169:
164:
160:
154:
149:
148:
134:
132:
128:
125:
121:
118:
115:
112:
111:
110:
107:
101:
99:
95:
91:
88:
85:
83:
79:
75:
72:
68:
65:It depicts a
64:
63:
62:
54:
52:
48:
47:Louis Pasteur
44:
36:
32:
25:
24:Louis Pasteur
21:
2074:
1997:Celebrations
1983:Soviet Union
1731:East Germany
1494:
1483:. Retrieved
1470:
1452:
1443:
1439:
1426:
1410:(4): 60-62.
1407:
1403:
1393:
1374:
1370:
1360:
1335:
1331:
1325:
1300:
1296:
1290:
1265:
1261:
1255:
1230:
1226:
1220:
1211:
1207:
1194:
1177:
1173:
1167:
1148:
1144:
1134:
1115:
1111:
1101:
1082:
1076:
1065:. Retrieved
1055:
1039:(6): 44-45.
1036:
1032:
994:
990:
984:
965:
959:
947:. Retrieved
933:
908:
904:
898:
873:
869:
863:
838:
834:
828:
816:. Retrieved
786:(6): 39-42.
783:
779:
769:
760:
756:
750:
741:
737:
731:
706:
702:
695:
672:
665:
648:
644:
638:
621:
617:
611:
586:
582:
576:
551:
547:
541:
520:
518:since 1979.
515:
509:
494:
487:
479:
469:
466:Publications
428:
376:, USSR, 1965
313:rather than
308:
274:, USSR, 1971
237:Alfred Nobel
225:
191:, USSR, 1969
176:, USSR, 1956
174:Pierre Curie
159:Alfred Nobel
108:
105:
60:
42:
40:
2143:WikiProject
2085:Mathematics
1890:Puerto Rico
1791:New Zealand
1786:Netherlands
763:(1): 35-43.
744:(4): 21-33.
476:Foil Miller
456:F.J. MĂĽller
289:, USA, 1976
259:, USA, 1951
233:Marie Curie
219:Marie Curie
2158:Categories
2009:Coronation
1860:Presidents
1706:Costa Rica
1668:By country
1601:By country
1485:2024-08-12
1377:(6): 4-5.
1118:(8): 958.
1067:2024-08-12
533:References
120:Cinderella
2169:Philately
2075:Chemistry
2024:Millenium
2004:Christmas
1939:Transport
1836:Sri Lanka
1741:Hong Kong
818:13 August
624:: 24-31.
452:Tellurium
404:Tellurium
339:Otto Hahn
2019:Holidays
2014:Hanukkah
1976:Artworks
1962:Art Deco
1946:Bicycles
1900:Virginia
1816:Portugal
1806:Pakistan
1726:Djibouti
1701:Colombia
1481:. CPOSSU
723:34319183
568:20266807
145:Chemists
140:Examples
71:polymath
2068:Science
1955:Culture
1878:History
1796:Nigeria
1761:Ireland
1751:Iceland
1746:Hungary
1721:Denmark
1711:Croatia
1592:Insects
1561:Themes
1340:Bibcode
1305:Bibcode
1270:Bibcode
1235:Bibcode
1180:: 220.
999:Bibcode
913:Bibcode
878:Bibcode
855:7049000
738:Chemija
591:Bibcode
432:benzene
359:Benzene
96:or the
69:, or a
67:chemist
2138:Portal
2028:Canada
1967:Tintin
1846:Taiwan
1821:Russia
1801:Norway
1781:Mexico
1771:Latvia
1676:Canada
1626:People
1587:Coffee
1575:Nature
1089:
972:
853:
721:
683:
566:
499:, the
2038:Sport
1909:Space
1864:Women
1841:Sudan
1826:Samoa
1776:Malta
1766:Japan
1756:India
1696:China
1691:Chile
1643:Lenin
1582:Birds
1479:(PDF)
1462:(PDF)
1436:(PDF)
1204:(PDF)
949:8 May
677:(PDF)
523:Scott
440:IUPAC
374:IUPAC
124:local
94:IUPAC
57:Scope
1811:Peru
1716:Cuba
1087:ISBN
970:ISBN
951:2024
851:PMID
820:2024
719:PMID
681:ISBN
564:PMID
474:and
444:gold
389:Gold
1862:) (
1412:doi
1379:doi
1348:doi
1313:doi
1278:doi
1243:doi
1182:doi
1153:doi
1120:doi
1041:doi
1007:doi
921:doi
886:doi
843:doi
839:545
788:doi
711:doi
653:doi
626:doi
599:doi
556:doi
450:of
235:or
2160::
1444:38
1442:.
1438:.
1408:41
1406:.
1402:.
1375:32
1373:.
1369:.
1346:.
1336:67
1334:.
1311:.
1301:67
1299:.
1276:.
1266:67
1264:.
1241:.
1231:65
1229:.
1212:30
1210:.
1206:.
1178:19
1176:.
1149:51
1147:.
1143:.
1116:75
1114:.
1110:.
1037:33
1035:.
1031:.
1019:^
1005:.
995:67
993:.
942:.
919:.
909:66
907:.
884:.
874:37
872:.
849:.
837:.
802:^
784:36
782:.
778:.
761:28
759:.
742:18
740:.
717:.
707:31
705:.
649:63
647:.
622:25
620:.
597:.
587:11
585:.
562:.
550:.
492:.
462:.
239:.
122:,
2030:)
2026:(
1866:)
1858:(
1546:e
1539:t
1532:v
1488:.
1464:.
1420:.
1414::
1387:.
1381::
1354:.
1350::
1342::
1319:.
1315::
1307::
1284:.
1280::
1272::
1249:.
1245::
1237::
1188:.
1184::
1161:.
1155::
1128:.
1122::
1095:.
1070:.
1049:.
1043::
1013:.
1009::
1001::
978:.
953:.
927:.
923::
915::
892:.
888::
880::
857:.
845::
822:.
796:.
790::
725:.
713::
689:.
659:.
655::
632:.
628::
605:.
601::
593::
570:.
558::
552:2
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.